Hawaii Tropical Fruit Growers...Healthy soil characteristics •Erosion free, TILTH, pores,...
Transcript of Hawaii Tropical Fruit Growers...Healthy soil characteristics •Erosion free, TILTH, pores,...
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Hawaii Tropical
Fruit Growers
Back to Our Roots
Soil Culture, Soil Health
and Food Quality in Hawaii
Bob Shaffer, agronomist Soil Culture Consulting™
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SOIL CULTURE• Object is:
• Use cultural practices to elevate soil
health, in preference to treatments,
rescue of crops and environmental
damage in the act of raising food
• Soil health preserves environmental
health and function
• High quality food production and
prevention of disease
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Management practices
Soil health
Cultural practices
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Farm management systems
designed to employ cultural practices
which closely
imitate nature and natural
ecosystems
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An effective, simple and
economical system for creating
healthy soils comprised of
three (3) groups cultural
practices has become apparent
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3 essential groups of SOIL
cultural practices
1. Organic matter management
a) Cover crops
b) Compost
c) Mulch
2. Mineral and nutrient management
a) Balance and Availability
3. Tillage management
a) Beneficial disturbance
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Management systems which value
ecological principles are based on
Worker health, safety and working conditions
Recycling
Soil health
Minimize loss by management of soil and canopy layers
Diversification, enhancement of biological environment
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Prevailing philosophy
“Specific pests, nutrient
deficiencies and others are
the cause of low
productivity”
(Carroll et al. 1990)
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Holistic philosophy
“Pests or nutrients only
become limiting if conditions
in the agroecosystem are
not in equilibrium”
(Carroll et al. 1990)
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Holistic philosophy
“Limiting factors only represent symptoms of a more systemic disease inherent to imbalances within the agroecosystem”
(Altieri et al. 1983; Altieri 1994; Altieri 1987; Altieri and Nicholls 2004)
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Long term research
• 119 year long trial, A.C. Magruder, at
Oklahoma State University
• 118 year long trial, Sanborn Field at the
University of Missouri campus
• 170 year long trial, Rothamsed
Experiment Station, England
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Mid term research
• 30 year farming systems trials at Rodale Institute
• 28 year study or Swiss Research Institute of Organic
Agriculture (DOK) , comparison of organic, biodynamic and
conventional
• 27 year Sustainable Agriculture Farming Systems
(SAFS) project at UC Davis, CA on Russell Ranch
studying organic, conventional and low input for crop
rotations typical to Sacramento Valley
• 23 year old, Long Term Research on Agricultural Systems
(LTRAS) project. UC Davis, California. One hundred
(100) acres
• Reganold 2001 published in Nature a 6 year study on
apples showed comparable yield and many
advantages to conventional and higher profit
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Local current research
• Performance and Plant-Available
Nitrogen (PAN) Contribution of
Cover Crops in High Elevations in
Hawaii Archana Pant, Theodore Radovich, Koon-Hi Wang, NV Hue
• Building the Future on a Foundation
of Soil HelthSusan Kubo, USDA NRCS Pacific Islands Area
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Local current research
• Enhancing Phytonutrient Content,
Yield and Quality of Vegetables with
Compost Tea in the tropics Theodore Radovich, University of Hawaii, 2011
• Improving and extending the
superhero status of the sunn hemp
to other growers in need of help Dr. Cerruti Hooks, University of Maryland, 2009
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Australia current research
• Soil health survey in Macadamia
orchards in NSWVan-Zwieten, Kingston, Cox, Walker, Hotson, Morris
• Macadamia husk compost improves
soil health in sub-tropical
horticulture, Cox, Van-Zwieten, Ayres and Morris, 2001
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SoilCare in Australia
Northern Rivers
Soil Health Card Video
WWW.SOILCARE.ORG
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Developing a sustainable and
preventative farming system
• Transition rather than instant change
• Integrate all cultural practices holistic
• Focus on soil health
• Feed the soil (and the plant)and the plant
• Grow large volumes of plant biomass
• Diversity and Rotate
• Relentless learning
• Recognize opportunity in the chaos
• Accepting change and practicing tolerance
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SOIL HEALTH
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Healthy soil characteristics
• Erosion free, TILTH, pores, aggregation, crusts
• Soil life diverse, high populations, activeEarthworms, 9 major soil surface dwelling animals, smell
• Reliably, ripens the highest quality crops
• Nutrient recycling obvious9 major animals present, residues from last crop decompose rapidly and fully
• SOM levels are 4 – 15 % + site specific, active inputs?0-7 inch depth, Walkley-Black method, Dichromate-sulfuric acid 90 minutes at 90ºC, Spectrophotomer
• Minerals balanced
• Disease suppressive
• Crops show resistance-tolerancePests present but damage is minimal
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Soil diversity
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Biodiversity
Above and below ground, from
cover crops, leads to soil health
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Species contained within The Plant
List belong to 620 plant families and
16,167 plant genera.
