Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing System - Guide and Examples

When presenting your research paper, it is important that you provide references to the

sources of information you have used in your research. Referencing is a method of

acknowledging the contributions and work of others in your writing. You will have to provide

brief information in the text and full bibliographic details of all SOURCES consulted in your

Reference List at the end of your piece of work.

The Harvard Referencing System is an author-date system for citing and referencing

sources of information.

This guide provides examples of In-text citation and referencing according to the Harvard

Referencing System for various information sources.

BOOKS, JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS

BOOKS

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any). Place:

Publisher.

One Author

In-Text Citation Reference List

(Schaefer, 2011) OR Schaefer (2011)

Schaefer, R. T., 2011. Sociology: a brief introduction. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

Library

Two Authors


(Witzany and Baluka, 2012) OR Witzany and Baluka (2012)

Witzany, G. and Baluka, F., 2012. Biocommunication of plants. New York: Springer.

Three To Five Authors


(Solomon, Bamossy and Hogg, 2006) OR Solomon, Bamossy and Hogg (2006)

Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S. and Hogg, M. K., 2006. Consumer behavior: a European perspective. 3rd ed. Harlow: Financial Times.

More Than Five Authors


(Jull, et al., 2008) OR Jull, et al (2008)

Jull, et al. 2008. Whiplash headache and neck pain: research-based directions for physical therapies. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston.

Book With No Author In-Text Citation Reference List

(Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, p. 86).

Oxford English Dictionary.1989. 2nd ed. Oxford: Claren don Press.

Corporate Authors In-Text Citation Reference List

First citation: (Malaysia Airline System Berhad [MAS], 2011) Subsequent citations: (MAS, 2011)

Malaysia Airline System Berhad, 2011. Annual report. Kuala Lumpur: MAS.

Multiple Works Published By The Same Author In The Same Year of publication In-Text Citation Reference List

(Hac, 2003a, 2003b) OR Hac (2003a, 2003b)

Hac, A., 2003a. Mobile telecommunications protocols

for data networks. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

Hac, A., 2003b. Wireless sensor network designs. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

TRANSLATED BOOKS

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of book (italicized). Translated from

(language) by (surname of translator, included initials first, then surname). Edition (if any).

Place: Publisher.


(Dupuy, 2009) Dupuy, J. P., 2009. On the origins of cognitive science: the mechanization of the mind. Translated from French by M. B. DeBevoise. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

EDITED BOOKS

Format

Authors surname, Initials, ed., Year of publication, Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any).

Place: Publisher.


(Sjostrand, 1993)

Sjostrand, S. ed., 1993. Institutional change: theory and empirical findings. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

(Pike and Sarkar, 1986) Pike, E. R. and Sarkar, S., eds., 1986. Frontiers in

quantum optics. Bristol: Adam Hilger. Note: use eds. if more than 1 editor.

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Format

Chapter authors surname, Initials. In: Book editor(s) initials followed by surnames with ed.

or eds. After the last surname. Year of publication, Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any).

Place: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by fullstop.


(Howard, 1998)

Howard, S., 1998. Verbal Protocol Analysis. In: B. Henderson-Sellers, A. Simons and H. Younessi, (eds.). The Open Process Specification. Sydney: Addison-Wesley, Ch.2.

(Vygotsky, 1991) Vygotsky, L. S., 1991. Genesis of the higher mental

functions. In: P. Light, S. Sheldon, & M. Woodhead, (eds.). 2001. Learning to think. London: Routledge, pp. 32- 41.

E-BOOKS

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of book (italicized). [E-book] Place:

Publisher. Available through: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website

http://library.utar. edu.my [Accessed date].


(Wolf, 2012) Wolf, M. J., 2012. Before the crash. [E-book] Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Available through: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website http://library.utar.edu.my [Accessed 4 December 2012]. Note: E-book through UTAR Library Website, e.g. Morgan & Claypool Synthesis.

(Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009) Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. Research

methods for business students, [E-book] Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. Available at: Google Books [Accessed 19 July 2010]. Note: E-book available freely from Google.

JOURNAL ARTICLES (PRINTED)

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of journal article. Title of journal

(italicized), Volume, Issue or number, Page number(s).


(Lamb and Kling, 2003) Lamb, R. and Kling, R., 2003. Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems

research, MIS Quarterly 27(2), pp. 197-198.

(Huffman, 1996) Huffman, L, M., 1996. Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient. Food Technology, 50(2), pp. 49-52. Note: use pp. if more than 1 page.

JOURNAL ARTICLES (ONLINE / ELECTRONIC)

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication, Title of journal article. Title of journal

(italicized), [Type of medium] Volume, Issue or number, Page number(s), if available.

Available through: Source [Accessed date].


