Harvard References - Examples

Examples of Harvard referencesARCHIVE MATERIALS (primary sources eg diaries, manuscipts)

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) (capitals) TURNER, P.S., 2 Year of publication of the

item 1906.

3 Title (italics) Image of an artist.4 Material type [manuscript]. 5 Collection in which the item

is held Holden Collection.

6 Shelf mark 600. 7 Archive or library in which

the item is held Holden Library.

8 City in which the archive or library is located

London.

Citation in your text:

(Turner 1906)

Or, if you have quoted directly:

(Turner 1906 p. 24)Reference list/bibliography:

TURNER, P.S., 1906. Image of an artist. [manuscript]. Holden Collection. 600. Holden Library. London.

CD-ROM

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) (capitals) THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2 Year of publication 2007. 3 Title (italics) Aberdeen city and shire.4 Format [CD-ROM]. 5 City of publication Aberdeen: 6 Publisher Cinecosse.


(The Robert Gordon University 2007)Reference list/bibliography:

THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2007. Aberdeen city and shire. [CD-ROM]. Aberdeen: Cinecosse.

Videocassette or DVD

Element Example, including punctuation1 Title (italics) Stephen Fry: the secret life of the manic depressive,2 Year of publication 2006. 3 Format [videocassette]. or [DVD]. 4 City of publication London: 5 Publisher British Broadcasting Corporation.


(Stephen Fry: the Secret Life of the Manic Depressive 2006)Reference list/bibliography:

Stephen Fry: the secret life of the manic depressive, 2006. [videocassette]. London: British Broadcasting Corporation.

Book with one author

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author (capitals) GRUSHKIN, P., 2 Year of publication 1991. 3 Title of the book (italics) The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk.4 Edition (if not the first

edition) 2nd ed.

5 City of publication New York, NY: 6 Publisher Artabras.


(Grushkin 1991)


(Grushkin 1991 p. 15)Reference list/bibliography:

GRUSHKIN, P., 1991. The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Artabras.

Book with two authors

Element Example, including punctuation1 Authors (capitals) PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R., 2 Year of publication 1985. 3 Title of the book (italics) Petroleum spills in the marine environment: the chemistry and

formation of water-in-oil emulsions and tar balls.4 Edition (if not the first

edition) 5 City of publication Chelsea, MI: 6 Publisher Lewis Publishers.


(Payne and Phillips 1985)


(Payne and Phillips 1985 p. 18)Reference list/bibliography:

PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R., 1985. Petroleum spills in the marine environment: the chemistry and formation of water-in-oil emulsions and tar balls. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.

Book with three authors

Element Example, including punctuation1 Authors (capitals) BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M., 2 Year of publication 2005. 3 Title of the book (italics) Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the video nasty era.4 Edition (if not the first

edition) 5 City of publication Guildford: 6 Publisher FAB.


(Brewster, Fenton and Morris 2005)


(Brewster, Fenton and Morris 2005 p. 21)Reference list/bibliography:

BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M., 2005. Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the video nasty era. Guildford: FAB.

Book with more than three authors

Element Example, including punctuation1 Authors (capitals) ROEDER, K. et al., 2 Year of publication 1967. 3 Title of the book (italics) Nerve cells and insect behavior.4 Edition (if not the first

edition) 5 City of publication Cambridge, MA: 6 Publisher Harvard University Press.


(Roeder et al. 1967)


(Roeder et al. 1967 p. 23) Reference list/bibliography:

ROEDER, K. et al., 1967. Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Book with an organisation as author

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author (capitals) ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT

BRITAIN, 2 Year of publication 2006. 3 Title of the book (italics) Medicines, ethics & practice: a guide for pharmacists &

pharmacy technicians.4 Edition (if not the first

edition) 30th ed.

5 City of publication London: 6 Publisher Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.


(Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 2006)


(Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 2006 p. 34) Reference list/bibliography:

ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 2006. Medicines, ethics & practice: a guide for pharmacists & pharmacy technicians. 30th ed. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.

