HAWAI‘I CLEAN ENERGY...clean energy technologies and activities into five categories: (1) Energy...
Transcript of HAWAI‘I CLEAN ENERGY...clean energy technologies and activities into five categories: (1) Energy...
HAWAI‘ICLEAN ENERGY
FINAL
PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT STATEMENT
SUMMARY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
(DOE/EIS-0459)
SEPTEMBER 2015
COVER SHEET TITLE: Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (Final PEIS)
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCY: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Offices of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) and Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
COOPERATING AGENCIES: State of Hawai‘i (Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, National Park Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy, and Federal Aviation Administration
LOCATION: State of Hawai‘i (Islands of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Molokai)
CONTACTS: For additional information on this PEIS contact: Dr. Jane Summerson, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Document Manager U.S. Department of Energy - NNSA P.O. Box 5400, Bldg. 401 KAFB East Albuquerque, NM 87185 [email protected]
For general information on the DOE NEPA process, please write or call: Ms. Carol M. Borgstrom, Director Office of NEPA Policy and Compliance, GC-54 U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585 [email protected] Telephone: (202) 586-4600 or Leave a message at (800) 472-2756
ABSTRACT: DOE decided to prepare this PEIS, which is not required under NEPA, to evaluate DOE's proposed action to develop guidance that can be used to support the State of Hawai‘i in achieving the Hawai‘i Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI) goal of meeting 70 percent of the State’s energy needs by 2030 through clean energy (the preferred alternative). For the PEIS, DOE and the State of Hawai‘i grouped 31 clean energy technologies and activities into five categories: (1) Energy Efficiency, (2) Distributed Renewable Energy Technologies, (3) Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Technologies, (4) Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes, and (5) Electrical Transmission and Distribution. For each activity or technology, the PEIS identifies potential impacts to 17 environmental resource areas and potential best management practices that could be used to minimize or prevent those potential environmental impacts. The PEIS is available from the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS and DOE NEPA websites: http://hawaiicleanenergypeis.com and http://energy.gov/nepa/nepa-documents.
PUBLIC COMMENTS: The Final PEIS considers comments submitted during the 90-day public comment period on the Draft PEIS and from eight public hearings held on six islands in Hawai‘i between May 12 and 22, 2014. A Comment-Response Document, which includes all comments received on the Draft PEIS and DOE’s responses to those comments, is included as Chapter 9 of the Final PEIS. Written and oral comments were given equal weight, and all comments submitted after the comment period closed were considered. The Final PEIS contains revisions and new information based in part on comments received on the Draft PEIS. Vertical bars in the margins marking changed text indicate the locations of these revisions and new information. Deletions are not indicated.
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CONTENTS
Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................................S-vi S.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. S-1 S.2 Purpose and Need ........................................................................................................................ S-2 S.3 Proposed Action .......................................................................................................................... S-2 S.4 Public Participation and Agency Coordination ........................................................................... S-9
S.4.1 Public Participation ................................................................................................................ S-9 S.4.1.1 PEIS Scoping Process ........................................................................................................ S-9 S.4.1.2 Areas of Controversy ....................................................................................................... S-10 S.4.1.3 Draft PEIS Public Review and Comment Period ............................................................ S-10
S.4.2 Agency Coordination ........................................................................................................... S-11 S.4.2.1 National Park Service ...................................................................................................... S-12 S.4.2.2 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management ............................................................................ S-12 S.4.2.3 Natural Resources Conservation Service ........................................................................ S-13 S.4.2.4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .......................................................................... S-13 S.4.2.5 Federal Aviation Administration ..................................................................................... S-13 S.4.2.6 U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy .................................................................................. S-13 S.4.2.7 State of Hawai‘i ............................................................................................................... S-13
S.5 Permitting and Regulatory Requirements ................................................................................. S-14 S.6 Structure of the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS ............................................................................ S-14 S.7 Potential Environmental Impacts and Best Management Practices .......................................... S-17 S.8 Overview of Potential Environmental Impacts from Technologies and Activities in the
Clean Energy Categories ........................................................................................................... S-22 S.9 Alternatives Considered by DOE .............................................................................................. S-57
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
S-1 Clean Energy Categories and Associated Technologies or Activities ............................................ S-3 S-2 Cooperating and Participating Agencies ....................................................................................... S-12 S-3 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Energy Efficiency ...................... S-18 S-4 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Distributed Renewables ............. S-19 S-5 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Utility-Scale Renewables .......... S-20 S-6 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Alternative Transportation Fuels
and Modes ..................................................................................................................................... S-21 S-7 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Electrical Transmission and
Distribution ................................................................................................................................... S-22 S-8 Summary of Impacts for Selected Technologies and Activities ................................................... S-25 S-9 Summary of Impacts for Utility-Scale Renewable Technologies and Activities .......................... S-34
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ACRONYMS
BOEM U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CFR Code of Federal Regulations DBEDT Hawai‘i Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism DoD U.S. Department of Defense DOE U.S. Department of Energy EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPAct 2005 Energy Policy Act of 2005 FR Federal Register HCEI Hawai‘i Clean Energy Initiative HIREP Hawai‘i Interisland Renewable Energy Program MOU Memorandum of Understanding NEPA National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 NOI Notice of Intent NPS U.S. National Park Service NRCS U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service PEIS Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement PV photovoltaic RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard U.S.C. United States Code
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S.1 Introduction
The Hawai‘i Clean Energy Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) analyzes the potential environmental impacts, and best management practices that could minimize or prevent those potential environmental impacts, associated with 31 clean energy technologies and activities grouped into five categories: (1) Energy Efficiency, (2) Distributed Renewable Energy Technologies, (3) Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Technologies, (4) Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes, and (5) Electrical Transmission and Distribution. The information in the PEIS could help DOE, the public, other Federal and State agencies, Native Hawaiian and other organizations, and future energy developers better understand and plan for greater use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Hawai‘i.
With about 85 percent of its energy derived from imported petroleum and petroleum products, the State of Hawai‘i remains the most oil-dependent State in the Nation. Roughly equal amounts of petroleum are used for electricity generation, ground transportation, and commercial aviation (about 28 percent each), with the rest used for marine transport, military, and other uses. Unlike other states, Hawai‘i relies heavily on imported oil to meet its electricity generation needs. Whereas less than 1 percent of electricity on the U.S. mainland is generated using oil, in Hawai‘i, the figure is 74 percent. Furthermore, electricity prices in the State are three times higher than the United States national average. Section 355 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) directs the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to assess the economic implications of Hawai‘i’s dependence on imported oil as the principal source of energy and to explore the technical and economic feasibility of increasing the contribution of renewable energy resources for both electricity generation and fuel for various modes of transportation.
In furtherance of the provisions of Section 355 of EPAct 2005, DOE and the State of Hawai‘i entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in January 20080F
1. This MOU established a long-term partnership known as the Hawai‘i Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI) to transform the way in which energy efficiency and renewable energy resources are planned and used in the State. When it was established, HCEI set a goal of meeting 70 percent of Hawai‘i’s energy needs by 2030 through clean energy, which refers to a combination of 40 percent from renewable energy generation and 30 percent from energy efficiency and conservation measures. In addition to State-mandated renewable energy and energy efficiency goals, the HCEI set a goal to reduce oil used for ground transportation by 70 percent by 2030, and a goal to meet as much of in-State demand for transportation fuels with renewables as feasible by 20301F
2. In support of HCEI goals, the Hawai‘i State Legislature passed and the Governor signed into law House Bill (HB) 1464 in 2009, establishing the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard in the State of Hawai‘i. In the 2015 Legislative Session, the Hawai‘i State Legislature amended the State’s RPS by passing HB 623, which increases the RPS to 30 percent by December 31, 2020; 70 percent by December 31, 2040, and 100 percent by December 31, 2045. Governor David Ige signed the nation’s first 100 percent RPS into law on June 8, 2015; Act 97 (Session Laws of Hawaii, 2015).
1 In September 2014, DOE and the State of Hawai‘i signed another MOU to reaffirm their commitment to the HCEI (http://dbedt.hawaii.gov/blog/hawaii-and-u-s-department-of-energy-reaffirm-commitment-to-clean-energy-initiative/). 2 Unlike the electricity generation sector, the transportation sector does not currently have statute-mandated goals. With this in mind, the State of Hawai‘i is reestablishing goals and timelines to reduce petroleum-based fuels for transportation as a priority of the next phase of the HCEI. The Hawai‘i State Energy Office completed a series of stakeholder consultations in June 2015, culminating with a final report offering a set of actionable tactics (see http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/). The Hawai‘i State Energy Office intends to re-engage stakeholders to create a new energy-in-transportation road map, using the new report as a guide.
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S.2 Purpose and Need
The purpose and need for DOE action is based on the 2008 MOU (reaffirmed in the 2014 MOU) with the State of Hawai‘i that established the long-term HCEI partnership. Consistent with this MOU, DOE’s purpose and need is to support the State of Hawai‘i in its efforts to meet 70 percent of the State’s energy needs by 2030 through clean energy.
DOE’s primary purpose in preparing this PEIS, which is not required under NEPA, is to provide information to the public, Federal and State agencies, Native Hawaiian and other organizations, and future energy developers on the potential environmental impacts of a wide range of energy efficiency activities and renewable energy technologies that could be used to support the HCEI. This environmental information could be used by decision-makers, developers, and regulators in determining the best activities and technologies to meet future energy needs. The public could use this PEIS to better understand the types of potential impacts associated with the various technologies and activities.
The State of Hawai‘i’s intent regarding the Clean Energy PEIS is for the Federal, State, and county governments, the general public, and private developers to use the PEIS as a reference document when project-specific environmental impact statements (EISs) are prepared. The PEIS can support the environmental review of future clean energy initiatives in Hawai‘i by identifying common impacts from a variety of clean energy technologies, local resources that could be potentially impacted, local entities that should be consulted, regulatory processes in place, and available best management practices to minimize foreseen environmental impacts. The State of Hawai‘i acknowledges that the PEIS does not serve to recommend or prioritize any specific clean energy technology or policy.
DOE prepared this PEIS pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), as implemented by the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) NEPA regulations (40 CFR Parts 1500 through 1508) and DOE NEPA implementing procedures (10 CFR Part 1021).
S.3 Proposed Action
DOE’s proposed action is to develop guidance that can be used in making decisions to support the State of Hawai‘i in achieving the goal established in the HCEI to meet 70 percent of the State’s energy needs by 2030 through energy efficiency activities and renewable energy technologies.
Most clean energy projects have the potential to cause environmental impacts, especially if not implemented properly. However, careful adherence to Federal, State, and county laws, regulations, and permitting requirements; implementation of well-planned best management practices and mitigation measures; along with early consideration of local community concerns about the projects could alleviate or mitigate many of the potential environmental impacts.
Early consideration of such guidance, especially in project planning and development, could substantially streamline the project-specific environmental review, permitting processes, and community interactions, as well as lessen the potential for controversy over specific projects. DOE application of this guidance would be limited to those actions where DOE has authority for a Federal decision-making role; however, the information in this PEIS and in any forthcoming guidance could be potentially useful for any proposed project whether Federal, State, or private.
For this PEIS, DOE and the State of Hawai‘i identified 31 clean energy technologies and activities associated with potential future actions and grouped them into five clean energy categories. These are listed in Table S-1 and briefly described below. Activities and technologies were selected for clean energy categories based on their ability to make a timely contribution to the reduction of Hawai‘i’s reliance on
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fossil fuels and their stage of technical development, which makes the technology more likely to advance to the implementation or commercialization stage. Four of these technologies or activities are only described in Chapter 2 and not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses. The reasoning for this treatment is provided in the descriptions below.
This PEIS analyzes each of these technologies and activities at a programmatic level for the islands of Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Molokai, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i. Potential impacts are analyzed on an island-by-island basis when feasible. DOE is not proposing to develop any specific project, activity, or technology at this time and, therefore, cannot and does not analyze impacts of specific projects.
In the absence of specific, proposed projects, DOE defined “representative projects” for each activity and technology to allow the PEIS to evaluate and present the typical impacts (beneficial and adverse) associated with the respective activity or technology at the scale of a hypothetical project. The representative projects for each activity and technology characterize projects that could be implemented in Hawai‘i by 2030 based on realistic capacity factors and feasibility. The representative projects are hypothetical and not intended to represent any real or proposed project and are provided for analytical purposes only.
Table S-1. Clean Energy Categories and Associated Technologies or Activities
Clean Energy Category Technology or Activity
Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficient Buildings Energy ConservationGround Source Heat PumpsInitiatives and ProgramsSea Water Air Conditioning Solar Water Heating
Distributed Renewables
BiomassHydroelectricHydrogen Fuel CellsPhotovoltaicWind
Utility-Scale Renewables
BiomassGeothermalHydroelectricMunicipal Solid WasteMarine Hydrokinetic EnergyOcean Thermal Energy Conversion PhotovoltaicSolar ThermalWind (Land-based)Wind (Offshore)
Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes
Biofuels Electric VehiclesHybrid Electric Vehicles HydrogenCompressed and Liquefied Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum GasMulti-Modal Transportation
Electrical Transmission and Distribution
On-Island TransmissionUndersea CablesSmart GridEnergy Storage
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Clean Energy Categories Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency refers to reducing the energy used for a given purpose or service while maintaining the same results; for example, replacing an incandescent light bulb with a different type of lighting technology that uses less energy to produce the same amount of light. Energy efficient technologies reduce the need for energy while energy efficient activities require less energy or save energy. This PEIS addresses the following energy efficient technologies and activities:
Energy Efficient Buildings Residential and commercial buildings use energy for many purposes such as cooling, lighting, water heating, and use of appliances and electronics. Today’s buildings consume more energy than any other sector of the U.S. economy including the transportation industry. In an effort to decrease energy consumption, energy efficiency measures are incorporated into building construction and retrofits.
Energy Conservation Energy conservation is the act of reducing or going without a service or task in order to save energy; for example, turning off a light. Using less energy generally has positive potential environmental consequences. There would be no adverse environmental impacts associated with energy conservation; therefore, this activity is not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses.
Ground Source Heat Pumps Underground temperatures are less variable than air temperatures. A ground source heat pump is an electrical-powered heating and cooling system that takes advantage of the relatively constant ground or groundwater temperature to transfer energy for space heating/cooling and water heating. Because of the moderate climate, ground source heat pumps are not currently deployed widely in Hawai‘i and would be unlikely by 2030; therefore, this technology is not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses. Heat pump water heaters are an efficient heat transfer method used in construction. The PEIS addresses heat pump water heaters under Energy Efficient Buildings.
Initiatives and Programs Utility- and government-sponsored clean energy initiatives and programs can help to make renewable energy, energy efficiency, and conservation practices attractive to consumers and communities. There are several ways to provide incentives to individuals, businesses, and communities that could result in a reduced overall demand for imported fossil fuels. These range from education and training to financial incentives for using energy efficient appliances and equipment at home and in commercial operations. The State of Hawai‘i, island utilities, counties, and the Federal Government have employed several energy efficiency and renewable energy initiatives and programs for specific State-, island-, and community-level projects. There would be no adverse environmental impacts associated with initiatives and programs; therefore, this activity is not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses.
Sea Water Air Conditioning Sea water air conditioning, also known as deep water cooling, uses the temperature differences (gradients) between deep and surface water to chill water for individual buildings or for use in larger (district) cooling air conditioning systems. This energy efficiency technology replaces the conventional electric chiller component of a cooling system with a deep, cold sea water cooling station or heat exchanger to cool a closed-loop air conditioning system that is significantly less energy-intensive.
Solar Water Heating Solar water heating is a technology that uses the sun to heat water. It is generally considered for use in residential rooftop applications. This PEIS focuses on its use in single-family homes; however, it is
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scalable to multi-family residences. Solar water heating technology has the potential to reduce household energy consumption by up to 40 percent.
Distributed Renewables Distributed renewables refer to the use of renewable energy resources for an electricity generator that is located close to the end user or even onsite. The generating capacity of a distributed generation source can range from generation at a single residence to larger installations for commercial or multi-unit housing applications. This PEIS addresses the following distributed renewable technologies and activities:
Biomass Biomass energy encompasses multiple energy production technologies that use organic matter from trees, agricultural crops, and animal waste as well as biogenic material in urban waste streams to produce a variety of potential energy end products. Biomass energy to produce electricity and heat is discussed under both distributed renewable and utility-scale renewable energy. Biomass energy used for transportation fuels is discussed under Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes.
Hydroelectric Hydroelectric power, or hydropower, utilizes the energy in flowing water to spin a turbine attached to a generator to produce electricity. Hydropower plants require a water source in a geographic area generally characterized by uneven terrain such as hills or mountains to have sufficient power-generation potential. There are three common types of hydropower plant designs: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage hydropower (the latter is discussed in the context of Energy Storage technology in the clean energy category of Electrical Transmission and Distribution).
Hydrogen Fuel Cells A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. A hydrogen fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen to react with oxygen to produce electricity. Fuel cells can be used for almost any application typically powered by batteries or internal combustion engines, and they can scale to provide energy to a laptop computer or to a utility power station. Fuel cells produce no criteria air pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions at the point of operation. However, they are heavily dependent on a cost-efficient supply of hydrogen.
Photovoltaics Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight to electricity. Photovoltaic cells are assembled into a solar module or group of PV cells. Solar modules are placed in an area or added to a larger system to generate and supply electricity for homes and businesses. A system typically includes one or more solar modules (sometimes referred to as an array), equipment to convert direct current electricity to alternating current electricity (i.e., inverters), and connecting wiring. Some systems are designed with batteries to store the generated electricity for later use and/or sun tracking devices to increase the amount of solar energy collected.
Wind Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical power. The wind turbine blades are designed to act like an airplane wing. The wind causes a pocket of low-pressure air on one side of the blade, which generates “lift” and pulls the blade toward it, causing the blade to move and the rotor to turn. The rotor turns a shaft and, through a gearbox, spins a generator to make electricity. Small wind turbines generally are those with capacities ranging from 20 watts to 100 kilowatts. At the low end of this range, units with capacities of 20 to 500 watts are often referred to as micro-turbines. At the high end of the range, small wind turbines can have a similar configuration and appearance to utility-sized wind turbines.
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Utility-Scale Renewables Utility-scale renewables refer to the use of renewable energy resources from a centrally located regional power plant. Utility-scale renewable technologies include the same kinds of renewable energy resources as distributed renewables, as well as other resources whose use at the distributed scale is impractical. The generating capacities for utility-scale technologies are typically at least an order of magnitude larger than for distributed applications. This PEIS addresses the following utility-scale technologies and activities:
Biomass Biomass energy sources for utility-scale projects are the same as those for distributed renewable energy projects. Some types of biomass resources are more or less suited for utility-scale projects. The cost-effective acquisition (i.e., collecting, processing, and transportation) of biomass resources is a key component to implementing a utility-scale biomass energy system.
Geothermal Geothermal energy recovery systems use heat that radiates naturally from the earth. These geothermal systems can be used directly for heating buildings or in industrial processes, or they can be used to generate electricity. Because it is difficult to transport heat over any large distance, both direct use and electricity production must take place at, or very near, the geothermal system. Once converted to electricity, the energy can be transported great distances over transmission lines.
Hydroelectric Utility-scale hydroelectric, or hydropower, is the same technology as described in Distributed Renewables but on a larger scale. According to a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers evaluation, the State of Hawai‘i has limited potential for large-scale, river-based hydropower projects; therefore, this utility-scale technology is considered to have a low feasibility and is not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses.
Municipal Solid Waste Municipal solid waste, more commonly known as trash or garbage, consists of everyday items used and then thrown away. This technology includes options available for converting municipal solid waste and other forms of waste to energy. Municipal solid waste-to-energy projects use similar technologies as those described for biomass facilities but also include the collection and use of methane gas released from existing landfills.
Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Marine hydrokinetic technologies use the kinetic energy from moving water (such as waves, tides, and ocean currents) to generate electricity. The amount of energy that can be extracted from a wave is a function of the wave’s height and frequency. That is, the higher and more frequent the waves, the more power that can be extracted. Marine hydrokinetic devices can be situated on the shoreline or offshore depending on the technology. This technology is in the early stages of development; consequently, there are numerous designs in various stages of viability for commercial deployment or product testing.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Ocean thermal energy conversion is a technology that relies on temperature gradients in the ocean to generate electricity. By utilizing colder deep water and warmer surface waters, it is possible to alternately condense and evaporate a fluid to drive a turbine. In general, the larger the temperature difference between the shallow and deep water, the more power a system will be able to produce.
Photovoltaics As discussed in Distributed Renewables, PV modules convert the sun’s energy directly into electricity. This technology also is currently applied to larger, utility-scale generating facilities as arrays of solar modules.
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Solar Thermal Solar thermal energy systems convert solar energy into thermal energy (heat) that can be used for the production of electricity. One big difference from solar PV technology is that solar thermal power plants generate electricity indirectly. Heat from the sun’s rays is collected and used to heat a fluid. The steam produced from the heated fluid powers a generator that produces electricity.
Land-Based Wind As discussed above for distributed wind, wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical power. Utility-scale wind projects include multiple, larger turbines in an array to maximize the available wind resource. Typical land-based wind turbines for utility-scale applications range from 1.5 to 3.5 megawatts with rotor diameters of 200-300 feet on towers about 250 feet to over 350 feet tall, dependent on the particular installation.
