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Transcript of Harris Burg Convention 1827
8/3/2019 Harris Burg Convention 1827
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Robbers and Incendiaries:
Protectionism Organizes at the Harrisburg Convention of 1827
W.KeslerJackson
(W.KeslerJacksonisaPh.D.candidateinHistory
andaMaxwellFellowatSyracuseUniversity)
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On13November,1860,thefieryRobertToombs,eminentSenatorfromGeorgia,
thunderouslycondemnedtheMorrillbill—legislationthatwouldsignificantlyincrease
importtariffrates.Toombsrailedagainstthetariffasthemost“atrocious”suchbill
“thateverwasenacted,”andlambasteditastheresultofa“coalition”ofprotectionists
andabolitionists:“therobberandtheincendiarystruckhands,andunitedinjointraid
againsttheSouth,”hedeclared.1Beforeclosinghisremarks,heaskedhisstate
legislators,“Shallwesurrenderthejewelsbecausetheirrobbersandincendiarieshave
brokenthecasket?Isthisthewaytopreserveliberty?Iwouldaslifesurrenderitback
totheBritishcrown…”2ForToombs,then,thesectionalismbetweenNorthandSouth—
whichwoulderuptlessthanfivemonthslaterinthenation’sbloodiestarmedconflictto
date—wasn’tjustaboutslavery;itwasaboutNorthernprotectionism,too.Andthe
HarrisburgConventionof1827,afull34yearsbeforeConfederateartillerywouldtake
aimatFortSumter,markedthefirsttimeinUnitedStateshistorythataunited,
protectionistfront,formedalongsectionallines,presenteditselfinanorganized
manneronanationallevel—theNortharrayedagainsttheSouthinapitchedbattle
overtariffsandeconomicphilosophyingeneral.Organized, national lobbyingfor
federalmoneyhadbeenbornand,togetherwiththeSouthernfearofNorthern
abolitionism,wouldeventuallysparkwar—anditallstartedinthemodest
Pennsylvaniacapitalwithaneventscarcelyrememberedtoday.
Bythetimetheconventionconvenedin1827,legislatedprotectionisminthe
UnitedStates,likethecountryitself,wasstillrelativelyyoung,thoughtheideahadbeen
bouncedaround(toardentoppositionfromrepresentativesofbothNorthernand
Southernstates)evenduringtheConstitutionalConvention.AdamSmith’s AnInquiry
intotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNationshadbeenpublishedin1776,arguing
that“Greatnationsareneverimpoverishedbyprivate(but)bypublicprodigalityand
misconduct.”3Inotherwords,Smithasserted,governmentinterventioninthe
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marketplace—asinthecaseofaprotectivetariff,whichwould,amongotherthings,
artificiallyraisethepriceofcertainproducts—isgenerallydetrimentaltothehealthof
theeconomyinwhichthatgovernmentoperates.Thesubsequentdebatebetween
thinkerslikeAdamSmithontheonehandandFriedrichListontheotherarguably
foundnomoreheatedabattlefieldthantheonerevolvingaroundprotectivetariffsin
19th‐centuryAmerica.NowherewastheNorthernprotectionistagendamoresuccinctly
delineatedthaninHarrisburg.
TheprotectionistfracasintheUnitedStatesmayhavebegunwhenAlexander
Hamiltonpropoundedhisdoctrineofimpliedpowers,whichincludedtheideathatthe
federalgovernmentshouldenactatarifffortheexpresspurposeofsubsidizing
Americanmanufacturers.4ButHamilton’stariffcameupagainstfierceopposition,and
notjustfromtheJeffersonians.Thetariffinandofitselfwasn’ttheissue—indeed,up
untiltheCivilWar,tariffswerethefederalgovernment’schiefsourceofrevenue. 5But
Hamilton’stariffwouldn’thavebeeninstitutedtogarnerrevenueforthegovernment;it
wouldhavebeenputinplacesolely to“protect”certainindustries,anewideaaltogether.
Democratic‐RepublicansarguedthattheHamiltoniansweremerelycombining
“economicinterventionismwiththeirquestforconsolidatedormonopolistic
governmentalpower.”6In1791HamiltondeliveredhisReportonManufacturesto
Congress,callingfor“pecuniarybounties”formanufacturers(“apracticeknowntoday
as‘corporatewelfare,’”noteseconomistandHamiltonscholarThomasDiLorenzo)and
citingtheGeneralWelfareClausetojustifyhisposition. 7Intheend,Hamilton’stariff
wasdefeated,viewedasextremeevenbysomefellowFederalists. 8
TheWarof1812changedprevailingattitudestowardstariffs.Bereftoftrans‐
Atlantictrade,Americans(almostexclusivelyNortherners)hadestablishedtheirown
manufacturingcenterstoproduceneededarms,tools,andthelike.Afterhostilities
wereendedandtraderesumed,Americanmanufacturersweresuddenlyfindingithard
tocompetewithpricesoverseas—andSoutherners,onwhomtheNorthern
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manufacturersdependedtopurchasetheirwares,beganrelyingheavilyontheseless‐
expensiveimports.Theinterestssurroundingthemanufacturers(distributors,
transporters,owners,employees,suppliers,etc.)beganorganizingandlobbyingin
Washingtonforsubsidiestosavetheirflounderingindustries—andthusbegan
protectionismonamajorscaleintheUnitedStates.Thetariffof1816wastheresultof
thispolitical‐industrialalliance,andinthewordsofhistorianH.W.Brands,“itwasthe
firstexplicitlyprotectivetariffinAmericanhistory.” 9Nolongerwasthetariffsimplya
sourceofrevenueforthefederalgovernment;ithadbecomeameansoffinancially
benefittingselectprivatecitizensoraparticulargeographicalregion.Government
moneywasupforgrabs—interestedpartiesneededonlytoapplypressurein
Washington.