Book with a government department as author

Element Example, including punctuation1 Country (capitals) GREAT BRITAIN. 2 Government department

(capitals) HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE,

3 Year of publication 2001. 4 Title of the book (italics) Health and safety in care homes.5 Edition (if not the first

edition) 6 City of publication Sudbury: 7 Publisher Health and Safety Executive.


(Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive 2001)


(Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive 2001 p. 37)Reference list/bibliography:

GREAT BRITAIN. HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE, 2001. Health and safety in care homes. Sudbury: Health and Safety Executive.

Book with one editor

Element Example, including punctuation1 Editor (capitals) STANGOS, N., ed., 2 Year of publication 1981. 3 Title of the book (italics) Concepts of modern art.4 Edition (if not the first

edition) revised ed.

5 City of publication London: 6 Publisher Thames and Hudson.


(Stangos 1981)


(Stangos 1981 p. 42)Reference list/bibliography:

STANGOS, N., ed., 1981. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson.

Book with two editors

Element Example, including punctuation1 Editors (capitals) SKINNER, D. and DRISCOLL, P., eds., 2 Year of publication 2007. 3 Title of the book (italics) ABC of major trauma.4 Edition (if not the first

edition) 4th ed.

5 City of publication London: 6 Publisher BMJ.


(Skinner and Driscoll 2007)


(Skinner and Driscoll 2007 p. 44)Reference list/bibliography:

SKINNER, D. and DRISCOLL, P., eds., 2007. ABC of major trauma. 4th ed. London: BMJ.

Edited book which is not the first edition (revised, expanded etc)

Element Example, including punctuation1 Editor(s) (capitals) COATES, D., ed., 2 Year of publication 2004. 3 Title of the book (italics) Understanding cancer of the large bowel (colon and rectum).4 Edition (if not the first


5 City of publication London: 6 Publisher Cancerbackup.


(Coates 2004)


(Coates 2004 p. 1)Reference list/bibliography:

COATES, D., ed., 2004. Understanding cancer of the large bowel (colon and rectum). revised ed. London: Cancerbackup.

One chapter of an edited book

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author of the chapter

(capitals) GOLDING, J.,

2 Year of publication 1981. 3 Title of the chapter Cubism. 4 In: 5 Editor(s) of the book

(capitals) N. STANGOS, ed.

6 Title of the book (italics) Concepts of modern art.7 Edition (if not the first


8 City of publication London: 9 Publisher Thames and Hudson. 10 Page reference of the

chapter pp. 50-78.


(Golding 1981)


(Golding 1981 p. 53)Reference list/bibliography:

GOLDING, J., 1981. Cubism. In: N. STANGOS, ed. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 50-78.

COMMITTEE REPORTS

Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of the committee

(capitals) NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY INTO HIGHER EDUCATION,

2 Year of publication of the report

1997.

3 Title of the report (italics) Higher education in the learning society.4 Chairman of the committee (Chairman: Sir Ron Dearing). 5 City of publication London: 6 Publisher The Stationery Office.


(National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education 1997)


(National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education 1997 para. 9.6)Reference list/bibliography:

NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY INTO HIGHER EDUCATION, 1997. Higher education in the learning society. (Chairman: Sir Ron Dearing). London: The Stationery Office.

Set of conference proceedings as a whole

Element Example, including punctuation1 Editor(s) (capitals) BENNETT, R., ed., 2 Year of publication 2003. 3 Theme name of the

conference (italics) New challenges for corporate and marketing communications.

4 (italics) Proceedings of the5 Name of conference (italics) Eighth International Conference on Corporate and

Marketing Communications.6 Dates on which the

conference was held 7-8 April 2003.

7 City of publication of the conference proceedings

London:

8 Publisher London Metropolitan University.


(Bennett 2003)


(Bennett 2003 p. 15)Reference list/bibliography:

BENNETT, R., ed., 2003. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University.

