Harvey Flynn

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    E-journals and

    brand name and existing supplier-buyer relationships, both of which costtime and money to acquire, and often end up running out of money (andthe abiliry to raise more money) before they can rurn a profit.

    However, some traditional businesses do face rigorous e-commercecompetition, and some fully web-based businesses have become profitable,creating new market categories in the process. In the travel industry, travelagents serve as intermediaries between the airlines and customers. As moreonline serrices such as Travelocity and Orbitz are available to connect cus-tomers with the products and services they want, the Internet often effec-tively disintermediates rravel agents, crearing new competition. The fullyweb-based online auction site eBay, which effectively launched the onlineauction market, is an example of a successful "dot.com" enterprise.

    Finding the right mixture of on-and-offline commerce is always a chal-lenge. As is the case in traditional business ventures, the experience gainedby the successes and failures of one generation of entrepreneurs can serve ascasestudies for the e-commerce leaders of the future. sEE ALso E-couunncprImnnNEr: ApprrcerroNs; Pnrvecv; SEcunruy; Wonlr Wmp Wrr.

    Tracy MullenBibliographyBrown, Keith. Tbe Interactiue Marketplace: Business-to-Bruiness Snategies for DeliaeringJast-in-Time, Mass-customized. Products. New York: McGraw-Hil[ Professiona-lPublishing, 2 00 1.Camp, L. Jean. Trast and Risk in Internet Commerce. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,2000.Tedeschi, Bob. "Divining the Nature of Business." New York Time\ October 2,2000.Internet ResourcesMendelson, F{aim. "Don't Bury E-Commerce." Stanford Business School.

    E-iournals and E-publishinElectronic journal (e-journal) publishing on the World Wide Web is a flour-ishing field, providing users with online access ro various journals. How-ever, there is still a lack of standardizatton among publishers, and users needto be aware that most journals are still published in print, therefore titlesavailable on the web often cover only a small percentage of a journal's backissues. Despite that challenge, the ease of use and universal acceptance ofthe web has ushered in e-publishing with a flurry.

    E-journals have numerous benefits compared to their print versions. Forexample, most e-journals can be accessed twenty-four hours a day, sevendays a week, making it unnecessary for users to visit libraries in order tomake copies of articles. E-journals eliminate the need to track down miss-ing hardcopies or wait for a group of issues to be bound together at thebindery to preserve them for later use. Another benefit is that manye-publishers allow users to download most articles. E-journals are also of-ten an enhanced version of their print counterparrs, with embedded linksthat add value to the journal. Some publishers make particular articles of ane-journal available electronically before the entire issue is available. one of

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    E-journals and

    applet a program com-ponent that requiresextra support at runtime from a browser orrun-time environment inorder to executedynamic links logicalconnections betweentwo objects that can bemodified if the objectsthemselves move orchange stateUniform Resource Loca-tors (URLs) referencesto documents or docu-ment containers usingthe Hypertext TransferProtocol (HTTP); con-sists of hostnames andpaths to the documentsservers computers thatdo not deal dlrectly withhuman users, butinstead handle requestsfrom other computersfor services to be per-formedlnternet Protocol (lP) amethod of organizinginformation transferbetween computers; thelP was specificallydesigned to offer low-level support to TCP(transmission controlprotocol)authentication the actof ensuring that anobject or entity is in factwhat it is intended tobe; verification of iden-tity

    the most important benefits is that multiple users at one location can accessthe same article at the same time.Many libraries are making tough choices to save shelf space and labor

    costs by canceling their print subscriptions and subscribing to electronic ver-sions only. However, they are finding that they rarely save money with thisapproach because many publishers require libraries to subscribe to the printversion in order to access the electronic version. This often adds between30 and 50 percent of the cost of the printversion alone, if not more. Also,some publishers may force a library that wants both print and electronic ac-cess to choose one or the other-they may not allow both options.

    Regardless of these problems, e-journals continue to offer several ad-vantages. For example, whereas print journals are limited to traditional sta-tic text and two-dimensional graphics, e-journals can include sound, video,Java applets, or other multimedia options. References in articles can be dy-namically linked to other works, if they are online as well. Articles can alsolist dynamic links to various examples and other sources, rather than justbeing limited to the standard citations or two-dimensional images seen inthe print versions.There are two primary criticisms of e-journals: their instability in thepublishing market and the lack of a permanent archive (backlog) for manyjournals. Common complaints include Uniform Resource Locators(LIRLs) that change frequently and servers that crash. Nso, many pub-lishers and vendors show little concern over the need to maintain a consis-tent archive of issues that are made available on the web. This is a mattelof great concern to libraries, especially if they choose to cancel print sub-scriptions in favor of access to e-journals. Libraries need to ensure that allyears of a title are available to its patrons.Relationship to Traditional ResearchA{any scholarly journals are available as e-journals. In fact, some scholarlye-journals that have a significant impact on their respective fields are avail-able for free. Attirudes toward papers published in e-journals are graduallychanging, making them more accepted. At the same time, scholars contrnueto have concerns about how to view e-journals in the peer review process,the integrity of publishing in e-journals, and the use of such publicationsfor tenure and promotion decisions. This process is evolving and changing,largely due to a rnovement underway between various scientific societies anduniversities to transform and have an impact on scholarly publishing. Lead-ing this movement is an initiative called "Scholarly Publishing and Acade-mic Resources Coalition (SPARC)" with thegoal of "returning science to scientists."Authentication and VerificationThere are primarily two methods for accessing e-journals: by password andby Internet Protocol (IP) authentication. Passwords work well for peoplewith individual subscriptions, but in a library setting, it becomes cumber-some to keep patrons apprised of password information. Therefore, althoughpasswords are an effective way to provide users with access when they areusing the journals from off-site, IP authentication is the most efficient way