ThiswastheeraofHenryClay’sgrandiose“AmericanSystem,”ofwhicha
protectionisttariffwasthelifeblood.Putsimply,theAmericanSystemcalledforatariff
toprotecthomeindustries,settingthestageforincreasedprosperity.Furthermore,
revenuefromthetariffwouldbeusedtotackleinternalimprovementslikeroadsand
canals,whichinturnwouldsparkanincreaseincommerce—withfoodstuffsandraw
materialsstreamingnorthandmanufacturesfloodingsouth. 10“ThetrueAmerican
policyisthis:first,protectandcherishyournationalindustrybyawisesystemof
finance,”CongressmanandardentAmericanSystemsupporterAndrewStewart
(nicknamed“TariffAndy”11)toldtheHouseinaspeechaboutthistime.“Second,adopta
systemofnationalimprovements.” 12Intheory,atleast,itseemedlikeawin‐winplan,
butSouthernersfearedNortherntrickery.Moreover,theveryconstitutionalityofthe
internalimprovementsconceptwasstillinquestion;atleastthreepreviouspresidents
(Jefferson,Madison,Monroe)hadinsistedthat,sincenoexpressrighttofunnelfederal
fundstosuchprojectswasfoundintheConstitution,anamendmentmustbeadded
beforecarryingthemout.Southerners,notablyJohnC.Calhoun(thoughonlyafter
goingthroughapro‐protectionistphaseofhisown),seizedthisstrictconstitutionalist
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logictobuoyuptheirarguments,evenasmanyNorthernerslabeledsuchdetractorsof
thetariffas“quibblers”and“hair‐splitters.”Meanwhile,manyintheyounger,Western
statesassertedthatfederalsubsidiesgarneredviaatariffwerenecessaryiftheywere
tokeepupwiththemoreestablishedeast. 13
TheTariffof1824followed.Advocatesforthetariffarguedthatwithoutit,
Americawouldbeleftdefenselessandunabletoproducemuch‐neededarmsduring
conflict(recollectionoftheWarof1812stillsmolderedinAmericans’collective
memory).AndrewJackson,notanardentprotectionist,nonethelessarticulatedtariff
advocates’secondmajorcontention,that“wehavebeentoolongsubjecttothepolicyof
theBritishmerchants.Itistimeweshouldbecomealittlemore Americanized ."14To
Jackson,then,thetariffwasnotaboutbenefittingindustryforprofits’sake—itwastobe
consideredonlywithintheframeworkofAmericanindependenceanddefense.One
northernnewspaperlamented,“WhilethefriendsoftheAmericanSystemsupporttheir
viewsandmeasureswithvolumesoffacts,andthemostunanswerablereasoning,they
aremetinreplywithnothingbutdeclamation,clamour[sic]andinvective.” 15Onthe
otherhand,manySoutherners—almostunanimouslyopposedtoprotectionist
legislation—viewedtheseimportdutiesaslopsidedaffairs,solelybenefittingNorthern
manufacturerswhileraisingcostsdramaticallyforSouthernagrarians.Inotherwords,
theyargued,thebulkoffederalgovernmentexpenseswasbeingpaidforbytheSouth—
evenasthebulkofgovernmentexpenditureswastakingplaceintheNorth.As
economistThomasDiLorenzocorrectlypointsout,“Asearlyas1823southernerslike
SenatorJohnTaylorsuspectedthatnorthernpoliticianswereconspiringtousethe
powersofthecentralgovernmenttotaxoneportionofthecountry—theSouth—forthe
benefitoftheirownregion.”16
Naturally,then,thegeneralfeelingintheSouthtowardstheHarrisburg
Conventionof1827borderedonhostile.“Anintelligentpeoplecannotlongbeduped
bysuchmanagementandfinesse,”oneSouthernnewspaperdeclared,addingthat“in
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themeantime,theCitizensofCharlestonaredeterminednottobeshornquietly,likeso
manysheep.”17Threeweeksaftertheconventionadjourned,Calhoun,inaletterto
VirginiaSenator(andsoon‐to‐be‐governor)LittletonWallerTazewell,wrotethat“the
Harrisburgconvention…isindeedaportentoussignofthetimes,andmustbefollowed
withthemostmarkedconsequences.Tothereflectingmind,itclearlyindicatesthe
weakpartofoursystem,andthecorruptiontowhichitmustlead,unlessspeedily
corrected.”18Inapreviouslettertwomonthsbefore,CalhounexpressedtoTazewell
thateventhough,inhisopinion,thepresidentialracebetweenJacksonandAdamswas
“farthemostimportant”thathadsofartakenplacesinceAmericanindependence,his
biggestconcernforthenationlaynotinthatcontestbuton“anotherpoint”entirely—
theprotectivetariff.19
Thelanguageemployedbypartisansinthenationaldebateoverprotectionism
wascouchedinsectionaldivisionanddireimport.“ThePennsylvaniameeting[the
HarrisburgConvention]cannotbuteventuateinanincreasedstrengthto[the
protectionists’]cause,”aNewJerseypaperdeclared.“Webelieveitisthecauseofthe
country…[and]itishopedthatshort‐sighted sectionaljealousy,willneverbeinterposed
totheinjuryofoursolidinterestsforthebenefitofforeignrivals.” 20Thislastsentiment
was,ofcourse,pureList—focusedonamarketplaceofcompetingnations,asopposed
toSmith’smarketplaceofindividuals.Amajorshiftintheperceptionoftheroleof
government(atleastintheUnitedStates)hadtakenplace,anditseemsthatthe
temptationtoraisetariffrateswassimplytoostrongnowthatthetariffwasn’tdesigned
strictlyforgarneringgovernmentrevenuebutalsoforsubsidizingcertainbusiness
interests(severalSouthernstatesmenhadwarnedforyearsagainstopeningthese
floodgates—“themanufacturers[will]comebackagainandagainwithincreased
demands”).21
Sureenough,the1828tariffsawthoseratesskyrockettopreviouslyunforeseen
heights.ThustheTariffof1828,vehementlyopposedbySouthernersandderidedas
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the“TariffofAbominations,”wastheprotectionists’greatestvictorytodate,despite
Jackson’smaneuverings.NeverbeforehadSouthernersbeentaxedsomuchforwhat
theyconsumed,evenastheprotectionisttarifffailedtoprotectvirtuallyeverything
theyproduced.22“Letthemhaveanunrestrictedexchangeofproductions,withthose
whoconsumetheirproducts,andtheyfearnocompetition,”wroteCalhouninaprivate
lettertoSamuelD.Ingham(AndrewJackson’snewTreasurySecretary)in1829,
referringtoSouthernagrarians.“Theyarenowcripplednotsomuchbythelowprices
oftheirproducts,asthehighproportionalpriceoftheirsupplies,occasionedbythe
restrictivesystem.”CalhounwouldgooninthelettertodescribetheTariffasleadingto
theSouthernagrarian’s“utterruin”andthe“consummation”oftheSoutherneconomy.
