Hatch Cover Seminar - Alandia · Understanding hatch covers 27/03/2014 AlandiaMarine –Hatch Cover...
Transcript of Hatch Cover Seminar - Alandia · Understanding hatch covers 27/03/2014 AlandiaMarine –Hatch Cover...
Hatch Cover SeminarAlandia Marine
Helsinki dd 27/03/2014
By
Walter Vervloesem (FNI)
Chairman IMCS Group of Companies Ltd (UK)
Man. Dir IMCS Training Academy
IMCS Training Academy
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
W. Vervloesem (FNI)� Chairman of IMCS Group of Companies Ltd (UK) – 19 offices.� MD of IMCS Training Academy� Chairman NI Belgian Branch� Ex Chief Officer (reefer, gen. cargo, container & LPG)� Working as marine surveyor since 1989
Specialist fields:P&I related surveys, Ship inspections (P&I, H&M, S&P, Flagstate), ISM (lead – auditor),Hatch Cover inspections, Containers, Lashing & Securing of heavy lifts.
Publications: major reference works all published by the Nautical Institute� Ship Survey and Audit Companion� Hatch Cover Inspections� Mooring & Anchoring Ships – Vol 2� Co-author of "The Nautical Institute on Command"
Training:Instructor for the SDT-IMCS hatch cover training course since 2001 and working under aconsultancy contract with SDT on development of ultrasound applications in the marineindustry for SDT since 2003
Agenda
� Back to basics - Loadline issues
� Inspections
� Design issues
� Understanding hatch covers
� Key parts
� Sea & cargoworthiness
� Due diligence
� Applicable rules and conventions
� Inspecting hatch covers
� Hatch cover testing
� Ultrasonic testing (v/s hose testing)
� Workshop27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Back to basics
� Loadline:
� Limit to which ships may be loaded
� Safeguarding life and property at sea
� Loadline = Freeboard = Safety
� Ships have to be “weathertight” in any sea condition
� Openings giving access to ship must be weathertight
� Weathertightness = No water from “weatherside” to enter ship
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Back to basics
� ICLL = Convention = Law
� Hatch covers:
� Strength
� Tightness
� Securing (bearing pads – cleats: explain)
� Other openings
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Back to basics
� Are hatch covers that pass an ultrasonic test weathertight???
NO!!!
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Inspections
� Hatch cover porblems
� Many ships have hatch cover issues
� Leaking & deficient hatch covers affect:
� Ship (stability, sinking, pollution)
� Crew (safety, injuries)
� Cargo (wet damage, fire, …)
� Vehicles for disaster
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Inspections
�Despite inspection by
� Class
� Flagstate
� Portstate control
�H&M
�Audits
� P&I
�Why so many hatch cover problems?
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Inspections
� Lack of understanding of hatch cover basics
� Failure to understand that hatch covers are fine pieces of engineering
(need for detailed inspection, testing and proper repairs)
� Proper maintenance
� Correct operation
� False economies
� Improper/temporary repairs (passing inspection)
� Cheap repairs, non-original spare parts
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Inspections
� Frequently heard comments & questions when making remarks
and in case of claims:
� Ship just in DD
� No problems during PSC
� No damage to cargo last voyages
� Class & Statutory documents valid
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Inspections
� Role of class throughout history?
� Proof of seaworthiness
� Reliability
� Confidence
� Condition for cargo underwriters.
� Facts & figures→more problems with hatch covers than we know
� Owners still ultimately responsible
� Seminar: improving maintenance and understanding
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Design issues
�Many different design factors to be considered
� Hatch way dimensions
� Available deck space/stowage height for stowing the panels
� Required coaming height, extent of opening
� Type of operation (opening and actuating mechanisms, available power,
required opening/closing time, available crew, ...)
� Repair possibilities (shore specialists/ship’s crew, spare part availability)
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Design issues
� Carriage of cargo on hatch covers
� Required degree of tightness
� Cost (min – max scantling, steel price,...)
� Required/Max. panel weight (ship’s gear, shore gear,...)
� Construction type (open web, double skin,.. ) & required
fittings (cleats, packing,...)
� Trading pattern (warm/cold, tropical rainshowers/speed of
closing)
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Design issues
Hatch types categorized according to:
� Shape of panels
� Method of construction
� Operation & specific features
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Understanding hatch covers
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Weathertightness:
ICLL 1966:� "The means of securing weathertightness shall be to the satisfaction of the
Administration. The arrangements shall ensure that the tightness can bemaintained in any sea condition and for this purpose tests for tightness shall berequired at the initial survey and may be required at periodical surveys and at annual inspections or at more frequent intervals") (Reg. 16-4).
� "Weather tight means that in any sea conditions water will not penetrate into
the ship“ (Reg. 3-12).