One conference paper from a set of conference proceedings

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) of the individual

paper (capitals) DOUKAKIS, I., PROCTOR, T. and PROCTOR, S.,

2 Year of publication of the conference proceedings

2003.

3 Title of the individual paper Creativity and advertising. 4 In: 5 Editor(s) of the conference

proceedings (capitals) R. BENNETT, ed.

6 Theme name of the conference (italics)

New challenges for corporate and marketing communications.

7 (italics) Proceedings of the8 Name of conference (italics) Eighth International Conference on Corporate and

Marketing Communications.9 Dates on which the

conference was held 7-8 April 2003.

10 City of publication of the conference proceedings

London:

11 Publisher London Metropolitan University. 12 Page reference of the

individual paper pp. 54-63.


(Doukakis, Proctor and Proctor 2003)


(Doukakis, Proctor and Proctor 2003 p. 58)Reference list/bibliography:

DOUKAKIS, I., PROCTOR, T. and PROCTOR, S., 2003. Creativity and advertising. In: R. BENNETT, ed. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University. pp. 54-63.

Dictionary with author(s)

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) or editor(s)

(capitals) SINGLETON, P.,

2 Year of publication 2008. 3 Title of dictionary (italics) Dictionary of DNA and genome technology.4 Edition (if not first edition) 5 City of publication Malden, MA: 6 Publisher Blackwell.


(Singleton 2008)

Or, if you are quoting directly:

(Singleton 2008 p. 26)Reference list/bibliography:

SINGLETON, P., 2008. Dictionary of DNA and genome technology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

ILLUSTRATIONS (referred to but not reproduced in your work)

You may refer in your text to a graph, table, map, photograph etc which you have seen in a book, journal article etc.

In this case the sentence in your text should make clear the type of illustration you are referring to and the citation in your text should include a page reference and a figure number, table number etc if there is one.

For example, if the illustration is the work of the author of the book etc you have seen it in... Donnan's graph (2000 p. 371 fig 30.4) shows that the majority of patients ...

or, if the illustration is by someone other than the author of the book etc in which you have seen it

... Fiddes's photograph (Ellington 2001 p. 94 fig. 1) is a fine example of ...

Illustration taken from a book where the author of the book is also the author of the illustration

Illustrations would include graphs, tables, non-artistic photographs etc

Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of author(s) (capitals) LAWLOR, D.W., 2 Year of publication 1987. 3 Title of the book (italics) Photosynthesis: metabolism, control and physiology.4 Edition (if not the first

edition) 5 City of publication New York, NY: 6 Publisher John Wiley & Sons Inc. Citation in your text:

(Lawlor 1987 p. 58, table 4.1)Reference list/bibliography:

LAWLOR, D.W., 1987. Photosynthesis: metabolism, control and physiology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Illustration taken from a journal article where the author of the article is also the author of the illustration


Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of author(s) (capitals) MCSHERRY, D., 2 Year of publication 2005. 3 Title of the article Retrieval failure and recovery in recommender systems. 4 Title of the journal in which

the article was published (italics)

Artificial Intelligence Review,

5 Volume number 24 6 Issue number (3-4), 7 Page reference for the article pp. 319-338.


(McSherry 2005 p. 325 fig. 2)Reference list/bibliography:

MCSHERRY, D., 2005. Retrieval failure and recovery in recommender systems. Artificial Intelligence Review, 24(3-4), pp. 319-338.

Illustration taken from a web page where the author of the page is also the author of the illustration


Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of author(s) (capitals) THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2 Year of publication 2008. 3 Title of the web page

(italics) The university.

4 [online]. 5 City of publication Aberdeen: 6 Publisher The Robert Gordon University. 7 Available from: 8 URL (address of the web

page) http://www.rgu.ac.uk/governance/who/

9 Date you looked at the web page

[Accessed 15 January 2008].