“Thusregarding[thetariff],”Calhounconcluded,“[theSouthernagrarian]willconsider
hisruin,astheworkoftheGovernment,forthebenefitofamorefavoredportionofhis
fellowcitizens.”23Theseedsofsectionalanimosity,withparticularmistrustdirected
towardwhatwasseenasanever‐encroachingfederalgovernmentinWashingtonD.C.,
werebeginningtotakeroot.
ThatthetariffwasthemostcontroversialpoliticalissueofitstimeintheUnited
Stateswasnotedbyatleastonehigh‐profileoutsideobserver.“Thequestionofatariff
hasmuchagitatedthemindsofAmericans,”wrotedeTocquevillejustafewyearsafter
theHarrisburgConvention.“Foralongtimethetariffwasthesolesourceofthepolitical
animositiesthatagitatedtheUnion,”hepenned,aperhapsrevealingstatementwhen
consideringthearmedconflictthatwouldfollowjustafewdecadeslateralong
preciselythesamelines.TheFrenchmannotedthatwhiletheNorth“attributeda
portionofitsprosperity”tothetariff,theSouthblamediton“nearlyallitssufferings.” 24
Talkofsecessionsoonbegantocropup,andthestateofSouthCarolinavotedtonullify
thetariff,refusingtocollectitatCharlestonharbor.PresidentJacksonevenconsidered
theuseofforcetopreservetheUnion,evenasSouthCaroliniansarguedtheirrightto
nullifywhattheydeemedtobeunconstitutionallegislationfromWashington.Jackson’s
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threatsseemedtoquietofficialoppositionintherestoftheSouth,thoughstateslike
VirginiaandGeorgiaexpressedacertainlevelofsupportandsympathyforthestates’
rightscause.25Theconflictwaspreventedfromgettingmoreoutofhandonlywhenthe
federalgovernmentfinallyreducedthetariffin1833. 26Thefoundationsforfuture
North‐Southconflictwerethuslaidinabattleoverprotectionisttariffs.Amidthis
heatednationaldebate,withlinesdrawnbetweenNorthernmanufacturersand
Southernfarmersandplantationowners,theHarrisburgConventionof1827convened
intheshadowsofthePennsylvaniaCapitol.AhundredoftheNorth’smostinfluential
manufacturersandpublicservantswereassembledtodrafta“memorial”toCongress,
imploringthatbodytopassaprotectionistbilltosavetheirindustriesfromwhatthey
viewedaseventualruin.Meanwhile,mostlyintheSouth,anti‐protectionistopinion
continuedtosurge.TheHarrisburgConventionof1827wouldleadtothepassageof
thatmosthatedpieceofprotectionistlegislation—the“TariffofAbominations”of1828.
Thecallforanationalconventionofmanufactureandwooleninterestscame
fromPhiladelphiainmid‐May1827atameetingofthePennsylvaniaSocietyforthe
PromotionofManufacturesandtheMechanicArts(thoughsomeSoutherners,like
Calhoun,suspectedthatthe“scheme”ofa“generalconventionofthemanufacturing
interestatHarrisburg”hadoriginated“withthoseinpower”andnot,asseemedtobe
thecase,asagrassrootseffort).27TheSocietywishedto“deliberateonwhatmeasures
arepropertobetaken”inregardsto“thepresentstateofthewool‐growingandwool‐
manufacturinginterests,andothersuchmanufacturesasmayrequireencouragement.”
TheorganizationcalledondelegatesfromeverystateintheUniontogatherat
HarrisburginJulyofthatyeartoproduceajointstatementtothecitizensoftheUnited
Statesonprotectionism—thelifebloodoftheAmericanSystem. 28Itwasunderstood
thattheconvention’sprimaryaimwastoencouragetheadoptionofahighly
protectionistbill.29CopiesoftheSociety’scallforaconventionwerecirculatedwidely,
reprintedonbroadsidesandinnewspapersacrossthenation.Almostimmediately,
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stateconventionswereselectingdelegatestoattendthenationalconventionin
Harrisburg.“AgreatconventionofthefriendsoftheManufacturingInterest,andof
DomesticIndustrygenerally,[is]tobeheldinHarrisburg,Pa.onthe30 thofJulynext,”
proclaimedtheMiddlesexGazette,aConnecticutnewspaper.“Thepeopleareawake,
andthisimportantsubjectisbeginningtoseeitstruelight…andwehopeConnecticut
willnotfailtoberepresentedinaConvention,theproceedingsofwhichwillbeso
pregnantwithinteresttotheAmericanpeople.” 30“TheHallandGallerieswerefilledto
overflowing,”reportedaRichmond,Virginianewspapercorrespondent,abouta
gatheringinBostontoselectdelegatesfromMassachusettsfortheHarrisburg
Convention,“andamorerespectableandimposingassemblage,probablywasnever
witnessedinMassachusetts.” 31
WhentheconventionfinallyopenedonMonday,30July1827,delegations
representingthirteenstatesandcomprisingclosetoonehundredindividualshad
gatheredtogetherattheappointedplace.RepresentativesfromConnecticut(7),
Delaware(4),Kentucky(4),Maryland(8),Massachusetts(7),NewYork(18),New
Hampshire(5),NewJersey(9),Ohio(7,thoughthisnumberwouldrisetoeightonthe
fourthdayoftheconventionwhenthestate’sgovernor,JeremiahMorrow,arrived) 32,
Pennsylvania(15),RhodeIsland(4),Vermont(5),andVirginia(2)wereinattendance.