Offshore Wind Offshore, utility-scale wind turbines function in the same manner as land-based wind turbines. That is, they convert the kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical power and the turning rotor spins a generator to make electricity. Most manufacturers of offshore wind turbines are currently testing prototypes with capacities of 5 to 7 megawatts with rotor diameters roughly 400 to 500 feet or larger. A primary difference between land-based and offshore wind turbine technology is the substructure upon which the wind turbine and tower is mounted. Depending on the depth of the water, offshore turbines are mounted on either shallow-water substructures (less than about 100 feet), transitional technology substructures (100 to 200 feet), or floating platforms (greater than 200 feet).
Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes Alternative transportation fuels and modes encompass those fuel types and methods of transportation that are different than conventional gasoline-powered automobiles. This PEIS addresses the following alternative transportation fuels, alternative transportation modes, and alternative types and methods of transportation:
Biofuels Biofuels are fuels derived from biomass or waste feedstocks. Biomass includes wood, agricultural crops, herbaceous and woody energy crops, and municipal organic wastes such as manure. Biofuels from waste feedstocks can also be derived from food wastes, including fats, oils, and grease (FOG). Converting restaurants’ recycled fats, oils, and grease into biodiesel diverts waste, reduces pollution, and supports local businesses. These feedstocks can be transformed using a variety of conversion technologies into conventional biofuel products (such as ethanol and biodiesel), and advanced biofuel products (such as cellulosic ethanol, biobutanol, Green Diesel, synthetic gasoline, and renewable jet fuel).
Electric Vehicles Electric vehicles operate with an electric motor (or motors) powered by rechargeable battery packs. Some electric vehicles run solely on electrical power from the grid while others use a combination of gasoline and electricity.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrid-electric vehicle powertrains combine a conventional combustion engine (either gasoline or diesel), a battery, and an electric motor. The wheels are driven by the internal combustion engine, the electric motor, or a combination of the two.
Hydrogen Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe and can be produced from fossil fuels including oil, coal, or natural gas as well as biomass, organic waste, water, or salt water. As a
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transportation fuel, the energy content in 2.2 pounds of hydrogen gas is about the same as the energy content in 1 gallon of gasoline. Hydrogen can be used in internal combustion engines or in combination with hydrogen fuel cells to power electric motors.
Compressed and Liquefied Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Natural gas as an alternative transportation fuel for vehicles comes in two forms: compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas. The fuel is used in natural gas vehicles and more commonly in compressed natural gas-powered vehicles. These vehicles are similar to gasoline or diesel vehicles with regard to power, acceleration, and cruising speed.
Multi-Modal Transportation Multi-modal transportation options reduce the number of miles traveled by personal vehicles for work commuting and personal trips. Multi-modal transportation options include public transportation (e.g., bus, rail, and marine), ridesharing, car sharing, bike sharing, active transit (walking and biking), telecommuting/teleworking, and alternative work schedules. A comprehensive, well-connected multi-modal transportation system allows tourists and residents to easily access multiple transportation options so that they can get to where they need to go quickly and without as much dependence on single occupancy vehicles.
Electrical Transmission and Distribution Electrical transmission and distribution refers to the transmission of electrical power from a point of generation and the means by which it is stored and distributed to electricity users. Electricity transmission and distribution systems form an electrical grid or network that is used to manage and distribute electricity in a geographic region. While electrical transmission and distribution is not specifically addressed in the HCEI, implementation of new renewable energy technologies and/or improving the existing electrical network in Hawai‘i would directly affect transmission of such electricity and is therefore analyzed in this PEIS. This PEIS addresses the following electrical transmission and distribution technologies and activities:
On-Island Transmission On-island transmission of electricity includes connections from the power generation source, transmission over a short or long distance, and connection to the power user. This system is often referred as the island electrical grid or simply “power grid.” The power grid is how the majority of people and companies get their electricity.
Undersea Cable Undersea power cables, also called submarine cables, transmit power across large bodies of water; whether from one island to another or from an offshore energy facility (e.g., an offshore wind turbine platform) to an on-island electrical network. Undersea cables lie on the sea bed and connect to on-island power grids via a land-sea cable transition site. Any type of electrical power can transmit across undersea cables including that from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass.
Smart Grid A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. DOE describes the smart grid as an integration of five fundamental technologies: (1) integrated communications, (2) advanced components, (3) advanced control methods, (4) sensing and measurement, and (5) improved interfaces and decision support.
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Energy Storage Energy storage can take electricity that is generated at one point in time and store it for use at a different time. Incorporating energy storage in the electricity distribution chain allows utilities to decouple generation from demand which has several benefits including improved use of generated energy. The primary uses for energy storage include energy management, bridging power, and power quality and reliability.
S.4 Public Participation and Agency Coordination
S.4.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
S.4.1.1 PEIS Scoping Process
In 2010, DOE announced its intent to prepare a PEIS for the wind phase of the now-defunct Hawai‘i Interisland Renewable Energy Program (HIREP). The Notice of Intent (NOI) appeared on December 14, 2010, in the Federal Register (75 FR 77859), and it referred to the PEIS as the HIREP: Wind PEIS (DOE/EIS-0459). The NOI identified the State of Hawai‘i as a joint lead agency.
In February 2011, DOE held scoping meetings in Honolulu, Kahului, Kaunakakai, and Lāna‘i City. In meetings and submitted comments, commenters expressed concern that DOE and the State of Hawai‘i would not analyze energy efficiency measures, distributed renewable energy assets, or the full range of potential renewable energy technologies. Commenters also expressed concern about the construction of interisland electricity transmission connections and cables; the potential disparity of impacts on islands that could host wind development projects versus those that would use the electricity; and potential impacts to cultural resources, among other issues. In response to public scoping comments received on the HIREP: Wind PEIS, DOE consulted with the State of Hawai‘i and broadened the range of energy efficiency and renewable energy activities and technologies to be analyzed as well as the number of islands to be evaluated. The result was a more comprehensive programmatic EIS renamed the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS.
A new scoping process began with DOE’s publication of an Amended NOI in the Federal Register (77 FR 47828, August 10, 2012), with the State of Hawai‘i as a cooperating agency instead of a joint lead agency. The Amended NOI identified the five clean energy categories under the expanded range of activities and technologies to be analyzed. DOE held eight public scoping meetings in September 2012 on six islands in the cities of Honolulu, Līhu‘e, Kailua-Kona, Hilo, Kahului, Lāna‘i City, Kaunakakai, and Kāne‘ohe.
In addition to the Amended NOI, DOE announced the scoping meetings to encourage public participation in the PEIS process through publishing notices in six local newspapers, issuing a press release, sending postcards or emails to individuals and groups that had previously shown interest in the HIREP: Wind PEIS, and creating the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS Website (www.hawaiicleanenergypeis.com).
DOE received and reviewed more than 700 comment documents as part of the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS scoping process. Issues raised most often were related to island energy independence and self-sufficiency (e.g., opposition to generating electricity on other islands for transmission to O‘ahu); Native Hawaiian issues (e.g., to avoid impacts on subsistence lifestyle, spirituality, and traditions); cultural and historic resources; socioeconomics and communities; land use; biological resources; utility-scale land-based wind and geothermal renewables; undersea cable corridors; and concerns about health effects of smart meters. DOE prepared the Scoping Summary Report for the Hawai‘i Clean Energy Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement that contains a five-page summary of these comments (available online
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from http://hawaiicleanenergypeis.com/eis-documents/). DOE also considered these comments during the preparation of the Draft PEIS.
S.4.1.2 Areas of Controversy
Through discussions with the cooperating agencies, other agency coordination efforts, and the public involvement process— DOE solicited input, including the identification of any potential areas of controversy. This input came both during the public scoping process and the comments received during the public review of the Draft PEIS. The following potential areas of controversy were identified in the Draft PEIS and remain unchanged after review of public comments received on the Draft EIS. Changes to the PEIS that resulted from comments are addressed in Section S.4.1.3:
Island energy independence and self-sufficiency – Concerns were raised about islands being self-sufficient and energy-independent versus using local resources to generate energy for use onother islands.
Native Hawaiian issues – Concerns, based on traditional beliefs, were raised about the use ofisland resources, such as using geothermal energy, to generate energy.
Land use – Concerns were raised about the use of this finite resource for energy generation.
Transmission lines including undersea cable – In addition to island energy dependence and self-sufficiency, concerns were raised about the overall cost and relative benefit of an interislandtransmission grid.
Analysis was too limiting – Concerns were raised about the proposal for a major project using asingle technology (e.g., wind power) without adequate study of all the options and theirappropriateness for use in specific locations.
As a result of considering all scoping comments and comments received on the Draft PEIS, the PEIS is a programmatic evaluation of the energy efficiency activities and renewable energy technologies that could reasonably be implemented in Hawai‘i. The scope includes an assessment of the viability of implementation in the State of Hawai‘i and the associated potential environmental impacts. As discussed in Section S.3 above, the PEIS does not evaluate any specific or proposed project. Implementation of these activities and technologies and the ultimate ability to achieve the goals established by the HCEI should include input from all stakeholders.
S.4.1.3 Draft PEIS Public Review and Comment Period
On April 18, 2014, DOE published in the Federal Register its Notice of Availability for the Hawai‘i Clean Energy Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS-0407D) (79 FR 21909). DOE’s Notice of Availability invited the public to comment on the Draft PEIS during a 90-day public comment period that ended on July 17, 2014, and described how the public could submit oral and written comments on the Draft PEIS. DOE’s Notice also announced that it would hold a total of eight public hearings from May 12 through May 22, 2014, in Lihue on Kaua‘i, Kailua-Kona and Hilo on Hawai‘i Island, Kahului on Maui, Kaunakakai on Molokai, Lāna‘i City on Lāna‘i Island, and in Honolulu and Kāne‘ohe on O‘ahu.
DOE used notification methods similar to those used during the scoping period to notify the public and applicable Federal, State, and county agencies of the public review and comment period for the Draft PEIS. These notification methods included posting advertisements soliciting comments on the Draft PEIS
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and announcing the public hearings in local newspapers both one week and then two days (as possible) prior to the hearing dates; sending an email to individuals who had signed up on the PEIS website to receive email notifications related to the development of the PEIS as well as to scoping meeting attendees who had signed up to receive such notification; and mailing postcards through the U.S. postal service to those interested individuals who had not provided an email addresses.
DOE made the Draft PEIS available on the Internet at the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS Website (www.hawaiicleanenergypeis.com) and on the DOE NEPA Website (www.energy.gov/nepa) and provided a CD or bound copy of the Draft PEIS upon request. The State of Hawai‘i DBEDT distributed bound copies of the Draft PEIS to eight public libraries throughout Hawai‘i.
DOE received 151 comment documents (emails, letters, hearing transcripts, etc.) consisting of 582 comments on the Draft PEIS from Federal, State, and local government agencies, Native Hawaiian and other organizations, and members of the public. Examples of some changes in the Final PEIS that were driven by public or agency comments include the following:
Expansion on the programmatic nature of the Hawaii Clean Energy PEIS Expansion of the background of the HCEI goals Expansion of the roles and responsibilities of various Hawai‘i state agencies Addition of heat pump water heaters as an element within energy-efficient buildings Addition of information related to interconnection standards; primarily as they relate to
distributed solar PV generation Update of renewable portfolio standards based on recent legislation Additional permitting details for OTEC and sea water air conditioning Expansion of the discussion on multi-modal transportation Clarification of permitting and potential impacts associated with an undersea cable Enhancement of the discussion of cultural resources impacts, and Update of the National Marine Fisheries listing of candidate marine species.
DOE considered all comments on the Draft PEIS received or postmarked during the public comment period in preparing this Final PEIS. Comments received after the close of the public review and comment period were also considered in the preparation of the Final PEIS.
S.4.2 AGENCY COORDINATION
When implementing NEPA, a lead agency is strongly encouraged to involve Federal, State, and local government agencies. DOE benefitted in the preparation of the PEIS from the contributions of several cooperating and participating agencies.
The CEQ regulations define a lead agency as the agency or agencies preparing or having taken primary responsibility for preparing the environmental impact statement (40 CFR 1501.5 and 40 CFR 1508.16) and a cooperating agency as any other Federal agency having jurisdiction by law or special expertise with respect to any environmental impact involved in a proposal (or a reasonable alternative) for legislation or other major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment (40 CFR 1501.6 and 40 CFR 1508.5). A State or local governmental agency may also become a cooperating agency. Participating (or consulting) agencies are those with an interest in defining the scope of an impact assessment and collaborating with lead and cooperating agencies in determining the methodologies and level of detail to be used in analyzing the alternatives.
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DOE sent invitations to various Federal agencies and the State of Hawai‘i Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) to be cooperating agencies for this PEIS. DBEDT agreed to represent the State of Hawai‘i as the sole cooperating agency for the State. Table S-2 lists the Federal and State agencies that agreed to be a cooperating agency or participating agency for this PEIS, followed by brief descriptions of the expertise, permitting authority, and responsibilities of each cooperating agency.
Table S-2. Cooperating and Participating Agencies
Agency Department/Office Cooperating Status U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9 U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Navy U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration State of Hawai‘i DBEDT Participating Status U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Advisory Council on Historic Preservation N/A U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Services Agency U.S. Department of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service – Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Homeland Security U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Several of the listed agencies submitted comments on the Draft PEIS, which were resolved as documented in the Comment Response-Document. The agencies were all contacted relative to release of the Final PEIS and raised no additional concerns.
National Park Service
The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) has expertise in natural and cultural resources and is charged with protecting the U.S. National Park System including resources for future generations. In addition, the NPS monitors the condition of National Historic Trails and Landmarks and National Natural Landmarks outside of the park system, and it may provide technical preservation assistance to owners of landmarks. NPS also maintains the National Register of Historic Places.
S.4.2.1 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) has expertise in and the responsibility for permitting leases and rights-of-way for renewable energy development activities on the Outer Continental Shelf and other offshore Federal waters. It also has expertise in coastal and marine biological and physical sciences, as well as marine archaeological and cultural resources. Under EPAct 2005, BOEM was granted (through its predecessor agency) the authority for regulating the production, transportation, and transmission of renewable energy resources on the Outer Continental Shelf and other offshore Federal waters. Pursuant to the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. §§ 1331–1356, Public Law 113-212), BOEM has been
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vested with jurisdictional authority for submerged lands greater than 3 miles seaward of the Hawaiian coastline. BOEM has no jurisdictional authority in Hawaiian waters from the coastline out to the 3-mile State/Federal boundary. This authority does not apply to any area on the OCS within the boundaries of any unit of the National Park System, National Wildlife Refuge system, National Marine Sanctuary system, or any National Monument.
S.4.2.2 Natural Resources Conservation Service
The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has expertise in conservation planning assistance to private landowners and in the soil sciences. NRCS derives its regulatory and permitting authority under the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (16 U.S.C. § 590a et seq.) and the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (Public Law 110–234; known as the “Farm Bill”), as well as subsequent Farm Bills using programs such as the Conservation Stewardship Program (7 CFR Part 1470); Environmental Quality Incentives Program in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (Public Law 110–246); and the Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program (7 CFR Part 636).
S.4.2.3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The EPA administers the programmatic and regulatory aspects of 11 pollution control statutes including the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq.) and Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.). EPA has interest in all environmental resource areas, activities, and technologies. As a cooperating agency, EPA assisted in the independent review of both the Draft and Final PEISs.
S.4.2.4 Federal Aviation Administration
The Federal Aviation Administration has expertise in airport land and airspace issues and permitting authority for matters related to hazards to air navigation.
S.4.2.5 U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy
The U.S. Marine Corps and the Department of the Navy both have expertise related to U.S. military installations and training, including radar, restricted areas, airspace, and training areas. All branches of the military are present on O‘ahu. The branches of the military coordinate with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) on renewable energy project compatibility through the DoD Siting Clearinghouse in the Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Installations and Environment. The Clearinghouse formal review process applies to projects filed with the U.S. Secretary of Transportation under 49 U.S.C. § 44718 as well as other projects proposed for construction within military training routes or special use airspace, whether on private, State, or Federal property.
S.4.2.6 State of Hawai‘i
State of Hawai‘i agencies have expertise in all matters related to State energy policy, land use, Native Hawaiian culture, aquatic resources, ocean recreation, forestry and wildlife, land and coastal land management and conservation, historic preservation, and parklands. On behalf of all State of Hawai‘i agencies, DBEDT is serving as a cooperating agency for this PEIS. The State agencies have permitting authority and will serve as information sources for many entities, including but not limited to the public and developers of future projects in Hawai‘i.
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S.5 Permitting and Regulatory Requirements
DOE prepared this PEIS pursuant to NEPA, as implemented by the CEQ NEPA regulations (40 CFR Parts 1500 through 1508) and DOE NEPA implementing procedures (10 CFR Part 1021). This PEIS considers, among other regulatory items, the requirements of the Hawai‘i Environmental Policy Act (Chapter 343, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes). This PEIS does not eliminate the need for project-specific environmental review of individual projects or activities that might be eligible for funding or other forms of support by DOE or other Federal agencies. To the extent that DOE proposes to fund or undertake particular projects or activities that may fall within the scope of this PEIS, project-specific NEPA reviews for such projects and activities are expected to build on, or tier from, this PEIS. Moreover, any such projects and activities would be subject to compliance with obligations under other environmental laws such as the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. § 1531–1544 et seq.) and the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (54 U.S.C. § 300101 et seq.). For those projects that do not have any connection to Federal actions, State-level environmental reviews would still have to occur as required under Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, such as the Hawai‘i Environmental Policy Act and other statutes and administrative rules.
The Hawai‘i State Energy Office has developed and made available online a comprehensive list of Federal, State, and county-specific permits that are generally required for the activities that typically accompany clean energy projects. These include permits related to siting, construction, operation, and other phases. This information is available at https://energy.Hawaii.gov and includes a link to a single downloadable document called the Guide to Renewable Energy Facility Permits in the State of Hawai‘i. Permit packets associated with each permit also are available for download at the above website. In addition, many Federal, State, and county permitting agencies in Hawai‘i have developed their own guidance materials describing various permitting processes, procedures, and requirements. The links to these agency websites are included in Section 2.2 of the PEIS.
To supplement these tools, a free interactive online permitting tool, the Hawai‘i Renewable Energy Permitting Wizard, is also available from the Hawai‘i State Energy Office (http://wizard.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/). The Wizard allows users (such as a would-be renewable energy developer) to identify the Federal, State, and county permits that may be required for a specific renewable energy project in Hawai‘i based on input provided by the user. Designed for renewable energy projects, the Wizard can create a permit plan for a proposed project based on the type of renewable energy technology proposed. The permit plan also includes the recommended sequence—with estimated timelines—in which the permits may be obtained.
S.6 Structure of the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS
This PEIS is arranged into a summary; nine chapters, each containing a separate, chapter-specific reference list; and three appendices:
This Summary summarizes the contents of the PEIS. In accordance with 40 CFR 1502.12, the Summary stresses the major conclusions and areas of controversy (including issues raised by agencies and the public). Title 40 CFR 1502.12 also requires that a summary stress the issues to be resolved (including the choice among alternatives). However, since this PEIS focuses on a range of technologies and activities and analyzes their potential impacts rather than setting up a choice from among them, neither the body of the PEIS nor this Summary present issues to be resolved.
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Chapter 1, “Introduction,” provides background information on the HCEI, an overview of the NEPA process, the purpose and need for agency action, and information on public and agency coordination.
Chapter 2, “Proposed Action,” describes each of the five clean energy categories and the associated 31 technologies and activities. The chapter discusses, from a programmatic perspective, the permitting and regulatory requirements needed to implement the technologies and activities associated with the different clean energy categories. It provides a brief primer of each activity/technology that includes a description of a representative project. The chapter includes a discussion of a no-action alternative and tables that summarize potential environmental impacts associated with the technologies and activities in each clean energy category. The chapter concludes with brief explanations of the PEIS’s treatment of cumulative impacts, irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources, the relationship between short-term uses and long-term productivity, unavoidable adverse impacts, and DOE’s preferred alternative. This chapter also contains the glossary.
Chapter 3, “Affected Environment,” provides the existing conditions for each of the potentially affected environmental resource areas. It considers these resource areas at the State level and on an island-by-island basis for six islands (Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Molokai, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i). In order to avoid redundancy in later chapters focused on technology-specific impacts, this chapter includes a discussion of the environmental impacts most often associated with construction and operation activities regardless of the clean energy activity or technology. The chapter organizes and discusses these impacts and associated best management practices in relation to the impacted resource, not the particular activity or technology. The environmental resource areas addressed in Chapter 3 include:
– Geology and Soils – The geologic characteristics of the area at and below the ground surface, the frequency and severity of seismic activity, and the kinds and quality of soils.
– Climate and Air Quality – Climatic conditions such as temperature and precipitation, ambient air quality, and criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions.
– Water Resources – Marine, surface-water, and groundwater features, water quality and availability, floodplains, and wetlands.
– Biological Resources – Flora and fauna of the region and the occurrence and protection of special-status species.
– Land and Submerged Land Use – Land and submerged land use practices and land ownership information.
– Cultural and Historic Resources – Cultural, historic, and archaeological resources and the importance of those resources.
– Coastal Zone Management – The existing regulatory process for consistency with coastal zone management plans, special management areas, and shoreline setbacks.