    SPARCThe Scholarly Publishing andAcademic Resources Coalition(SPARC) was founded to offer anaffordable alternative to thehigh-priced scientific and high-tech journals on the marketplace.By publishing the latestscientific discoveries andresearch findings through printand online articles, SPARC helpsmeet the needs of the librarymarket. as well as the scientific,technical, and medical fields.

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    ion method, they have to inform the publisher of all the possible Ip ad-sses for their institution. IP authentication works by providing the user

    a certificate or token that certifies their identity within an-organiza-wh11 the identity of the user is verified, the user is either paied onthe publisher's server or to a server that acts as a proxy. This method cannetimes be expensive and complex, and there is a need for an orsaniza-to maintain a local server with an access control list of eligiblJ users.her challenge is that some publishers limit the number of-simultane-users, which can present its own set of problems.Another type of authentication technique built upon public keys andificates for establishing a user's identity is X.509. A use, is required toide an encrypted certificate with personar information about his or her. This certificate is then paired with the user's public key infor-that can be seen by other servers. certificates can be creaied withsoftware or received from third party organizations known as certi-authorities. certificates are sent by a web browser and authentica-is handled by a server that accepts these certificates with an access'ol list of elisible users.Kerberos is also an authentication scheme based on encrypted creden-It was created at Massachusetts Instirure of rechnotogr (&Itr; and isavailable. Kerberos uses hidden tickets that can be.rsed-over open net-for authentication. A central server with account information authen-each ticket and then passes the user through to the resources on that:r. Kerberos was developed with an important emphasis on security anda strong cryptography protocol that can be used on insecure networks.

    an institution to provide access to its e-journals for users who wanr rothe information while on-site. If organizations use the Ip authenti-

    Servers

    provide them with this common means of access.Aproxyserver works by masking remore users with the accepted Ip ad-s needed to access an e-journal restricted by an Ip address. L]sers con-their browsers to access a proxy server and are prompted toicate themselves when they link to an e-journal. Authenticatilon mayite a user's name, social security number, student identificatior, ,rrr--

    and Softwareprimary formats used for e-journals are HTML, Adobe Acrobat pDF,hword's RealPage, and sGML. pDF has become somewhat of a

    certlflcate a uniqueelectronic documentthat is used to assistauthenticationpubllc key Informailoncertain status and iden-tification informationthat pertains to a partic-ular public key (i.e., akey available for publicuse in encryption)enctypted having useda mathematical processto disguise the contentof messages transmit-tedprotocol an agreedunderstanding for thesuboperations thatmake up a transaction;usually found in thespecification of inter-computer communica-tions

    PDF the acronym forPortable DocumentFormat, developed byAdobe Corporation tofacilitate the storageand transfer of elec-tronic documents

    rxyservers are important for organizations with a dispersed group of users.example would be a university whose faculry and snrdentr tr"rrel world-for conferences, internships, and other events. These people may needs to their university library's e-journals while off-ca*prrr, and prory

    , or other unique piece of information that will identi4z a user. The mostactive feature of the proxy server is that a user can access a restricted re-from any location. The most important problem with a proxy server,:r,-is that some publishers refuse access to their e-journals by a proxywer, A-lso, if all users are funneled through a proxy server, it rnay createbotdeneck, especially if the proxy server goes down.

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    Electronic Campus

    standard for many e-journals because it is readily available, flexible, and in-expensive. But there has been litde agreement between publishers regard-ing the different formats.OrganizationsFor computer sciences, some of the key organizations that publish e-joul-nals are as follows.. ACM (fusociation for Computing Machinery) Digital Library:

    . American Mathematical Society Journals: . Cambridge Journals Online: . Elsevier Science Direct: . ID EAL :

    . IEEE Xplore: . JSTOR: . Kluwer Online : . MIT Journals Online: . Oxford University Press Journals: . Springer LINK: . Wiley InterScience: sEE ALSo Dpsxrop PurrrsHrNc; DoculreNr PnocEssrNcl EoucarroNerSorrwenp.

    Melissa 7. Hantqlnternet ResourcesE-Joumals.Org. World Wide Web lirtual Library.