Thus,theNorthernandMiddleStateswereheavilyrepresented,whiletheSouthern
stateswereallbutabsent.
ThetotallackofrepresentationattheHarrisburgConventionbySouthern
delegatesdidnotgounnoticed,ofcourse,andsectionalistsentimentranstrong.During
thecourseoftheevent,forexample,NewYorkrepresentativeAlvanStewartwarned
fellowdelegatesthattheprotectionistshadmanyenemiesthanksto“AdamSmith’s
work,”whichhad“poisonedthemindsofthenation.”StewartblamedSmithforthe
sectional“prejudices”atworkintheUnitedStates,adding,“ifwelookedoverourown
country,weshoulddiscoverthatallthesouthernstateswerelookingwithaneyeof
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jealousy,andthattheywerenotwillingtosenddelegatestothisconvention—thatthere
weretenorelevenstatesdisposedtocontendagainstthegreatintereststobehere
advocated.”Evidentlyinformedthattheseatinwhichtheconvention’schairperson
wassittingwastheverychairfromwhichtheDeclarationofIndependencehadbeen
signed,Mr.StewartlikenedthefightagainstthefreetraderstotheRevolutionaryWar,
expressinghopethata“secondedition[oftheRevolution]”wouldcomeoutofthe
convention.“Wefoughtthenforliberty ,”heisreportedtohavesaid,“andmustnow
fight forclothes.Wehadbeencreepingalongforfiftyyears,withoutsufficientcourage
tosaythatwewillclotheourselves;andifattheendofhalfacenturywecoulddoso
much,itwouldbeagreatpointgained.”33
Obviously,therelativelynewideasofAdamSmithandotherfree‐market
economistswerewell‐knowntotheconvention’sparticipants.Indeed,manymight
haveagreedwiththetheoriesintheirentirety(thoughMr.Stewart,itwouldseem,was
notoneofthem)—buttheproblem,astheysawit,wasthatafreemarketeconomy
demandedthateveryplayerplaybytherules.“Weacknowledgethetheoretical
excellenceofthedoctrinesofthepoliticaleconomistsoftheage,”aNortherneditorial
explained,“andwereallnationsoftheworldtoassenttoanunrestrictedintercourse,
shouldbethefirsttoadvocateamostrigidadherencetotheprinciplesofSmith,&Say,
andothers,ofthatschool.”However,theeditorialwentontolabelthepursuitofafree‐
tradepolicy“theheightofmadness”aslongasothernationsrefusedtodothesame.
Freetradeinsuchanenvironment,theyargued,wasparamounttoforcing“theseStates
toprostratethemselvesandtheirindustry,forthesakeofabstractandimpracticable
theoriesoffreecommerce,etc.”34Thetaskwasnottoprovefreetradetheoriesfalse,
buttoensurethatdomesticindustrywouldbeprotectedinaworldthatfailedtoadhere
tosuchtheoriesinpractice.
Theconventionbeganwiththeselectionofsecretaries;JohnC.WrightofOhio,a
lawyerandU.S.Congressman35,andRedwoodFisherofPennsylvania,aPhiladelphia
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merchantwhowouldlatergainsomeprominenceasanewspapereditorandwriter 36,
werethuschosen.37Eachdelegatewassubsequentlycalledforthbyname,atwhich
pointhewasexpectedtoproduceanofficialcertificateofappointment.JosephRitner,a
statelegislatorwhowouldlaterbecomeGovernorofPennsylvania 38,wasthenelected
theconvention’schairpersonandpresident.ThemotionforRitnerwasmadeby
MathewCarey,aPennsylvaniadelegateandoneofthecountry’smostsuccessful
publishers39;incidentally,Carey’ssonHenry,a“publicistforthePennsylvaniasteel
industry,”wouldlaterbecomeasignificanteconomicinfluenceonAbrahamLincolnin
favorofprotectionism .4041Finally,two“VicePresidents”wereunanimouslyelected:
JesseBuel,aninventiveagriculturalist,stateassemblyman,andfuturecandidatefor
governorofNewYork 42,andFrisbyTilghmanofMaryland,astatelegislator,justice,
militialeader,andsociallyactivefarmerandbanker. 43
Followingtheappointmentofofficers,thewordsoftheoriginalcallfora
protectionistconvention,writtenanddistributedbythePennsylvaniaSocietyforthe
PromotionofManufacturesandtheMechanicArts,wasreadaloud.Theresolution—for
“farmers,manufacturers,andfriendsofbothbranchesofindustry”togatherand
“deliberateonwhatmeasuresarepropertobetakeninthepresentpostureoftheir
affairs”—wasthen“referred”toacommittee,ostensiblytobeusedtocreateanofficial
statementofpurposefortheconvention.Itisinterestingthattheconventionwas
framedasaneventforthefriendsofmanufacturers and farmers—thisdespitethefact
thatthemostagrarianstatesinthecountryelectednottoshowupatall.
This26‐membercommittee,thefirstorganizedattheeventandmadeupof
regulardelegatesfrommanystates,presentsausefulcross‐sectionofthekindsof
peoplewhoparticipatedintheHarrisburgConventionof1827,perhapsprovidinga
clueastotheimporttowhichtheeventwasgrantedacrossthecountry—andthe
convention’spotentialforfuturesocialandpoliticalinfluence.Thecommittee’s
membersincluded,innoparticularorder,GeorgeTibbits,aformerNewYorkstate
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legislatorandU.S.Congressman,authorofthefinancialplanresponsibleforraising
capitalfortheErieCanal,futurecandidateforlieutenant‐governorofhisstate,future
mayorofTroy,andfamousprotectionistessayist 44;SamuelM.Hopkins,alawyer,
formerNewYorkstatelegislator,andformerU.S.Congressman 45;ArnoldNaudain,a
surgeon,formermilitiamanandveteranoftheWarof1812,memberoftheDelaware
statehouseofrepresentatives(wherehe’dservedashousespeakertheyearbeforethe
convention),afuturecandidatefortheDelawareGovernorship,andasoon‐to‐beUnited
StatesSenator(1829)46;AndrewGray,probablythesameAndrewGraywhohadserved
asaDelawarestatesenatorfrom1817to182147;HezekiahNiles,aBaltimore‐based
newspaperman,“oneofthemostinfluentialjournalistsofthe1820sandearly30s,”and
renownedeconomistwhousedhispaper,theNilesWeekly ,toattempttopersuade
Southernerstodiversifytheiragriculturalcapabilities,buildup(protected)
manufacturingintheregion,andgrantuniversaleducationtoblacksasasteptowards
eventualemancipation48;OthoH.Williams,likelyasonofthefamousRevolutionary
Warheroofthesamename;IsaacAndruss,anofficerveteranfromtheWarof1812and
prominentcitizenofNewark 49;RobertG.Johnson,who,itisrumored,convincedthe
worldthattomatoesweren’tlethalbyeatingtwentyofthematonceonthestepsofthe
Salem,NewJerseycourthousein1820,evidentlywithoutanyilleffects 50;CharlesJ.