The Plant List includes 1,040,426
scientific plant names of species rank.
Of these 298,900 are accepted
species names
www.theplantlist.org
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Bacteria 10,0000 species
Fungi 500,000 species
Nematode 50,000 species
Protozoa 100,000 species
NRCS national soil tilth lab
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Brady & Weil, 2002, The Nature and Properties of Soil
Primary
effects
Secondary
effects
Subsequent effects on
soil
Environment
effects
Red shows LMB 7 functions
OM
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Soil food web showing energy flow
Protozoa
Root knot
Lesion
Dagger
From all boxes
Heterotrophic
Fungi
Nematode
Protozoa
Bacteria
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Fungi feeding nematode
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Bacteria feeding nematode
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Amoeba
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65% Human intensive exploitation63% Soil organic matter decline60% Habitat disruption60% Soil sealing60% Soil pollution59% Land use change58% Soil compaction56% Soil erosion48% Habitat fragmentation45% Climate change38% Invasive species35% GMO
Potential threat of loss of biodiversity weighting (%)
The potential threat weighting given to a selection of possible threats to biodiversity
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Diversity provided by cover crops
Ultimate soil diversity is from
soil microorganism secondary materials
and decomposition breakdown products
And this huge diversity is the foundation on
which SOIL HEALTH, environmental health
and FOOD QUALITY is based
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What is soil health?
• Health as commonly understood
• Soil capacity to sustain quality crops
• Holistic biological, chemical, physical
• Life force in soil
• Living total soil biomassAll soil animals and plant ROOTS
• Living soil micro-fauna biomass actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa
• Living soil macro-fauna biomass algae, insects, micro-arthropods, worms
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hyü·məs / hyuməs [hyoo-muhs or, yoo-]
noun
The dark organic material in soils, produced by the decomposition of vegetable or animal matter and essential to the fertility of the earth
• Origin1790–1800; < L: earth, ground; akin to Gk chamaí
on the ground, chthn earth, Skt ksam-, Lith žemė,
Serbo-Croatian zèmlja ground, earth; cf.