– Scenic and Visual Resources – Scenic and visual resources in terms of land formations, vegetation, and color, and the occurrence of unique natural views.
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– Recreation Resources – Existing recreation areas and uses, both on land and in the marine environment.
– Land and Marine Transportation – The existing transportation systems in the area.
– Airspace Management – Existing airport systems and military air bases and operation as well as the processes for managing the safe utilization of the airspace for intended uses.
– Noise and Vibration – Ambient noise and vibration levels, analytical techniques, and the identification of sensitive receptors.
– Utilities and Infrastructure – Existing electric utilities and electrical transmission and distribution services.
– Hazardous Materials and Waste Management – Solid and hazardous waste generation and management practices, wastewater services, the types of waste from current activities, the means by which waste is disposed, and pollution prevention practices.
– Socioeconomics – The labor market, population, housing, public services, and personal income.
– Environmental Justice – The identification of low-income and minority populations that could be subject to disproportionately high and adverse environmental impacts.
– Health and Safety (including Accidents and Intentional Destructive Acts) – The existing public and occupational safety conditions, including information on health and safety regulations and worker safety and injury data. The impacts chapters also provide a perspective of potential impacts from accidents and intentional destructive acts.
Chapters 4 through 8 present the environmental impact analyses, by environmental resource, for the activities/technologies carried forward for detailed analysis. Energy Conservation and Initiatives and Programs are not associated with adverse environmental impacts, and Utility-Scale Hydroelectric is considered to have low feasibility; these are not analyzed in detail.) The analyses are based on the potential programmatic-level impacts from the representative projects (Chapter 2) on the affected environment (Chapter 3) to provide potential impact perspectives. Each section within each chapter also presents best management practices and mitigation measures specific to an activity or technology.
– Chapter 4, “Environmental Impacts from Energy Efficiency” – Chapter 5, “Environmental Impacts from Distributed Renewables” – Chapter 6, “Environmental Impacts from Utility-Scale Renewables” – Chapter 7, “Environmental Impacts from Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes” – Chapter 8, “Environmental Impacts from Electrical Transmission and Distribution”
Chapter 9, “Comment-Response Document,” presents a description of the comment-response process, the comments received, and DOE’s responses to those comments.
This PEIS includes three appendixes:
Appendix A, “Public Notices” Appendix B, “Distribution List”
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Appendix C, “List of Preparers”
S.7 Potential Environmental Impacts and Best Management Practices
As identified in Section S.3, DOE is not proposing any specific projects associated with this PEIS. Therefore, this PEIS uses representative projects to evaluate the potential environmental impacts from the various activities and technologies that could be implemented to assist the State in meeting the Renewable Portfolio Standard and Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard established as part of the HCEI. This PEIS also describes best management practices that could be implemented to keep those impacts to a minimum or prevent them altogether.
Additionally, because of its programmatic nature, the PEIS cannot present the same comparative analyses of each activity or technology as an evaluation of a specific project at a known location. The criteria used for such a specific analysis could include reliability, schedule-ability, economic feasibility, lifecycle analysis, potential for and scale of emergency/disaster impacts, and relative ease of integration onto each island’s grid. These criteria could be included in a future project-specific environmental review.
Chapter 2 presents several summary tables that provide an overview of the potential environmental impacts for the energy efficiency activities and renewable energy technologies associated with each of the five clean energy categories. Each table presents the following:
A reference to specific sections in Chapter 3 for those impacts that would be common among most construction and operation activities. (These impacts are set forth in one place in Chapter 3 to avoid repeating them for each distinct activity or technology in later chapters.)
The potential environmental impacts specific to the stated activity/technology.
Accompanying each summary table is a chart that illustrates the resource areas that could be affected by each activity/technology. The clear circles indicate that no potential impacts would be expected for the activity/technology in that resource area. The light-gray circles indicate that the activity/technology would be expected to result in impacts similar to those common among most construction and operation activities (described in Chapter 3). The black circles indicate that there could be potential impacts specific to an activity or technology for that resource area. These charts are also presented below as Tables S-3 through S-7.
Best management practices and mitigation measures are identified in several places in the PEIS. For those potential impacts common among construction and operation activities, and not technology-specific, best management practices are presented in Chapter 3 for each resource area. For the activity/technology-specific impacts, the best management practices and mitigation measures are presented in Chapters 4 through 8 with the impacts analysis for that activity/technology. Implementation of these best management practices and mitigation measures are important to prevent or minimize the potential environmental impacts to that resource.
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Table S-3. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Energy Efficiency
Activity/Technology Resource Areas
Geo
logy
and
Soi
ls
Cli
mat
e an
d A
ir Q
uali
ty
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Bio
logi
cal R
esou
rces
Lan
d an
d Su
bmer
ged
Lan
d U
se
Cul
tura
l and
His
tori
c R
esou
rces
Coa
stal
Zon
e M
anag
emen
t
Sce
nic
and
Vis
ual R
esou
rces
Rec
reat
ion
Res
ourc
es
Lan
d an
d M
arin
e T
rans
port
atio
n
Air
spac
e M
anag
emen
t
Noi
se a
nd V
ibra
tion
Util
ities
and
Inf
rast
ruct
ure
Haz
ardo
us M
ater
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and
W
aste
Man
agem
ent
Soc
ioec
onom
ics
Env
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tal J
ustic
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Hea
lth a
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afet
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Energy Efficient Buildings ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Sea Water Air Conditioning ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Solar Water Heating ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●○ = No potential impacts.
● = Potential impacts are common among most construction and operation activities.
● = Potential impacts are specific to an activity or technology.
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Table S-4. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Distributed Renewables
Activity/Technology Resource Areas
Geo
logy
and
Soi
ls
Cli
mat
e an
d A
ir Q
uali
ty
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Bio
logi
cal R
esou
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Lan
d an
d Su
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ged
Lan
d U
se
Cul
tura
l and
His
tori
c R
esou
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Coa
stal
Zon
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emen
t
Sce
nic
and
Vis
ual R
esou
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Rec
reat
ion
Res
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Lan
d an
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rans
port
atio
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Air
spac
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t
Noi
se a
nd V
ibra
tion
Util
ities
and
Inf
rast
ruct
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Haz
ardo
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and
W
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Man
agem
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Soc
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Env
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Biomass ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Hydroelectric ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Hydrogen Fuel Cells ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ●Photovoltaics ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ●Wind ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ●○ = No potential impacts.
● = Potential impacts are common among most construction and operation activities.
● = Potential impacts are specific to an activity or technology.
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Table S-5. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Utility-Scale Renewables
Activity/Technology Resource Areas
Geo
logy
and
Soi
ls
Cli
mat
e an
d A
ir Q
uali
ty
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Bio
logi
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esou
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Lan
d an
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Lan
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His
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Coa
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and
Vis
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Rec
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Res
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Lan
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Util
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Inf
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Haz
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Soc
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Env
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Biomass
Direct Combustion – Steam Turbine ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Biodiesel Plant/ Electric Plant ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Geothermal ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Municipal Solid Waste ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Marine Hydrokinetic Energy ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Ocean Thermal Energy ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Photovoltaic Systems ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Solar Thermal Systems ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Wind (Land-Based) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Wind (Offshore) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●○ = No potential impacts.
● = Potential impacts are common among most construction and operation activities.
● = Potential impacts are specific to an activity or technology.
Summary
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-21 September 2015 DOE/EIS-0459
Table S-6. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes
Activity/Technology Resource Areas
Geo
logy
and
Soi
ls
Cli
mat
e an
d A
ir Q
uali
ty
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Bio
logi
cal R
esou
rces
Lan
d an
d Su
bmer
ged
Lan
d U
se
Cul
tura
l and
His
tori
c R
esou
rces
Coa
stal
Zon
e M
anag
emen
t
Sce
nic
and
Vis
ual R
esou
rces
Rec
reat
ion
Res
ourc
es
Lan
d an
d M
arin
e T
rans
port
atio
n
Air
spac
e M
anag
emen
t
Noi
se a
nd V
ibra
tion
Util
ities
and
Inf
rast
ruct
ure
Haz
ardo
us M
ater
ials
and
W
aste
Man
agem
ent
Soc
ioec
onom
ics
Env
iron
men
tal J
ustic
e
Hea
lth a
nd S
afet
y
Biofuels ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○
Plug-In Electric Vehicles ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○Hydrogen ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○Compressed and Liquefied Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas
● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ●
Multi-Modal Transportation ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○○ = No potential impacts.
● = Potential impacts are common among most construction and operation activities.
● = Potential impacts are specific to an activity or technology.
Summary
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-22 September 2015 DOE/EIS-0459
Table S-7. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Electrical Transmission and Distribution
Activity/Technology Resource Areas
Geo
logy
and
Soi
ls
Cli
mat
e an
d A
ir Q
uali
ty
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Bio
logi
cal R
esou
rces
Lan
d an
d Su
bmer
ged
Lan
d U
se
Cul
tura
l and
His
tori
c R
esou
rces
Coa
stal
Zon
e M
anag
emen
t
Sce
nic
and
Vis
ual R
esou
rces
Rec
reat
ion
Res
ourc
es
Lan
d an
d M
arin
e T
rans
port
atio
n
Air
spac
e M
anag
emen
t
Noi
se a
nd V
ibra
tion
Util
ities
and
Inf
rast
ruct
ure
Haz
ardo
us M
ater
ials
and
W
aste
Man
agem
ent
Soc
ioec
onom
ics
Env
iron
men
tal J
ustic
e
Hea
lth a
nd S
afet
y
On-Island Transmission ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ●
Undersea Cables ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ●
Smart Grid ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ●Energy Storage ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ●○ = No potential impacts.
● = Potential impacts are common among most construction and operation activities.
● = Potential impacts are specific to an activity or technology.
S.8 Overview of Potential Environmental Impacts from Technologies and Activities in the Clean Energy Categories
This section (1) provides an overview of the major conclusions about potential impacts from the five clean energy categories and (2) presents tables that summarize the potential environmental impacts associated with the clean energy technologies with the highest potential for adverse environmental impacts (based on the representative projects analyzed in this PEIS). Table S-8 summarizes impacts for On-Island Transmission, Undersea Cables, and Sea Water Air Conditioning. Potential environmental impacts for Utility-Scale Renewable technologies are summarized for Biomass-Fueled Steam Turbine Generation, Biodiesel Plant and Electric Power Plant, Geothermal, Municipal Solid Waste-to-Energy Facility, and Marine Hydrokinetic Energy in Table S-9a, and for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, Photovoltaic Systems, Solar Thermal Systems, Land-based Wind, and Offshore Wind in Table S9b. The other activities and technologies (generally the energy efficiency activities, distributed renewable technologies, and the alternative transportation fuels and modes) are not listed in these tables because they have the smallest potential for adverse environmental impacts. Chapter 2 contains a complete set of the tables that summarize potential impacts from all renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency activities for all resource areas (see Tables 2-37 through 2-46). Major Conclusions Many of the technologies and activities evaluated in this PEIS have the potential benefit of reducing greenhouse gas and other criteria pollutant emissions due to the reduced need for and use of fossil fuels as
Summary
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-23 September 2015 DOE/EIS-0459
an energy source. The potential for other environmental impacts varies across the different energy categories depending on the technology, size, and location of the analyzed projects, but generally can be characterized as follows:
Activities and technologies in the Energy Efficiency category would have the smallest potential for notable environmental impacts. The small size and, in most cases, minimally disruptive nature of these activities and technologies would result in no or minimal potential impacts across the resource areas. However, sea water air conditioning could potentially impact water quality and biological resources, due to the return of warmer water for discharge. These potential impacts can be minimized or eliminated through the consideration and implementation of the various best management practices identified and discussed in this PEIS.
Activities and technologies in the Distributed Renewables category typically would involve small projects; therefore, potential impacts from these technologies are not likely to be significant. Implementation of renewable energy projects at the residential scale (particularly solar photovoltaic, which can be deployed quickly in multiple locations) can exceed the capacity of a local power grid or utility. This can cause delays in bringing new energy sources to the electrical grid, require system upgrades, and have other consequences on local circuits. These and other potential adverse impacts can be minimized or eliminated through the implementation of interconnection standards and the use of best management practices identified and discussed in the PEIS.
Among the technologies and activities analyzed in this PEIS, the greatest potential for environmental impacts is associated with the Utility-Scale Renewables category since it would include those technologies with the largest physical footprint and generation of the largest amount of electricity. All of these technologies would have the potential to impact numerous resource areas. Such potential impacts generally would be highest during construction and include noise, increased air emissions, changes to scenic and visual landscapes, and potential impacts to biological and cultural resources. The most common potential long-term impacts associated with these technologies would include changes to land and submerged land use and scenic and visual resources. These potential impacts would be location-dependent and could be minimized or eliminated through the use of the location-specific best management practices identified and discussed in the PEIS.
Activities and technologies in the Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes category would have a moderate potential for notable environmental impacts. Increased use of the alternative fuels would result in a reduction of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions as well as a reduction in the use of fossil fuels. The development of certain biofuels, however, could have adverse impacts related to using large land areas for the production of feedstock, the application of herbicides and fertilizers, and the introduction of invasive species. These and other potential adverse impacts can be minimized or eliminated through the use of best management practices such as proper handling, storage, and use of chemicals and the screening of plant species for invasive characteristics. A comprehensive, connected multi-modal transportation system in Hawai‘i likely would result in reductions in petroleum used for ground transportation, reductions in nonpoint source pollution, and improved air quality.
In the Electrical Transmission and Distribution category, the two technologies with the greatest potential for environmental impacts on valuable resources are on-island transmission and undersea cables. These projects are long and linear, and the potential impacts are predominantly associated with construction activities and the route of the transmission lines/cables. Potential
Summary
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-24 September 2015 DOE/EIS-0459
construction and routing impacts can be minimized or eliminated through the use of construction- and location-specific best management practices.
In addition, during project siting, all of these activities—but especially the Electrical Transmission and Distribution and the Utility-Scale Renewables categories—share the characteristic of encountering one or more host communities that could be impacted in numerous ways. In Hawai‘i, this almost always includes the potential to impact Native Hawaiian communities, lifestyles, and values. The potential for project acceptance and success can be greatly enhanced by early and sincere involvement of the various communities in project planning and concern for “fairness” in project definition.
In addition to impacts from a technology standpoint, the State of Hawai‘i has indicated particular interest in the potential impacts to four environmental resource areas.
Biological resources due to the large number of threatened and endangered species and unique island habitat;
Land and submerged land use based on the finite characteristics of this resource to the islands’ environments;
Cultural and historic resources because of the strong and long standing beliefs of the native population and their relationship with the islands’ physical environment; and
Scenic and visual resources because of both the cultural and historic aspects, as well as the importance to the tourism appeal of the islands.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-25 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-8. S
um
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts f
or S
elec
ted
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g G
eolo
gy a
nd
Soi
ls
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
On
shor
e G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Off
shor
e P
oten
tial d
istu
rban
ce o
f m
arin
e se
dim
ents
dur
ing
cons
truc
tion
(sh
ort-
term
) w
ith
min
or im
pact
s:
S
edim
ent d
istu
rban
ce a
t the
hor
izon
tal
dire
ctio
nal d
rilli
ng b
reak
out p
oint
Dri
lling
mud
/slu
rry
rele
ase
at th
e ho
rizo
ntal
di
rect
iona
l dri
lling
bre
akou
t poi
nt
S
edim
ent d
istu
rban
ce a
t tre
nchi
ng lo
catio
ns.
No
impa
cts
to g
eolo
gy a
nd s
oils
dur
ing
oper
atio
n.
On
shor
e P
oten
tial s
oil e
rosi
on a
nd c
onta
min
atio
n du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n (s
hort
-ter
m).
O
ffsh
ore
Pot
entia
l dis
turb
ance
of
mar
ine
sedi
men
ts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
(sho
rt-t
erm
) an
d op
erat
ions
.
Clim
ate
and
Air
Qu
alit
y A
ir Q
uali
ty
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
B
enef
icia
l im
pact
s re
sulti
ng f
rom
hig
her
pene
trat
ion
of r
enew
able
gen
erat
ion
on e
ach
conn
ecte
d is
land
gri
d.
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
(sho
rt-
term
).
The
use
of
a se
a w
ater
air
con
diti
onin
g sy
stem
wou
ld r
equi
re 7
5 pe
rcen
t les
s el
ectr
icit
y th
an a
sta
ndar
d co
olin
g sy
stem
; th
eref
ore,
ther
e w
ould
be
a be
nefi
cial
impa
ct
to a
ir q
uali
ty f
rom
a r
educ
tion
of
crit
eria
po
lluta
nts
resu
lting
fro
m e
lect
rici
ty g
ener
ated
by
fos
sil f
uels
.
Cli
mat
e C
hang
e G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
M
inor
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
R
educ
tions
in g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
as a
re
sult
of r
educ
tion
of e
lect
rici
ty g
ener
atio
n us
ing
foss
il fu
els.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-26 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-8. S
um
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts f
or S
elec
ted
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g W
ater
Res
ourc
es
Sur
face
Wat
er G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Ope
ratio
n im
pact
s in
clud
e po
ssib
le a
ltera
tion
of s
torm
wat
er r
unof
f al
ong
tran
smis
sion
co
rrid
or a
s ve
geta
tion
is r
eest
ablis
hed.
Any
si
ngle
dra
inag
e pa
th e
xpec
ted
to e
xper
ienc
e m
inim
al a
lter
atio
n.
Pot
entia
l app
licat
ion
of h
erbi
cide
s to
mai
ntai
ntr
ansm
issi
on c
orri
dor
coul
d pr
oduc
e ne
gativ
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
if th
ey r
each
sur
face
w
ater
s.
On
shor
e G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s if
incr
ease
in im
perm
eabl
e su
rfac
es a
t bui
lt u
p la
nd-s
ea tr
ansi
tion
sit
es.
Off
shor
e S
edim
ent d
istu
rban
ce/d
ispe
rsal
and
incr
ease
d tu
rbid
ity d
urin
g ho
rizo
ntal
dir
ectio
nal d
rilli
ng.
Pot
enti
al s
ite-
spec
ific
impa
cts
may
occ
ur to
ha
bita
ts o
r co
mm
uniti
es o
f co
ncer
n.
No
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
On
shor
e G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n (s
hort
-te
rm).
N
o op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
O
ffsh
ore
Sed
imen
t dis
turb
ance
/ dis
pers
al a
nd in
crea
sed
turb
idity
. P
oten
tial
sit
e-sp
ecif
ic im
pact
s m
ay o
ccur
to
habi
tats
or
com
mun
ities
of
conc
ern.
P
oten
tial i
ncre
ase
in n
utri
ent l
evel
s (n
itrat
e an
d ph
osph
ates
).
Pot
entia
l for
sea
wat
er te
mpe
ratu
re v
aria
bilit
y im
pact
.
Gro
undw
ater
G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
No
adve
rse
oper
atio
n im
pact
s un
less
he
rbic
ides
app
lied
to m
aint
ain
tran
smis
sion
co
rrid
or.
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
N
o ad
vers
e op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial f
resh
wat
er (
grou
ndw
ater
) sa
ving
s if
w
aste
wat
er is
use
d as
the
cool
ing
med
ium
. P
oten
tial
ly b
enef
icia
l; f
resh
wat
er s
avin
gs
com
pare
d to
a f
acil
ity
wit
h an
ope
n co
olin
g sy
stem
.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-27 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-8. S
um
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts f
or S
elec
ted
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g B
iolo
gica
l Res
ourc
es
G
ener
al im
pact
s to
terr
estr
ial e
cosy
stem
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n, in
clud
ing
pote
ntia
l ac
cess
roa
ds.
Ope
rati
onal
mai
nten
ance
of
clea
red
area
s ar
ound
tow
ers
and
vege
tatio
n he
ight
alo
ng
tran
smis
sion
cor
rido
r.
Pot
entia
l bir
d an
d ba
t col
lisio
ns w
ith to
wer
s an
d li
nes,
esp
ecia
lly
noct
urna
l fly
ing
spec
ies.
Gen
eral
impa
cts
to te
rres
tria
l and
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
(sho
rt-t
erm
impa
cts
to b
enth
ic c
omm
unit
ies
and
mar
ine
mam
mal
s if
co
nstr
ucti
on o
ccur
red
in th
e H
awai
ian
Isla
nds
Hum
pbac
k W
hale
Nat
iona
l Mar
ine
San
ctua
ry).
P
oten
tial l
ocal
ized
dis
turb
ance
impa
cts
to b
enth
ic
com
mun
ities
at t
he h
oriz
onta
l dir
ectio
nal d
rilli
ng
brea
kout
poi
nt a
nd a
long
cab
le r
oute
dur
ing
cons
truc
tion
due
to d
irec
t dis
plac
emen
t or
indi
rect
se
dim
enta
tion.
P
oten
tial o
pera
tion
impa
cts
on s
ensi
tive
spec
ies
by
elec
trom
agne
tic
fiel
ds a
long
und
erse
a ca
ble
rout
e.
Gen
eral
impa
cts
to te
rres
tria
l and
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
(sho
rt-t
erm
im
pact
s to
ben
thic
com
mun
ities
and
mar
ine
mam
mal
s if
con
stru
ctio
n oc
curr
ed in
the
Haw
aiia
n Is
land
s H
umpb
ack
Wha
le N
atio
nal
Mar
ine
San
ctua
ry).