Ingersoll,oneoftheconvention’schieforganizers,aformer(andfuture)Congressman,
whorubbedshoulderswiththelikesofDanielWebsterandNicholasBiddle 51andwho
wouldlateracceptapositionofresponsibilityintheAdamsadministration 52;Walter
Forward,alawyer,formerCongressman,andthefutureTreasurySecretaryintheTyler
cabinet(wherehewasinstrumentalindevelopingthehighlyprotectionistTariffof
1842)53;SamuelSprigg,attorneyonretainerbythestateofVirginiaandoneofthemost
famouslawyersofhistime54;JesseEdgington,ahighlyrespectedlawyer,Virginiastate
senator,andanassociateofHenryClay55;GeorgeRobertson,alawyer,Kentuckystate
legislator(whereheservedasspeakerofthehouseofrepresentatives),formerU.S.
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Congressman,andsoon‐to‐beKentuckysecretaryofstate(1828) 56;SamuelSmith,likely
thesameSamuelSmithwhoservedasaU.S.CongressmanrepresentingthestateofNew
Hampshire57;EzekielWebster,brotherofthefamed(andardentlyprotectionist)Daniel
Webster,whoattendedtheconventionattheinsistenceofhisbrother 5859;andGideon
Wells,anewspaperman,Connecticutlegislator,andLincoln’sfutureSecretaryofthe
Navy(wherehe’dberesponsibleforimplementingtheblockadeportionofthe
“AnacondaPlan,”effectivelyshuttingdownSouthernports). 60
Theforegoinglistofbiographicalsketchesisincomplete;tenothersservedon
thisinitialcommittee,nottomentionthescoresofotherswhoparticipatedinthe
conventionasdelegates(seeaddendumatendofarticle).Still,thehighlevelofsocial,
professional,andpoliticalaccomplishmentofwhichthesesixteenmenareillustrative
is,certainly,instructive.Who,afterall,wassenttotheHarrisburgConventionof1827?
Highlyregardedstatesmen,legislators,writers,merchants,bankers,lawyers,and
others.Congressmen(includingfoursitting).Senators(includingtwositting).
Governors.FuturemembersofpresidentialCabinets.Asonenewspaperreportedthe
dayaftertheconventionended,“Wemayventuretoassert,withlittlefearof
contradiction,thatitembracedmenofthegreatesttalent,everassembledinour
legislativehall,orindeedperhaps,inanydeliberativenationalassembly,sincethe
congressof’76.”61
WhileitmayhavebeentruethatsuchagatheringofVIPshadneverbeen
witnessedintheUnitedStatessince1776ortheConstitutionalConventionof1786,the
differencewasthattheHarrisburgConvention,thoughpoliticalinmanyregards,
representednopoliticalentityororganization.Itwas,inessence,thefirstnational
attemptatlobbyingthefederalgovernmentforfederalmoney,foritrepresentedthe
interestsofcertainprivatecitizensor,atbest,meresegmentsofthecountry’sentire
population.Itsgoalwastoraisethetariff,andnot forthepurposeofgarneringrevenue
forWashingtonbuttofurtherthebusinessinterestsofcertaingroups(groupsthat
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happenedtobealmostexclusivelylocatedintheNorth)—andithadbroughttogethera
formidableassemblytodojustthat.
Thenextmorning(Tuesday31July),theconventionreconvenedandthe
aforementionedcommittee’srecently‐drawn‐upstatementwasreadbeforeall
delegates.Itsmessage,inshort,wasten‐fold:(1)Congressshouldraisedutieson
importedwoolenitems;(2)acommitteeofnineshouldbeformedtocomposea
“memorial”toCongressoutliningthereasonsforthepresent“depression”being
experiencedbymanufacturersandothersandsuggestingmeasurestoimprovethese
conditions;(3)acommitteeofnineshouldbeformedtocomposeasimilar“memorial,”
writtento“thepeople,”addressingthesameconcerns;committeesshouldbeformedto
researchandreportupontheneedforprotectionistmeasurestobetakeninregardto
(4)theironindustry,(5)thehempandflaxindustries,(6)theglassindustry,(7)the
cottongoodsindustry,(8)thecopperindustry,and(9)thedistilledspiritsindustry;and
(10)acommitteeshouldbeformedtoreportonthestateoftradebetweenstates. 62
Thislastresolutionisespeciallyinteresting;afterall,Northernmanufacturerswanted
theagrarianSouthtopurchaseneededgoodsfrom them.Perhapsthisresolutionwas
calculatedtodemonstrateSouthernrelianceon foreigngoods,toNorthernloss—and
perhaps,too,todiscoverhowmuchgainwastobehadshouldahighlyprotectivetariff
beadoptedinWashington.
Intheafternoon,committeeswereorganized.Thenextseveraldayswerespent
attendingtocommitteedutiesandreportingtothegeneralbodyofdelegates.Finally,
theevent’sseminalpurpose—thedraftingofmemorials—wascompleted,andthe
HarrisburgConventionof1827adjournedon3August.
