Macquarie Ancient History Teachers Conference 2019

Using Sources Old and New

May 6, 2019Art Gallery of New South Wales

Dr Susanne BinderDepartment of Ancient Historysusanne.binder@mq.edu.au

Hatshepsut in 2019:New sources and interpretations

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Dimitri Laboury – in Creativity and InnovationMMA 30-3-3, MMA 29-3-3,

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Sankiewicz (2015), “At Deir el Bahari: Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis

III in the statue room of the main sanctuary of Amun” - fig. 1

Tuthmosis III Funerary Temple Project (Spanish-Egyptian mission)

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May 2018

Sphinx of Hatshepsut

KulturkaufhausDussmann

Berlin

Thutmosis III son of Thutmosis II by another wife

Rules of successionAccession to the throne

Thutmosis I

Thutmosis II

Hatshepsut wife/widow of Thutmosis II

title: Great Royal Wife” (= chief wife of the king)

Business of governing the land

Form / formality:

the king on the thronenominal kingship

Function of kingship: regencya queen governing = queen regent kingship in practice / “care for the land”

5 phases in the life of Hatshepsut – reflected in her titles

(1) Daughter of Thutmosis I

(2) At death of her grandmotherAhmes-Nefertari

(3) At death of Thutmosis I (father)= accession of Thutmosis II

(4) At death of Thutmosis II (husband)= accession of Thutmosis III

(5) In Year 2 or Year 7 of Thutmosis III= Hatshepsut’s coronation

(towards the end of Year 7: Gabolde, Tefnin, Dorman, Laboury)

King’s daughtersA.t nsw

God’s Wife of AmunHm.t-nTr n(.t) Imn.w

Great royal wife / king’s sisterHm.t nsw wr.t / sn.t nsw

“… who cared for the land”Biography of Ineni TT 81

King of Upper and Lower Egypt nsw bi.ty

Year 7

Year 22

Year 53

Year 42

Hatshepsut Thutmosis III

regency

co-rule

data

data

data

Luc GaboldeMonuments décorés en bas relief aux noms de Thutmosis II et Hatchepsout à KarnakMIFAO 123, Cairo 2005, 2 vols

Kara CooneyThe Woman who would be King, New York, 2014.

Jadwiga IwaszczukSacred Landscape of Thebes during the Reign of Hatshepsut, Royal Construction Projects, Volume 1, Topography of the West Bank, Travaux de l`Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l`Académie Polonaise des Sciences 2, Varsovie 2016.

Maps, plan of Deir el BahariChronology (based on Handbook of Oriental Studies)EndnotesFurther reading (long list of scholarly work)Index of names and terms

Author’s Note

“Certainty plays little role in the history of Hatshepsut. The nature of the information passed down to us is uneven, and because so many of her monuments were destroyed, the jumble of perceptions we are left with are from other people, many of whom lived millennia after her death. …

MapsChronology (based on Handbook of Oriental Studies)Endnotes“Further reading”Index of names and terms

Author’s Note“… I have had to break many rules of my Egyptological training in order to resurrect and reanimnate Hatshepsut’s intentions, ambitions, and disappointments by engaging in conjecture and speculations, and creating untestable hypotheses as I attempt to fill out her character and decision-making processes (even though I document my sources and accentuate my uncertainties) … track … follow the clues … fill out the circumstances … as I go.

… I have used all my skills as a researcher, but I have also allowed myself to think out aloud, to infer and imagine, in a way I would not do in my other work. “

Peter F. Dorman

Problems in Historical Methodology

1988

1991

2005Luc Gabolde

Blocks from 4 monuments – re-constructions

(1) “Netjery-menu”“Divine of monuments”

(2) Barque chapel

(3) Small niches from a structure

(4) Chapel of Amun in area of “Set-Djeseret”

Thutmosis II posthumous

Hatshepsut – regentNeferure “sister of the king”

Thutmosis III

Thutmosis IIand Hatshepsut onlyModification after accession H >> king

Thutmosis II posthumous representation

Hatshepsut before time as king, never up-dated

Neferure

Hatshepsutmodified to thronename Maat-ka-Re

Suggested chronology (Gabolde): 2 (T. II king) - 1 (name T. II original) -3 (T. II posthumous) - 4

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. XLI.

Le monument à niches

Thutmosis II Neferure HatshepsutKing’s daughter [Hm.t nsw] wr.t

sA.t nsw Hnw.t tA.wy

Netjery-MenuNetery-menou

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. III.

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Thutmosis II Neferure HatshepsutKing’s daughter [Hm.t nsw] wr.t

sA.t nsw Hnw.t tA.wy

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. XI.