(Jin and Cheng, 2011) Jin, Y. and Cheng, Y., 2011. Chemical engineering in China: past, present, and future. Chemical Engineering Progress, [E-journal] 107(4), Available through Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website http://library. utar.edu.my/. [Accessed 1 May 2012].

MAGAZINE OR JOURNAL ARTICLES, WHICH ARE FREELY AVAILABLE

ON THE INTERNET

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication, Title of article. Title of magazine or journal

(italicized), [Online] Available at: Source [Accessed date].


(Gommans, 2001) Gommans, M., 2001. From brand loyalty to e-loyalty: a conceptual framework, Journal of Economic and Social Research, [online] Available at: . [Accessed1 July 2012].

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (PRINTED)

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of article or column header. Title of

Newspaper (italicized). Day and month before page numbers and column line.


(Prakash, 2012) Prakash, M., 2012. Get ready for touch screen revolution. New Straits Times, 1 Dec. p. B6.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (ONLINE)

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of article or column header. Title of

Newspaper (italicized), [Type of medium] Additional date information. Available at: url

[Accessed date].


(Chow, 2012) Chow, B. H., 2012. Building an innovative society. The Star Online, [Online] 5 Dec. Available at: http://thestar.com. my/cus/ 12389549&sec = focus [Accessed 1 December 2012].

OTHER TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES

CONFERENCE PAPERS (PRINTED)

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title. Conference surname (italicized).

Location, Date, Place: Publisher.


(Fledelius, 2000)

Fledelius, H. C., 2000. Myopia and significant visual

impairment: global aspects. Proceedings of the 7th

International Conference on Myopia. Taipei, 17-20

November, 1998. Tokyo: Springer, pp. 31-37.

Note: Published conference paper. In-Text Citation Reference List

(Brown and Caste, 2003) Dutta. T. and Mallick, D., 2012. Spiritual based

intervention among adolescent drug users: an innovative challenge, paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Behavioral & Social Science Research, 2 November 2012, Kampar: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Note: For unpublished conference paper, the title is not italicized.

CONFERENCE PAPERS (ONLINE)

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title. Conference surname (italicized).

Available at: Source [Accessed date].


(Lord, 2009)

Lord, J., 2009. What do consumers say? Changing attitudes, changing strategies: reaching Chinas dynamic consumer markets. American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai Conference, Shanghai, 15 October. AMCHAM-Shanghai. Available at: http://www.amcham-shanghai.org/add-ons/marketingconference//default.aspx [Accessed 1 August 2012].

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS (PRINTED)

Format Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of dissertation (italicized). Level.

Official name of University.


(Teh, 2003) The, C. S., 2003. A third world feminist reading of selected Malaysian novels in English. PhD Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Malaysia.

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS (ONLINE)

Format Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of dissertation (italicized). Level.

Institution issuing degree. Available through Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library

Website http://library.utar.edu.my [Accessed date].


(Ernesto, 2010) Ernesto, D, A., 2010. Multidisciplinary collaborative model for complex biomedical engineering design projects. MSc. The University of Texas. Available through Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website http://library.utar.edu.my [Accessed 22 May 2012].

REPORTS (PRINTED)

Format Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication, Title of report (italicized), Place: Publisher.


(Mortimer and Cox, 1999) Mortimer, M., & Cox, M., 1999. Contaminants in mud crabs and sediments from the Maroochy River. Environment technical report no. 25, Brisbane: Department of Environment.

REPORTS (ONLINE)

Format

Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication, Title of report (italicized). [Type of medium] Available at: url [Accessed date]. In-Text Citation Reference List

(Scientific Committee on Health, 1998) Scientific Committee on Health. 1998. Report on

tobacco and health [pdf]. London: Scientific Committee on Health. Available at: http://www. archive.officialdocuments.co.uk /document/doh/ tobacco/part-l.htm [Accessed 2 November 2011].

PATENT

Format Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of patent (italicized). Number of patent including country of issue. In-Text Citation Reference List

(Cookson, 1985) Cookson, A, H., 1985. Particle trap for compressed

gas insulated transmission systems. US Patent 4554399.

STANDARDS

Format Corporate body. Year of publication. Identifying letters and numbers and full title of BS (italicized). Place: Publisher. In-Text Citation Reference List

(British Standards Institute, 2002, p.5) British Standards Institute, 2002. BS11623:2001

Transportable gas cylinders. Milton Keynes: BSI.

DVD, VIDEO OR FILM

Format Full title of DVD or Video (italicized). Year of publication. [Type of medium] Director. Country: Filmstudio or maker. (Other relevant details). In-Text Citation Reference List

Unleashing creativity (2005) Unleashing creativity. 2005. [DVD] Directed by

Phyllis Lane. Stanford, CA: Bigger Picture Productions.