� Watertight = water will not be passing through the sealing arrangements from
both directions across the seal
� Weathertightness ≠ Watertightness
Understanding hatch covers
Watertightness
� “Water will not be passing through the sealing arrangements from both
directions across the seal” (under a certain head of pressure)
Understanding hatch covers
Cookie box principle:
� Box with coverlid = rigid
� Box without coverlid = flexible
� Ship is like box with holes in coverlid = flexible
� Hatch covers are strengthened panels ≠ flexible
� Movements at sea cause the ship to bend and flex
� Panels do not move in unison with ship
� Hatch covers have to be flexibly mounted
� Making system too rigid → failure
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Understanding hatch covers
Panel movements in 3 directions:
�Fx: Longitudinal
�Fy: Transversal
�Fz: Vertical
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Understanding hatch covers
� Loadline & Weathertightness:
� Keep water out in any sea condition and proper securing of hatch covers
(Loadline)
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Understanding hatch covers
Weathertightness:
� How to achieve weathertightness:
� 3 safety barriers
� Panel plating
� Sealing system
� Drain
� 3 types of tightness:
� Weathertight
� Partly weathertight
� Non-weathertight (see IACS Rec 14)
� PWT/NWT subject to class approval
Understanding hatch covers
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Packing rubber:
� Design compression
� Contact ≠ compression
� Ultrasonic testing = info on compression
Understanding hatch covers
� Packing rubber discard criteria: let’s talk mm
� Rubber size: 70 x 40
� Design compression: 25% of thickness = 10mm
� Discard criteria: 50% of design compression = 5mm
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Key parts
� Damaged packing rubber = symptom, not cause!
� Hatch cover key parts:
� Bearing pads (steel to steel contact)
� Locators/stoppers
� Packing rubbers
� Operation mechanism
� Drain system
� Hatch panels
� Compression bar
� Securing mechanism
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Key parts
� Hatch covers are fine pieces of engineering and delicate pieces
of equipment
� Tolerances/clearances and limits are in range of mm.
� Lack of, or improper, maintenance will quickly affect hatch cover
condition and operation
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Sea- & Cargoworthiness
� Seaworthiness:
� Technical:
� Construction
� Class & statutory certificates
� Cargo
� Is vessel suitable for cargo and cargo suitable for ship
� Cooling – ventilation – cleanliness – hatch cover tightness
� Cargoworthiness = part of seaworthiness
� Voyage
� Bunkers – provisions – crew
� Spare parts
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Due Dilligence
� Due diligence = taking good/reasonable care
� In case of a claim, how to assess if due diligence was
exercised?
� Could a reasonable inspection have revealed the defect?
� If so, would a diligent ship owner have carried out repairs?
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Due Dilligence
� In case of cargo claims, hatch covers will be inspected in detail to
ensure that they were in good condition at the outset of the
voyage & that due diligence was exercised
� Hatch covers made to withstand rigours of ocean voyage without
foam and ramnek!
� Extraordinary movements/distorOon > design compression →
water in drain → onto cargo = covered by insurance
� P&I mutuality → Due diligence
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Due Dilligence
Conclusion:
� In order to avoid that the due diligence aspect can be argued, ensure that
hatch covers are able to withstand detailed scrutiny
� Easy for qualified surveyor to find evidence of poor maintenance/lack of due
diligence
� This evidence may also indicate/prove non-compliance with rules/regulations
(statutory issues)
� How to prove that due diligence was exercised? (Workshop item)
� Consider inspection by third part at regular intervals
� Leaking hatch covers – think about legal issues
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Applicable rules & conventions
� Some applicable conventions, regulation and rules related to
hatch covers:
� SOLAS
� Loadline
� MARPOL
� CSWP
� ILO/MLC
� Class
� ISM & SMS?
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Applicable rules & conventions
� Class: Seaworthiness
� Technical and strength aspects
� Statutory issues (when appointed by Flag state)
� Class + Statutory requirements = SAILING
� Industry: Contract for transporting cargo
� Contract of affreightment (charter party)
� Owner to provide seaworthy ship (incl. hatch covers)
� Most claims not for failure to provide a technically fit ship, but for failure
to comply with cargoworthiness requirements (diligence) which are part
of seaworthiness
� Class+Statutory+Industry requirements = TRADING (= $$$$)
� Class and Industry have different priorities and different
approach re-hatch cover inspections/testing27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Inspecting hatch covers
� Inspection comprises:
� Visual inspection:
� Structural condition
� Clearances/wasteage
� Maintenance (lubrication, painting,....)
� Due diligence aspect
� Testing:
� Hose test
� Ultrasonic test
� Visual inspection or testing alone is not sufficient to conclude that
hatch covers are weathertight, in good condition and that due
diligence has been exercised.
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Hatch cover testing
� Testing - Class point of view:
� Hose test (class method): sufficient to identify big leaks which may affect
seaworthiness/safety of ship and crew (check for water in hold)
� Ultrasonic testing considered as alternative testing method, subject to
IACS UR Z17 being observed
� Under IACS UR Z17, class will appoint a service supplier (but have not
attended training themselves)
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Hatch cover testing
� Testing - Industry point of view:
� Apart form ship and crew, also cargo needs to be protected to satisfy
contractual obligations
� Wetting damage to cargo should be avoided (30% of dry cargo claims
every year)
� Ultrasonic testing is preferred/required for testing hatch covers as it
provides enhanced security
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Ultrasonic testing
� Ultrasound testing is generally not well received by ship
owners/managers.