M
inim
al a
nd lo
cali
zed
impa
cts
to m
arin
e or
gani
sms
from
wat
er d
isch
arge
tem
pera
ture
. P
oten
tial i
ncre
ase
in n
utri
ent l
evel
s re
sulti
ng
in in
crea
sed
mar
ine
prod
uctiv
ity a
nd p
ossi
ble
crea
tion
of u
nusu
al a
lgal
blo
oms.
P
oten
tial
loca
lized
dis
turb
ance
impa
cts
to
bent
hic
com
mun
ities
at d
isch
arge
poi
nt.
Pot
enti
al e
ntra
inm
ent o
f sm
alle
r or
gani
sms
at
the
inta
ke p
ipe.
Lan
d a
nd
Su
bm
erge
d L
and
Use
L
and
Use
T
rans
mis
sion
line
cor
rido
rs a
nd lo
catio
n of
su
bsta
tions
and
sw
itchi
ng y
ards
cou
ld r
esul
t in
cha
nges
of
land
ow
ners
hip
patte
rns
and
land
use
.
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n.
Sho
rt-t
erm
land
dis
turb
ance
impa
cts
at th
e co
olin
g st
atio
n lo
catio
ns a
nd a
long
di
stri
butio
n lin
e ro
utes
dur
ing
cons
truc
tion.
Sub
mer
ged
Lan
d U
se
Non
e; th
e on
-isl
and
tran
smis
sion
pro
ject
w
ould
not
ext
end
offs
hore
.
Sho
rt-t
erm
sub
mer
ged
land
dis
turb
ance
impa
cts
alon
g th
e un
ders
ea c
able
cor
rido
r du
ring
co
nstr
uctio
n.
Pot
entia
l tem
pora
ry im
pact
s du
ring
mai
nten
ance
/ ex
pans
ion
activ
ities
. P
oten
tial l
and
use
impa
cts
alon
g un
ders
ea c
able
co
rrid
or.
Pot
entia
l lan
d us
e im
pact
s re
late
d to
ex
pans
ions
/mai
nten
ance
of
the
cool
ing
stat
ions
and
/or
dist
ribu
tion
netw
ork.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-28 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-8. S
um
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts f
or S
elec
ted
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g C
ult
ura
l an
d H
isto
ric
Res
ourc
es
G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion.
P
oten
tial
dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
con
stru
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es to
arc
haeo
logi
cal a
nd h
isto
ric
prop
ertie
s, in
clud
ing
buri
al s
ites
and
prot
ecte
d tr
aditi
onal
and
cus
tom
ary
activ
ities
. In
crea
sed
like
liho
od o
f un
auth
oriz
ed a
cces
s to
cu
ltura
lly s
ensi
tive
area
s by
wor
ker
pres
ence
du
ring
ope
ratio
ns.
Pot
enti
al f
or v
isua
l, no
ise,
or
rest
rict
ed a
cces
s ef
fect
s on
sen
sitiv
e cu
ltura
l and
his
tori
c re
sour
ces
and
activ
ities
. P
oten
tial i
mpa
ct o
n a
hist
oric
al b
uild
ing,
st
ruct
ure,
or
dist
rict
by
faci
liti
es b
eing
in
com
patib
le w
ith th
e hi
stor
ic c
onte
xt o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
Pot
entia
l dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
ons
hore
and
off
shor
e co
nstr
uctio
n ac
tiviti
es to
arc
haeo
logi
cal a
nd
hist
oric
pro
pert
ies,
incl
udin
g bu
rial
site
s an
d pr
otec
ted
trad
ition
al a
nd c
usto
mar
y ac
tiviti
es.
Incr
ease
d li
keli
hood
of
unau
thor
ized
acc
ess
to
cultu
rally
sen
sitiv
e ar
eas
by w
orke
r pr
esen
ce
duri
ng o
pera
tions
. P
oten
tial
for
vis
ual,
nois
e, o
r re
stri
cted
acc
ess
effe
cts
on s
ensi
tive
cultu
ral a
nd h
isto
ric
reso
urce
s an
d ac
tiviti
es.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
on
a hi
stor
ical
bui
ldin
g, s
truc
ture
, or
dis
tric
t by
faci
litie
s be
ing
inco
mpa
tible
with
the
hist
oric
con
text
of
a st
ruct
ure
or a
rea.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts
tocu
ltura
l res
ourc
es.
Pot
entia
l adv
erse
impa
cts
to c
ultu
ral,
hist
oric
, an
d re
late
d na
tura
l res
ourc
es d
urin
g co
nstr
uctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
(bot
h on
and
of
fsho
re).
Coa
stal
Zon
e M
anag
emen
t
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n.
Pot
entia
l im
pact
s to
coa
stal
zon
e re
sour
ces
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic).
Pot
enti
al e
ffec
ts to
spe
cial
man
agem
ent a
reas
es
tabl
ishe
d to
pro
tect
spe
cifi
c co
astli
ne r
esou
rces
an
d li
mit
sho
refr
ont a
cces
s (p
roje
ct/s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al e
ffec
ts to
spe
cial
man
agem
ent a
reas
es
tabl
ishe
d to
pro
tect
spe
cifi
c co
astl
ine
reso
urce
s an
d li
mit
sho
refr
ont a
cces
s (p
roje
ct-
and/
or s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-29 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-8. S
um
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts f
or S
elec
ted
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g S
cen
ic a
nd
Vis
ual
Res
ourc
es
G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Lon
g-te
rm v
isua
l im
pact
s as
soci
ated
wit
h to
wer
s, tr
ansm
issi
on li
nes,
cle
ared
tr
ansm
issi
on c
orri
dors
, sub
stat
ions
, and
sw
itchi
ng y
ards
.
Sho
rt-t
erm
impa
cts
to v
isua
l res
ourc
es d
urin
g co
nstr
uctio
n.
Sho
rt-t
erm
vis
ibili
ty o
f ca
ble-
layi
ng s
hips
. L
ong-
term
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
the
new
tr
ansi
tion
site
s.
Sho
rt-t
erm
impa
cts
to v
isua
l res
ourc
es
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
L
ong-
term
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
the
new
coo
ling
stat
ion.
Rec
reat
ion
Res
ourc
es
G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Lon
g-te
rm o
bstr
uctio
n to
som
e re
crea
tiona
l ac
tiviti
es; c
onve
rsel
y, s
ome
activ
ities
cou
ld
be e
nhan
ced
by im
prov
ed a
cces
s (e
.g.,
from
ac
cess
roa
ds f
or in
stal
led
tran
smis
sion
in
fras
truc
ture
).
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
S
hort
-ter
m im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n; li
mit
ed to
no
impa
cts
duri
ng o
pera
tions
.
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
P
oten
tial
sho
rt-t
erm
impa
cts
to o
ffsh
ore
recr
eati
on d
urin
g in
stal
lati
on o
f th
e su
bsur
face
pip
ing.
T
he s
hort
-ter
m im
pact
s co
uld
incl
ude:
(1)
re
stri
cted
acc
ess
to r
ecre
atio
n ar
eas
near
the
area
of
inst
alla
tion
of
the
unde
rwat
er p
ipin
g an
d on
-sho
re f
acil
ity,
and
(2)
pos
sibl
e vi
sual
im
pair
men
t fro
m a
reas
nea
r th
e co
nstr
ucti
on
of th
e fa
cilit
ies
that
cou
ld h
ave
a ne
gativ
e ef
fect
on
the
ongo
ing
recr
eatio
nal a
ctiv
ities
.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-30 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-8. S
um
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts f
or S
elec
ted
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g L
and
and
Mar
ine
Tra
nsp
orta
tion
L
and
Tra
nspo
rta-
tion
Pot
enti
al tr
affi
c co
nges
tion
dur
ing
cons
truc
tion
from
wid
e-lo
ad h
aulin
g of
tr
ansm
issi
on li
ne c
ompo
nent
s (e
.g.,
tow
ers
and
tow
er f
ound
atio
ns).
S
hort
-ter
m im
pact
s du
ring
line
str
ingi
ng.
Impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
if tr
ansm
issi
on
line
inst
alla
tion
requ
ired
roa
d cr
ossi
ngs.
Pot
enti
al tr
affi
c co
nges
tion
dur
ing
cons
truc
tion
from
wid
e-lo
ad h
aulin
g of
tran
smis
sion
line
co
mpo
nent
s (e
.g.,
cabl
es a
nd in
stal
latio
n eq
uipm
ent)
. G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n of
the
land
-se
a tr
ansi
tion
sit
es
Gen
eral
impa
cts
incl
udin
g lo
caliz
ed s
hort
-te
rm tr
affi
c im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n an
d/or
if r
oad
cros
sing
s ar
e ne
eded
.
Mar
ine
Tra
nspo
rta-
tion
Non
e; th
e on
-isl
and
tran
smis
sion
pro
ject
w
ould
not
ext
end
offs
hore
.
Pot
entia
l sho
rt-t
erm
impa
cts
on h
arbo
r op
erat
ions
, lo
cal m
arin
e tr
ansp
orta
tion,
and
mil
itary
mar
ine
(inc
ludi
ng s
ubm
arin
e) o
pera
tions
.
Pot
enti
al s
hort
-ter
m (
tem
pora
ry)
impa
cts
on
harb
or o
pera
tion,
loca
l mar
ine
tran
spor
tatio
n,
and
mil
itary
mar
ine
oper
atio
ns
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
mil
itar
y su
bmar
ine
oper
atio
ns.
A
irsp
ace
Man
agem
ent
P
oten
tial
air
traf
fic
impa
cts
duri
ng
cons
truc
tion
if h
elic
opte
rs a
re u
sed
to
tran
spor
t sup
plie
s or
for
line
str
ingi
ng.
Pot
entia
l con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts
and
haza
rds
to c
ivili
an a
nd m
ilita
ry a
viat
ion
due
to to
pogr
aphy
and
hig
h pr
esen
ce o
f lo
w-
altit
ude
avia
tion.
P
oten
tial l
ong-
term
impa
cts
from
rad
io
freq
uenc
y in
terf
eren
ce.
Non
e; c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
und
erse
a ca
ble
and
land
-sea
tran
sitio
n si
tes
wou
ld n
ot
requ
ire
any
tall
str
uctu
res
and
ther
efor
e w
ould
not
im
pact
air
spac
e m
anag
emen
t.
Non
e; c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n of
sea
w
ater
air
con
ditio
ning
wou
ld n
ot r
equi
re a
ny
tall
stru
ctur
es a
nd th
eref
ore
wou
ld n
ot
impa
ct a
irsp
ace
man
agem
ent.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-31 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-8. S
um
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts f
or S
elec
ted
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g N
oise
and
Vib
rati
on
S
hort
-ter
m n
oise
and
vib
ratio
n im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Pot
entia
l vib
ratio
n an
d hu
mm
ing
nois
e du
ring
ope
ratio
n fr
om lo
ose
hard
war
e.
Siz
zles
, cra
ckle
s, h
issi
ng n
oise
s po
ssib
le,
espe
cial
ly d
urin
g pe
riod
s of
hig
her
hum
idity
.
Sho
rt-t
erm
noi
se a
nd v
ibra
tion
impa
cts
to s
ensi
tive
no
ise
rece
ptor
s, in
clud
ing
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s to
m
arin
e m
amm
als
and
sea
turt
les.
L
ong-
term
noi
se a
nd v
ibra
tion
impa
cts
from
op
erat
ion
of u
nder
sea
cabl
es w
ould
be
negl
igib
le.
Noi
se a
nd v
ibra
tion
impa
cts
from
land
-bas
ed
conv
erte
r st
atio
ns w
ould
be
depe
nden
t on
the
loca
tion
and
com
pati
bilit
y w
ith
the
exis
ting
nois
e le
vels
and
land
use
s.
Sho
rt-t
erm
noi
se a
nd v
ibra
tion
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
Noi
se le
vels
cou
ld
tem
pora
rily
exc
eed
regu
lato
ry le
vels
. E
xpos
ure
to e
leva
ted
nois
e an
d vi
brat
ion
leve
ls m
ay r
esul
t in
tem
pora
ry im
pact
s to
m
arin
e &
mam
mal
beh
avio
r an
d m
arin
e m
amm
al p
rey
spec
ies.
N
o lo
ng-t
erm
am
bien
t noi
se o
r vi
brat
ion
impa
cts
are
expe
cted
dur
ing
oper
atio
n.
A p
ositi
ve b
enef
it co
uld
be th
e el
imin
atio
n of
no
ise
curr
ently
gen
erat
ed f
rom
coo
ling
tow
ers
as b
uild
ings
con
vert
to s
ea w
ater
air
co
nditi
onin
g sy
stem
s.
U
tilit
ies
and
In
fras
tru
ctu
re
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
rela
ted
to a
ddin
g el
ectr
icit
y ca
paci
ty to
the
grid
.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s re
late
d to
add
ing
elec
tric
ity
capa
city
to th
e lo
cal p
ower
gri
d.
Con
nect
ing
the
elec
tric
al g
rids
of
two
or m
ore
isla
nds
wou
ld:
E
nabl
e th
e tr
ansm
issi
on o
f po
wer
and
an
cilla
ry s
ervi
ces
in b
oth
dire
ctio
ns a
nd a
llow
th
e tw
o ne
twor
ks to
ope
rate
in a
coo
rdin
ated
fa
shio
n;
Im
prov
e th
e po
wer
sys
tem
eco
nom
ics
and
relia
bilit
y on
eac
h is
land
;
Incr
ease
sys
tem
fle
xibi
lity
in r
esou
rce
plan
ning
, ope
ratio
ns, a
nd r
elia
bilit
y;
A
dd f
lexi
bilit
y in
siti
ng a
nd in
terc
onne
ctio
n of
ren
ewab
le e
nerg
y ge
nera
tion;
Red
uce
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y cu
rtai
lmen
ts; a
nd
R
educ
e oi
l usa
ge f
or e
lect
rici
ty g
ener
atio
n.
Pot
entia
l red
uctio
n in
ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
(may
req
uire
mod
ific
atio
n of
the
utili
ty
stru
ctur
e to
mee
t the
Ren
ewab
le P
ortf
olio
S
tand
ard)
.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-32 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-8. S
um
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts f
or S
elec
ted
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g H
azar
dou
s M
ater
ials
an
d W
aste
Man
agem
ent
Haz
ardo
us
Mat
eria
ls
Gen
eral
impa
cts
from
exp
osur
e to
haz
ardo
us
mat
eria
ls d
urin
g co
nstr
uctio
n.
Pot
entia
l im
pact
s fr
om e
xpos
ure
to
haza
rdou
s m
ater
ials
dur
ing
oper
atio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce f
rom
use
of
herb
icid
es to
m
aint
ain
tran
smis
sion
cor
rido
r.
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n, p
artic
ular
ly d
urin
g de
velo
pmen
t of
conv
erte
r st
atio
ns.
Gen
eral
impa
cts
from
exp
osur
e to
haz
ardo
us
mat
eria
ls d
urin
g co
nstr
uctio
n.
No
adve
rse
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Was
te
Man
agem
ent
Non
e; a
ny v
eget
atio
n cl
eare
d lik
ely
wou
ld b
e co
mpo
sted
or
reus
ed.
Any
was
te g
ener
ated
onb
oard
the
cons
truc
tion
vess
els
and
barg
es w
ould
be
disp
osed
of
at th
e ap
prop
riat
e la
ndfi
ll.
Gen
eral
was
te m
anag
emen
t im
pact
s du
ring
co
nstr
uctio
n.
Was
tew
ater
G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
G
ener
al im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion,
par
ticul
arly
dur
ing
deve
lopm
ent o
f co
nver
ter
stat
ions
.
Gen
eral
was
tew
ater
impa
cts
duri
ng
cons
truc
tion.
N
o ad
vers
e op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
ben
efic
ial i
mpa
cts
may
occ
ur if
w
aste
wat
er w
ere
util
ized
in p
lace
of
sea
wat
er. T
his
wou
ld m
inim
ize
the
amou
nt o
f w
aste
wat
er f
rom
oth
er s
ourc
es th
at w
ould
ha
ve to
be
trea
ted
by th
e lo
cal m
unic
ipal
ity.
S
ocio
econ
omic
s
Min
imal
ben
efic
ial i
mpa
cts
duri
ng
cons
truc
tion
and
oper
atio
n.
Min
imal
ben
efic
ial i
mpa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n.
Ben
efic
ial –
few
jobs
cre
ated
.
En
viro
nm
enta
l Ju
stic
e
Sm
all e
nvir
onm
enta
l jus
tice
impa
cts.
S
ite-
spec
ific
eva
luat
ion
of im
pact
ed
popu
latio
ns r
equi
red.
Sm
all e
nvir
onm
enta
l jus
tice
impa
cts.
S
ite-
spec
ific
eva
luat
ion
of im
pact
ed p
opul
atio
ns
requ
ired
.
Dep
endi
ng o
n si
ting,
impa
cts
to v
isua
l and
sc
enic
res
ourc
es c
ould
hav
e th
e po
tent
ial t
o be
dis
prop
ortio
nate
ly h
igh
and
adve
rse
with
re
spec
t to
envi
ronm
enta
l jus
tice
com
mun
ities
.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-33 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-8. S
um
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts f
or S
elec
ted
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g T
able
S-8
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Sel
ecte
d T
ech
nol
ogie
s an
d A
ctiv
itie
s (c
onti
nu
ed)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
On
-Isl
and
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Un
der
sea
Cab
les
Sea
Wat
er A
ir C
ond
itio
nin
g H
ealt
h a
nd
Safe
ty
Pot
entia
l hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y im
pact
s to
w
orke
rs d
urin
g in
stal
lati
on, m
aint
enan
ce,
and
repa
irs
of th
e tr
ansm
issi
on li
nes.
Typ
ical
in
dust
rial
haz
ards
. A
dditi
onal
hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y ri
sks
spec
ific
to
elec
tric
al g
ener
atio
n, tr
ansm
issi
on, a
nd
dist
ribu
tion
indu
stry
. P
oten
tial m
inor
hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y im
pact
s to
th
e pu
blic
dur
ing
oper
atio
n of
the
tran
smis
sion
line
s as
a r
esul
t of
elec
trom
agne
tic f
ield
s ge
nera
ted.
Lim
ited
to
area
s im
med
iate
ly a
djac
ent t
o tr
ansm
issi
on
line
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial h
ealth
and
saf
ety
impa
cts
to w
orke
rs
duri
ng in
stal
latio
n, m
aint
enan
ce, a
nd r
epai
rs o
f th
e un
ders
ea c
able
s an
d tr
ansi
tion
site
s, in
clud
ing
incr
ease
d sa
fety
ris
ks a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent.
Add
ition
al h
ealth
and
saf
ety
risk
s sp
ecif
ic to
el
ectr
ical
gen
erat
ion,
tran
smis
sion
, and
di
stri
butio
n in
dust
ry.
Gen
eral
was
te m
anag
emen
t im
pact
s du
ring
co
nstr
uctio
n.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-34 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Geo
logy
an
d S
oils
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al s
oil e
rosi
on a
nd
degr
adat
ion
from
agr
icul
tura
l ac
tivit
ies.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al s
oil e
rosi
on a
nd
degr
adat
ion
from
agr
icul
tura
l ac
tivit
ies.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s in
clud
ing
land
dis
turb
ance
. P
oten
tial
wel
l blo
wou
ts d
urin
g dr
illi
ng.
Pot
enti
al f
or in
crea
sed
risk
to
pers
onne
l and
equ
ipm
ent f
rom
ho
t flu
ids
and
stea
m a
nd
geot
herm
al g
ases
suc
h as
hy
drog
en s
ulfi
de.
Pot
enti
al la
va f
low
haz
ards
and
ri
sks
duri
ng o
pera
tion
as
soci
ated
wit
h ac
tive
vo
lcan
oes.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
No
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s in
clud
ing
soil
dis
turb
ance
. Po
tent
ial i
mpa
cts
asso
ciat
ed
wit
h on
-isl
and
elec
tric
al
tran
smis
sion
line
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
mar
ine
sedi
men
ts a
nd m
arin
e co
mm
unit
ies.
N
o op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
Cli
mat
e an
d A
ir Q
ual
ity
Air
Qua
lity
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
incr
ease
in c
rite
ria
poll
utan
t em
issi
ons
(inc
ludi
ng
nitr
ogen
dio
xide
, par
ticu
late
m
atte
r, c
arbo
n m
onox
ides
, an
d su
lfur
dio
xide
, as
wel
l as
carb
on d
ioxi
de)
duri
ng
com
bust
ion.
P
oten
tial
incr
ease
in c
rite
ria
poll
utan
t em
issi
ons
(inc
ludi
ng
carb
on d
ioxi
de)
from
bio
mas
s pr
oduc
tion
(eq
uipm
ent,
fert
iliz
er/ p
esti
cide
ap
plic
atio
n, h
arve
st, a
nd
tran
spor
t).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Add
itio
nal c
rite
ria
poll
utan
t em
issi
ons
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e bi
odie
sel p
lant
. In
crea
sed
crit
eria
pol
luta
nt
emis
sion
s (n
itro
gen
diox
ide,
pa
rtic
ulat
e m
atte
r, c
arbo
n m
onox
ides
, and
sul
fur
diox
ide,
as
wel
l as
carb
on
diox
ide)
fro
m c
ombu
stio
n.
