HARVARD SUMMER PROGRAM IMMUNOLOGY PROJECT ELIZABETH MICK BELFAST AREA HIGH SCHOOL BELFAST, MAINE...

HARVARD SUMMER PROGRAMHARVARD SUMMER PROGRAMIMMUNOLOGY PROJECTIMMUNOLOGY PROJECT

ELIZABETH MICKELIZABETH MICK

BELFAST AREA HIGH SCHOOLBELFAST AREA HIGH SCHOOL

BELFAST, MAINEBELFAST, MAINE

JULY 2004JULY 2004(REFERENCES ON LAST SLIDE)(REFERENCES ON LAST SLIDE)

WHAT WERE THESE RECENT TOPICS?WHAT WERE THESE RECENT TOPICS?

EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION WHY DO SCIENTISTS BELIEVE LIFE HAS EVOLVED?WHY DO SCIENTISTS BELIEVE LIFE HAS EVOLVED? IN THE PAST WHAT WAS THE BIGGEST EVIDENCE FOR IN THE PAST WHAT WAS THE BIGGEST EVIDENCE FOR

EVOLUTION?EVOLUTION? WHAT MODERN TOOLS/KNOWLEDGE DO SCIENTISTS WHAT MODERN TOOLS/KNOWLEDGE DO SCIENTISTS

LOOK FOR KNOW?LOOK FOR KNOW?

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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VIRUSES----------BACTERIAVIRUSES----------BACTERIA

LIVING?LIVING? WHY NOT?WHY NOT? WHY ARE VIRUSES WHY ARE VIRUSES

IMPORTANT TO IMPORTANT TO LIVING BEINGS?LIVING BEINGS?

LIVING?LIVING? WHICH KINGDOMS WHICH KINGDOMS

ARE BACTERIA IN?ARE BACTERIA IN? WHAT TYPE OF WHAT TYPE OF

CELLS ARE CELLS ARE BACTERIA?BACTERIA?

HOW LONG HAVE BACTERIA AND HOW LONG HAVE BACTERIA AND VIRUSES BEEN AROUND?VIRUSES BEEN AROUND?

MILLIONS OF YEARS?MILLIONS OF YEARS? DO THEY EVOLVE OR ADAPT?DO THEY EVOLVE OR ADAPT? HOW MANY VIRUSES ARE THERE? HOW MANY VIRUSES ARE THERE?

BACTERIA?BACTERIA? WHY ARE WE STILL ALIVE?WHY ARE WE STILL ALIVE?

HOW DO WE SURVIVE 1,000,000’S HOW DO WE SURVIVE 1,000,000’S OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES?OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES?

WHAT IS AN IMMUNE SYSTEM?WHAT IS AN IMMUNE SYSTEM? AFTER AN ANIMAL DIES - WHAT AFTER AN ANIMAL DIES - WHAT

HAPPENS WITHIN A MONTH?HAPPENS WITHIN A MONTH? YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS DOING AN YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS DOING AN

INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF WORK, INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF WORK, USUALLY WITHOUT YOU EVEN USUALLY WITHOUT YOU EVEN REALIZING ITREALIZING IT

WHEN DO PEOPLE USUALLY THINK WHEN DO PEOPLE USUALLY THINK ABOUT THEIR IMMUNE SYSTEM?ABOUT THEIR IMMUNE SYSTEM?

WHERE IS YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM WHERE IS YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM LOCATED IN YOUR BODY? HAVE YOU LOCATED IN YOUR BODY? HAVE YOU HEARD OF THESE ORGANS BEFORE?HEARD OF THESE ORGANS BEFORE?



WOW, YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS WOW, YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS EVERYWHERE!!EVERYWHERE!!