ThememorialtoCongresswasanimpassionedcryforasignificantlyraised
protectionisttariff.Withoutprotection(meaningprotectionistlegislation),thepetition
argued,manufacturingandfarminginterestsinthecountrywouldface“imminent”and
“utterruin.”Furthermore,theissueofadoptingmoreprotectionistpoliciestowards
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domesticmanufactureswasdefinedas“ofthefirstimportancetothegeneralwelfareof
theUnitedStates”—notlightlanguage. 63Thisissuewas,tothehighlyrespected
delegatesrepresentingtheNorthasabloc,thenation’stoppriority,astancethat
certainlyshedslightonthegreatweightwithwhichthismatterwasdebatedatthetime
bybothsides.Thiswasnomeanjamboreeofafewbusinessmendiscussingprofit
marginsandsalestechniques;itwasagatheringofsomeofthemostrespectablemenin
thecountrytofacewhattheydeclaredwasthenation’smostpressingproblem.
The“need”ofprotectionforNorthernmanufacturerswasframedinthe
memorialasanationalissue,a“commoncause,”importanttothe“generalwelfare”of
thepeopleofAmerica.WhileaSouthernfarmermighthavearguedthatprotectionist
tariffsbenefittedonesegmentofcitizenrytothedisadvantageofanother,the
HarrisburgConventionpresentedtheissueassomethingthecountryasawhole
“[stood]inneedof.”Thememorialsubsequentlydisavowedany“sectionalistviews,”
assertingthataprotectionisttariffforAmericanmanufactureswas“ofprimary national
importance,”“oneoftheprincipalelementsoftheindependence,prosperity,and
greatnessofthisrepublic.”This,again,waspureFriedrichList—thatforthebenefitof
thenationasawhole,acertainportionofthepopulationmustsuffer.Themarketplace
wasacompetitionamongnations,notindividuals.Supportingprotectionismwas,as
thememorialtoCongressputit,everyAmericancitizen’s“patriotic”duty. 64
Theconvention’sproceedingswerepublishedwidelyinnewspapersacrossthe
country—bothintheNorthandintheSouth—andthememorialtoCongresswas
deliveredtothatbody.
ThefactthattheHarrisburgConventionof1827wasamajornationalevent
knownandfollowedbythecountry’sbrightestpoliticalstarsisdifficulttodispute.
DanielWebster’spromotionofthegatheringtohisbrotherEzekiel,encouraginghimin
morethanonelettertoattendasaNewHampshiredelegate,hasalreadybeen
mentioned.FivedayslaterWebsterwroteseveralotherletterstoprominentcitizensof
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NewYork;oneofthemwasaddressedtoCongressmanJohnTaylor 65,urginghimand
otherstoattendtheHarrisburgConventionasdelegatesasamatterof“great
importance.”66
AccordingtoCharlesM.Wiltse,theDartmouthhistorianwhoeditedthepapers
ofWebster,duringthegreattariffdebatesoftheTwentiethCongress—whenthetariff
wasfarandawaythemajorissueoftheday—theAdamsadministrationandits
supportersstrovetobringdutiesintolinewiththerecommendationsoftheHarrisburg
Conventionof1827.67InaconfidentialletterinAprilof1828toDanielWebster,Boston
merchantPeterPaulFrancisDeGrand—amanwith“thewholeCaucussing[sic]
Machineryofthemanufacturingconcern”behindhim—urgedWebsterandallof“the
friendsoftheAdministration”nottomove“oneinch”fromobtaining“theHarrisburg
Platform.”68Thus,thegreatmeetinginthePennsylvaniastatecapitalprovidedthe
blueprintforlegislatorsovertheproceedingyearincraftingthe“Tariffof
Abominations.”
Significantly,fouryearslater(1831)theSoutherninterestwouldrespondtothe
HarrisburgConventionof1827withaconventionofitsown,againinPennsylvania(this
timeinPhiladelphia).NearlytwiceasmanydelegatesashadattendedtheHarrisburg
Conventionwoulddeliberatethetariffatthisreactionary,anti‐protectionist1831event,
manyofthemwell‐knownpoliticalandsocialfigures. 69Thus,regardlessofwhetheror
nottheHarrisburgConventionof1827playedanysignificantroleinthepassageof
subsequentprotectionistlegislation,itdemonstrated aunitedprotectionistfront ,drawn
alongsectionalboundaries,againstthefreetradersoftheSouth—afronttowhichthe
Southernersfeltcompelledtorespond.Delegateswerenotmerefarmersoreven
businessmen;theywerebyandlargehighlyrespectedsocialandpoliticalleaders,
includingGovernors,Representatives,Senators,andfutureCabinetmembers.Manyof
themwouldultimatelyfindlisteningearsinfuturepresidents,andsomewouldardently
pushforandevenpersonallydrafthighly‐protectionistfuturetariffsthatwouldbecome
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U.S.law.Neverbefore,itmightbeargued,hadNorthandSouthstoodsofirmlyand
formallyagainstoneanotherasduringtheHarrisburgConventionof1827—almost
certainlylayingthefoundationforafuturewar,nottoofardistant,dividedalongthe
verysamelines.
DelegatestotheHarrisburgConventionof1827notmentionedabove,organizedbystate:
VERMONT
• HemanAllen(VT),astatelegislatorandfutureCongressman70;
• ElijahPaine(VT),aRevolutionaryWarveteran,Senator,lawyer,businessman,
secretaryofthestateconstitutionalconventionin1786,statelegislator,judgeon
thestatesupremecourt,and,atthetimeoftheConvention,aUnitedStatesjudgeof
thedistrictofVermont 71;
• RollinMallary(VT),alawyer,Vermont’sattorney,secretarytotheGovernor,
Congressman,and,relevantly,thechairmanoftheCongressionalCommitteeon
Manufactures72;
• WilliamJarvis(VT),PresidentialElectorforthestateofVermont.73
Otherdelegates:WilliamJarvis.