The Random House Dictionary of the English Language
Unabridged Edition
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Biological character of
healthy soil
• Soil life diverse, high populations, active
• Soil is disease suppressive
• Nutrient cycling is obvious
• Crops show resistance-tolerance
• Pests present but crops loss is minimal
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Philosophy, design and strategy
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Living microbial
biomass functions in soil• Decomposition of organic matter
• Retain minerals from OM decomposition
• Recycling of immobilized minerals
• Plant growth promotion
• Plant disease prevention
• Aggregation of soil particles
• Decomposition of toxins
Soil food web functions
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Living microbial
biomass provides plants
• Controlled release of Nitrogen
• Stress relief from salts and toxins
• Release of nutrients in available forms
• Natural suppression against pestsAntibiosis-Competition-Hyperparasitism ANTAGONISM to PEST
Systemic acquired resistance TOLERANCE – RESISTANCE- host
• Improved physico-chemical soil aspectsHumus development is a microbe process
Structure development is a microbe process
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ORGANIC MATTER
MANGWEMENT
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COVER CROP ORGANIC MATTER
MANGWEMENT
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Cover Crops
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Plants (and lichen, moss, algae,
photosynthetic bacteria) are the
primary producers of organic matter
on land and in the sea (fixed
carbon) and are the base of the
food chain
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Cover crops are a high quality
source of organic matter which
provides energy
for the soil organisms
which provide perform seven (7)
essential functions for the crop
and soil
that cannot be practically or economically
provided otherwise
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Diversity provided by ground covers
Diversity from polycultures of ground cover
roots which EXUDE secondary metabolites
by the thousands of types
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Advantages of cover crops
• Prevention of soil erosion
• Diversity
• Soil health
• Nitrogen
• Beneficial habitat for life
• Field access
• Beauty
• Safety and comfortable work site
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4,400,000,000 tons of carbon (C)
has been lost from farming soils
NRCS national soil tilth lab
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By 1936 there was 41% of land in
the U.S. had moderate soil erosion
and 12% had severe soil erosion
and 3% was essentially destroyed
55% of the total land mass
eroded by 1936
1936 USDA Year book of agriculture, Soils and Men
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Benefits of cover crops
• Simple
• Complex effects derived
• Management increases benefits
• Management and skill building
• Increases benefits and decreases risk
• Synergistic
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Benefit of ground covers
• Inexpensive
• Placement of carbon deep into soil
• Renewable
• Reliable
• Effective and simple
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Cajanus cajan Pigeon pea
Arachis pintoi Perennial peanut
Gliricidia sepium
Coffee
Pineapple
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• Barley and Oats: 60#/A; moderate rate
of establishment; needs water; not
great weed competition; good mulch
source
Examples of barley-vetch mix: right is clean
part of field; lower left has weeds; both
pictures from March 2007 ; lower right shows
mowed field planted with mangos in August
2007
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Rye grass. Oregon annual seeded at 30#/acre;
Grows best in winter with cooler and wetter weather
Good weed competition
Good fibrous roots for erosion control
Left: Rye grass after 8
weeks in winter; inset
above shows soil surface
after heavy rain with soil
retention by fibrous rye
roots after mowing,
rototilling , and
overseeding with
buckwheat (10 day old
seedlings)
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Buckwheat : 40#/acre; fast germination and canopy
closure; excellent insectiary; fast to flower (30 days); good
in summer or winter; will reseed; easy to kill with mowing
only
October 2006
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Hunter turnip Sinai's alba L.
Graza radish Sinapis alba L.
Diakon
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Biological
fumigation
Winfred turnip
Brassica
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Coffee
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Sudan and Peanut
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Coffee
Amaranth
Coffee
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Daikon radish on
compacted high clay
soil
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Benefits of cover crops
• Effective
• Prevents movement of soil
• Elevates level of soil health
• Develops Humus
• Increases water infiltration, storage
• Simple and inexpensive!
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MULCH ORGANIC
MATTER MANGWEMENT
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Soil loss is principally due to water
and wind erosion, both heightened
by practices that reduce
surface cover
Australian Government department of the environment
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Mulch
• Elevates level of soil health HUMUS developed
• Food and habitat 9 major animals and soil food web
• Prevent soil erosion and surface crusts
• Reflects light, cools soil surface
• Prevents soil compaction spreads out weight of equipment
• Tillage reduced less weeds seed exposed,
• Genes activated in crops growing with mulchSoil organisms creating suppressive soil, resistant crops
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“tomatoes cultivated in vetch mulch have
reduced disease”
“disease tolerance of mulched tomatoes is linked
to increased expression of
specific genes and accumulation of their products”
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9 soil surface dwelling animals
Wood louse
Orbatid mite
Termite
Springtail
Fly larva
Beetle larva
MillipedeEnchytraeid worm
Earthworm
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Herbicide Mulched with woodchips
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COMPOST ORGANIC
MATTER MANGWEMENT
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Compost
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Definitions of compost
• By process thermal compost or vermipost
• By feedstock pumice or council greenwaste compost
• By age, immature or mature compost
• By biology, bacteria or fungi dominated compost
• By QUALITY, stability, curing, amended
• By Use, soil amendment
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Definitions of compost
Aerobic microbial processes produces:
• Heat
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• HUMUS
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Mackay Sub Surface Applicator
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Three (3) essential SOIL cultural
practices
1.Organic matter management
a) Cover crops
b) Compost
c) Mulch
2.Mineral management
a) Balance minerals
3.Tillage management
a) Beneficial disturbance
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Solar Powered Static Pile Aeration
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MINERAL
MANAGEMENT
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Legume
roots
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SoilCare®
Sustainable Farming Workshops
Soil Minerals
and developing sustainable farms
Bob Shaffer
Soil Culture Consulting®
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Nutrient Quantity or Nutrient Access?