(The Robert Gordon University 2008)Reference list/bibliography:

THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2008. The university. [online]. Aberdeen: The Robert Gordon University. Available from: http://www.rgu.ac.uk/governance/who/ [Accessed 15 January 2008].

http://www.rgu.ac.uk/governance/who/

http://www.rgu.ac.uk/governance/who/

Illustration taken from a journal article where the author of the article is NOT the author of the illustration


Element Example, including punctuation1 Name(s) of author(s) of the

illustration (capitals) COX, S.,

2 Year of publication of the illustration

2008.

3 Title of the illustration Keys and locks fixed to the shutters of Dragon by the National Trust.

4 In: 5 Author(s) of the journal

article (capitals) J. HOWARD,

6 Date of publication of the journal article

2008.

7 Title of the journal article Snowshill Manor: the spirit of place and visitor. 8 Title of the journal in which


Journal of Architectural Conservation,

9 Volume number 14 10 Issue number (1), 11 Page reference of the article pp. 7-32. 12 Page reference for the

illustration p. 23.


(Cox 2008)Reference list/bibliography

COX, S., 2008. Keys and locks fixed to the shutters of Dragon by the National Trust. In: J. HOWARD, 2008. Snowshill Manor: the spirit of place and visitor. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 14(1), pp. 7-32. p. 23.

Illustration taken from a web page where the author of the page is NOT the author of the illustration


Element Example, including punctuation1 Name(s) of author(s) of the

illustration (capitals) PIKE, T.,

2 Year of publication of the illustration

2008.

3 Title of the illustration 'Marsquake' sensor. 4 In: 5 Author(s) or editor(s) of the

web page (capitals) BBC NEWS,

6 Year of publication of the web page

2008.

7 Title of the web page (italics)

Phoenix diary: mission to Mars.

8 [online]. 9 City of publication of the

web page London:

10 Publisher of the web page BBC News. 11 Available from: 12 URL (address of web page) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7408033.stm13 Date you looked at the web

page [Accessed 24 June 2008].


(Pike 2008)Reference list/bibliography

PIKE, T., 2008. 'Marsquake' sensor. In: BBC NEWS, 2008. Phoenix diary: mission to Mars. [online]. London: BBC News. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7408033.stm [Accessed 24 June 2008].

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7408033.stm

Newspaper cartoon

Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of cartoonist

(capitals) WILLIAMS, K.,

2 Year of publication 2008. 3 Title of the cartoon Underlaying trend. 4 [cartoon]. 5 Title of the newspaper

(italics) Guardian.

6 Day and month of publication

2 July.

7 Page reference p. 28.


(Williams 2008)Reference list/bibliography

WILLIAMS, K., 2008. Underlaying trend. [cartoon]. Guardian. 2 July. p. 28.

Interview which you have conducted

Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of person interviewed

(capitals) MATHIESON, A.,

2 Year of interview 2004. 3 Title of the interview

(italics) The provision of information to prisoners in Scotland.

4 [interview]. 5 Date on which the interview

was conducted 25 June.


(Mathieson 2004)Reference list/bibliography:

MATHIESON, A., 2004. The provision of information to prisoners in Scotland. [interview]. 25 June.

Interview which you have conducted and recorded

Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of person interviewed

(capitals) TEMPLETON, E.,

2 Year of interview 2008. 3 (italics) Interview with4 Name of interviewer and the

date of the interview (italics)

C. Brown on 10 July.

5 City where the interview was conducted

Aberdeen.

6 [Recording in possession of author]. Citation in your text:

(Templeton 2008)Reference list/bibliography:

TEMPLETON, E., 2008. Interview with C. Brown on 10 July. Aberdeen. [Recording in possession of author].