Incr
ease
d cr
iter
ia p
ollu
tant
em
issi
ons
(inc
ludi
ng c
arbo
n di
oxid
e) e
mis
sion
s fr
om
biom
ass
prod
ucti
on
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al e
mis
sion
of
the
non-
cond
ensa
ble
gase
s du
ring
op
erat
ions
. P
oten
tial
for
trac
e am
ount
s of
ni
trog
en o
xide
s, n
egli
gibl
e am
ount
s of
sul
fur
diox
ide
or
part
icul
ate
mat
ter,
and
sm
all
amou
nts
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e.
Pot
enti
al h
ealth
impa
cts
from
na
tura
lly
pres
ent h
ydro
gen
sulf
ide.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Incr
ease
d cr
iter
ia p
ollu
tant
em
issi
ons
(nit
roge
n di
oxid
e,
part
icul
ate
mat
ter,
car
bon
mon
oxid
e, a
nd s
ulfu
r di
oxid
e,
as w
ell a
s ca
rbon
dio
xide
) fr
om c
ombu
stio
n.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se in
pol
luta
nt
emis
sion
s (i
nclu
ding
ca
dmiu
m, c
arbo
n m
onox
ide,
di
oxin
s/fu
rans
, hyd
roge
n ch
lori
de, l
ead,
mer
cury
, ni
trog
en o
xide
s, p
arti
cula
te
mat
ter,
and
sul
fur
diox
ide)
du
ring
pro
ject
ope
rati
ons.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al la
nd d
istu
rban
ce a
nd
asso
ciat
ed f
ugit
ive
dust
at
near
by o
nsho
re c
onst
ruct
ion
rela
ted
area
s.
Pot
enti
al s
hort
-ter
m, m
inor
in
crea
se in
cri
teri
a po
llut
ant
emis
sion
s fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion
equi
pmen
t and
mar
ine
vess
els.
T
ypic
ally
, no
air
qual
ity
impa
cts
duri
ng o
pera
tion
s.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-35 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Cli
mat
e C
hang
e P
oten
tial
impa
cts
from
in
crea
sed
biog
enic
car
bon
diox
ide
gree
nhou
se g
as
emis
sion
s.
Dec
reas
ed g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
from
ele
ctri
city
pr
oduc
tion
usi
ng f
ossi
l fue
ls.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se in
car
bon
diox
ide
emis
sion
s w
ould
re
sult
in in
crea
sed
gree
nhou
se
gas.
D
ecre
ased
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s fr
om e
lect
rici
ty
prod
ucti
on u
sing
fos
sil f
uels
.
Pot
enti
al g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
redu
ctio
n fr
om a
mix
of
cle
aner
tech
nolo
gies
use
d to
pr
oduc
e el
ectr
icity
.
Dec
reas
ed g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
from
ele
ctri
city
pr
oduc
tion
usi
ng f
ossi
l fue
ls.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se in
gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons
from
con
stru
ctio
n eq
uipm
ent
and
mar
ine
vess
els.
P
oten
tial
ly b
enef
icia
l im
pact
s fr
om g
reen
hous
e ga
s re
duct
ion
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
less
el
ectr
icit
y pr
oduc
tion
usi
ng
foss
il f
uels
. W
ater
Res
ourc
es
Surf
ace
Wat
er
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or in
crea
sed
stor
mw
ater
run
off.
In
crea
sed
wat
er d
eman
d fo
r cr
op ir
riga
tion
(ex
: sug
arca
ne
crop
– m
ore
wat
er/a
cre)
. P
oten
tial
adv
erse
impa
cts
from
run
off
cont
amin
atio
n as
soci
ated
wit
h fe
rtil
izer
/ pe
stic
ide
appl
icat
ions
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or in
crea
sed
stor
mw
ater
run
off.
In
crea
sed
wat
er s
uppl
y de
man
d fo
r cr
op ir
riga
tion
. P
oten
tial
adv
erse
impa
cts
from
run
off
cont
amin
atio
n as
soci
ated
wit
h fe
rtili
zer/
pe
stic
ide
appl
icat
ions
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or m
inor
impa
cts
to
surf
ace
wat
ers
from
run
off
cont
amin
ated
with
geo
ther
mal
fl
uids
(“d
rift
”) d
urin
g op
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
sur
face
w
ater
s fr
om le
aks
or r
elea
ses
of lo
w-b
oili
ng p
oint
org
anic
w
orki
ng f
luid
s (e
.g.,
isob
uten
e or
isop
enta
ne)
duri
ng
oper
atio
ns.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al w
ater
res
ourc
e di
scha
rge
impa
cts
from
bl
owdo
wn
chem
ical
s.
Pot
enti
al s
torm
wat
er
cont
amin
atio
n fr
om s
olid
w
aste
act
ivit
ies,
suc
h as
st
ockp
ilin
g, d
umpi
ng, a
nd
mov
ing.
Ons
hore
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
for
incr
ease
d st
orm
wat
er r
unof
f fr
om n
ew
buil
ding
site
s (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Off
shor
e P
oten
tial
oce
an s
edim
ent
dist
urba
nce.
Pot
enti
al
incr
ease
d tu
rbid
ity to
co
mm
unit
ies
of c
once
rn (
site
-sp
ecif
ic)
in m
arin
e w
ater
s.
Gro
undw
ater
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
for
long
-ter
m
incr
ease
d ru
noff
. P
oten
tial
dec
reas
e in
gr
ound
wat
er r
echa
rge.
P
oten
tial
for
gro
undw
ater
co
ntam
inat
ion
from
fer
tiliz
er/
pest
icid
e ap
plic
atio
ns v
ia
runo
ff o
r lo
cal r
echa
rge.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or lo
ng-t
erm
in
crea
sed
runo
ff.
Pot
enti
al d
ecre
ase
in
grou
ndw
ater
rec
harg
e.
Pot
enti
al f
or g
roun
dwat
er
cont
amin
atio
n fr
om f
erti
lizer
/ pe
stic
ide
appl
icat
ions
via
ru
noff
or
loca
l rec
harg
e.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or g
roun
dwat
er
cont
amin
atio
n/ d
rink
ing
wat
er
supp
lies
fro
m d
rill
ing
mud
us
ed.
Pot
enti
al f
or in
crea
sed
impa
cts
to w
ater
res
ourc
es f
rom
in
crea
sed
wat
er d
eman
d (s
ite-
spec
ific
; i.e
., pa
rtic
ular
ly
to M
aui’
s C
entr
al a
quif
er
sect
or).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or lo
ng-t
erm
in
crea
sed
runo
ff.
Pot
enti
al d
ecre
ase
in
grou
ndw
ater
rec
harg
e.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se in
wat
er
dem
and.
Ons
hore
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
L
imit
ed w
ater
sup
ply
impa
cts
for
faci
lity
ope
rati
ons.
O
ffsh
ore
No
grou
ndw
ater
impa
cts.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-36 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
P
oten
tial
gro
undw
ater
impa
cts
from
geo
ther
mal
flu
ids
rem
oved
fro
m th
e su
bsur
face
.
Bio
logi
cal R
esou
rces
Pot
enti
al f
or g
ener
al
cons
truc
tion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to
vege
tati
on o
r w
ildl
ife
(inc
ludi
ng to
the
wid
e-ra
ngin
g H
awai
ian
haw
k an
d th
e H
awai
ian
hoar
y ba
t)
spec
ies
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic).
P
oten
tial
ben
efic
ial i
mpa
cts
– m
ay c
reat
e a
mar
ket f
or
sele
ctiv
e ha
rves
ting
of
inva
sive
woo
dy s
peci
es, s
uch
as a
lbiz
ia tr
ees.
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
from
the
intr
oduc
tion
of
new
, inv
asiv
e pl
ant s
peci
es.
Pote
ntia
l im
pact
s as
soci
ated
w
ith
use
of g
enet
ical
ly
mod
ifie
d pl
ants
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or lo
ss o
f w
ildl
ife
habi
tat.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s fr
om th
e in
trod
ucti
on o
f ne
w, i
nvas
ive
plan
t spe
cies
fro
m
com
mer
cial
fee
dsto
ck
prod
ucti
on.
Pote
ntia
l im
pact
s as
soci
ated
w
ith
use
of g
enet
ical
ly
mod
ifie
d pl
ants
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
bio
logi
cal
reso
urce
s in
clud
ing
land
di
stur
banc
e an
d di
stur
banc
e by
hu
man
act
ivit
y.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se in
inva
sive
sp
ecie
s es
tabl
ishm
ent i
n di
stur
bed
site
s.
Pot
enti
al b
iolo
gica
l im
pact
s on
fl
ight
s of
mar
ine
bird
s (s
uch
as
shea
rwat
ers
and
petr
els)
fro
m
faci
lity
ligh
ting
(si
te-s
peci
fic)
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts
incl
udin
g la
nd
dist
urba
nce
to w
ildl
ife
in
adja
cent
hab
itat
s, p
arti
cula
rly
near
impo
rtan
t nes
ting
and
fe
edin
g ar
eas,
wet
land
s, o
r ro
ost s
ites
(si
te-s
peci
fic)
. P
oten
tial
for
impa
cts
to
biol
ogic
al r
esou
rces
dur
ing
oper
atio
ns (
site
-spe
cifi
c).
Pot
enti
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts
incl
ude
disp
lace
men
t of
mar
ine
mam
mal
s, r
epti
les,
an
d fi
sh b
oth
from
phy
sica
l ac
tivi
ty a
nd n
oise
tr
ansm
issi
on th
roug
h oc
ean
wat
ers.
P
oten
tial
mar
ine
habi
tat
impa
cts
incl
udin
g to
mar
ine
pool
s, b
each
es (
both
roc
ky
and
sand
), c
oral
ree
fs, a
nd
esse
ntia
l fis
h ha
bita
t. Po
tent
ial l
oss
of b
each
nes
ting
ha
bita
t for
sea
turt
les
and
mar
ine
bird
s; a
nd r
esti
ng s
ites
fo
r th
e H
awai
ian
mon
k se
al.
Pot
enti
al c
ollis
ion
haza
rds
to
mar
ine
mam
mal
s an
d re
ptil
es
duri
ng a
ncho
r ca
blin
g.
Pot
enti
al lo
caliz
ed n
oise
(s
ound
wav
es)
impa
cts
(pot
entia
l aud
itory
inju
ry),
av
oida
nce,
phy
sica
l inj
ury
to
mar
ine
mam
mal
s, f
ish,
or
othe
r sp
ecie
s, a
nd a
lter
atio
n of
wat
er d
ynam
ics
from
su
bmer
ged
osci
llat
ing
or
rota
ting
com
pone
nts.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-37 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Pot
enti
al e
lect
rom
agne
tic
fiel
d im
pact
s fr
om th
e un
ders
ea p
ower
cab
le.
Lan
d a
nd
Sub
mer
ged
Lan
d U
se
Lan
d U
se
Pot
enti
al c
hang
e in
la
ndow
ners
hip
patt
erns
if th
e si
te is
acq
uire
d by
pur
chas
e or
la
nd u
se e
asem
ent.
Pot
enti
al c
onve
rsio
n of
un
deve
lope
d la
nd o
r la
nd
unde
r cu
rren
t lan
d us
es.
Pot
enti
al c
hang
e in
la
ndow
ners
hip
patt
erns
if th
e si
te is
acq
uire
d by
pur
chas
e or
la
nd u
se e
asem
ent.
Und
evel
oped
land
or
land
un
der
curr
ent l
and
uses
cou
ld
be c
onve
rted
to e
nerg
y us
es.
Pot
enti
al c
hang
e in
land
use
or
owne
rshi
p by
pur
chas
e or
th
roug
h la
nd le
ases
. P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to
unde
velo
ped
land
or
land
wit
h cu
rren
t use
s fr
om c
onve
rsio
n to
an
ene
rgy
faci
lity
. P
oten
tial
land
use
eas
emen
t im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al c
hang
e in
la
ndow
ners
hip
patt
erns
if th
e si
te is
acq
uire
d by
pur
chas
e or
la
nd u
se e
asem
ent.
Pot
enti
al la
nd u
se c
onve
rsio
n im
pact
s (i
.e.,
the
crea
tion
of
tran
smis
sion
cor
rido
rs).
Pot
enti
al la
nd d
istu
rban
ce
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
Sub
mer
ged
L
and
use
Bio
mas
s pr
ojec
ts w
ould
be
land
-bas
ed a
nd n
ot im
pact
su
bmer
ged
land
use
s.
Bio
mas
s pr
ojec
ts w
ould
be
land
-bas
ed a
nd n
ot im
pact
su
bmer
ged
land
use
s.
Geo
ther
mal
pro
ject
s w
ould
be
land
-bas
ed a
nd n
ot im
pact
su
bmer
ged
land
use
s.
Bec
ause
the
repr
esen
tati
ve
proj
ect w
ould
be
enti
rely
la
nd-b
ased
, the
re w
ould
be
no
impa
cts
to s
ubm
erge
d la
nd
use.
Pot
enti
al lo
caliz
ed im
pact
s to
th
e oc
ean
floo
r fr
om te
ther
ing
and
pow
er c
able
inst
alla
tion
, in
clud
ing
obst
ruct
ion
of lo
cal
mar
ine
habi
tats
.
Cu
ltu
ral a
nd
His
tori
c R
esou
rces
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
co
nstr
ucti
on a
ctiv
itie
s to
ar
chae
olog
ical
and
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
, inc
ludi
ng b
uria
l si
tes
and
prot
ecte
d tr
aditi
onal
an
d cu
stom
ary
acti
viti
es.
Incr
ease
d li
keli
hood
of
unau
thor
ized
acc
ess
to
cult
ural
ly s
ensi
tive
are
as b
y w
orke
r pr
esen
ce d
urin
g op
erat
ions
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
co
nstr
ucti
on a
ctiv
itie
s to
ar
chae
olog
ical
and
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
, inc
ludi
ng b
uria
l si
tes
and
prot
ecte
d tr
aditi
onal
an
d cu
stom
ary
acti
viti
es.
Incr
ease
d li
keli
hood
of
unau
thor
ized
acc
ess
to
cult
ural
ly s
ensi
tive
are
as b
y w
orke
r pr
esen
ce d
urin
g op
erat
ions
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
co
nstr
ucti
on a
ctiv
itie
s to
ar
chae
olog
ical
and
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
, inc
ludi
ng b
uria
l si
tes
and
prot
ecte
d tr
aditi
onal
an
d cu
stom
ary
acti
viti
es.
Incr
ease
d li
keli
hood
of
unau
thor
ized
acc
ess
to
cult
ural
ly s
ensi
tive
are
as b
y w
orke
r pr
esen
ce d
urin
g op
erat
ions
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
co
nstr
ucti
on a
ctiv
itie
s to
ar
chae
olog
ical
and
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
, inc
ludi
ng b
uria
l si
tes
and
prot
ecte
d tr
aditi
onal
an
d cu
stom
ary
acti
viti
es.
Incr
ease
d li
keli
hood
of
unau
thor
ized
acc
ess
to
cult
ural
ly s
ensi
tive
are
as b
y w
orke
r pr
esen
ce d
urin
g op
erat
ions
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
on
shor
e an
d of
fsho
re
cons
truc
tion
act
ivit
ies
to
arch
aeol
ogic
al a
nd h
isto
ric
prop
erti
es, i
nclu
ding
bur
ial
site
s an
d pr
otec
ted
trad
ition
al
and
cust
omar
y ac
tivi
ties
. In
crea
sed
like
liho
od o
f un
auth
oriz
ed a
cces
s to
cu
ltur
ally
sen
siti
ve a
reas
by
wor
ker
pres
ence
dur
ing
oper
atio
ns.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-38 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Pot
enti
al f
or v
isua
l, no
ise,
or
rest
rict
ed a
cces
s ef
fect
s on
se
nsit
ive
cult
ural
and
his
tori
c re
sour
ces
and
acti
vitie
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
on
a hi
stor
ical
bui
ldin
g, s
truc
ture
, or
dis
tric
t by
faci
litie
s be
ing
inco
mpa
tibl
e w
ith th
e hi
stor
ic
cont
ext o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
Pot
enti
al f
or v
isua
l, no
ise,
or
rest
rict
ed a
cces
s ef
fect
s on
se
nsit
ive
cult
ural
and
his
tori
c re
sour
ces
and
acti
vitie
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
on
a hi
stor
ical
bui
ldin
g, s
truc
ture
, or
dis
tric
t by
faci
litie
s be
ing
inco
mpa
tibl
e w
ith th
e hi
stor
ic
cont
ext o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
Pot
enti
al f
or v
isua
l, no
ise,
or
rest
rict
ed a
cces
s ef
fect
s on
se
nsit
ive
cult
ural
and
his
tori
c re
sour
ces
and
acti
vitie
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
on
a hi
stor
ical
bu
ildi
ng, s
truc
ture
, or
dist
rict
by
fac
ilit
ies
bein
g in
com
pati
ble
wit
h th
e hi
stor
ic c
onte
xt o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
Pot
enti
al a
dver
se im
pact
s to
et
hnog
raph
ic r
esou
rces
as
activ
e vo
lcan
oes
and
rift
zon
es
are
cons
ider
ed s
acre
d by
N
ativ
e H
awai
ians
. Po
tent
ial f
or a
dver
se v
iew
shed
im
pact
s fr
om f
acil
ity
deve
lopm
ent,
tran
smis
sion
li
nes,
and
oth
er a
ncill
ary
faci
litie
s; p
artic
ular
ly to
ge
othe
rmal
res
ourc
es lo
cate
d w
ithi
n an
d ad
jace
nt to
the
Haw
ai‘i
Vol
cano
es N
atio
nal
Par
k.
Pot
enti
al f
or v
isua
l, no
ise,
or
rest
rict
ed a
cces
s ef
fect
s on
se
nsit
ive
cult
ural
and
his
tori
c re
sour
ces
and
acti
vitie
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
on
a hi
stor
ical
bui
ldin
g, s
truc
ture
, or
dis
tric
t by
faci
litie
s be
ing
inco
mpa
tibl
e w
ith th
e hi
stor
ic
cont
ext o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
Pot
enti
al f
or v
isua
l, no
ise,
or
rest
rict
ed a
cces
s ef
fect
s on
se
nsit
ive
cult
ural
and
his
tori
c re
sour
ces
and
acti
vitie
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
on
a hi
stor
ical
bui
ldin
g, s
truc
ture
, or
dis
tric
t by
faci
litie
s be
ing
inco
mpa
tibl
e w
ith th
e hi
stor
ic
cont
ext o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
Coa
stal
Zon
e M
anag
emen
t
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
spe
cial
m
anag
emen
t are
as, s
hore
fron
t ac
cess
, and
sho
reli
ne e
rosi
on
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic)
thro
ugh
wat
er
runo
ff a
nd s
edim
enta
tion
.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
spe
cial
m
anag
emen
t are
as, s
hore
fron
t ac
cess
, and
sho
reli
ne e
rosi
on
thro
ugh
wat
er r
unof
f an
d se
dim
enta
tion
(si
te-s
peci
fic)
.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
des
igna
ted
spec
ial m
anag
emen
t are
as,
shor
efro
nt a
cces
s, a
nd
shor
elin
e er
osio
n (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
spe
cial
m
anag
emen
t are
as, s
hore
fron
t ac
cess
, and
sho
reli
ne e
rosi
on
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic).
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s in
clud
ing
land
dis
turb
ance
s, s
truc
tura
l de
velo
pmen
ts, l
ight
ing,
and
ot
her
impa
cts
to s
peci
al
man
agem
ent a
reas
, sho
refr
ont
acce
ss.
Pot
enti
al a
ltera
tion
of
shor
efro
nt a
cces
s (s
ite-
spec
ific
) an
d al
tera
tion
of
ocea
n cu
rren
ts.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-39 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Scen
ic a
nd V
isua
l Res
ourc
es
S
hort
-ter
m v
isua
l im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Lon
g-te
rm v
isua
l im
pact
s fr
om in
trod
ucti
on o
f a
new
fa
cili
ty.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s fr
om
harv
est o
f bi
omas
s.
Pot
enti
al v
isua
l im
pact
s fr
om
truc
k tr
affi
c du
ring
del
iver
y.
Sho
rt-t
erm
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
L
ong-
term
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
from
intr
oduc
tion
of
a ne
w
faci
lity
. P
oten
tial
impa
cts
duri
ng c
rop
harv
est.
Pot
enti
al v
isua
l im
pact
s fr
om
truc
k tr
affi
c de
liver
y.
Pot
enti
al s
hort
-ter
m
cons
truc
tion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
long
-ter
m v
isua
l im
pact
s fr
om th
e po
wer
pla
nt,
nigh
t lig
htin
g, v
isib
ility
of
the
tran
smis
sion
line
, and
the
pres
ence
of
stea
m p
lum
es a
t fa
cili
ties
usin
g w
ater
-coo
led
syst
ems.
Gen
eral
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
duri
ng
cons
truc
tion
. L
ong-
term
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
from
the
mun
icip
al s
olid
w
aste
com
bust
ion
faci
lity
(s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Lon
g-te
rm v
isua
l im
pact
s fr
om tr
uck
traf
fic
deli
very
of
mun
icip
al s
olid
was
te (
site
-sp
ecif
ic).