ONE OF THE BIGGEST PARTS OF ONE OF THE BIGGEST PARTS OF YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM WASN’T YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM WASN’T LOCATED ON THAT PICTURE - WHAT LOCATED ON THAT PICTURE - WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE DO YOU THINK IS THE 1ST LINE OF 1ST LINE OF DEFENSEDEFENSE AGAINST BACTERIA AND AGAINST BACTERIA AND VIRUSES ENTERING YOUR BODY?VIRUSES ENTERING YOUR BODY?

YOUR SKIN!! THE 1ST LINE OF YOUR SKIN!! THE 1ST LINE OF DEFENSE IN YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEMDEFENSE IN YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

WHERE CAN BACTERIA AND VIRUSES WHERE CAN BACTERIA AND VIRUSES GET PAST THE SKIN WHEN IT ISN’T GET PAST THE SKIN WHEN IT ISN’T

CUT?CUT? MOUTH - WHAT’S IN YOUR MOUTH MOUTH - WHAT’S IN YOUR MOUTH

THAT COULD STOP THEM?THAT COULD STOP THEM? EYES - WHAT’S IN YOUR EYES THAT EYES - WHAT’S IN YOUR EYES THAT

COULD STOP THEM?COULD STOP THEM? NOSE - WHAT’S IN YOUR NOSE THAT NOSE - WHAT’S IN YOUR NOSE THAT

COULD STOP THEMCOULD STOP THEM HOW/WHY DID SALIVA, TEARS HOW/WHY DID SALIVA, TEARS

(LYSOZYME), AND MUCUS DEVELOP?(LYSOZYME), AND MUCUS DEVELOP?

WHY DO WE NEED ANYTHING WHY DO WE NEED ANYTHING BESIDES SKIN?BESIDES SKIN?

IF A BACTERIA OR VIRUS DOES GET INTO IF A BACTERIA OR VIRUS DOES GET INTO THE BODY, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTS THE BODY, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTS IT AS A FOREIGN IT AS A FOREIGN ANTIGENANTIGEN AND WANTS TO AND WANTS TO ELIMINATE IT BEFORE IT CAN MAKE ITSELF ELIMINATE IT BEFORE IT CAN MAKE ITSELF A HOME AND REPLICATEA HOME AND REPLICATE

IF THE VIRUS OR BACTERIA IS ABLE TO IF THE VIRUS OR BACTERIA IS ABLE TO REPLICATE AND STARTS CAUSING REPLICATE AND STARTS CAUSING PROBLEMS, YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS IN PROBLEMS, YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS IN CHARGE OF ELIMINATING ITCHARGE OF ELIMINATING IT

WHERE ARE THESE IN YOUR BODY WHERE ARE THESE IN YOUR BODY AGAIN?AGAIN?



THYMUS

SPLEEN

LYMPH SYSTEMBONE MARROW

THE THYMUS!THE THYMUS!

LOCATED DOWN FROM YOUR NECK LOCATED DOWN FROM YOUR NECK BETWEEN YOUR BREASTBONE AND BETWEEN YOUR BREASTBONE AND YOUR HEARTYOUR HEART

WHERE A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD WHERE A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL CALLED CELL CALLED T- CELL LYMPHOCYTES T- CELL LYMPHOCYTES NEED TO MATURENEED TO MATURE

ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT

FOR DEVELOPING BABIESFOR DEVELOPING BABIESQuickTime™ and a

TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.

THE SPLEENTHE SPLEEN

LOCATED ABOVE THE STOMACH AND LOCATED ABOVE THE STOMACH AND BELOW THE DIAGPHRAGM (LUNGS)BELOW THE DIAGPHRAGM (LUNGS)

ITS JOB IS TO FILTER YOUR BLOOD ITS JOB IS TO FILTER YOUR BLOOD LOOKING FOR FOREIGN CELLS LOOKING FOR FOREIGN CELLS (ANTIGENS)(ANTIGENS)

WHAT DO YOU THINK A PERSON WHAT DO YOU THINK A PERSON WITHOUT A SPLEEN WOULD WITHOUT A SPLEEN WOULD

HAVE HAPPEN MORE OFTEN?HAVE HAPPEN MORE OFTEN? QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor


THE LYMPH SYSTEMTHE LYMPH SYSTEM YOU’VE PROBABLY HEARD OF LYMPH NODES, DID YOU’VE PROBABLY HEARD OF LYMPH NODES, DID

YOU KNOW THEY WERE ALL OVER YOUR BODY?YOU KNOW THEY WERE ALL OVER YOUR BODY? NODES ARE CONNECTED BY LYMPH VESSELS NODES ARE CONNECTED BY LYMPH VESSELS

WHICH CARRIES A FLUID CALLED WHICH CARRIES A FLUID CALLED LYMPHLYMPH (LIKE (LIKE YOUR BLOOD VESSELS CARRYING BLOOD)YOUR BLOOD VESSELS CARRYING BLOOD)

MAIN JOB = FILTER AND REMOVE BACTERIAMAIN JOB = FILTER AND REMOVE BACTERIA GET HELP FROM MANY LYMPHOCYTESGET HELP FROM MANY LYMPHOCYTES

(WBCS) THAT STAY IN THE NODES(WBCS) THAT STAY IN THE NODES WHY DO YOUR LYMPH NODES SWELLWHY DO YOUR LYMPH NODES SWELL

WHEN YOU ARE SICK?WHEN YOU ARE SICK?QuickTime™ and a


THE BONE MARROWTHE BONE MARROW

PRODUCES NEW BLOOD CELLS, BOTH PRODUCES NEW BLOOD CELLS, BOTH RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCS) AND RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCS) AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCS)WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCS)

YOUR YOUR WHITE BLOOD CELLSWHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR YOUR EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM!!IMMUNE SYSTEM!!



WHITE BLOOD CELLSWHITE BLOOD CELLS

YOU HAVE HEARD OF RED BLOOD CELLSYOU HAVE HEARD OF RED BLOOD CELLS THERE ARE 5 MAJOR TYPES OF WHITE THERE ARE 5 MAJOR TYPES OF WHITE

BLOOD CELLS! - MANY WITH FUNNY NAMESBLOOD CELLS! - MANY WITH FUNNY NAMES NEUTROPHILS, LYMPHOCYTES, NEUTROPHILS, LYMPHOCYTES,

MONOCYTES, EOSINOPHILS AND MONOCYTES, EOSINOPHILS AND BASOPHILS - THEY HAVE DIFFERENT JOBS BASOPHILS - THEY HAVE DIFFERENT JOBS SO YOU WILL NEED TO KNOW SOME OF SO YOU WILL NEED TO KNOW SOME OF THEIR NAMES BESIDES JUST WHITE BLOOD THEIR NAMES BESIDES JUST WHITE BLOOD CELLS.CELLS.

NEUTROPHILNEUTROPHIL

MOST OF YOUR WBCS ARE NEUTROPHILSMOST OF YOUR WBCS ARE NEUTROPHILS BONE MARROW PRODUCES TRILLIONS OF BONE MARROW PRODUCES TRILLIONS OF

THEM EVERYDAY, THEY GENERALLY LIVE THEM EVERYDAY, THEY GENERALLY LIVE LESS THAN A DAYLESS THAN A DAY

ATTRACTED TO FOREIGN PARTICLES, ATTRACTED TO FOREIGN PARTICLES, INFLAMMATION, AND BACTERIAINFLAMMATION, AND BACTERIA

SEARCHES OUT AND DESTROYS!SEARCHES OUT AND DESTROYS! WHAT DO YOU THINK PUS IS?WHAT DO YOU THINK PUS IS?



EOSINOPHILS AND BASOPHILSEOSINOPHILS AND BASOPHILS

MUCH LESS COMMONMUCH LESS COMMON EOSINOPHILS FOCUS ON PARASITES!EOSINOPHILS FOCUS ON PARASITES! BASOPHILS CARRY HISTAMINE AND BASOPHILS CARRY HISTAMINE AND

HELP CAUSE INFLAMMATIONHELP CAUSE INFLAMMATION WHY WOULD INFLAMMATION HELP AN WHY WOULD INFLAMMATION HELP AN

INFECTION?INFECTION?