Journal article with one author

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author of the article

(capitals) CHRISTIANSEN, K.,

2 Year of publication 2005. 3 Title of the article Going for baroque: bringing 17th-century masters to the Met. 4 Title of the journal in which


Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin,

5 Volume number 62 6 Issue number (3), 7 Page reference of the article pp. 3-48.


(Christiansen 2005)


(Christiansen 2005 p. 22)Reference list/bibliography:

CHRISTIANSEN, K., 2005. Going for baroque: bringing 17th-century masters to the Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 62(3), pp. 3-48.

Journal article with no author given

Element Example, including punctuation1 Title of journal British Medical Journal. 2 Year of publication 2002. 3 Title of the article 21st-century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. 4 Title of the journal in which


British Medical Journal,

5 Volume number 325 6 Issue number (7357), 7 Page reference of the article p. 184.


(British Medical Journal 2002)


(British Medical Journal 2002 p. 184)Reference list/bibliography:

British Medical Journal. 2002. 21st-century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. British Medical Journal, 325(7357), p. 184.

Journal article printed in a supplement to an issue

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) (capitals) GLAUSER, T.A., 2 Year of publication 2002. 3 Title of the article Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. 4 Title of the journal in which


Neurology,

5 Volume number 58 6 Issue and supplement

numbers (12, supplement 7),

7 Page reference of the article pp. S6-S12.


(Glauser 2002)


(Glauser 2002 p. S8)Reference list/bibliography:

GLAUSER, T.A., 2002. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology, 58(12, supplement 7), pp. S6-S12.

Lecture

Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of lecturer (capitals) REID, P.H., 2 Year of lecture 2008. 3 Title of lecture (italics) Local studies.4 [lecture]. 5 Title of module Reference and Inquiry Services module. 6 Name of teaching institution The Robert Gordon University, 7 Department of the teaching

institution Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School,

8 Room in which the lecture was delivered

room FOM 225,

9 Date on which the lecture was delivered

25 January.


(Reid 2008)Reference list/bibliography:

REID, P.H., 2008. Local studies. [lecture]. Reference and Inquiry Services module. The Robert Gordon University, Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School, room FOM 225, 25 January.

Lecture notes

Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of lecturer (capitals) REID, P.H., 2 Year of lecture 2008. 3 Title of lecture and module

code Local studies, BSM061.

4 [lecture notes]. 5 Title which appears on the

lecture notes themselves (may by the same as the title of the lecture) (italics)

Local studies.

6 Title of module Reference and Inquiry Services module. 7 Name of teaching institution The Robert Gordon University, 8 Department of the teaching

institution Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School,

9 Room in which the lecture was delivered

room FOM 225,

10 Date on which the lecture was delivered

25 January.


(Reid 2008)


(Reid 2008 p. 5)Reference list/bibliography:

REID, P.H., 2008. Local studies, BSM061. [lecture notes]. Local studies. Reference and Inquiry Services module. The Robert Gordon University, Department of Information Management, Aberdeen Business School, room FOM 225, 25 January.

Newspaper article

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) (capitals) REID, R., 2 Year of publication 2007. 3 Title of the article Dons fan threatens legal action: disappointed student claims

to have spent three hours on phone trying to buy ticket. 4 Title of the newspaper in

which the article was published (italics)

Press and Journal,

5 Date of publication 24 October, 6 Page reference of the article p. 6.


(Reid 2007)Reference list/bibliography:

REID, R., 2007. Dons fan threatens legal action: disappointed student claims to have spent three hours on phone trying to buy ticket. Press and Journal, 24 October, p. 6.

Newspaper article with no author given

Element Example, including punctuation1 Title of newspaper Times. 2 Year of publication 2007. 3 Title of the article Flu risk to ducks. 4 Title of the newspaper in

which the article was published (italics)

Times,

5 Date of publication 24 October, 6 Page reference of the article p. 4.


(Times 2007)Reference list/bibliography:

Times. 2007. Flu risk to ducks. Times, 24 October, p. 4.