Gen
eral
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
duri
ng
cons
truc
tion
. L
ong-
term
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
(i.e
., on
shor
e/ o
ffsh
ore—
mar
ine
hydr
okin
etic
ene
rgy
tech
nolo
gy a
nd lo
catio
n sp
ecif
ic).
L
ong-
term
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
from
nav
igat
ion
ligh
ting
for
de
vice
s.
R
ecre
atio
n R
esou
rces
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
rec
reat
ion
reso
urce
impa
cts
from
vis
ual
and
nois
e ef
fect
s.
Pot
enti
al r
ecre
atio
nal r
esou
rce
impa
cts
from
truc
k tr
affi
c.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
rec
reat
ion
reso
urce
impa
cts
from
vis
ual
and
nois
e ef
fect
s.
Pot
enti
al r
ecre
atio
nal r
esou
rce
impa
cts
from
truc
k tr
affi
c.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
re
crea
tion
al r
esou
rce
impa
cts
incl
udin
g ac
cess
res
tric
tion
s,
nois
e, a
nd v
isua
l im
pact
s fr
om
the
new
fac
ilitie
s.
Pot
enti
al p
erm
anen
t los
s of
re
crea
tion
al v
alue
s (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al li
ghtin
g im
pact
s to
ne
arby
rec
reat
ion
reso
urce
s su
ch a
s ca
mpg
roun
ds w
here
da
rk n
ight
sky
is v
alue
d.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
rec
reat
ion
reso
urce
impa
cts
incl
udin
g fr
om v
isua
l and
noi
se im
pact
s (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al r
ecre
atio
nal r
esou
rce
impa
cts
from
truc
k tr
affi
c.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
re
crea
tion
res
ourc
es (
i.e.,
near
by c
ampg
roun
ds o
r ar
eas
whe
re a
dar
k ni
ght s
ky is
va
lued
) fr
om f
acil
ity li
ghti
ng.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
rec
reat
ion
reso
urce
impa
cts
from
vis
ual
impa
cts
(site
-spe
cifi
c).
Pot
enti
al e
ffec
ts to
wat
er-
base
d re
crea
tion
act
ivit
ies
(i.e
., sw
imm
ing,
sur
fing
, bo
atin
g, a
nd f
ishi
ng)
resu
ltin
g fr
om a
cces
s re
stri
ctio
ns o
r us
e al
tera
tion
s to
pro
mot
e re
crea
tion
use
r sa
fety
and
pr
even
t col
lisi
ons
or
mal
func
tion
s to
off
shor
e te
chno
logi
es.
Pot
enti
al w
ave
atte
nuat
ion
impa
cts
at th
e sh
ore
(tec
hnol
ogy
and
site
-spe
cifi
c;
i.e.,
depe
nden
t on
the
arra
y of
de
vice
s an
d lo
cati
on).
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-40 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Lan
d a
nd
Mar
ine
Tra
nsp
orta
tion
L
and
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se in
truc
k tr
affi
c fo
r bi
omas
s de
live
ry.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
sed
wea
r on
pa
ved
road
s an
d ro
ad
mai
nten
ance
.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se in
truc
k tr
affi
c fo
r bi
omas
s de
live
ry.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
sed
wea
r on
pa
ved
road
s an
d ro
ad
mai
nten
ance
.
Pot
enti
al s
hort
-ter
m im
pact
s on
ro
adw
ay tr
affi
c du
ring
pro
ject
co
nstr
ucti
on.
Pot
enti
al f
or lo
caliz
ed
tran
spor
tati
on im
pact
s fr
om
tran
spor
ting
mun
icip
al s
olid
w
aste
.
Non
e.
Mar
ine
T
rans
port
atio
n N
one;
it is
unl
ikel
y th
at b
ulk
biom
ass
wou
ld b
e sh
ippe
d be
twee
n is
land
s.
Non
e; it
is u
nlik
ely
that
bul
k bi
omas
s w
ould
be
ship
ped
betw
een
isla
nds.
Non
e id
enti
fied
.
Bec
ause
the
repr
esen
tati
ve
proj
ect w
ould
be
enti
rely
la
nd-b
ased
, the
re w
ould
be
no
impa
cts
to m
arin
e tr
ansp
orta
tion
. Tra
nsfe
r of
m
unic
ipal
sol
id w
aste
be
twee
n is
land
s is
not
an
ticip
ated
.
Pot
enti
al o
bstr
ucti
on im
pact
s to
mar
ine
navi
gati
on
incl
udin
g to
tour
ist c
ruis
es,
pass
enge
r fe
rrie
s, f
ishi
ng
vess
els
(rec
reat
iona
l and
co
mm
erci
al),
and
larg
e co
mm
erci
al c
argo
shi
ps.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
mil
itary
m
arin
e op
erat
ions
, sur
face
an
d su
bsur
face
nav
igat
ion
from
bot
h fl
oati
ng a
nd
subm
erge
d st
ruct
ures
. A
irsp
ace
Man
agem
ent
P
oten
tial
haz
ards
to a
ircr
afts
fr
om e
mis
sion
sta
cks
for
thos
e pr
ojec
t loc
atio
ns n
earb
y ai
rpor
ts.
Min
imal
pot
entia
l haz
ards
to
airc
raft
s fr
om e
mis
sion
sta
cks
for
thos
e pr
ojec
t loc
atio
ns
near
by a
irpo
rts.
Non
e; th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
op
erat
ion
of a
geo
ther
mal
fa
cili
ty w
ould
not
res
ult i
n an
y ta
ll st
ruct
ures
or
stea
m
exha
usts
that
wou
ld r
equi
re
furt
her
cons
ulta
tion
on
airs
pace
man
agem
ent i
mpa
cts.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s if
em
issi
on
stac
ks a
re le
ss th
an 2
00 f
eet.
Non
e; th
e m
arin
e hy
drok
inet
ic e
nerg
y re
pres
enta
tive
pro
ject
wou
ld
not i
nclu
de a
ny ta
ll s
truc
ture
s an
d th
eref
ore
wou
ld n
ot
impa
ct a
irsp
ace
man
agem
ent.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-41 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Noi
se a
nd
Vib
rati
on
S
hort
-ter
m n
oise
and
vi
brat
ion
cons
truc
tion
im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
impa
cts
to
exis
ting
noi
se a
nd v
ibra
tion
le
vels
, dep
endi
ng o
n th
e lo
cati
on o
f fa
cili
ties
and
co
mpa
tibi
lity
with
exi
stin
g no
ise
leve
ls a
nd la
nd u
ses.
N
oise
impa
cts
from
truc
k tr
affi
c de
live
ry (
site
-spe
cifi
c).
Sho
rt-t
erm
noi
se a
nd
vibr
atio
n co
nstr
ucti
on
impa
cts.
L
ong-
term
noi
se a
nd
vibr
atio
n op
erat
ion
impa
cts
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic).
N
oise
impa
cts
from
truc
k tr
affi
c de
live
ry (
site
-spe
cifi
c).
Sho
rt-t
erm
and
long
-ter
m n
oise
an
d vi
brat
ion
impa
cts
wou
ld
resu
lt f
rom
exp
lora
tion
, co
nstr
ucti
on, a
nd o
pera
tion
. P
oten
tial
impa
cts
from
noi
se
and
vibr
atio
n w
ould
be
who
lly
depe
nden
t on
soun
d le
vels
and
th
e pr
oxim
ity o
f se
nsit
ive
rece
ptor
s to
the
sour
ce. N
oise
an
d vi
brat
ion
leve
ls w
ould
be
redu
ced
wit
h im
plem
enta
tion
of
bes
t man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
.
Gen
eral
impa
cts
duri
ng
cons
truc
tion
and
ope
rati
on.
Sho
rt-t
erm
noi
se a
nd
vibr
atio
n im
pact
s to
sen
sitiv
e no
ise
rece
ptor
s, in
clud
ing
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s to
mar
ine
mam
mal
s an
d se
a tu
rtle
s.
Unl
ess
depl
oyed
in la
rge
arra
ys o
f ge
nera
tors
, lon
g-te
rm n
oise
and
vib
rati
on
impa
cts
from
mar
ine
hydr
okin
etic
ene
rgy
tech
nolo
gies
wou
ld b
e m
inim
al w
ith
impl
emen
tati
on
of b
est m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es.
Uti
liti
es a
nd
In
fras
tru
ctu
re
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Var
ying
impa
cts
to u
tilit
ies
(sit
e/is
land
-spe
cifi
c i.e
., sm
all
effe
cts
to O
‘ahu
, lar
ger
effe
cts
to Lān
a‘i)
, req
uiri
ng
pote
ntia
l adj
ustm
ent/
m
anag
emen
t of
pow
er g
rids
an
d ov
eral
l pow
er p
rodu
ctio
n.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
V
aryi
ng im
pact
s to
uti
litie
s (s
ite/
isla
nd-s
peci
fic
i.e.,
smal
l ef
fect
s to
O‘a
hu, l
arge
eff
ects
to
Lān
a‘i)
, req
uiri
ng p
oten
tial
ad
just
men
t/ m
anag
emen
t of
pow
er g
rids
and
ove
rall
po
wer
pro
duct
ion.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or m
inor
to m
oder
ate
impa
cts
to e
lect
ric
utili
ties
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic, i
.e.,
mod
erat
e ef
fect
s to
Mau
i and
min
or
effe
cts
to H
awai
i’s
utili
ties)
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
V
aryi
ng im
pact
s to
uti
litie
s (s
ite/
isla
nd-s
peci
fic
i.e.,
smal
l ef
fect
s to
O‘a
hu, l
arge
r ef
fect
s to
Lān
a‘i)
, req
uiri
ng
pote
ntia
l adj
ustm
ent/
m
anag
emen
t of
pow
er g
rids
an
d ov
eral
l pow
er p
rodu
ctio
n.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-42 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Haz
ardo
us M
ater
ials
and
Was
te
Man
agem
ent
Haz
ardo
us M
ater
ials
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al e
xpos
ure
to h
igh
quan
titie
s of
fer
tiliz
ers
(pri
mar
ily
nitr
ogen
),
herb
icid
es, a
nd p
esti
cide
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al e
xpos
ure
to h
igh
quan
titie
s of
fer
tiliz
ers,
he
rbic
ides
, and
pes
tici
des.
P
oten
tial
haz
ardo
us m
ater
ials
ex
posu
re im
pact
s fr
om
biod
iese
l lea
ks o
r ac
cide
nts.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
fro
m e
xpos
ure
to h
azar
dous
mat
eria
ls if
ch
emic
als
used
dur
ing
expl
orat
ion/
flow
test
ing
or
from
dri
llin
g fl
uids
that
wer
e im
prop
erly
han
dled
or
rele
ased
in
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t. P
oten
tial
impa
ct f
rom
exp
osur
e to
haz
ardo
us m
ater
ials
if a
n ac
cide
ntal
spi
ll o
r ch
emic
al
rele
ase
wer
e to
occ
ur d
urin
g op
erat
ions
fro
m lu
bric
atin
g oi
ls, h
ydra
ulic
flu
ids,
coo
lant
s,
solv
ents
, and
/or
clea
ning
ag
ents
. P
oten
tial
impa
ct f
rom
exp
osur
e as
soci
ated
wit
h na
tura
lly
occu
rrin
g hy
drog
en s
ulfi
de.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al e
xpos
ure
to
haza
rdou
s m
ater
ials
fro
m
mun
icip
al s
olid
was
te
deli
vere
d to
the
site
. P
oten
tial
impa
ct f
rom
ex
posu
re to
haz
ardo
us
mat
eria
ls a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e fl
amm
abil
ity o
f sy
ngas
pr
oduc
tion
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al e
xpos
ure
to
haza
rdou
s m
ater
ials
incl
udin
g fu
els
from
boa
ts, m
arin
e ve
ssel
s, b
arge
s, lu
bric
ants
and
hy
drau
lic
flui
ds c
onta
ined
in
the
wav
e or
tida
l ene
rgy
devi
ces
duri
ng o
pera
tion
s an
d m
aint
enan
ce.
Was
te M
anag
emen
t G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se in
by
prod
uct w
aste
gen
erat
ed
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
ally
adv
erse
impa
cts
if
addi
tion
al w
aste
wer
e ge
nera
ted
on th
e is
land
of
Haw
ai‘i
. M
inor
am
ount
s of
haz
ardo
us
was
te m
ay b
e ge
nera
ted
incl
udin
g pa
ints
, coa
ting
s, a
nd
spen
t sol
vent
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al e
xpos
ure
to
haza
rdou
s w
aste
(i.e
., in
fect
ious
was
te, e
lect
roni
cs,
lead
aci
d ba
tter
ies,
fir
earm
s,
prop
ane
tank
s, s
ludg
e,
agri
cult
ural
was
tes,
soi
l, an
d so
me
nonc
ombu
stib
le
inor
gani
c m
ater
ials
(su
ch a
s co
ncre
te, s
tone
).
Pot
enti
al la
ndfi
ll im
pact
s to
O
‘ahu
and
Haw
ai‘i
(pe
ndin
g th
e re
solu
tion
of
exis
ting
la
ndfi
ll ca
paci
ty c
onst
rain
ts)
if n
on-r
ecyc
labl
e m
ater
ials
ad
d to
exi
stin
g la
ndfi
ll
capa
city
con
stra
ints
.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-43 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Pot
enti
al w
aste
man
agem
ent
impa
cts
from
ash
was
te
bypr
oduc
ts.
Pot
enti
ally
ben
efic
ial i
mpa
cts
resu
ltin
g fr
om d
ecre
ased
m
unic
ipal
sol
id w
aste
in
land
fills
.
Was
tew
ater
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to
was
tew
ater
ser
vice
s fr
om
trac
e am
ount
s of
che
mic
als
and
elev
ated
tem
pera
ture
s du
ring
blo
wdo
wn
from
the
stea
m c
ycle
and
coo
ling
sy
stem
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
w
aste
wat
er s
ervi
ces
from
tr
ace
amou
nts
of c
hem
ical
s an
d el
evat
ed te
mpe
ratu
res
duri
ng th
e bl
owdo
wn
from
th
e st
eam
cyc
le a
nd c
ooli
ng
syst
em.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al w
aste
wat
er im
pact
s in
the
even
t of
a le
ak
cont
aini
ng g
eoth
erm
al w
aste
fl
uids
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
w
aste
wat
er s
ervi
ces
from
bl
owdo
wn.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
w
aste
wat
er s
ervi
ces
from
ve
ssel
eff
luen
t dur
ing
cons
truc
tion
. N
o op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
Soci
oeco
nom
ics
V
ery
smal
l pop
ulat
ion
and
econ
omic
ben
efits
(i.e
., fe
w
net n
ew jo
bs)
duri
ng
cons
truc
tion
and
ope
rati
on.
Ver
y sm
all p
opul
atio
n an
d ec
onom
ic b
enef
its (
i.e.,
few
ne
t new
jobs
) du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
.
Ver
y sm
all p
opul
atio
n an
d ec
onom
ic b
enef
its (
i.e.,
few
net
ne
w jo
bs)
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n.
Ver
y sm
all p
opul
atio
n an
d ec
onom
ic b
enef
its (
i.e.,
few
ne
t new
jobs
) du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
.
Ver
y sm
all p
opul
atio
n an
d ec
onom
ic b
enef
its (
i.e.,
few
ne
t new
jobs
) du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
.
Env
iron
men
tal J
usti
ce
S
mal
l pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
the
gene
ral p
opul
atio
n.
Sit
e-sp
ecif
ic e
valu
atio
n of
im
pact
ed p
opul
atio
ns
requ
ired
.
Sm
all p
oten
tial
impa
cts
to th
e ge
nera
l pop
ulat
ion.
S
ite-
spec
ific
eva
luat
ion
of
impa
cted
pop
ulat
ions
re
quir
ed.
Sm
all e
nvir
onm
enta
l jus
tice
impa
cts.
S
ite-
spec
ific
eva
luat
ion
of
impa
cted
pop
ulat
ions
req
uire
d.
Sm
all p
oten
tial
impa
cts
to th
e ge
nera
l pop
ulat
ion.
S
ite-
spec
ific
eva
luat
ion
of
impa
cted
pop
ulat
ions
re
quir
ed.
No
effe
cts
iden
tifie
d. B
ecau
se
of th
e un
cert
aint
y of
the
mar
ine
hydr
okin
etic
ene
rgy
desi
gns
and
the
low
pot
enti
al
for
adve
rse
impa
cts,
ther
e w
ould
be
no
disp
ropo
rtio
nate
ly h
igh
and
adve
rse
impa
cts
to m
inor
ity
or lo
w-i
ncom
e po
pula
tion
s.
The
re w
ould
be
no
envi
ronm
enta
l jus
tice
impa
cts
from
the
mar
ine
hydr
okin
etic
en
ergy
rep
rese
ntat
ive
proj
ect.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-44 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9a.
Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Bio
mas
s
Geo
ther
mal
M
un
icip
al S
olid
Was
te-t
o-E
nerg
y F
acili
ty
Mar
ine
Hyd
roki
neti
c E
ner
gy
Dir
ect
Com
bust
ion
Bio
mas
s-F
uele
d St
eam
T
urbi
ne G
ener
atin
g P
roje
ctB
iod
iese
l Pla
nt
and
Ele
ctri
c P
ower
Pla
nt P
roje
ct
Hea
lth
an
d S
afet
y
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
H
ealt
h ri
sks
from
the
use
of
pest
icid
es, h
erbi
cide
s, a
nd
fert
iliz
ers.
A
ddit
iona
l ris
ks o
f tr
affi
c ac
cide
nts
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
the
tran
spor
t of
biom
ass
mat
eria
ls.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y ef
fect
s fr
om d
rill
ing
incl
udin
g hy
drog
en s
ulfi
de w
orke
r ex
posu
re.
Pot
enti
al h
ealth
and
saf
ety
impa
cts
from
phy
sica
l, th
erm
al, a
nd c
hem
ical
haz
ards
su
ch a
s hy
drog
en s
ulfi
de
expo
sure
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or p
ubli
c he
alth
and
sa
fety
eff
ects
incl
udin
g to
bo
ats,
bot
h ci
vili
an a
nd
mil
itar
y m
arin
e ve
ssel
s, a
nd
to th
e pu
blic
ons
hore
in th
e ev
ent t
he d
evic
e w
ere
dest
roye
d, d
amag
ed o
r if
the
loss
of
moo
ring
/ spa
tial
st
abil
izat
ion
wer
e to
occ
ur.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-45 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
G
eolo
gy a
nd
Soi
ls
N
one;
the
only
pot
enti
al
impa
cts
to g
eolo
gy a
nd s
oils
w
ould
be
the
inte
rfac
e of
the
unde
rsea
cab
le to
con
nect
th
e oc
ean
ther
mal
ene
rgy
conv
ersi
on f
acil
itie
s w
ith
the
grid
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s fr
om la
nd d
istu
rban
ce/s
oil
eros
ion.
N
o op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s fr
om la
nd d
istu
rban
ce.
Pot
enti
al f
or s
oil
cont
amin
atio
n in
the
even
t of
a le
ak o
r ac
cide
ntal
rel
ease
of
the
heat
tran
sfer
flu
ids
(suc
h as
sy
nthe
tic
oil o
r ev
en m
olte
n sa
lt)
used
in th
e sy
stem
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s fr
om la
nd d
istu
rban
ce/s
oil
eros
ion.
N
o op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
Gen
eral
ons
hore
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s fr
om la
nd
dist
urba
nce/
soil
ero
sion
. P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to m
arin
e se
dim
ents
(e.
g., n
atur
al
mig
rati
on o
f sa
nd)
from
an
chor
/moo
ring
dev
ices
, un
ders
ea c
able
s, a
nd la
nd/s
ea
tran
siti
on z
ones
. N
o op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
Cli
mat
e an
d A
ir Q
ual
ity
Air
Qua
lity
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
L
imit
ed, i
nter
mitt
ent,
and
shor
t-te
rm a
ir q
uali
ty
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion.
Pot
enti
al la
nd d
istu
rban
ce
and
rela
ted
fugi
tive
dus
t at
near
by o
nsho
re c
onst
ruct
ion
rela
ted
area
s, in
clud
ing
area
s w
here
off
shor
e el
ectr
ical
line
s co
nnec
t wit
h th
e on
shor
e re
gion
al e
lect
ric
grid
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
No
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
No
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
No
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
sed
crit
eria
po
llut
ants
fro
m c
onst
ruct
ion
equi
pmen
t inc
ludi
ng m
arin
e ve
ssel
s (p
ower
ed b
y fo
ssil
fu
els,
e.g
., di
esel
, or
gaso
line
) du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Pot
enti
al f
or f
ugit
ive
dust
at
near
by o
nsho
re c
onst
ruct
ion-
rela
ted
area
s.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-46 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se in
cri
teri
a po
llut
ant e
mis
sion
s du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on f
rom
equ
ipm
ent
or m
arin
e ve
ssel
s po
wer
ed
by f
ossi
l fue
ls.
Pot
enti
al o
pera
tiona
l em
issi
ons
from
aux
ilia
ry
dies
el g
ener
ator
s on
the
plat
form
.