Netjery-Menu , wall 5 verso

Neferure/// n(.y) Imn.w[God’s wife] of Amun

HatshepsutHm.t nsw wr.tGreat Wife of the King

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. XI.

Le monument à nichesPosthumous coronation of Thutmosis II – Osiris (right) Isis (left)

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, cover photo; pl. XLI.

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 200 (Photo 17).

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 200 (Photo 17).

Maatkarethrone name

of Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut

Maat-ka-Reover

Hatshepsut

Hatshepsutover

Men-kheper-Rethrone name of

Thutmosis III

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 199 (Photo 8).

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 19 (Fig. 4).

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. XXXIV

Netjery-Menu

Originalname

Who commissionedoriginal

Who commissionederasure

Name recut as

Who commissionedre-cutting

changesafter Year 7

MONUMENT

Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 182.

http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/serie_wydawnicze/Travaux_de_lInstitut/Iwaszczuk_SACRED_LANDSCAPE_OF_THEBES_vol._1.pdf

http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/serie_wydawnicze/Travaux_de_lInstitut/Iwaszczuk_SACRED_LANDSCAPE_OF_THEBES_vol._1.pdf

Porter & Moss, Theban Temples, II, pl. XXXIII.http://topbib.griffith.ox.ac.uk//pdf.html

Jadwiga Iwaszczuk, Sacred Landscape, 212.

Mentuhotep II

Amenhotep I &Ahmes-Nefertari

Thutmosis I

Thutmosis II

Small temple of Hatshepsut in Medinet Habu

Hatshepsut

Thutmosis III

Thutmosis III

Jadwiga Iwaszczuk, Sacred Landscape, 212.

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Left: Temple Mentuhotep IIMiddle: Thutmosis IIIRigth: Hatshepsut

Medinet Habu today

“Small temple” of Hatshepsut in Medinet Habu

currently a project of the Chicago Oriental Institute

KARNAK

Jadwiga Iwaszczuk, Sacred Landscape, 212Additions: Susanne Binder.

royal necropolis 12th Dyn.El Tariq

futureValley ofthe Kings

royal necropolis 17th Dyn.

Dra Abu el Naga

Construction of the royal tombs in the valley to the west

Exhibition Metropolitan Museum of Art2005

Catharine RoehrigRenée DreyfusCathleen KellerAnn Macy RothEdna RussmannW. Vivian DaviesChristine LilyquistManfred BietakJames P. AllenPeter F. DormanDieter ArnoldDiana Craig PatchSusan AllenBetsy BryanDorothea ArnoldJadwiga Lipińska

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Hatshepsut_From_Queen_to_Pharaoh

Models of AuthorityArt in Transition

Egypt and its NeighboursAegean – Nubia

Role of Amun

The joint reignqueen – regent – co-ruler

High officialsSenenmut, Ramose, Hatnefer

Buildign projects

Decorative arts

Thutmosis III – sole rule Proscription

The aftermath

Comprehensive entry pointSound researchFactual informationLavish illustrations

https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc69.pdf

Occasional Proceedings of the Theban Workshop 2010Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization SAOC 69The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

Peter DormanEberhard DziobekZbigniew SzafranskiSusanne BickelBetsy BryanLuc GaboldeDimitri LabouryCatharine RoehrigJJ ShirleyJean-Luc ChappazJosé GalánJosé Serrano Andrés EspinelBarbara EngelmannEllen MorrisW. Vivian DaviesTamás BácsCharles BonnetDominique Valbelle

Select themes InnovationWorldview and royal discourse

Hatshepsut at KarnakCultic RevelriesFoundation DepositsSpeos Artemidos Power of the EliteMitanni – the imperial regimeArchitecture in Nubia

Aspects of tombs of the officials:TT 11, TT 67, TT 39, Elkab

work in the field

well-documented and illustrated

Diachronic approach : analysing the iconography of Hatshepsut

Dimitri Labouryin: Creativity and Innovation , 49-91

Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut the female pharaohHarmondsworth: Penguin, 1996

Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut the female pharaohHarmondsworth: Penguin, 1996

Winifred Brunton (1880-1959)>> Griffith Institute Oxfordhttps://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Griffith+Institute+Oxford

Kings and Queens of Ancient Egypt (1926)Great Ones of Ancient Egypt (1929)

Joyce Tyldesley Hatchepsut the female pharaohHarmondsworth: Penguin, 1996

Dimitri LabouryUniversity of Liège

ip.n(=i) D.t m nsw mnx iTi.n(=i) rDi.tn=f m Hr=itA.w nb.w arf.w m xfa=i psD.t pD.t nn nhw ir.y