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A New Understanding to Maintain Soil
Fertility in the Tropics
Dr. Roland BunchAssociation of Consultants for a Sustainable Ecological and People-Centered
Agriculture (COSECHA)
http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/mba_project/moist/Rolandpd
The Management of Soils (Spanish)
Dr. Ana Primavesi Soil life and chemical fertilizers
http://www.leisa.info/index.php?url=library-
details.tpl&p [http://tinyurl.com/26jrp]
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Types of Biological Nitrogen Fixation
121
Cyanobacteria Azospirillum
Lichen
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Environment or climateSOM strongly impacts soil environment
Minerals create larger plant biomass
Humus increased from root and plant biomass
Elevated humus supports larger MICROBIAL biomass
Large, active, diverse live soil biomass has 7 functions
SOM and humus Suppressive factors in soil
Calcium flocculating clay
Calcium reducing Al-Mn toxicity
HostResistance & toleranceGenes regulate Mulch induced
Lignin synthesis K, Mn and Cu resistant
Root health improvedHigh calcium requirement
rhizsophere microbe health
BORON, Ca. and P and VAM
BORON, polyphenols insect resistance
Lignin synthesis K, Mn and Cu
Potassium elevates tolerance
Growth of plant improvedMineral balance Stable nitrogen
Mineral availability
Pathogen/pests Parasitism-Hyperparasitism
(Predator nematode)
Antibiosis & Competition x AM
Chitin decomposition
Spore decomposed
Weed seed decomposed
Soil minerals and disease triangle
Pests
SoilDisease conductive soil
Low humus and soil organic matter
pH and mineral imbalance
Compaction and increased bulk density
Poor water infiltrationCrops
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TILLGE
MANAGEMENT
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Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister, 1843) (Lumbricidea)
Red wiggler or Marsh worm
• Peregrine earthworm (transported world wide by farmers)
origin in northern temperate regions of Europe and Southern Asia
assumed to be found in Hawaii
dorsum red brown or red violet iridescent, ventrum is pale
2 ½ to 6 inch length with 4-6 mm width
• Epigeic or possible Endogeic speciesforaging, mating and casting is below ground and explores mineral soil
has a diapause phase spent in a ball in shallow soil
lifespan is 2 or 2 ½ years
• Obligate sexual reproduction 80-100 cocoons per year per adult worm
produces cocoons that hatch live worms
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Amynthas corticis, A. diffringens, A. gracilis
(Kinberg,1867) (Megascolecidae)
Black wriggler, Snake worm, Crazy worm, Alabama jumper or Georgia jumper
• Peregrine earthworm (transported world wide by farmers
first described in Oahu, Kinberg, 1867
misidentified as A. hawayanus or Pheretima hawayana
Mr. Domingo Cravalho, Jr. Invertebrate, Aquatic Biota specialist, U/H (1/14/04)
origin in Southern Asia, described as common Darjeeling in the Himalayas
common in Oceania including Polynesia, Micronesia, Japan, Australia, China
dark chocolate brown with green iridescence
4 ½ to 6 ½ length with 3-6 mm width
behavior when perturbed is vigorous lashing and rapid snaking escape
• Epigeic species earthworm (soil surface litter dwellers)
Amynthas has capacity to exist on high C:N ratio organic matter
Amynthas tolerates heat, drought, sandy soil or clay soil
Amynthas highly mobile, wanders at night, transportation exceeds Lumbricids
• Parthogentic earthworm (virgin birth)
reproduces without a mate
produces cocoons containing one (1) or two (2) eggs
multiplies rapidly throughout year producing up 360 juvenile worm per year
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FOOD
QUALITY
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Soil Biology, Soil Health
and Food Quality developing sustainable farms