Book available online only

Use only if the book is NOT available on paper.

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) (capitals) FRAZER, J.G., 2 Year of publication 1922. 3 Title of the book (italics) The golden bough.4 Edition (if not the first

edition) 5 [online]. 6 City of publication New York, NY: 7 Publisher Macmillan. 8 Available from: 9 URL (web page address) http://www.bartleby.com/196/168.html10 Date you looked at the book

online [Accessed 17 December 2007].


(Frazer 1922)


(Frazer 1922 p. 25)

NB Page numbers are not always given in online materials. If you cannot find a page reference leave it out of the citation.Reference list/bibliography:

FRAZER, J.G., 1922. The golden bough. [online]. New York, NY: Macmillan. Available from: http://www.bartleby.com/196/168.html [Accessed 17 December 2007].

http://www.bartleby.com/196/168.html

http://www.bartleby.com/196/168.html

Journal article available online only

Use only if the article is NOT available on paper.

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) (capitals) GSTEU, M., 2 Year of publication 2003. 3 Title of the article The tree: a symbol of life. 4 Title of the journal in which


PSA Journal.

5 [online]. 6 Volume number 69 7 Issue number (1), 8 Page reference pp. 19-25. 9 Available from: 10 URL (web page address) http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1306/ 11 Date that you looked at the

article online [Accessed 3 January 2008].


(Gsteu 2003)


(Gsteu 2003 p. 22)


GSTEU, M., 2003. The tree: a symbol of life. PSA Journal. [online]. 69(1), pp. 19-25. Available from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1306/is_1_69/ai_96621024 [Accessed 3 January 2008].

NB Page numbers are not always given in online materials. If you cannot find a page reference leave it out of the citation and reference.

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1306/is_1_69/ai_96621024

Web page where you can identify a personal author

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) (capitals) MULVEY, S., 2 Year of publication 2006. 3 Title of the web page

(italics) Chernobyl's continuing hazards.

4 [online]. 5 City of publication London: 6 Publisher BBC News. 7 Available from: 8 URL (address of web page) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/9 Date you looked at the web

page [Accessed 16 February 2006].


(Mulvey 2006)


(Mulvey 2006 p. 4)


MULVEY, S., 2006. Chernobyl's continuing hazards. [online]. London: BBC News. Available from: http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm [Accessed 16 February 2006].

http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/

Web page where you CANNOT identify a personal author

Element Example, including punctuation1 Owner of the web site

(capitals) UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. COLLEGE OF MEDICINE,

2 Year of publication 2007. 3 Title of the web page

(italics) Patient care.

4 [online]. 5 City of publication Gainesville, FL: 6 Publisher University of Florida. 7 Available from: 8 URL (address of web page) http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml9 Date you looked at the web

page [Accessed 13 December 2007].


(University of Florida. College of Medicine 2007)


(University of Florida. College of Medicine 2007 p. 9)


UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, 2007. Patient care. [online]. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Available from: http://www.med.ufl/edu/patients/index.shtml [Accessed 13 December 2007].

http://www.med.ufl/edu/patients/index.shtml

http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml

Blog

Element Example, including punctuation1 Name of the owner of the

blog (capitals) ROBINSON, N.,

2 Year of the posting to which you are referring

2008.

3 Title of blog entry (italics) One year on ...4 [online]. 5 Date the blog entry was

written 27 June 2008.

6 Available from: 7 URL (address of web page) http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/8 Date you looked at the blog

entry [Accessed 1 July 2008].


(Robinson 2008)Reference list/bibliography:

ROBINSON, N., 2008. One year on ... [online]. 27 June 2008. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ [Accessed 1 July 2008].

http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/

Discussion list

Element Example, including punctuation1 Sender of discussion posting

(capitals) MORGAN, K.,

2 Year of publication 2007. 3 Title of the discussion

posting (italics) Teaching referencing skills.

