Harmon Chapter 1- 2014

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Chapter 1

Learning Outcomes:

1. Refresh familiarity with organic functional groups

2. Define the basic types macromolecules inbiochemistry

3. Describe and contrast the attributes ofprokaryotes and eukaryotes and the basis forclassifying organisms

4. Refresh basic thermodynamics: What is freeenergy and how does it relate to spontaneity inbiochemical reactions


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Refresh familiarity with organic functional

groups


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Define the basic types macromolecules in

biochemistry

Lipids in a

membrane


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Describe and contrast the attributes of prokaryotes

and eukaryotes and the basis for classifying

organisms

Prokaryote: Greek derivation meaning beforethe nucleus

single-celled organismsinclude bacteria and cyanobacteria

Eukaryote: Greek derivation meaning true

nucleus

contain a well-defined nucleus surrounded by

a nuclear membranecan be single celled, such as yeasts and

Paramecium, or multicellular, such as animals

and plants


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5 kingdoms


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Simpler way: 3 Domains


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Refresh basic thermodynamics: What is free

energy and how does it relate to spontaneityin biochemical reactions

A. Gibbs free-energy change (G);

G= H- TS.

Sign of G used as a criterion for

determining spontaneity of a process.

a. Gnegative spontaneous-

exergonic-energy given off

b.Gpositive nonspontaneous-

endergonic-energy is required.


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G = free energy content of a closed system

H = enthalpy (reflects number and types of bonds)

S = entropy T = absolute temperature

Spontaneous reactions have negative G

endergonic reactions - positive G / require energyexergonic reactions - negative G / liberate free

energy


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1. Heats of reaction - enthalpies of chemical change.

Reflects the number and kinds of bonds.

2. Endergonic reactions.

a. Hproducts > Hreactants

b. heat flows into the system from the

surroundings

c. His positive

3. Exergonic reactions.

a. Hproducts < Hreactants

b. heat flows to the surroundings from the system

c. His negative


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Entropy - (S) - the amount of molecular disorder or

randomness in a system.

1. The larger the value of S, the greater the molecular

randomness.

2. S = SfinalSinitial.

3. Sfinal> Sinitial

a. S is positive

b. system has become more random

4. Sfinal < Sinitial

a. S is negative

b. system has become less random


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Refresh ATP reactions


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Problems:

These are thought problems that will prepare you for

what is to come in later chapters. They also review some

organic chemistry.

1, 2, 3, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 49, 50.

Harmon Chapter 1- 2014

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Transcript of Harmon Chapter 1- 2014