MONOCYTESMONOCYTES

MONOCYTES END UP BEING CALLED A MONOCYTES END UP BEING CALLED A VARIETY OF NAMES SUCH AS VARIETY OF NAMES SUCH AS MACROPHAGES AND DENDRITESMACROPHAGES AND DENDRITES

THESE WBCS LIKE TO CLEAN UPTHESE WBCS LIKE TO CLEAN UP THEY INGEST BACTERIA, THEY INGEST BACTERIA,

MICROBES, DUST, SMOKE, DEAD MICROBES, DUST, SMOKE, DEAD NEUTROPHILS - NEUTROPHILS - PHAGOCYTOSISPHAGOCYTOSIS

ANIMATIONANIMATION http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimahttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanima

t/cellstructures/cell.swft/cellstructures/cell.swf



MONOCYTES - MACROPHAGES AND MONOCYTES - MACROPHAGES AND DENDRITES - DENDRITES - PHAGOCYTOSISPHAGOCYTOSIS







LYMPHOCYTESLYMPHOCYTES

AT THE MOMENT, LYMPHOCYTES ARE AT THE MOMENT, LYMPHOCYTES ARE GOING TO BE THE MOST COMPLICATEDGOING TO BE THE MOST COMPLICATED

T LYMPHOCYTES AND B LYMPHOCYTEST LYMPHOCYTES AND B LYMPHOCYTES T HELPER AND T CYTOTOXICT HELPER AND T CYTOTOXIC

LYMPHSLYMPHS B PLASMA AND B MEMORYB PLASMA AND B MEMORY

LYMPHSLYMPHS QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor


T HELPER LYMPHOCYTE T HELPER LYMPHOCYTE JOBJOB

T HELPER LYMPHS - ACTIVATED BY T HELPER LYMPHS - ACTIVATED BY MACROPHAGES/DENDRITESMACROPHAGES/DENDRITES

T HELPER LYMPHS THEN SEND OUT T HELPER LYMPHS THEN SEND OUT PROTEIN MESSENGERS TO ACTIVATE PROTEIN MESSENGERS TO ACTIVATE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS, B CELLS AND CYTOTOXIC T CELLS, B CELLS AND MORE T HELPER LYMPHOCYTES!MORE T HELPER LYMPHOCYTES!



QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor


T CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTE JOBT CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTE JOB

T CYTOTOXIC LYMPHS (KILLER T CELLS) T CYTOTOXIC LYMPHS (KILLER T CELLS) ARE ACTIVATED BY T HELPER ARE ACTIVATED BY T HELPER MESSENGERSMESSENGERS

T CYTOTOXIC LYMPHS SEARCH OUT AND T CYTOTOXIC LYMPHS SEARCH OUT AND DESTROY CELLS INFECTED WITH THAT DESTROY CELLS INFECTED WITH THAT BACTERIA ANTIGEN (OR VIRUS, WORM, BACTERIA ANTIGEN (OR VIRUS, WORM, ETC)ETC)



QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor


B LYMPHOCYTESB LYMPHOCYTESB PLASMA CELLS AND B MEMORY CELLSB PLASMA CELLS AND B MEMORY CELLS

ACTIVATED BY FOREIGN ANTIGENS, MACROPHAGES AND T ACTIVATED BY FOREIGN ANTIGENS, MACROPHAGES AND T HELPER LYMPH MESSENGERSHELPER LYMPH MESSENGERS

B PLASMA CELLS WILL MAKE SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES TO THE B PLASMA CELLS WILL MAKE SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES TO THE INVADING BACTERIA (VIRUS, WORM, ETC.)INVADING BACTERIA (VIRUS, WORM, ETC.)

