Harvard System Ref.

© Research Department, CEM 2009

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The Harvard system of referencing

A guide for staff and students at the College of Estate Management

Research Department The College of Estate Management Whiteknights Reading Berkshire RG6 6AW United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 118 921 4688 Fax: +44 (0) 0118 921 4620 Email: [email protected]


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Contents

Introduction................................................................................................................................... 3 Book ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter in a book ......................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter in a book written by the editor......................................................................................... 4 Journal article ............................................................................................................................... 4 Research report............................................................................................................................ 5 Published conference proceedings .............................................................................................. 5 Unpublished conference proceedings .......................................................................................... 5 Institution as author ...................................................................................................................... 6 Unpublished thesis ....................................................................................................................... 6 Interview with researcher ............................................................................................................. 6 Personal correspondence ............................................................................................................ 6 Newspaper ................................................................................................................................... 6 Law report .................................................................................................................................... 7 Statute .......................................................................................................................................... 7 College study material.................................................................................................................. 7 DVD and video ............................................................................................................................. 7 Electronic sources ........................................................................................................................ 8 In-house seminar or presentation................................................................................................. 8 Sources in a language other than English.................................................................................... 8 Tables and figures........................................................................................................................ 8 Maps and other imagery............................................................................................................... 9 No author given ............................................................................................................................ 9 Undated source ............................................................................................................................ 9 Several supporting sources.......................................................................................................... 9 Several publications by the same author in the same year........................................................ 10 Secondary referencing ............................................................................................................... 10 List of references........................................................................................................................ 11 Bibliography................................................................................................................................ 13 International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN) ........................................................................... 13


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Introduction The College uses only the Harvard system of referencing, both in its guidance to students and within its own research publications. This statement therefore reflects a common approach to presentation of references for all College purposes.

The Harvard system of referencing has certain conventions. It is important to understand that material needs to be referenced both in the text and in the list of references, and that the items of information in each location vary. The following demonstrates the appropriate method of citing a range of source material which is likely to be used. Please take note of variations in font (use of italics) and also punctuation.

Book One author

In the text: ‘Plimmer (1998) describes ...’ or ‘It is clear from previous research (Plimmer 1998) that ...’

In the list of references: Plimmer F (1998) Rating Law and Valuation, Harlow: Longman.

Two authors

In the text: ‘In their advice on managing your supervisor, Phillips and Pugh (2000) recommend …’

In the list of references: Phillips E M and Pugh D S (2000) How to Get a PhD: A Handbook for Students and their Supervisors (3rd edn), Buckingham: Open University Press.

Note: This example uses a text which is a third edition, but this information is provided only within the full reference.

More than two authors

In the text: ‘Dixon et al. (2005) consider that ...’ or ‘It is recommended (Dixon et al. 2005) that ...’

In the list of references: Dixon T, Thompson B, McAllister P, Marston A and Snow J (2005) Real Estate and the New Economy: The Impact of Information and Communications Technology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.


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Chapter in a book One author

In the text: ‘Dabson (2000) states that ...’

In the list of references: Dabson A (2000) ‘Managing the journey to work’, in B Nutt and P McLennan (eds) Facility Management: Risks and Opportunities, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.


In the text: ‘Panayiotou et al. (1999: 166) discuss the importance of ...’

In the list of references: Panayiotou P A, Plimmer F, Panayi A and Jenkins D (1999) ‘Immovable property taxation in Cyprus’, in W J McCluskey (ed.) Property Tax: An International Comparative Review, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 163–188.

Note: The reference here includes the range of page numbers of the document within the list of references. The page number in the text refers specifically to the point made in the source document and should always be included if a quotation is taken from the text.

Chapter in a book written by the editor In the text: ‘As Franzsen and McCluskey (2005) argue …’

In the list of references: Franzsen R C D and McCluskey W J (eds) (2005) ‘Land value taxation – concluding remarks’, in Land Value Taxation: An Applied Analysis, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 253–258.

Journal article One author

In the text: ‘Russell (2003) reviews the effect of ...’

In the list of references: Russell H J G (2003) ‘Keeping the door open’, The Journal of the RICS Building Surveying Faculty, 9, January–February.

Two authors

In the text: ‘Plimmer and Pottinger (2006: 119) argue that ...’


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In the list of references: Plimmer F and Pottinger G (2006) ‘Valuation “accuracy” within the Right to Buy process’, Journal of Building Appraisal, 2(2), 102–125.

Note: This paper is published in Volume 2, Issue 2, the issue number being shown in brackets.


In the text: ‘Goodall et al. (forthcoming) reject the contention that ...’

In the list of references: Goodall B, Pottinger G, Dixon T and Russell H (forthcoming) ‘Heritage property, tourism, and the Disability Discrimination Act’, Property Management, special issue, 22(5).