Cli
mat
e C
hang
e P
oten
tial
incr
ease
in
gree
nhou
se g
as e
mis
sion
s fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion
equi
pmen
t an
d op
erat
ion
of d
iese
l ge
nera
tors
on
the
plat
form
. P
oten
tial
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s re
duct
ion
from
a
mix
of
tech
nolo
gies
use
d to
pr
oduc
e el
ectr
icit
y us
ing
foss
il f
uels
.
Pot
enti
al g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
redu
ctio
n fr
om a
m
ix o
f cl
eane
r te
chno
logi
es
used
to p
rodu
ce e
lect
rici
ty
usin
g fo
ssil
fue
ls.
Pot
enti
al g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
redu
ctio
n fr
om a
m
ix o
f di
ffer
ent t
echn
olog
ies
used
to p
rodu
ce e
lect
rici
ty
usin
g fo
ssil
fue
ls.
Pot
enti
al g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
redu
ctio
n fr
om a
m
ix o
f cl
eane
r te
chno
logi
es
used
to p
rodu
ce e
lect
rici
ty
usin
g fo
ssil
fue
ls.
Pot
enti
al g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
redu
ctio
n fr
om a
m
ix o
f cl
eane
r te
chno
logi
es
used
to p
rodu
ce e
lect
rici
ty
usin
g fo
ssil
fue
ls.
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Su
rfac
e W
ater
Po
tent
ial o
cean
sed
imen
t di
stur
banc
e re
sult
ing
in
incr
ease
d tu
rbid
ity a
nd
impa
cts
to c
oral
or
othe
r bo
ttom
com
mun
itie
s of
co
ncer
n.
Pot
enti
al w
ater
qua
lity
im
pact
s fr
om d
isch
arge
not
m
eeti
ng w
ater
qua
lity
cr
iter
ia f
or m
arin
e w
ater
s (i
.e.,
nutr
ient
leve
ls s
uch
as
nitr
ite p
lus
nitr
ate,
ph
osph
ate,
and
ph
osph
orou
s.).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al s
torm
wat
er r
unof
f fr
om th
e si
te (
depe
nden
t on
the
amou
nt o
f im
perm
eabl
e su
rfac
e/na
ture
of
the
prec
onst
ruct
ion
site
).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al s
torm
wat
er r
unof
f co
ntam
inat
ion
in th
e ev
ent o
f le
aks
or a
ccid
enta
l rel
ease
s of
th
e he
at tr
ansf
er f
luid
s (s
uch
as
synt
heti
c oi
l or
even
mol
ten
salt
) us
ed in
the
syst
em.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or in
crea
sed
stor
mw
ater
run
off
as a
res
ult
of in
crea
sed
impe
rmea
ble
surf
aces
(w
ind
turb
ine
foun
dati
ons,
ele
ctri
cal
supp
ort b
uild
ings
, and
pav
ed
road
s or
par
king
are
as)
– (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s in
clud
ing
hori
zont
al
dire
ctio
nal d
rill
ing
for
elec
tric
al c
able
s an
d fo
r th
e co
nstr
ucti
on o
f a
subs
tati
on.
No
pote
ntia
l ons
hore
eff
ects
du
ring
ope
rati
ons.
P
oten
tial
for
incr
ease
d tu
rbid
ity
at b
reak
out p
oint
fr
om d
rill
ing
mud
or
slur
ries
us
ed d
urin
g ho
rizo
ntal
di
rect
iona
l dri
llin
g.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-47 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
Pot
enti
al in
crea
sed
alga
l bl
oom
impa
cts
from
in
crea
sed
nutr
ient
leve
ls.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s fr
om
tem
pera
ture
var
iati
on a
nd
elev
ated
chl
orin
e le
vels
of
disc
harg
e.
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to c
oral
or
othe
r bo
ttom
com
mun
itie
s of
co
ncer
n fr
om h
igh
turb
idit
y (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Gro
undw
ater
M
inim
al g
roun
dwat
er
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al c
hang
es in
run
off
to
the
site
and
pot
enti
al
asso
ciat
ed c
hang
e in
gr
ound
wat
er r
echa
rge.
Min
or g
roun
dwat
er im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Pot
enti
al c
hang
es in
run
off
to
the
site
and
pot
enti
al
asso
ciat
ed c
hang
e in
gr
ound
wat
er r
echa
rge.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
No
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Flo
odpl
ains
and
W
etla
nds
Non
e id
enti
fied
.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
(s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
(s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
(s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on (
site
-spe
cifi
c).
Bio
logi
cal R
esou
rces
Pot
enti
al f
or s
hort
-ter
m a
nd
smal
l dis
turb
ance
s du
ring
pl
acem
ent o
f th
e ca
blin
g li
nes,
moo
rs, a
nd a
ncho
rs.
Pot
enti
al d
istu
rban
ce to
dee
p an
d sh
allo
w m
arin
e ha
bita
ts
and
shor
elin
es (
incl
udin
g m
arin
e po
ols,
san
dy a
nd
rock
y be
ache
s, s
eagr
ass
habi
tat,
shal
low
ben
thic
co
mm
unit
ies,
and
cor
al r
eefs
at
mul
tipl
e de
pths
) du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on (
site
-spe
cifi
c).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
bio
logi
cal
reso
urce
s in
clud
ing
mig
rato
ry
bird
s, th
reat
ened
and
en
dang
ered
pla
nts
and
anim
als,
cr
itic
al h
abita
t, pr
otec
ted
land
ar
eas,
and
wet
land
s fr
om
habi
tat l
oss
duri
ng s
ite
deve
lopm
ent (
site
-spe
cifi
c).
For
loca
tion
s ne
ar th
e oc
ean,
po
tent
ial i
mpa
cts
may
occ
ur to
m
arin
e an
chia
line
poo
ls.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
bio
logi
cal
reso
urce
s in
clud
ing
mig
rato
ry
bird
s, th
reat
ened
and
en
dang
ered
pla
nts
and
anim
als,
cr
itic
al h
abita
t, pr
otec
ted
land
ar
eas,
and
wet
land
s) f
rom
ha
bita
t los
s du
ring
sit
e de
velo
pmen
t (si
te-s
peci
fic)
. F
or lo
cati
ons
near
the
ocea
n,
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s m
ay o
ccur
to
mar
ine
anch
iali
ne p
ools
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to
biol
ogic
al r
esou
rces
incl
udin
g lo
ss o
f ve
geta
tion
and
wild
life
(m
igra
tory
bir
ds, t
hrea
tene
d an
d en
dang
ered
pla
nts
and
anim
als,
cri
tica
l hab
itat
, and
ot
her
high
val
ue a
reas
suc
h as
w
etla
nds
and
nati
ve p
lant
co
mm
unit
ies)
fro
m s
ite
deve
lopm
ent (
site
-spe
cifi
c).
Pot
enti
al f
or m
orta
lity
of
avia
n sp
ecie
s an
d ba
ts (
site
-sp
ecif
ic).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
dis
turb
ance
impa
cts
to th
e oc
ean
floo
r an
d m
arin
e co
mm
unit
ies/
hab
itat
s (i
.e.,
cora
l ree
fs, s
hall
ow b
enth
ic
com
mun
itie
s, s
eagr
ass
habi
tat,
beac
hes,
and
pos
sibl
y m
arin
e po
ols)
dur
ing
inst
alla
tion
of
anch
ors,
un
ders
ea c
able
s (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
mar
ine
anim
als
from
tem
pora
ry
cons
truc
tion
noi
se im
pact
s.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-48 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t fro
m
intr
oduc
tion
of
an
elec
trom
agne
tic
fiel
d al
ong
the
unde
rsea
cab
le.
Pot
enti
al a
ttra
ctio
n of
m
arin
e fi
sh, m
amm
als,
and
se
abir
ds to
str
uctu
res
and
for
biof
ouli
ng o
rgan
ism
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
mar
ine
com
mun
itie
s fr
om n
utri
ent
rich
dis
char
ge w
ater
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
mar
ine
orga
nism
s du
e to
inta
ke
pipe
s.
Pot
enti
al c
ollis
ion
haza
rds
to
mar
ine
mam
mal
s fr
om
moo
ring
line
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
sea
bird
s by
attr
acti
ng/d
isor
ient
ing
them
fro
m o
nsite
ligh
ting
.
Pot
enti
al f
or in
crea
se in
m
arin
e m
amm
al c
olli
sion
s fr
om s
hips
and
boa
ts d
urin
g co
nstr
ucti
on.
Pot
enti
al in
crea
se f
or h
azar
ds
to m
arin
e m
amm
als
cong
rega
ting
in m
arin
e su
bsur
face
str
uctu
res.
P
oten
tial
for
incr
ease
d co
llis
ion
haza
rd f
or la
rge
mar
ine
mam
mal
s (i
.e.,
wha
les)
fro
m m
oori
ng c
able
s. P
oten
tial
haz
ards
(in
crea
sed
risk
for
mor
tali
ties
by
roto
r bl
ade
colli
sion
) to
sea
bird
s in
ar
eas
surr
ound
ing
win
d tu
rbin
es d
ue to
pot
entia
l ag
greg
atio
n of
for
age
fish
ne
ar s
ubm
arin
e st
ruct
ures
, to
wer
saf
ety
ligh
ting
, and
po
tent
ial u
se o
f ab
oveg
roun
d pl
atfo
rm s
truc
ture
s as
res
ting
ar
eas.
P
oten
tial
intr
oduc
tion
of
an
elec
trom
agne
tic
fiel
d in
to th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t alo
ng th
e ca
ble
resu
ltin
g in
pot
enti
al
impa
cts
to m
arin
e m
amm
als
wit
h el
ectr
osen
sory
sys
tem
s.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-49 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
L
and
an
d S
ubm
erge
d L
and
Use
L
and
Use
T
ypic
al la
nd u
se im
pact
s as
soci
ated
wit
h th
e in
terf
ace
of a
n un
ders
ea c
able
and
the
elec
tric
al g
rid.
Pot
enti
al la
nd u
se im
pact
s in
clud
ing
land
dis
turb
ance
and
po
ssib
le c
onve
rsio
n of
un
deve
lope
d la
nd a
nd la
nd in
ot
her
curr
ent u
se to
an
ener
gy
gene
rati
ng f
acil
ity.
P
oten
tial
cha
nge
in la
nd
owne
rshi
p pa
tter
ns a
nd/o
r ea
sem
ents
req
uire
d fo
r th
e pr
ojec
t (i.e
., pr
ojec
t sit
e, a
cces
s ro
ads,
cor
rido
rs to
the
near
est
elec
tric
al g
rid)
. P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to a
djac
ent
land
use
s (r
oads
, res
iden
tial
/ co
mm
erci
al a
reas
, his
tori
c si
tes,
sce
nic
loca
tion
s, a
nd
airp
orts
) fr
om th
e gl
int a
nd
glar
e of
the
sola
r pa
nels
.
Pot
enti
al c
hang
e in
land
ow
ners
hip
patt
erns
thro
ugh
purc
hase
and
or
land
use
leas
es
for
both
the
sola
r th
erm
al
proj
ect s
ite
and
any
line
ar
corr
idor
s re
quir
ed to
tie-
in to
th
e ex
isti
ng e
lect
rica
l gri
d.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
un
deve
lope
d la
nd o
r la
nd
curr
entl
y us
ed f
or o
ther
use
s co
uld
be c
onve
rted
to e
nerg
y us
es.
Pot
enti
al la
nd u
se im
pact
s in
clud
ing
land
dis
turb
ance
du
ring
sit
e pr
epar
atio
n an
d tu
rbin
e in
stal
latio
n, a
s w
ell a
s ac
cess
roa
d co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd
supp
ort s
truc
ture
s.
Pot
enti
al c
onve
rsio
n of
un
deve
lope
d la
nd o
r la
nd
wit
h ot
her
curr
ent l
and
uses
fo
r en
ergy
use
. P
oten
tial
land
owne
rshi
p ch
ange
s an
d ob
tain
men
t of
land
use
eas
emen
ts.
Pot
enti
al c
hang
e in
loca
l la
ndow
ners
hip
patt
erns
. P
oten
tial
land
dis
turb
ance
du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n of
the
tie-
in to
the
exis
ting
tran
smis
sion
gr
id.
Sub
mer
ged
Lan
d U
se
Pot
enti
al f
or la
rge
obst
ruct
ions
in th
e oc
ean
floo
r fr
om s
truc
ture
s.
Non
e; P
V p
roje
cts
wou
ld b
e la
nd-b
ased
and
not
impa
ct
subm
erge
d la
nd u
ses.
Non
e; s
olar
ther
mal
pro
ject
s w
ould
be
land
-bas
ed a
nd n
ot
impa
ct s
ubm
erge
d la
nd u
ses.
Non
e; la
nd-b
ased
win
d tu
rbin
es w
ould
hav
e no
po
tent
ial e
ffec
ts to
su
bmer
ged
land
use
.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
sea
flo
or
requ
irin
g a
subm
erge
d la
nds
leas
e.
C
ult
ura
l an
d H
isto
ric
Res
ourc
es
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
ons
hore
and
off
shor
e co
nstr
ucti
on a
ctiv
itie
s to
ar
chae
olog
ical
and
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
, inc
ludi
ng b
uria
l si
tes
and
prot
ecte
d tr
aditi
onal
and
cus
tom
ary
activ
itie
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
co
nstr
ucti
on a
ctiv
itie
s to
ar
chae
olog
ical
and
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
, inc
ludi
ng b
uria
l si
tes
and
prot
ecte
d tr
aditi
onal
an
d cu
stom
ary
acti
viti
es.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
dir
ect i
mpa
cts
from
co
nstr
ucti
on a
ctiv
itie
s to
ar
chae
olog
ical
and
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
, inc
ludi
ng b
uria
l si
tes
and
prot
ecte
d tr
aditi
onal
an
d cu
stom
ary
acti
viti
es.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
T
he v
isua
l im
pact
of
win
d tu
rbin
es m
ay b
e un
acce
ptab
le
near
cul
tura
l and
his
tori
c ar
eas.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
T
he v
isua
l im
pact
of
win
d tu
rbin
es m
ay b
e un
acce
ptab
le
near
cul
tura
l and
his
tori
c ar
eas.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-50 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
Incr
ease
d li
keli
hood
of
unau
thor
ized
acc
ess
to
cult
ural
ly s
ensi
tive
are
as b
y w
orke
r pr
esen
ce d
urin
g op
erat
ions
. P
oten
tial
for
vis
ual,
nois
e, o
r re
stri
cted
acc
ess
effe
cts
on
sens
itiv
e cu
ltur
al a
nd
hist
oric
res
ourc
es a
nd
activ
itie
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
on
a hi
stor
ical
bui
ldin
g, s
truc
ture
, or
dis
tric
t by
faci
litie
s be
ing
inco
mpa
tibl
e w
ith th
e hi
stor
ic c
onte
xt o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
Incr
ease
d li
keli
hood
of
unau
thor
ized
acc
ess
to
cult
ural
ly s
ensi
tive
are
as b
y w
orke
r pr
esen
ce d
urin
g op
erat
ions
. P
oten
tial
for
vis
ual,
nois
e, o
r re
stri
cted
acc
ess
effe
cts
on
sens
itiv
e cu
ltur
al a
nd h
isto
ric
reso
urce
s an
d ac
tivi
ties.
P
oten
tial
impa
ct o
n a
hist
oric
al
buil
ding
, str
uctu
re, o
r di
stri
ct
by f
acil
ities
bei
ng
inco
mpa
tibl
e w
ith th
e hi
stor
ic
cont
ext o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
Incr
ease
d li
keli
hood
of
unau
thor
ized
acc
ess
to
cult
ural
ly s
ensi
tive
are
as b
y w
orke
r pr
esen
ce d
urin
g op
erat
ions
. P
oten
tial
for
vis
ual,
nois
e, o
r re
stri
cted
acc
ess
effe
cts
on
sens
itiv
e cu
ltur
al a
nd h
isto
ric
reso
urce
s an
d ac
tivi
ties.
P
oten
tial
impa
ct o
n a
hist
oric
al
buil
ding
, str
uctu
re, o
r di
stri
ct
by f
acil
ities
bei
ng in
com
patib
le
wit
h th
e hi
stor
ic c
onte
xt o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
Pot
enti
al d
irec
t im
pact
s fr
om
cons
truc
tion
act
ivit
ies
to
arch
aeol
ogic
al a
nd h
isto
ric
prop
erti
es, i
nclu
ding
bur
ial
site
s an
d pr
otec
ted
trad
ition
al
and
cust
omar
y ac
tivi
ties
. In
crea
sed
like
liho
od o
f un
auth
oriz
ed a
cces
s to
cu
ltur
ally
sen
siti
ve a
reas
by
wor
ker
pres
ence
dur
ing
oper
atio
ns.
Pot
enti
al f
or v
isua
l, no
ise,
or
rest
rict
ed a
cces
s ef
fect
s on
se
nsit
ive
cult
ural
and
his
tori
c re
sour
ces
and
acti
vitie
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
on
a hi
stor
ical
bui
ldin
g, s
truc
ture
, or
dis
tric
t by
faci
litie
s be
ing
inco
mpa
tibl
e w
ith th
e hi
stor
ic c
onte
xt o
f a
stru
ctur
e or
are
a.
The
vis
ual i
mpa
ct o
f w
ind
turb
ines
may
be
unac
cept
able
ne
ar c
ultu
ral a
nd h
isto
ric
area
s w
here
the
hist
oric
in
tegr
ity (
sett
ing,
fee
ling,
as
soci
atio
n, v
iew
shed
s) p
lays
an
impo
rtan
t rol
e in
the
valu
e of
the
reso
urce
.
Pot
enti
al d
irec
t im
pact
s fr
om
onsh
ore
and
offs
hore
co
nstr
ucti
on a
ctiv
itie
s to
ar
chae
olog
ical
and
his
tori
c pr
oper
ties
, inc
ludi
ng b
uria
l si
tes
and
prot
ecte
d tr
aditi
onal
an
d cu
stom
ary
acti
viti
es.
Incr
ease
d li
keli
hood
of
unau
thor
ized
acc
ess
to
cult
ural
ly s
ensi
tive
are
as b
y w
orke
r pr
esen
ce d
urin
g op
erat
ions
. P
oten
tial
for
vis
ual,
nois
e, o
r re
stri
cted
acc
ess
effe
cts
on
sens
itiv
e cu
ltur
al a
nd h
isto
ric
reso
urce
s an
d ac
tivi
ties.
P
oten
tial
impa
ct o
n a
hist
oric
al b
uild
ing,
str
uctu
re,
or d
istr
ict b
y fa
cili
ties
bein
g in
com
pati
ble
with
the
hist
oric
co
ntex
t of
a st
ruct
ure
or a
rea.
T
he v
isua
l im
pact
of
win
d tu
rbin
es m
ay b
e un
acce
ptab
le
near
cul
tura
l and
his
tori
c ar
eas
whe
re th
e hi
stor
ic in
tegr
ity
(set
ting
, fee
ling,
ass
ocia
tion,
vi
ewsh
eds)
pla
ys a
n im
port
ant
role
in th
e va
lue
of th
e re
sour
ce.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-51 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
C
oast
al Z
one
Man
agem
ent
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to
desi
gnat
ed s
peci
al
man
agem
ent a
reas
fro
m th
e ca
ble
cros
sing
the
shor
elin
e (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al s
hore
fron
t acc
ess
impa
cts
from
the
cabl
e cr
ossi
ng th
e sh
orel
ine
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic).
P
oten
tial
sho
reli
ne e
rosi
on
impa
cts
from
the
cabl
e cr
ossi
ng th
e sh
orel
ine
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic).
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
de
sign
ated
spe
cial
m
anag
emen
t are
as, s
hore
fron
t ac
cess
, and
sho
reli
ne e
rosi
on
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic).
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
de
sign
ated
spe
cial
m
anag
emen
t are
as, s
hore
fron
t ac
cess
, and
sho
reli
ne e
rosi
on
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic);
P
oten
tial
for
adv
erse
impa
cts
to th
ose
loca
tion
s ne
ar th
e sh
orel
ine.
P
oten
tial
for
incr
ease
in r
unof
f an
d se
dim
enta
tion
and
impa
cts
to c
oast
al w
ater
hab
itat
s fr
om
land
cle
arin
g.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
de
sign
ated
spe
cial
m
anag
emen
t are
as,
shor
efro
nt a
cces
s, a
nd
shor
elin
e er
osio
n (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
de
sign
ated
spe
cial
m
anag
emen
t are
as,
shor
efro
nt a
cces
s, a
nd
shor
elin
e er
osio
n (s
ite-
spec
ific
).
Scen
ic a
nd V
isua
l Res
ourc
es
G
ener
al v
isua
l im
pact
s du
ring
con
stru
ctio
n.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
vis
ual
impa
cts
onsh
ore
from
the
intr
oduc
tion
of
a tr
ansi
tion
si
te.
Gen
eral
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
duri
ng
cons
truc
tion
. P
oten
tial
long
-ter
m v
isua
l im
pact
s fr
om s
olar
pan
els,
in
clud
ing
in a
ssoc
iati
on w
ith
new
fac
iliti
es a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d bu
ildi
ngs.