Homeopathy mystery of healing (2007) Homeopathy mystery of healing. 2007. [Video] Directed by Timothy Dooley. Harrington Park, N.J.: Janson Media.

Days and clouds (2010) Days and clouds. 2010. [Film] Directed by Lionello Cerri. USA: Film Movement.

UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Format An unpublished work may be a collection of personal research notes; an unpublished thesis; a manuscript; an unpublished paper given at a conference; etc. If there is no identifiable author, use the title of the unpublished work.


(Arokiasamy, 2008) Arokiasamy, L., 2008. Workforce diversity: a human resource development perspective towards organizational performance, lecture note distributed in the unit Organizational Behavior at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Note: The title is not italicized.

(Rose and Ramagnano, 2013) Rose, L. and Ramagnano, S., (in press) Emergency nurse responsibilities for mechanical ventilation: a national survey. Journal of Emergency Nursing. (Accepted for publication January 2013). Note: The title is not italicized.

WEBSITES

Format Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of page (italicized). [Type of medium]

Available at: include web pages address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].

Website With Author


(Albanese, 2009) Albanese, A., 2009. Fairer compensation for air traveler. [Online]. Available at: http://www. minister.infrastructure.go. au/releases /2009 [Accessed 11 October 2012].

Website Without Author


(Behaviour modification, 2007)

Behaviour modification. 2007. [Online]. Available at: http://www.educational.org.uk/behaviour.html [Accessed 24 December 2011].

Website With Institutional Or Organizational Author


(Queensland Health, 2009) Queensland Health, 2009. Sun safety and physical activity. [Online]. Available at: http://access.health. qld.gov.au/hid/SkinHealth/Sun Safety/SunSafety AndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp [Accessed 21 April 2012].

Website With No Date Of Publication In-Text Citation Reference List

(Bliss, n.d.) Bliss, S. E., n.d. The effect of emotional intelligence on

a modern organizational leaders ability to make effective decisions. [Online]. Available at: http://eqi. org/mgtpaper.htm [Accessed 4 March 2010].

Blog


(Lynn, 2009) Lynn, K., 2009. Accelerating permafrost melt poses significant environmental risks, [Blog] 28 November. Available at: http://bigthink.com/ideafeed [Accessed 23 June 2009].

PICTURES, IMAGES AND PHOTOGRAPHS Format Artist/Photographer's surname, Year of publication. Title (italicized). [Type of medium] Collection Details (Place, url, etc.) In-Text Citation Reference List

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2002)

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2002. Volcano. [Photograph] London: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2002.

(Tang, 2011) Tang, C. S. 2011. A Cambodian man rows a boat near a collapsed house in Takeo province [electronic print] Available at: http://www. channel newsasia.com/ stories/ afpasiapacific/ view/1155114/1/.html [Accessed on 26th December 2012].

TABLES OR DIAGRAMS

If the table is reproduced entirely, should be included in the reference list. In-Text Citation

Masters, 2000. p. 83 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Format If the information you are referencing was obtained by a personal communication such as telephone call, interview or email, provide as much detail as possible and note the nature of the communication. In-Text Citation

(Janna, 2003)

QUOTATIONS

Format

For a direct quotation from an author,

date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets

In-Text Citation

Smith (1992, p.45), stated that "............" OR Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this (Smith, 1992, p. 45).

If the table is reproduced entirely, place the citation below the table. Full detailsshould be included in the reference list.

Reference List

Masters, J. R. W., 2000. Animal cell culture: a practical approach. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

If the information you are referencing was obtained by a personal communication such as telephone call, interview or email, provide as much detail as possible and note the

Reference List Janna, H., 2012. Discussion on influenza A virus transmission directly from birds to humans. (Personal communication, 13, January 2012).

from an author, enclose this in quotation marks, and give the author,

date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets.

Reference List

else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of

Smith, F., 1992. To think: in language, learning and education. London: Routledge.

place the citation below the table. Full details

Animal cell culture: a practical . 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

If the information you are referencing was obtained by a personal communication such as telephone call, interview or email, provide as much detail as possible and note the

Discussion on influenza A virus transmission directly from birds to humans. [email] (Personal communication, 13, January 2012).

and give the author,

hink: in language, learning and

SECONDARY SOURCES

Format If you have not read a particular source but it was referred to in another work, cite both the original source and the secondary source where you have referred to. In-Text Citation Reference List

(Gibbs 1981, cited in Bowden & Marton, 1998, p.

35).

Bowden, J and Marton, F., 1998. The university of

learning. London: Kogan Page.

Note: The reference list at the end of your document should only contain works that you have read.

For more information on the Harvard Referencing System, please see our Reference Librarian

Last updated 22Feb 2013

Harvard Referencing

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