Note: This reference also demonstrates the treatment of a text which has been accepted for publication but has not yet been published.

Research report In the text: ‘Research (Kenney et al. 2006) has demonstrated that ...’

In the list of references: Kenney S, Pottinger G, Plimmer F and Pocock Y (2006) Flood Risk and Property: Impacts on Commercial and Residential Stakeholders’ Strategies, Reading: The College of Estate Management. Available at: www.cem.ac.uk/research/files/flooding.pdf [Accessed 10 April 2007].

Note: This document was accessed from the Internet, and both the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and the date accessed should be provided.

Published conference proceedings In the text: ‘Dabson et al. (2007) consider that ...’

In the list of references: Dabson A, Plimmer F and Waters M (2007) Ethics for Surveyors: What are the Problems?, Proceedings of the FIG Working Week, 13–17 May 2007, Hong Kong, China. Available at: www.figww2007.hk/html/technical.php [Accessed 18 April 2007].

Unpublished conference proceedings In the text: ‘Plimmer and Leverton (2002) recommend that ...’

In the list of references: Plimmer F and Leverton P (2002) Enabling the Supply of Development Land: A Case Study of the Land Authority of Wales, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Seminar on Land Speculation, Cambridge MA, USA, March.


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Institution as author In the text: ‘The Red Book (RICS 2006) recommends that ...’

In the list of references: RICS (2006) Appraisal and Valuation Manual, London: RICS. Available at: www.rics.org [Accessed 10 April 2007].

Unpublished thesis In the text: ‘Edwards (2007: 108) demonstrates that …’

In the list of references: Edwards G J O (2007) Governing Sustainable Communities: The New Urban Development Corporations and the Politics of Urban Regeneration in the Thames Gateway, Unpublished PhD Thesis, King’s College London, University of London.

Interview with researcher In the text: ‘Expert opinion (Daly 2003) considers that ...’

In the list of references: Daly J E (2003) Interviewed by the author, 17 June.

Personal correspondence In the text: ‘Selby (2008) is of the view that ...’

In the list of references: Selby I (2008) Personal email correspondence with the author, 9 February.

Note: This form of wording can be adapted for other forms of correspondence.

Newspaper In the text: ‘Keenan (2009) warns of the risk …’

In the list of references: Keenan M (2009) ‘Property crisis has moved from slump to crash’, The Sunday Times, 25 January. Available at: http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/article5575874.ece [Accessed 18 February 2009].


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Law report In the text: ‘In Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932) the decision was …’

In the list of references: Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562

This case has been cited from a volume of law reports. Cases cited from the Estates Gazette adopt a different house style and you should reflect the style of the source, whether law reports or journals, which was current at the date of the reference. Each journal has its own house style, which you should seek to replicate. Finally, you should also recognise the difference between Estates Gazette, the journal, and The Estates Gazette, the publisher.

When the date is used to identify the volume, it should be put in square brackets. However, the date should be put in round brackets when it is provided as additional information about the date of the judgment. The Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) is a guide to the citation of sources of law, and is available at: www.law.ox.ac.uk/published/oscola.shtml

Statute In the text: ‘Schedule 1 of the DDA 1995 (Office of Public Sector Information 1995) provides guidance as to the meaning of “impairment” …’

In the list of references: Office of Public Sector Information (1995) Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c. 50). Available at: www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/Ukpga_19950050_en_1 [Accessed 18 February 2009].

College study material In the text: ‘It is important to distinguish quantitative and qualitative theory from quantitative and qualitative data (CEM 2008).’

In the list of references: CEM (2008) Introduction to the nature of research, Paper 0655, Reading: The College of Estate Management.

DVD and video In the text: ‘Wilcox (1998) describes the situation …’

In the list of references: Wilcox D (1998) The Battle for Docklands: The Story of London Docklands: One of the World’s Greatest Regeneration Projects [video], Desmond Wilcox Productions.


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Electronic sources Refer to ‘Research report’, ‘Published conference proceedings’, ‘Institution as author’ and ‘No author given’ above for examples. The presentation of citations of electronic sources should follow the above styles, with the author being a named individual, the organisation responsible for the website or ‘Anon.’, and the organisation responsible for the website being shown as the publisher. The date of publication, if not provided clearly within the text, should be the last date the site was revised (normally found at the end of the site page) or ‘undated’. You should also include the URL (in normal black font, with no underlining) and the date on which you accessed the online publication, in case it is subsequently revised and updated.

In-house seminar or presentation Material sourced from in-house seminars and the like should be presented in the text in the normal format of: author (year) in the text, and author, year, title of the event, in-house seminar, organisation, in the list of references. Refer to ‘Unpublished conference proceedings’ above for an example.

Sources in a language other than English Where you are citing from a source which is not written in English, then you should treat that source in the same way as if it had been written in English, i.e. follow the above guidance depending on the nature of the source. The details should be written in the original language.