RHODEISLAND
• DavidWilkinson(RI),amechanicalengineerandinventoroftheslide‐restlathefor
cuttingscrewthreads—“immenselysignificanttothemachinetoolindustry”74;
• Asher(orAshur)Robbins(RI),aU.S.Senator. 75
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Otherdelegates:JamesRhodes,JohnFarnum.
PENNSYLVANIA
• WilliamClark(PA),PennsylvaniastatetreasurerandfutureCongressman76;
• DanielMontgomery,Jr.(PA),aformerCongressman77;
• WilliamP.Maclay(PA),anotherformerCongressman78;
• DavidTownsend(PA),aprominentbankerandWestChesterCounty
Commissioner79;
• JosephPatterson(PA),ayoungbusinessmanwhowouldlaterplayapivotalrolein
loaninghundredsofmillionsofdollarsingoldtotheUniongovernmentduringthe
CivilWar80;
• JonathanRoberts(PA),aformerCongressmanandSenatorwhohadplayedamajor
roleinthepassageofthewarbillin1812andwouldgoontobecomeoneofthe
country’smostardentprotectionists81;
• CharlesHuston(PA),asuccessfullawyerandmemberofthePennsylvaniaSupreme
Court.82
Otherdelegates:JamesTodd,SamuelBaird,AlexanderReed.
OHIO
• BezaleelWells(OH),founderofSteubenvilleandaninfluentialmillerandbanker 83;
• WilliamR.Dickinson(OH),anotherprominentcitizenofSteubenvillewho,lessthan
twomonthsbeforetheconvention,had,alongwithelevenothers,invitedHenryClay
toOhiotoboostsupportforwhathehadcalled“thegreatcauseoftheAmerican
System”84;
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• ThomasEwing(OH),asoon‐to‐beSenator,futureTreasurySecretaryunderWilliam
HenryHarrison,andfutureSecretaryoftheInteriorunderZacharyTaylor. 85
Otherdelegates:JohnMcIlvam,DavidBegges,JamesWilson.
NEWJERSEY
• JamesMatlack(NJ),aformerCongressman86;
• CharlesKinsey(NJ),asuccessfulpapermanufacturerandCongressman87;
• JohnColt(NJ),asuccessfulmanufacturerandmillerand,bythe1830s,theonly
supplierofsailclothtotheUnitedStatesNavy 88;
• WilliamHalstead(NJ),asuccessfullawyerandfutureCongressman,NewJersey
DistrictAttorney,andcolonelintheCivilWar. 89
Otherdelegates:LooeBaker,PhilipFine,Jr.,A.Godwin,Jr.
NEWHAMPSHIRE
• SamuelBell(NH),formerGovernorofNewHampshireand,atthetimeofthe
convention,aSenator90;
• AsaFreeman(NH),astatesenator91;
• IchabodBartlett(NH),asuccessfullawyer,Congressmen,andfuturecandidatefor
NewHampshire’sgovernorship.92
NEWYORK
• CyrenusChapin(NY),arespectedBuffalomedicaldoctor93;
• RichardKeese(NY),aCongressmanandoneoftheonlyJacksonianstoattendthe
convention94;
• EnosThroop(NY),alawyerandsoon‐to‐beGovernorofNewYork 95;
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• PeterS.Smith(NY),asuccessfulmerchant,furtrader,andlandspeculator96;
• DavidRussel(NY),astatelegislatorandfutureCongressman97;
• RobertDenniston(NY),afuturestatesenatorandNewYorkComptroller98;
• PeterSharpe(NY),aformerCongressman99;
• FrancisGranger(NY),futureVice‐Presidentialcandidate,Congressman,and
PostmasterGeneralintheCabinetofWilliamHenryHarrison100;
• AlvanStewart(NY),ahighlyrespectedlawyer,futurefounderoftheNewYorkAnti‐
SlaverySociety,andfuturecandidateforGovernor101;
• JohnB.Yates(NY),alawyerandformerCongressman102;
• AbrahamH.Schenck(NY),aformerCongressman103;
• JamesTallmadge(NY),aformerCongressman,abusinessman,andaleading
protectionistwriterandorator104;
• EleazarLord(NY),asuccessfulbusinessman,founderoftheManhattanFire
InsuranceCompany,andsoon‐to‐befirstpresidentoftheNewYork&Erie
Railroad.105
Otherdelegates:E.B.Sherman,JohnBrown,CyrenusChapin.
MASSACHUSSETTS
• AbbottLawrence(MA),awell‐knownBostonmerchant,futureCongressman,and
futureU.S.MinistertoGreatBritain 106;
• SamuelD.Colt(MA),aprominentPittsfieldwoolensmerchant 107;
• BezaleelTaft,Jr.(MA),anearlymemberoftheTaftpoliticaldynasty,astatesenator,
andpresidentoftheBlackstoneNationalBank. 108
Otherdelegates:JosephE.Sprague,JosephStrong,JamesShepperd,JonasB.Brown.
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MARYLAND
• EdwardGray(MD),likelythesuccessfulmillfounderofthesamename109;
• JamesSykes(MD),aprominentmember—alongwithHezekiahNiles—ofthe
MarylandInstituteforthePromotionofMechanicArts.110
Otherdelegates:JohnPatterson,WilliamMietteer,FranklinAnderson.
KENTUCKY
• JamesCowan(KY),aprominentattorney111;
• RichardH.Chinn(KY),asuccessfulattorney112andclosepersonalfriendofHenry
Clay113;
• JohnHarvie(KY),sonoftheprominentpoliticianofthesamename,brotherof
PresidentThomasJefferson’sprivatesecretary114,andastatelegislator. 115
DELAWARE
• JohnHiggins(DE),acolonelinthestatemilitiaandastatelegislator. 116
Otherdelegates:PhilipRibold.
CONNECTICUT
Otherdelegates:HenryWatson,ThomasS.Perkins,JohnATainter,FrancisMcLean,James
McClelan,LemuelHurlbut.
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Notes
1Toombs,Robert.“SpeechtotheGeorgiaLegislature.”GeorgiaStateParksandHistoricSites.2009.GeorgiaDepartmentofNaturalResources.<http://gastateparks.org/net/content/go.aspx?ran=692663408&s=1339590.1.5>(2May2009),6.