� Why?
� Lack of understanding of how ultrasound testing works
� Because there is a tendency to believe that ultrasound testing is too strict
and that no vessel can pass an ultrasonic test.
� Ultrasonic tests: how does it work?
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Ultrasonic testing
� How does it work?
� Receiver & transmitter
� OHV = reference value
� Leaks are compared against OHV
� Packing rubber
� Irregular (air/ultrasounds can pass)
� Contact & compression
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Ultrasonic W aves Generation
••
Sherlog Multi - transm itterBi-sonic mode 39,2 kHz - 39,6 kHz
Tanktop
Hatch Cover Hatch Cover
Ultrasonic testing
� Difference between hose test and ultrasonic test:
� Hose test → contact
� Ultrasonic test → compression (Demo)
� Advanced loss of compression will result in a “no- contact” situation
when at sea, allowing water to pass through the packing
rubber/compression bar interface.
� If you know that you still have compression on the packing rubber when
in port, you know that the packing will be able to compensate for relative
movement between panels and coaming and maintain contact with the
compression bar even if the vessel flexes in a seaway.
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Ultrasonic testing
� Why is ultrasonic testing providing more safety than a hose test?
� Water entry with hose test indicates lack of contact
� Hose test: only water entry - compression can not be measured
� Hose test goes primarely for cracks/defects that affect safety, but small
leakage in rubber no problem (still drain to prevent water from entering
the ship’s hold)
� US test: compression - US fail/pass criteria = 10% OHV
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Ultrasonic testing
� Ultrasonic testing: advantages:
� Indication of compression (= enhanced safety)
� Pin point accuracy (efficient & economic repairs)
� Testing with cargo in hold
� No risk for pollution
� One man operated, no interference with operations
� No weather/temperature restrictions
� No need to remove welding equipment (DD repairs)
� Reliable/repeatable results
� Tamper proof print out of test results (ship’s history & due diligence
(evidence)
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
Ultrasonic testing
� Ultrasonic testing: any drawbacks?
� Non-type approved equipment being used
� Used by non-qualified operators
� Non-calibrated
� Class not suficiently aware of ultrasound testing (use, interpretation of
results and training)
� Ultrasound testing: requirements IACS UR Z17:
� Class type approved equipment
� Qualified operator (2,5 day training course available in line with IACS Z17
requirements)
� Calibrated equipment
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
WORKSHOP
“We carried out a hose test yesterday (with very high pressure),
and there were no leaks in the holds. Now an ultrasonic test
reveals tightness problems. How is this possible?”
• Hose test = contact
• The higher the pressure, the less chance for leakage iwo the cross joints
• Ultrasonic test = compression
• With hose tests, the first thing to do is to check if there is no water leaking from the drains.
• If water leaks from drains, then there is a problem with the packing rubber (or other defects)
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
WORKSHOP
“Hatch covers can be tested with the hatch covers closed, but
without the cleats”
• Hatch covers have to be closed and battened down.
• Panel weight alone is sufficient for design compression
• Battening of the hatch covers is not only necessary to ensure that hatch covers are properly
closed, it also gives an indication of:
• Proper closing & closing sequence observed (cleats/wedges,…)
• Hatch panels properly aligned in seagoing position
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
WORKSHOP
“The hatch covers are leaking (or failing an ultrasonic test), so we
will tighten up the cleats with a key and a piece of pipe”
• Hatch covers are resting on bearing pads, so extra tightening will not improve tightness
• Excessive tightening makes the securing system too rigid and will cause failure
• Saying so is clear sign of lack of understanding of hatch cover basics
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
WORKSHOP
“The hatch covers are leaking, so we will apply Ramnek tape”:
• Hatch covers are type approved (no need for extra sealant if well designed)
• Sealing tape is a plaster on a wooden leg and indicates that the ship’s staff knows that hatch
covers are leaking.
• Ramnek may enhance corrosion, block side drains, become damaged/torn
• In case of a claim, it will be up to the ship to prove that hatch covers are tight and well
maintained, which is difficult.
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
WORKSHOP
“We have cargo damage because of leaking hatch covers. What
documentation should we present to the P&I surveyor:· Maintenance logs & test reports
· Work schedule
Reports/evidence of corrective action
. Work specifications
. Orders for spare parts
· Accounts
· Standing instructions
· Reports and correspondence
· Logbook entries
· Hatch patentee manual
· Valid (relevant) certificates
· Evidence of planning voyage.
· Proof of operating the ship in a good/seamanlike manner during the voyage
(C/C, RPM) (part of documentation to be on board as part of Owner’s SMS)
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar
WORKSHOP
“The hatch covers were found damaged/leaking so we instructed
the master/agent to look for the cheapest repair shop in the area”
• Ensure that hatch covers can pass an ultrasonic test after repairs
• Check that repairs are carried out in line with good industry practice
• Check that repairs are documented in the ship’s system
• Advise class/flagstate
• Check that original spares are used and replenish spares after repairs.
27/03/2014 Alandia Marine – Hatch Cover Seminar