•Food quality• Flavor, aroma and mouth feel
• Mineral density
• Nutrient density…oils, protein
• Secondary metabolites antioxidants
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Coffee antioxidants• Coffee has remarkable antioxidants Daglia, Papetti, 2004
– Green beans and roasted coffee both have antioxidants
– C. Robusta has more antioxidant value vs. C. Arabica as green
– Roasted C. Robusta and C. Arabica were equal in antioxidantsCastillo, Ames, Gordon, 2002
• Heterocyclic compounds Yanagimoto, Ochi, Lee, Shibamoto, 2004
– Furans-
– Pyrroles-
– Maltol-
• 5-0-caffeoilquinic acid Dr. T. Hofmann, 2004
• Chlorogenic and Caffeic acids Daglia, Papetti, 2004
• Methylpyridinium Dr. T. Hofmann, 2004 EXPRESSO had highest level
– Formed by roasting from Trigonellin in green coffee bean
Melanoidins (medium roasted has highest levels) (dark was least)
– Roasting induced high MW Maillard reaction products Daglia, Papetti, 2004
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Organic farming is viable
• Rodale Institute farming systems trialStudy replicated 22 years growing corn and soybeansDr. Paul Hepperly, agronomist, Rodale Institute
Dr. Rita Seidel, agronomist, Rodale Institute
Dr. David Douds Jr., microbiologist, USDA, ARS, University of MD.
Dr. James Hanson, agricultural economist, University of Maryland
“Organic farming produces the best food quality,
equivalent or higher yields, less soil erosion, more
carbon retention in soils, better soil quality and
conserves more biological resources when compared
with conventional farming”Dr. David Pinentel,
Cornell University, professor of agriculture
Bioscience, vol. 55:7, July 2005
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Organic food is nutritious
Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional
fruits, vegetables and grainsVirginia Worthington, M.S., Sc. D., C.N.S.The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Volume 7, number 2, 2001, pp.161-173
www.http://www.haly.ingentaselect.com/vl=1370482/cl=23/nw=1/rpsv/catchword
mal/10755535/v7n2/s7/p161
Organically produced foods: Nutritive contentA bibliography with 216 papers + research reports
Mary V. Gold, reference librarian/information specialistAlternative farming systems (AFSIC)
National Agricultural Library, ARS, USDA
www.http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone 301-504-6559
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Antioxidants in organic
compared to conventional crops
7 studies compare antioxidants in organic vs. conventional crops
15 cases showed statistically significant differences in antioxidant levels in organic vs. conventional
In 13 of the 15 cases, organic showed higher antioxidant levels
Organic crops averaged 33% higher antioxidant content crops
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Research comparing farming methods
and secondary metabolites
• Asami et al. (2003) USA J. of Ag. Food Ch. blackberry, strawberry, corn
• Ren et al. (2001) Japan, J. of Sci. Food & Ag. onions, peppers, spinach, cabbage
• Carbono et al. (2002) Italy pears, peaches
• Hakkinen-Torronen (2000) Finland strawberries
• Lombardi-Boccia et al. (2004) Italy plums
• Zafrilla et al. (2003) Europe, JAFC 51:4694 wine
• Lavite et al. (2003) France, wine
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Where do you find
secondary metabolites in
living plants?
• Highest concentration at point of attackFungi, bacteria, virus, physical wound
• Highest concentration in skins
• Highest on sun exposed outer leaves
• Smaller fruit have more (skin to pulp ratio)
• Concentration changes quickly
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Cercospora coffeicola Berk. & Cke
Caffea arabica L.Guatemalan typica
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Taro leaf blight, Phytophthora colocasiae
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