Tables and figures Like any other statement of fact, tables, figures and other graphics need to be referenced, or sourced, as shown below:

In the text: Figure XXX Gross incurred claims – Domestic and commercial property

0500

1000150020002500300035004000

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Year

(£m

illio

n)

Domestic SubsidenceWeatherBusiness InterruptionFireTheft

Source: ABI (2001)

In the list of references: ABI (2001) Flooding: A Partnership Approach to Protecting People, London: Association of British Insurers.


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Where a graphic is created from primary data (i.e. data which you have collected and analysed yourself), there is no need to provide any source or reference citation.

Maps and other imagery In the text: ‘The details shown (Ordnance Survey 1974) indicate …’

In the list of references: Ordnance Survey (1974) Taunton and Lyme Regis, [Map], Landranger 193, 1:50,000, Southampton: Ordnance Survey Office.

In the text: ‘The exterior of the building (Bramley 1990) demonstrates …’

In the list of references: Bramley R (1990) Tai-An [Watercolour], Private Collection.

No author given In the text: ‘News reports (for example, Anon. 2005) confirm that ...’

In the list of references: Anon. (2005) Final coastal erosion work begins, BBC News, 15 July. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/4694905.stm [Accessed 10 April 2007].

Undated source Where there is no indication of a date on the material you wish to reference, replace the year with the term ‘undated’ thus:

In the text: ‘According to Smith (undated: 7–8), there are compelling reasons for not developing below the 5m contour at or near coasts …’

In the list of references: Smith P (undated) Sustainable Futures Sub-committee. Design within a Climate of Change. Four Papers on Sustainability, London: RIBA.

Several supporting sources It may be that you have several sources supporting the same point, and there are several ways of demonstrating this, as follows:

In the text: ‘Indeed, some authors dispute the fact that climate change is occurring at all (Barnett 2004; Murray 2008).’

Alternatively:


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‘Indeed, some authors dispute the fact that climate change is occurring at all (for example, Murray 2008; see also Barnett 2004).’

In the list of references: Barnett A (2004) ‘Greenhouse effect may benefit man’, Observer on Sunday, 28 November, 13.

Murray I (2008) ‘An issue of science and economics’, in A Logomasini (ed.) The Environmental Source, Washington: Competitive Enterprise Institute, 107–119. Available at: http://cei.org/envirosource [Accessed 2 April 2009].

Several publications by the same author in the same year In the text: ‘McNeill (1999a) considers that ...’

In the list of references: McNeill W N (1999a) ‘Being there: Experiences of a pilot videoconference with distance learning students in Hong Kong’, Habitat, Newsletter of the CTI Centre for the Built Environment, 7, spring. Available at: www.cebe.heacademy.ac.uk/learning/habitat/HABITAT7/videocon.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2008].

In the text: ‘It is clear from research (McNeill 1999b) that ...’

In the list of references: McNeill W N (1999b) Bridging the millennium: Can small and medium sized independents survive in the global technological jungle?’ Paper presented at the 19th World Conference of the International Council for Distance Education, Vienna, 22 June.

Note: Such publications should be listed in the order in which they are cited in the text.

Secondary referencing Every effort should be made to read the original source. Where this is not possible, both authors and the relationship between the sources should be shown in the text. Only the source read should be included in the list of references.

In the text: ‘Bell (1999: 10, citing Nisbet and Watt 1980: 5) points out that a case study can illustrate the full picture of the interaction of factors and events, by providing a practical example.’

Alternatively:

‘Nisbet and Watt (1980: 5, cited in Bell 1999: 10) point out that a case study can illustrate the full picture of the interaction of factors and events, by providing a practical example.’

In the list of references: Bell J (1999) Doing Your Research Project (3rd edn), Buckingham: Open University Press.


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List of references The list of references should be one list in alphabetical order based on the authors’ family name, with no distinction made between the different sources of literature (e.g. books, journal articles, websites, law reports). To sort into alphabetical order, highlight the references, click on ‘Table’, then ‘Sort’ and click ‘OK’ to alphabetise. You should not number the citations, nor present them as footnotes within your work.

List of references: ABI (2001) Flooding: A Partnership Approach to Protecting People, London: Association of British Insurers.

Anon. (2005) Final coastal erosion work begins, BBC News, 15 July. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/4694905.stm [Accessed 10 April 2007].

Barnett A (2004) ‘Greenhouse effect may benefit man’, Observer on Sunday, 28 November, 13.

Bell J (1999) Doing Your Research Project (3rd edn), Buckingham: Open University Press.

Bramley R (1990) Tai-An [Watercolour], Private Collection.

CEM (2008) Introduction to the nature of research, Paper 0655, Reading: The College of Estate Management.