B MEMORY CELLS WILL HANG OUT AND REMEMBER THAT B MEMORY CELLS WILL HANG OUT AND REMEMBER THAT FOREIGN ANTIGEN IN CASE IT INFECTS THE BODY AGAIN --> FOREIGN ANTIGEN IN CASE IT INFECTS THE BODY AGAIN --> QUICKLY PRODUCING PLASMA B CELLS TO MAKE QUICKLY PRODUCING PLASMA B CELLS TO MAKE ANTIBODIES AGAINST THE ANTIBODIES AGAINST THE

INVADER!INVADER!





ANTIBODIES!ANTIBODIES!


are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a


WHAT ARE VACCINATIONS?WHAT ARE VACCINATIONS?

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU ARE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU ARE EXPOSED TO A FOREIGN ANTIGEN?EXPOSED TO A FOREIGN ANTIGEN?

WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF YOU NOW ARE WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF YOU NOW ARE EXPOSED AGAIN?EXPOSED AGAIN?

WHAT THINGS HAVE YOU BEEN WHAT THINGS HAVE YOU BEEN VACCINATED AGAINST?VACCINATED AGAINST?

YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM!YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM!WHAT ARE SOME OF YOUR NEW WHAT ARE SOME OF YOUR NEW

WORDS IN YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM?WORDS IN YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM?



AND HOW DOES EVOLUTION FIT IN?AND HOW DOES EVOLUTION FIT IN?

DO ALL LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE DO ALL LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE IMMUNE SYSTEM?IMMUNE SYSTEM?

CAN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS BE CAN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS BE INFECTED BY THE SAME VIRUS?INFECTED BY THE SAME VIRUS?

CAN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS BE CAN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS BE INFECTED BY THE SAME BACTERIA?INFECTED BY THE SAME BACTERIA?

WHAT COULD THIS TELL SCIENTISTS?WHAT COULD THIS TELL SCIENTISTS?

SO TELL ME WHAT SO TELL ME WHAT HAPPENS NEXT!HAPPENS NEXT!



Invader antigens are everywhere!

What does it need to get by?

Skin!

neutrophils Monoctyes(macrophages)

T - Helper lymphs

MoreT - Helper lymphs!

Cytotoxic T lymphs

B lymphs

Memory B cells

Plasma B cells

Antibodies!!

Invader dies!

Invader dies!!

Invader dies!!





CAN YOU THINK OF ANY WAY THE CAN YOU THINK OF ANY WAY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS INTERESTING TO IMMUNE SYSTEM IS INTERESTING TO

YOU?YOU? COLDS?COLDS? FLUS?FLUS? WORMS?WORMS? CANCER?CANCER? AUTOIMMUNITY?AUTOIMMUNITY? ALLERGIES?ALLERGIES? TESTING FOR SOME OF THE NASTY TESTING FOR SOME OF THE NASTY

CRITTERS THAT CAN INFECT YOU?CRITTERS THAT CAN INFECT YOU?

Invader antigens are everywhere!

What does it need to get by?

Skin!

neutrophils Monoctyes(macrophages)

T - Helper lymphs

MoreT - Helper lymphs!

Cytotoxic T lymphs

B lymphs

Memory B cells

Plasma B cells

Antibodies!!

Invader dies!

Invader dies!!

Invader dies!!





REFERENCESREFERENCES

Campbells Biology http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/

bookbind/pubbooks/campbell6e_awl/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell6e_awl/chapter0/deluxe.htmlchapter0/deluxe.html

http://science.howstuffworks.com/immune-http://science.howstuffworks.com/immune-system.htmsystem.htm

http://www.biologymad.com/Immunology/http://www.biologymad.com/Immunology/inflammation.jpginflammation.jpg

http://denniskunkel.comhttp://denniskunkel.com

HARVARD SUMMER PROGRAM IMMUNOLOGY PROJECT ELIZABETH MICK BELFAST AREA HIGH SCHOOL BELFAST, MAINE...

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