4 [online]. 5 Date the posting was written 24 April 2007. 6 Name of discussion list RefZone Discussion List. 7 Available from: 8 URL (address of web page) http://www.Staffs.ac.uk/RefZoneLISTS 9 Date you looked at the

discussion list [Accessed 1 July 2008].


(Morgan 2007)Reference list/bibliography:

MORGAN, K., 2007. Teaching referencing skills. [online]. 24 April 2007. RefZone Discussion List. Available from: http://www.Staffs.ac.uk/RefZoneLISTS [Accessed 1 July 2008].

http://www.staffs.ac.uk/RefZoneLISTS

Podcast

Element Example, including punctuation1 Originator of podcast

(individual or organisation) (capitals)

BBC WORLD SERVICE,

2 Year of distribution 2008. 3 Title of podcast (italics) Africa today.4 [online]. 5 Day and date of the podcast 1 July 2008. 6 Available from: 7 URL (address of web page) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/podcasts/africa/8 Date you looked at the

podcast [Accessed 2 July 2008].


(BBC World Service 2008)Reference list/bibliography:

BBC WORLD SERVICE, 2008. Africa today. [online]. 1 July 2008. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/podcasts/africa/ [Accessed 2 July 2008].

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/podcasts/africa/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/podcasts/africa/

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS (conversations, letters, e-mails etc)

A citation for a personal communication is inserted into your text giving:

In capitals the name of the person from whom you received the communication (if this does not occur naturally in your text);

In the case of letters or e-mails this can be indicated as "by letter" or "by e-mail";

The words "personal communication";

The date the communication took place.

For example:

(BROWN, C., personal communication. 27 June 2008)

or

(BROWN, C., personal communication by letter. 27 June 2008)

or, if the name occurs naturally in your text,

Chris Brown (personal communication by e-mail. 27 June 2008) has decided he hates referencing.

NB. Personal communications are NOT included in your reference list/bibliography at the end of your work.

Print thesis or dissertation

A thesis or dissertation available only in print is considered to be unpublished.

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author (capitals) RENCKEN, D.W., 2 Year of approval of the

degree by the awarding institution

1991.

3 Title of the thesis or dissertation (italics)

A quantitative model for adaptive task allocation in human-computer interfaces.

4 Type of thesis or dissertation

Unpublished D. Phil thesis,

5 Name of the degree awarding institution

University of Oxford.


(Rencken 1991)


(Rencken 1991 p. 17)Reference list/bibliography:

RENCKEN, D.W., 1991. A quantitative model for adaptive task allocation in human-computer interfaces. Unpublished D. Phil thesis, University of Oxford.

Electronic thesis or dissertation

A thesis or dissertation made available electronically is considered to be published.

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author (capitals) SETTERSTEIN, L., 2 Year of approval of the

degree by the awarding institution

1999.

3 Title of the thesis or dissertation (italics)

Critical thinking and participation in health behaviors.

4 [online]. 5 Type of thesis or

dissertation PhD thesis,

6 Name of the degree awarding institution

University of Wisconsin.

7 Available from: 8 URL (address of the web

page) http://www.library/wisc.edu/databases/

9 Date that you looked at the thesis or dissertation online

[Accessed 26 October 2004].


(Setterstein 1999)


(Setterstein 1999 p. 33)


SETTERSTEIN, L., 1999. Critical thinking and participation in health behaviors. [online]. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin. Available from: http://www.library/wisc.edu/databases/ [Accessed 26 October 2004].

http://www.library/wisc.edu/databases/

UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Element Example, including punctuation1 Author(s) or editor(s)

(capitals) BROWN, C.M.,

2 Year of production 2008. 3 Title (italics) Harvard referencing for the Robert Gordon University.4 Unpublished.


(Brown 2008)


(Brown 2008 p. 41)Reference list/bibliography:

BROWN, C.M., 2008. Harvard referencing for the Robert Gordon University. Unpublished.

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