Dabson A (2000) ‘Managing the journey to work’, in B Nutt and P McLennan (eds) Facility Management: Risks and Opportunities, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.

Dabson A, Plimmer F and Waters M (2007) Ethics for Surveyors: What are the Problems?, Proceedings of the FIG Working Week, 13–17 May 2007, Hong Kong, China. Available at: www.figww2007.hk/html/technical.php [Accessed 18 April 2007].

Daly J E (2003) Interviewed by the author, 17 June.

Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c. 50). Available at: www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/Ukpga_19950050_en_1 [Accessed 18 February 2009].

Dixon T, Thompson B, McAllister P, Marston A and Snow J (2005) Real Estate and the New Economy: The Impact of Information and Communications Technology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562.

Edwards G J O (2007) Governing Sustainable Communities: The New Urban Development Corporations and the Politics of Urban Regeneration in the Thames Gateway, Unpublished PhD Thesis, King’s College London, University of London.

Franzsen R C D and McCluskey W J (eds) (2005) ‘Land value taxation – concluding remarks’, in Land Value Taxation: An Applied Analysis, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 253–258.

Goodall B, Pottinger G, Dixon T and Russell H (forthcoming) ‘Heritage property, tourism, and the Disability Discrimination Act’, Property Management, special issue, 22(5).


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Keenan M (2009) ‘Property crisis has moved from slump to crash’, The Sunday Times, 25 January. Available at: http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/article5575874.ece [Accessed 18 February 2009].

Kenney S, Pottinger G, Plimmer F and Pocock Y (2006) Flood Risk and Property: Impacts on Commercial and Residential Stakeholders’ Strategies, Reading: The College of Estate Management. Available at: www.cem.ac.uk/research/files/flooding.pdf [Accessed 10 April 2007].

Murray I (2008) ‘An issue of science and economics’, in A Logomasini (ed.) The Environmental Source, Washington: Competitive Enterprise Institute, 107–119. Available at: http://cei.org/envirosource [Accessed 2 April 2009].

McNeill W N (1999a) ‘Being there: Experiences of a pilot videoconference with distance learning students in Hong Kong’, Habitat, Newsletter of the CTI Centre for the Built Environment, 7, spring. Available at: www.cebe.heacademy.ac.uk/learning/habitat/HABITAT7/videocon.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2008].

McNeill W N (1999b) Bridging the millennium: Can small and medium sized independents survive in the global technological jungle? Paper presented at the 19th World Conference of the International Council for Distance Education, Vienna, 22 June.

Office of Public Sector Information (1995) Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c. 50). Available at: www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/Ukpga_19950050_en_1 [Accessed 18 February 2009].

Ordnance Survey (1974) Taunton and Lyme Regis, [Map], Landranger 193, 1:50,000, Southampton: Ordnance Survey Office.

Panayiotou P A, Plimmer F, Panayi A and Jenkins D (1999) ‘Immovable property taxation in Cyprus’, in W J McCluskey (ed.) Property Tax: An International Comparative Review, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 163–188.

Phillips E M and Pugh D S (2000) How to Get a PhD: A Handbook for Students and their Supervisors (3rd edn), Buckingham: Open University Press.

Plimmer F (1998) Rating Law and Valuation, Harlow: Longman.

Plimmer F and Leverton P (2002) Enabling the Supply of Development Land: A Case Study of the Land Authority of Wales, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Seminar on Land Speculation, Cambridge MA, USA, March.

Plimmer F and Pottinger G (2006) ‘Valuation “accuracy” within the Right to Buy process’, Journal of Building Appraisal, 2(2), 102–125.

RICS (2006) Appraisal and Valuation Manual, London: RICS. Available at: www.rics.org [Accessed 10 April 2007].

Russell H J G (2003) ‘Keeping the door open’, The Journal of the RICS Building Surveying Faculty, 9, January–February.

Selby I (2008) Personal email correspondence with the author, 9 February.

Smith P (undated) Sustainable Futures Sub-committee. Design within a Climate of Change. Four Papers on Sustainability, London: RIBA.


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Wilcox D (1998) The Battle for Docklands: The Story of London Docklands: One of the World’s Greatest Regeneration Projects [video], Desmond Wilcox Productions.

Bibliography A bibliography is a list of all the references that you have used (presented in the manner set out above), plus any other sources that you may have accessed in compiling your work but have not quoted from or referred to in the text. Sometimes, you may be asked to provide both a list of references and a bibliography at the end of your work.

International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN) The International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. Two formats are currently in use – a 10 and a 13 digit ISBN identifier.

CEM students should not include ISBN identifiers in the list of references.

However, CEM academic staff should provide the ISBN in their teaching material, as this is used by the CEM Editorial team to create a hyperlink directly to the book on Amazon. Please provide the ISBN-13 if one is available, otherwise the ISBN-10 should be used.

Harvard System Ref.

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