2Toombs,14.
3Fox,Frank.TheAmericanFounding(Boston:PearsonCustomPublishing,2003),483.
4Fox,343.
5Brands,H.W.TheMoneyMen:Capitalism,Democracy,andtheHundredYears’WarOvertheAmericanDollar(NewYork:
AtlasBooks,2006),107.
6DiLorenzo,Thomas.Hamilton’sCurse(NewYork:ThreeRiversPress,2008),18.
7Ibid,29‐30.
8Brands,59.
9Brands,H.W.AndrewJackson:HisLifeandTimes(NewYork:AnchorBooks,2005),333.
10Bailey,ThomasA.TheAmericanPageant(Boston:D.C.HeathandCompany,1961),225.
11Hadden,James.AHistoryofUniontown(Uniontown,PA:JamesHadden,1913),777.
12Stewart,Andrew.TheAmericanSystem:SpeechesontheTariffQuestionsandonInternalImprovementsPrincipally
DeliveredintheHouseofRepresentativesoftheUnitedStates(Philadelphia:HareyCareyBailey,1872),4.
13VonHolst,Dr.H.TheConstitutionalandPoliticalHistoryoftheUnitedStates,Vol.1.Chicago:CallaghanandCompany,
1889.388‐393.
14Brands,AndrewJackson,381.
15“DomesticManufactures.”MiddlesexGazette[Middletown,CT]27Jun.1827:2.
16DiLorenzo,Hamilton’sCurse,19.17“HarrisburgConvention.”CarolinaGazette[Charleston,SC]13Aug.1827:3.
18Calhoun,JohnC."ToL.W.Tazewell.Pendleton,25thAugust1827."ThePapersofJohnC.CalhounX1825‐1829.Ed.Clyde
N.Wilson.Columbia:UniversityofSouthCarolinaPress,1978.300‐302.
19ThePapersofJohnC.CalhounX1825‐1829.Ed.ClydeN.Wilson.Columbia:UniversityofSouthCarolinaPress,1978.246‐
247.
20“DomesticManufactures,”2.Italicsadded.
21AttributedtoTylerofVirginiain1820,inVonHolst,Dr.H.TheConstitutionalandPoliticalHistoryoftheUnitedStates,
Vol.1.Chicago:CallaghanandCompany,1889.403.
22Brands,AndrewJackson,433.
23Calhoun,JohnC."ToS.D.Ingham,‘Private.’Pendleton,26thSepr1829."ThePapersofJohnC.CalhounXI1829‐1832.Ed.
ClydeN.Wilson.Columbia:UniversityofSouthCarolinaPress,1978.78‐79.
24DeTocqueville,Alexis.DemocracyinAmerica,Vol.1.NewYork:VintageClassics,1990.193‐194.
25Brands,AndrewJackson,480.
26DiLorenzo,Thomas.TheRealLincoln:ANewLookatAbrahamLincoln,HisAgenda,andanUnnecessaryWar(NewYork:
ThreeRiversPress,2002),63.
27Calhoun,JohnC."ToLt.JamesE.Colhoun,“BostonSloopofWar.”Pendleton,26thAugust1827."ThePapersofJohnC.CalhounX1825‐1827.Ed.ClydeN.Wilson.Columbia:UniversityofSouthCarolinaPress,1978.304.
28Ingersoll,C.J.andFisher,Redwood.“AtameetingofthePennsylvaniaSocietyforthepromotionofmanufacturesandthe
mechanicarts,heldinPhiladelphia,
onthe14thdayofMay,1827.”PennsylvaniaIntelligencer[Harrisburg,PA]29May1827:3.
29“DomesticManufactures,”2.
30Ibid,2.31“FromOurCorrespondent.Boston,June6.”TheRichmondEnquirer.[Richmond,VA]51Jun.1827:2.
32“HarrisburgConvention,”3.
33“FromtheU.S.Gazette,August4.”CityGazette.[Charleston,SC]14Aug.1827:2.
34“DomesticManufactures,”2.
35“JohnCWright.”VirtualAmericanBiographies.Virtualology.Appleton’sEncyclopedia,2001.
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37“OfficialProceedingsoftheGeneralConvention.”PennsylvaniaIntelligencer[Harrisburg,PA]7Aug.1827:2.
38
Wilson,JamesandFiske,John.Appleton’sEncyclopediaofAmericanBiography.(NewYork:D.AppletonandCompany,1888),262.
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41DiLorenzo,TheRealLincoln,71.
42“JesseBuel.”VirtualAmericanBiographies.Virtualology.Appleton’sEncyclopedia,2001.
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43Herrin,Dean.“FromSlavetoAbolitionist:JamesW.C.PenningtonofWashingtonCounty,Maryland.”Frederick,MD:
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44“GeorgeTibbits.”VirtualAmericanBiographies.Virtualology.Appleton’sEncyclopedia,2001.1May2009.
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45“SamuelMilesHopkins.”VirtualAmericanBiographies.Virtualology.Appleton’sEncyclopedia,2001.5May2009.
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47Munroe,John.“Chapter2:TheFoundingofNewarkCollege.”TheUniversityofDelaware:AHistory.AboutUs,The
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48Kovarik,William.“TheEditorwhoTriedtoStoptheCivilWar:HezekiahNilesandtheNewSouth.”Papers,William
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51Breck,Samel.“TheDiaryofSamuelBreck,1823‐1827.”ThePennsylvaniaMagazineofHistoryandBiography 103(1979),
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52Klein,PhilipShriverandHoogenboom,Ari.AHistoryofPennsylvania.(UniversityPark,PA:PennStatePress,1973),138.
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57“Smith.”IndextoPoliticians:Smith,StoT.ThePoliticalGraveyard.2009.7May2009.<http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/smith8.html>
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64Ibid,1.
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66Webster,Daniel."ToJohnW.Taylor.Boston[June19,1827]."ThePapersofDanielWebster:Correspondence21825‐
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68Webster,Daniel."FromPeterPaulFrancisDeGrand.Phila[April4,1828]."ThePapersofDanielWebster:Correspondence
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