2 2

“… I have become aware of myself as effective king, I having seized what he [Amun] placed before me:All lands are together in my grasp, the Nine Bows, without any missing. P. Lacau / H. Chevrier, Une chapelle d’Hatshepsout à

Karnak, I (Cairo, 1977) 143-144 (Section XI. Bloc 194: Discours de la reine: les bienfaits de son règne)

Section XI. Bloc 194: Discours de la reine: les bienfaits de son règne

Pierre Lacau / Henri Chevrier, Une chapelle d’Hatshepsout à Karnak(Cairo, 1977) I, 143-144. (Section XI. Bloc 194: Discours de la reine: les bienfaits de son règne)

Wolfgang Helck, Historisch-biographicsche Text der 2. Zwischenzeit und neue Text der 18. Dynastie, Kleine ägyptische Text 6,2(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1995) 31.

Frank Burgos, François Larché, La Chapelle Rouge. Le sanctuaire de barque d’Hatshepsout (Paris, 2006) vol. I: Fac-similés et photographies des scènes, 39 (north side, register 2).

Quoted by D. Laboury, “The image of Hatshepsut’s royal power” in: Galan, Bryan, Dorman (eds.) Creativity and Innovation in the reign of Hatshepsut, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization (SAOC) 69 (Chicago, 2010) 191.

Sankiewicz (2015), “At Deir el Bahari: Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis

III in the statue room of the main sanctuary of Amun” - fig. 1

A few more links – al the large projects in and around Luxor all have very good websites:

Polish-Egyptian Archaeological and Conservation Mission – Deir el Bahari (funerary temple of

Hatshepsut) http://www.templeofhatshepsut.uw.edu.pl/en/temple_of_hatshepsut.html

CFEETK – Centre-Franco Égyptien … Karnak http://www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr/

Chicago Oriental Institute Epigraphic Survey (small temple of Hatshepsut in Medinet Habu / West Bank)https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/epigraphic-surveyhttps://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/epigraphic-survey-publications

Theban Mapping Project – currently being updated and movedhttp://archive.secondstory.com/project/theban-mapping-projecthttps://vimeo.com/32299728

Thutmosis III Funerary Temple Project (West Bank, Luxor)https://thutmosisiiitempleproject.org/index.php/es/

And the “classics” The Egyptologist’s Electronic Forum http://www.egyptologyforum.org/

Egyptology Resources https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/er/index.html

http://www.templeofhatshepsut.uw.edu.pl/en/temple_of_hatshepsut.html

Polish-Egyptian Mission Since 1961 - begun by Professor Kazimierz Michalowski

What follows:Translations of relevant passages from the biographies of some of the high officials in the time of Hatsehpsut. The texts are found in the anthology of hieroglyphic inscriptions Urkunden des Neuen Reiches IV

http://etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/15133.pdf

Ineni – from his biography in his tomb TT 81 (Luxor)

Ahmes-Pennekhbet – from his biography in his tomb in Elkab (south of Thebes)

“His (Thutmosis II's) son (Thutmosis III) took his place as king of the Two Lands. He ruled on the throne of him who had begotten him. His (Thutmosis II's) sister, the God's Wife Hatshepsut cared for the land (Hr iri.t m-XrtA), the Two Lands lived according to her plans, one served her, Egypt being submissive. The excellent seed of the god that issued forth from him, was she, the bow warp of Egypt, the mooring post of the southerners, the excellent stern warp was she, a mistress of commands, whose plans were excellent; the Two Lands were calmed when she spoke.”

The autobiography of IneniThe accession of Thutmosis III (Urk IV 59.16 - 60.4)

Translated from the anthology of hieroglyphic inscriptions Urkunden des Neuen Reiches IVby Susanne Binder

Autobiographical inscription of Ahmose PennekhbetList of the rulers under whom he served: Urk IV 34.16-17

“I accompanied the Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt, the gods under whom I lived, on their journeys to the southern and northern foreign lands, and to every (other) place to which they (went); namely the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Neb-pehty-Re (Ahmose I), the justified, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Djeser-ka-Re (Amenhotep I), the justified, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Aa-kheper-ka-Re (Thutmosis I), the justified, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Aa-kheper-n.y-Re (Thutmosis II), the justified, up to this good god, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Men-kheper-Re (Thutmosis III), may he be given life for ever. … …The God's Wife, the Great Royal Wife Maat-ka-Re (Hatshepsut), justified, also showed me favour. I raised her daughter, the daughter of the king, Neferure, justified, when she was a child at the breast.”

…written in the time of Thutmosis III (sole rule)

Translated from the anthology of hieroglyphic inscriptions Urkunden des Neuen Reiches IVby Susanne Binder