P
oten
tial
gli
ntin
g, g
lare
, and
vi
sual
eff
ects
dep
endi
ng o
n th
e pa
nel o
rien
tati
on, s
un
angl
e, v
iew
ing
angl
e, v
iew
er
dist
ance
, and
oth
er v
isib
ility
fa
ctor
s; m
ay a
lso
be
depe
nden
t on
indi
vidu
al
view
er s
ensi
tivi
ty.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
vis
ual
effe
cts
from
rou
tine
m
aint
enan
ce a
ctiv
itie
s.
Gen
eral
vis
ual i
mpa
cts
duri
ng
cons
truc
tion
. P
oten
tial
long
-ter
m d
ynam
ic
visu
al im
pact
s fr
om p
arab
olic
tr
ough
s/m
irro
rs (
glar
e/
refl
ecte
d li
ght)
, the
rmal
st
orag
e ta
nks,
ste
am
cond
ense
r, c
ooli
ng to
wer
s (p
lum
es)
and
gene
rato
r as
wel
l as
roa
d ac
cess
, par
king
, m
aint
enan
ce f
acili
ties,
and
tr
ansm
issi
on li
ne ti
e-in
. P
oten
tial
for
indi
vidu
al
disc
omfo
rt f
rom
gla
re e
ffec
ts,
depe
ndin
g on
vie
wer
se
nsit
ivity
, vie
wer
loca
tion,
vi
ewer
mov
emen
t, an
d ti
me
of
day.
Gen
eral
sho
rt-t
erm
vis
ual
impa
cts
duri
ng c
onst
ruct
ion
incl
udin
g si
te p
repa
rati
on
acti
viti
es s
uch
as c
lear
ing,
co
nstr
ucti
on o
f ac
cess
and
on
site
roa
ds, e
quip
men
t la
ydow
n ar
eas,
inst
alla
tion
of
turb
ine
foun
dati
ons,
ere
ctio
n of
turb
ines
, and
con
nect
ion
to th
e gr
id.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
vis
ual
impa
cts
from
win
d tu
rbin
e op
erat
ions
incl
udin
g th
e pr
esen
ce o
f th
e w
ind
turb
ines
, mov
emen
t of
the
roto
r bl
ades
, sha
dow
fli
cker
, bl
ade
glin
ting
, fla
shin
g av
iati
on w
arni
ng li
ghts
(n
ight
tim
e in
par
ticu
lar)
, ro
ads,
veh
icle
s, a
nd w
orke
rs
cond
ucti
ng m
aint
enan
ce
activ
itie
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
vis
ual
impa
cts
from
win
d tu
rbin
e op
erat
ions
incl
udin
g th
e pr
esen
ce o
f th
e w
ind
turb
ines
, the
sw
eepi
ng
mov
emen
t of
the
blad
es,
ligh
ting
for
the
mar
ine
and
avia
tion
nav
igat
ion,
and
the
land
/sea
tran
siti
on s
ite.
D
epen
ding
on
view
er
sens
itiv
ity, p
oten
tial
for
lo
ng-t
erm
impa
cts
to v
iew
ers
due
to th
e st
rong
ver
tica
l li
nes/
larg
e sw
eep
of
turb
ines
/ mov
ing
blad
es th
at
can
dom
inat
e vi
ews
or
com
man
d vi
sual
att
enti
on.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-52 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
P
oten
tial
incr
ease
in li
ght
poll
utio
n im
pact
s (s
kygl
ow,
ligh
t tre
spas
s, a
nd g
lare
) fr
om
secu
rity
ligh
ting
and
oth
er
exte
rior
ligh
ting
aro
und
buil
ding
s, p
arki
ng a
reas
, wor
k ar
eas
and
duri
ng m
aint
enan
ce
acti
viti
es (
vehi
cle-
mou
nted
li
ghts
).
Dep
endi
ng o
n vi
ewer
se
nsit
ivity
, pot
enti
al f
or
long
-ter
m im
pact
s to
vie
wer
s ne
arby
due
to th
e st
rong
ve
rtic
al li
nes/
larg
e sw
eep
of
turb
ines
/ mov
ing
blad
es th
at
can
dom
inat
e vi
ews
or
com
man
d vi
sual
att
enti
on.
Dep
endi
ng o
n vi
ewer
se
nsit
ivity
, pot
enti
al f
or
long
-ter
m s
hado
w f
lick
er
impa
cts
for
view
ers
clos
e en
ough
to f
all w
ithi
n th
e sh
adow
s ca
st b
y th
e tu
rbin
es.
Rec
reat
ion
Res
ourc
es
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
long
-ter
m im
pact
s in
the
vici
nity
of
onsh
ore
and
offs
hore
fac
ilitie
s fr
om
acce
ss r
estr
icti
ons
and
pote
ntia
l vis
ual i
mpa
cts
from
the
faci
litie
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
impa
cts
such
as
land
cov
er r
equi
red
for
the
arra
ys a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d fa
cili
ties
req
uire
d fo
r th
e pr
ojec
t res
ulti
ng in
acc
ess
rest
rict
ions
to a
rea
as w
ell a
s vi
sual
impa
cts
crea
ted
by th
e pr
esen
ce o
f th
e fa
cili
ties
and
mai
nten
ance
act
ivit
ies.
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to n
earb
y re
crea
tion
are
as f
rom
pan
els
and
othe
r co
mpo
nent
s th
at
refl
ect a
nd r
esul
t in
glin
ting
, gl
are,
and
oth
er v
isua
l eff
ects
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
impa
cts
from
acc
ess
rest
rict
ions
to th
e si
te a
nd v
isua
l im
pact
s as
soci
ated
wit
h th
e ne
w
faci
litie
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
rec
reat
ion
reso
urce
s fr
om li
ght p
ollu
tion
, pa
rtic
ular
ly th
ose
area
s w
here
a
dark
nig
ht s
ky is
val
ued
(i.e
., ca
mpg
roun
ds).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
impa
cts
such
as
acce
ss r
estr
icti
ons
due
to th
e pr
esen
ce o
f w
ind
turb
ines
, mov
emen
t of
the
roto
r bl
ades
, sha
dow
fli
cker
, bl
ade
glin
ting
, avi
atio
n w
arni
ng li
ghts
, roa
ds,
vehi
cles
, and
wor
kers
co
nduc
ting
mai
nten
ance
ac
tivit
ies.
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to n
earb
y re
crea
tion
are
as f
rom
str
ong
vert
ical
line
s of
the
turb
ines
do
min
atin
g vi
ews
and
larg
e sw
eep
of m
ovin
g bl
ades
co
mm
andi
ng v
isua
l at
tent
ion.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al lo
ng-t
erm
impa
cts
incl
udin
g ac
cess
res
tric
tion
s du
e to
the
pres
ence
of
the
win
d tu
rbin
es, t
he s
wee
ping
m
ovem
ent o
f th
e ro
tor
blad
es, l
ight
ing
for
mar
ine
and
avia
tion
nav
igat
ion,
and
th
e la
nd/s
ea tr
ansi
tion
site
.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-53 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
P
oten
tial
intr
usio
n to
the
natu
ral s
cene
ry a
nd v
iew
shed
de
pend
ing
on th
e vi
ewer
se
nsit
ivity
. P
oten
tial
impa
cts
to th
e ni
ght
sky
for
near
by r
ecre
atio
n ar
eas
(i.e
., ca
mpg
roun
ds)
from
avi
atin
g w
arni
ng li
ghts
.L
and
an
d M
arin
e T
ran
spor
tati
on
Lan
d T
rans
port
atio
n N
one.
Sho
rt-t
erm
tran
spor
tati
on
impa
cts
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
cons
truc
tion
traf
fic.
Sho
rt-t
erm
tran
spor
tati
on
impa
cts
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
cons
truc
tion
traf
fic.
Pot
enti
al s
hort
-ter
m im
pact
s on
roa
dway
traf
fic
duri
ng
proj
ect d
evel
opm
ent (
i.e.,
tran
spor
tati
on o
f w
ind
turb
ine
com
pone
nts
such
as
the
blad
es a
nd tu
rbin
es to
the
cons
truc
tion
sit
e).
Pot
enti
al s
hort
-ter
m im
pact
s on
roa
dway
traf
fic
duri
ng
proj
ect d
evel
opm
ent (
i.e.,
tran
spor
tati
on o
f w
ind
turb
ine
com
pone
nts
such
as
the
blad
es a
nd tu
rbin
es to
the
harb
or f
or tr
ansp
ort t
o th
e co
nstr
ucti
on s
ite)
. M
arin
e T
rans
port
atio
n P
oten
tial
obs
truc
tion
im
pact
s to
mar
ine
navi
gati
on in
clud
ing
to
tour
ist c
ruis
es, p
asse
nger
fe
rrie
s, f
ishi
ng v
esse
ls
(rec
reat
iona
l and
co
mm
erci
al),
and
larg
e co
mm
erci
al c
argo
shi
ps.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
m
ilit
ary
mar
ine
oper
atio
ns,
surf
ace
and
subs
urfa
ce
navi
gati
on f
rom
bot
h fl
oati
ng a
nd s
ubm
erge
d st
ruct
ures
.
Non
e; in
stal
lati
on a
nd
oper
atio
n of
a u
tility
-sca
le P
V
syst
em w
ould
not
impa
ct
mar
ine
tran
spor
tatio
n.
Non
e; in
stal
lati
on a
nd
oper
atio
n of
a s
olar
ther
mal
sy
stem
wou
ld n
ot h
ave
any
mar
ine
tran
spor
tati
on im
pact
s as
it w
ould
be
tota
lly la
nd-
base
d.
Min
or im
pact
s on
mar
ine
tran
spor
tati
on f
rom
shi
pmen
t vi
a m
arin
e ca
rgo
ship
.
Pot
enti
al n
avig
atio
n ha
zard
s to
dom
esti
c an
d m
ilit
ary
mar
ine
tran
spor
tati
on
incl
udin
g to
mil
itary
su
bmar
ine
oper
atio
ns f
rom
un
ders
ea s
truc
ture
s (m
oori
ng
cabl
es a
nd p
ower
line
s ex
tend
ing
dow
n to
the
ocea
n fl
oor)
.
Air
spac
e M
anag
emen
t
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
m
ilit
ary
tran
spor
tati
on
oper
atio
ns (
mar
ine
surf
ace
and
avia
tion
ope
rati
ons)
.
Pot
enti
al h
azar
ds to
air
craf
t an
d pi
lots
fro
m s
unli
ght
refl
ecti
on; d
epen
dent
on
the
mag
nitu
de o
f re
flec
tion
(gl
int
and
glar
e) f
rom
sol
ar p
ower
sy
stem
s.
Pot
enti
al h
azar
ds to
bot
h m
ilit
ary
and
civi
lian
air
craf
t fr
om r
efle
ctio
ns o
f th
e co
ncen
trat
ed s
olar
pow
er
faci
lity
.
Pot
enti
al h
azar
ds to
air
spac
e na
viga
tion
, bot
h m
ilit
ary
(tra
inin
g an
d op
erat
ions
) an
d ci
vili
an (
incl
udin
g to
uris
t in
dust
ry h
elic
opte
rs/f
ix-
win
ged
airc
raft
).
Pot
enti
al h
azar
ds to
air
spac
e na
viga
tion
, bot
h m
ilit
ary
(tra
inin
g an
d op
erat
ions
) an
d ci
vili
an (
incl
udin
g to
uris
t in
dust
ry h
elic
opte
rs/f
ix-
win
ged
airc
raft
).
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-54 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
P
oten
tial
impa
cts
on
appr
oach
pat
hs to
air
port
s.
P
oten
tial
air
turb
ulen
ce
haza
rds
to b
oth
mil
itar
y an
d ci
vili
an a
ircr
aft (
like
ly li
mit
ed
to lo
w a
ltitu
de a
ircr
aft i
.e.,
heli
copt
ers
or d
urin
g ta
ke-o
ffs
and
land
ings
) fr
om
Con
serv
atio
n S
tew
ards
hip
Pro
gram
pla
nts
empl
oyin
g a
dry
cool
ing
syst
em.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
avi
atio
n na
viga
tion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems
such
as
rada
r.
Pot
enti
al h
azar
ds to
air
craf
ts
dow
nwin
d of
rot
or in
duce
d tu
rbul
ence
.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
avi
atio
n na
viga
tion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems
such
as
rada
r.
Pot
enti
al h
azar
ds to
air
craf
ts
dow
nwin
d of
rot
or-i
nduc
ed
turb
ulen
ce.
Noi
se a
nd
Vib
rati
on
S
hort
-ter
m n
oise
and
vi
brat
ion
impa
cts
to
sens
itiv
e no
ise
rece
ptor
s,
incl
udin
g po
tent
ial i
mpa
cts
to m
arin
e m
amm
als
and
sea
turt
les.
L
ong-
term
noi
se a
nd
vibr
atio
n im
pact
s fr
om
oper
atio
n of
an
ocea
n th
erm
al e
nerg
y co
nver
sion
fa
cili
ty 3
.5 m
iles
off
-sho
re
wou
ld b
e m
inim
al w
ith
impl
emen
tati
on o
f be
st
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Ope
rati
onal
noi
se a
nd
vibr
atio
n im
pact
s fr
om la
nd-
base
d w
ind
turb
ines
wou
ld
occu
r w
hen
win
d co
ndit
ions
ar
e fa
vora
ble,
day
or
nigh
t.
Sho
rt-t
erm
noi
se a
nd
vibr
atio
n im
pact
s to
sen
sitiv
e no
ise
rece
ptor
s, in
clud
ing
pote
ntia
l im
pact
s to
mar
ine
mam
mal
s an
d se
a tu
rtle
s.
Lon
g-te
rm n
oise
and
vi
brat
ion
impa
cts
from
op
erat
ion
of w
ind
turb
ines
lo
cate
d 5
mil
es o
ffsh
ore
wou
ld b
e m
inim
al w
ith
impl
emen
tati
on o
f be
st
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
.
Uti
liti
es a
nd
In
fras
tru
ctu
re
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
ly m
oder
ate
effe
cts
to e
lect
ric
util
ities
(si
te-
spec
ific
).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al m
inim
al im
pact
s to
el
ectr
ic u
tilit
ies
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al m
inim
al im
pact
s to
el
ectr
ic u
tilit
ies
(sit
e-sp
ecif
ic).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al m
inor
impa
cts
to
elec
tric
uti
liti
es (
site
-sp
ecif
ic).
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
ele
ctri
c ut
iliti
es (
site
-spe
cifi
c).
Haz
ardo
us M
ater
ials
and
Was
te M
anag
emen
t H
azar
dous
M
ater
ials
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-55 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
P
oten
tial
exp
osur
e to
ha
zard
ous
mat
eria
ls d
urin
g op
erat
ions
fro
m la
rge
quan
titi
es o
f am
mon
ia
and/
or c
hlor
ine
gas/
liqu
id,
incl
udin
g th
roug
h ac
cide
ntal
rel
ease
s or
leak
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or f
ires
or
expl
osio
ns f
rom
cho
rine
an
d ga
seou
s am
mon
ia
com
bina
tion
s.
Pot
enti
al e
xpos
ure
to tr
ace
amou
nts
of h
azar
dous
m
ater
ials
(i.e
., ca
dmiu
m,
sele
nium
, ars
enic
) if
pan
els
wer
e br
oken
.
P
oten
tial
haz
ardo
us m
ater
ials
im
pact
s as
soci
ated
wit
h co
nstr
ucti
on f
rom
mun
itio
n re
spon
se s
ites
and
the
pote
ntia
l use
of
batt
erie
s fo
r en
ergy
sto
rage
.
Was
te M
anag
emen
t G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
impa
cts.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
haz
ardo
us w
aste
im
pact
s re
sulti
ng f
rom
trac
e am
ount
s of
cad
miu
m,
sele
nium
, or
arse
nic
if s
olar
pa
nels
are
bro
ken
and/
or
duri
ng s
olar
pan
el
deco
mm
issi
onin
g/di
spos
al.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Min
imal
con
stru
ctio
n an
d de
mol
itio
n w
aste
. P
oten
tial
impa
cts
duri
ng th
e de
com
mis
sion
ing
and
dism
antl
ing
of th
e w
ind
turb
ine
as r
esul
t of
turb
ine
rem
oval
. W
aste
wat
er
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s to
w
aste
wat
er e
fflu
ent f
rom
ad
ded
chlo
rine
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al im
pact
s fr
om
was
tew
ater
dis
char
ge
resu
ltin
g fr
om d
ispo
sal o
f P
V
mod
ules
at t
heir
end
-lif
e,
part
icul
arly
fro
m p
oten
tial
le
achi
ng o
r co
ntam
inat
ion
from
cad
miu
m c
onta
inin
g m
ater
ials
.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n im
pact
s.
Min
or a
nd li
mit
ed
was
tew
ater
impa
cts
from
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd d
urin
g op
erat
ions
/mai
nten
ance
ac
tivi
ties
fro
m p
erso
nnel
and
m
achi
nery
ope
rati
ons.
Soci
oeco
nom
ics
V
ery
smal
l pop
ulat
ion
and
econ
omic
ben
efits
(i.e
., fe
w
Ver
y sm
all p
opul
atio
n an
d ec
onom
ic b
enef
its (
i.e.,
few
V
ery
smal
l pop
ulat
ion
and
econ
omic
ben
efits
(i.e
., fe
w
Ver
y sm
all p
opul
atio
n an
d ec
onom
ic b
enef
its (
i.e.,
few
V
ery
smal
l pop
ulat
ion
and
econ
omic
ben
efits
(i.e
., fe
w
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-56 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459
Summary
Tab
le S
-9b
. Su
mm
ary
of I
mp
acts
for
Uti
lity
-Sca
le R
enew
able
Tec
hn
olog
ies
and
Act
ivit
ies
(con
tin
ued
)
Res
ourc
e A
rea
Oce
an T
herm
al E
nerg
y C
onve
rsio
n
Ph
otov
olta
ic S
yste
ms
Sola
r T
herm
al S
yste
ms
Win
d (
Lan
d-B
ased
) W
ind
(O
ffsh
ore)
ne
t new
jobs
) du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
. ne
t new
jobs
) du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
. ne
t new
jobs
) du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
. ne
t new
jobs
) du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
. ne
t new
jobs
) du
ring
co
nstr
ucti
on a
nd o
pera
tion
. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Jus
tice
Sm
all p
oten
tial
impa
cts
to
the
gene
ral p
opul
atio
n.
Sit
e-sp
ecif
ic e
valu
atio
n of
im
pact
ed p
opul
atio
ns
requ
ired
.
Sm
all e
nvir
onm
enta
l jus
tice
impa
cts.
No
disp
ropo
rtio
nate
ly h
igh
and
adve
rse
impa
cts
to m
inor
ity
popu
lati
ons
or to
low
-inc
ome
popu
lati
ons
from
sol
ar
phot
ovol
taic
pan
els
oper
atio
ns.
Min
imal
pot
enti
al f
or
envi
ronm
enta
l jus
tice
impa
cts
due
to s
mal
l env
iron
men
tal
impa
cts
to g
ener
al p
opul
atio
n.
Pot
enti
al e
nvir
onm
enta
l ju
stic
e im
pact
s de
pend
ing
on
siti
ng lo
cati
on.
Sm
all p
oten
tial
for
en
viro
nmen
tal j
usti
ce
impa
cts.
Hea
lth
an
d S
afet
y
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
P
oten
tial
wor
ker
expo
sure
to
chl
orin
e an
d am
mon
ia
gase
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Gen
eral
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
impa
cts.
G
ener
al c
onst
ruct
ion
and
oper
atio
n im
pact
s.
Pot
enti
al f
or p
ubli
c he
alth
an
d sa
fety
impa
cts
incl
udin
g to
boa
ts, b
oth
civi
lian
and
m
ilit
ary
mar
ine
vess
els,
and
to
the
publ
ic o
nsho
re in
the
unli
kely
eve
nt th
e de
vice
w
ere
dest
roye
d, d
amag
ed o
r if
the
loss
of
moo
ring
/ spa
tial
st
abil
izat
ion
wer
e to
occ
ur.
Summary
Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-57 September 2015 DOE/EIS-0459
S.9 Alternatives Considered by DOE
DOE NEPA implementing regulations require that a PEIS analysis include a no-action alternative, which provides a baseline for comparison against the impacts of the proposed action. Under the no-action alternative, DOE would continue to support, through funding and other actions, the State of Hawai‘i in meeting its HCEI goals on a case-by-case basis, but without guidance to integrate and prioritize funding decisions and other actions.
Implementation of the HCEI in Hawai‘i will occur whether or not DOE develops guidance to assist in making decisions or other actions related to clean energy in Hawai‘i. Therefore, the potential environmental impacts associated with each of the renewable energy technologies likely would also occur under the no-action alternative; however, there may not be formal guidance in place that would assist DOE in taking actions that maximize the benefits of certain technologies while minimizing the potential adverse environmental impacts in important resource areas. If the goals of the HCEI are not met, the State of Hawai‘i would remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels and statutory greenhouse gas targets probably would not be met.
Preferred Alternative CEQ regulations [40 CFR 1502.14(e)] require DOE to identify its preferred alternative in this Final PEIS. DOE plans to incorporate the information presented in this PEIS into guidance that could build upon the permitting requirements, best management practices, and potential mitigation measures identified to minimize potential environmental impacts for future development of renewable energy projects and energy efficiency activities. Therefore, DOE’s proposed action is also the preferred alternative.