Hardware technical questions

What is motherboard? System board?Motherboard is the heart of the computer where each and every component is connected to it directly or indirectly.

What are the types of the motherboard? Integrated motherboard Semi-integrated motherboard Fully-integrated motherboard

Integrated motherboard where all components are fixed to itSemi-integrated we can connect the ports on it.Fully integrated motherboard all connectors on the board, i.e. processor socket RAM module Etc

What are Physical components of computer?In put devices: keyboard, joystick, etc.Out put devices: monitor, printer, speakers etc.

What are storage devices?Primary storage devices: R A M (random access memory) temporary storage Secondary storage devices: HDD, ROM (read only memory) permanent storage

RAM is divided into 2 parts Basic RAM: loads operating system files, icons, of desk top Application RAM: loads applications icons of MS-office etc.

Windows operating system supports up to 4 G B of RAMUNIX operating system supports up to 64 T B of RAM.

What are DDR and SDR RAM?DDR-double data RAM high speed having single gap SDR-static data RAM low speed having two gaps

What is booting?Booting is the process of copying important files of operating system into RAM from secondary storage device. What are communication devices?Modem: modulate demodulateNIC: card network interface card.

What is a processor?Processor is a brain of computer it can hold data it uses RAM to process the data.

What are CPU categories?

Central processing unit (CPU)

Complete instruction set computing C I S C perform one job at a time. Reduce instruction set computing RISC performs 4 –10 jobs at a time.

What are the types of motherboard?Desktop motherboards only one processor Network motherboards up to 32 processors

What are slots?Slots are used to connect input and output devices inside the motherboard

What are the types of slots?Expansion slots: ISA (Industrial standard architracture), EISA Extended ISA are outDated. PCI slots are in white in color Reserved slots: AGP (accelerated graphic port) CNR (communication network register)AMR (Audio modem register) combination of modem and audio these are in brown in color.

What is PCI slot?PHERIFARAL COMPONENT INTERFACE CARD Both 32 and 64 bit card is used to connect white or brown in color.Use to connect extra cards on the motherboard

AGP: Accelerated Graphical Port OR Advanced graphical port It is a 64-bit card used for display. It converts digital signal to analog signals.

LAN-card: local area network card can divided the data into packets and also combines packet into data.RJ-45 used for broad brand RJ-11 used for dial-up connection (RJ-register jack)

Sound card converts the digital signal to amplified signals Companies; Yamaha creative c-media etc

What are ports?Used to connect the I/O devices at the back of CPU USB-universal serial bus SATA-serial advanced technology attachments VGA-video graphic adaptor FDC-floppy disk controller IDE-integrated drive electronic connector

PORT-----------------PIN-----------COMMUNICATION---------TYPE----MAIL/FEMAILUSB 4 pen drive ----- ----------

PS2 5 keyboard/mouse femaleSATA 7 hard disk COM 9 serial port, printer COM1, 2 VGA 15 monitor femaleSound 25 sound cables FDC 34 floppy disk IDE 40 HDD/CD-ROM

CONNECTORS:9 pin mail used for connecting serial mouse 9-pin female used for monitor 15 pin female 2 rows game controller 15 pin female 3 rows used for connecting V G A, monitor 25 pin mail extra modem 25 pin female printer or scanner

POWER CONNECTORS.SMPS switch mode power supply used to pass the current to all the components of the computer Types of power supplies: AT.ATX, BTX, MBTX.AT-advanced technology 12 pinsATX-advanced technology extended 20 pinsBTX-balanced technology extended 20 + 4 pinsMBTX-micro balanced technology extended 24 + 4 pins

What is Molex?It is present on the SMPS, which will give the power supply for hard-disk CD-ROM.Mini MOLEX it will supply the power supply to the floppy disk.

What is BIOS?Basic input out put of a system (BIOS)Also known as POST (power on self test)It will check all the hard ware components with the signal called IRQIRQ-interrupt request.

What is cache memory?Helps in speeding up the transfer of data

What is COMS?Complementary metal oxide semi conductorIt is small battery present on the motherboard to retain the information about the computer.COMS is apart of BIOS To enter in to COMS F2, F10 DEL buttons.

What are file-systems?File systems are of 3 types

Disk base file system used in CD’s Floppy HDD. Virtual base file system temporary file system in the HDD. Network base file system used for transmission of data

What is disk base file system?Disk base file system is divided into 5 types FAT, NTFS, USF, CDFS, HSFS FAT- FILE ALLOCATION TABLEFat-12 in this file system we can install windows 3.1, 3.11,3.11x,operating systems using this bootable Fat-16 in this file system we can install windows 3.1,3.11,3.11x, 95,98,ME, NT operating systems using this bootableFat-32 in these file system windows 98,ME, XP, 2000 can install using this bootableIN FAT file system security is low (no security)

NTFS-New Technology File SystemNTFS 4.0 is used for installing of Windows NT server NTFS 5.0 is used for installing of Windows NT 2000 serverNTFS 5.3 IS used for installing of Windows NT 2003 Server.Extra feature shadow copying is available in the NTFS 5.3.NTFS file system high security

Installation of windows operating system 9512 M B of RAM 150 GB OF HDD386-PROCESSOR

What are DEVICE DRIVERS?Device drivers are software’s applications used to run hardware

How to install software?Two types of software installation: windows base, DOS baseDOS –disk operating system.

What is virus?A virus is a program created by a programmer intentionally to infect or corrupt the data

How to identify virus?Replication of data, virus code execute first etc.

What are the types of virus?Program virus: infects programs Boot sector virus: effects bootable files File virus: effects applications

Micro virus; effects MS-OFFICE applicationsPolymorphism virus: this virus changes code to one system to another systemMore difficult to delete

What is anti-virus?An anti-virus defense against virus it remove all infected files and protect the computer file system (need to update)

What is safe mode?A safe mode is a state where no graphics no sound will be present. Only basic operations will work in the safe mode.

How to partition of a hard disk?First boot device should be CD-ROM in the BIOS setup.Insert operating system disk in the CD-ROM then restart the computerNow booting will take place form CD-ROM (not from HDD disk)We will get the display of all the partitions of HDD on the blue screenThen select the partition you want to delete press “D”.Then press “L” to conform this is the process to delete the partition.

How to create the partitions?Press “C” to create the partition and give the amount of space for the partition

Windows 98 operating system partitionInsert the bootable CD in the CD-ROM then restart the computerWe will get into DOS promptA:/>fdiskChecks whether the partition is present or notIf partitions are there we need to delete the partitions in the following orderDel the partition logical Del the partition extendedDel the partition primary then total space of HDD we will get To create partition in the dos promptCerate primaryCreate logical Create extended then primary partition should made active then we can install any operating systemNOTE: before and after creating and deleting partition we must re start the computerAnd also before installing any operating system we must format the dive.

How to format the drive?After creating the partition restart the computer then we will get into DOS prompt A:>/ format c: Is the command to format c-drive

How to create BIOS password?Restart the computer press F8 to get into BIOS setup selects the option password in the advanced features give the password then press F10 save the settings restart the computer. How to remove the BIOS password?Remove the BIOS battery from the motherboard restart the computerThen replace the battery then restart the computer. (OR) Remove the jumper from the motherboard then restart and replace the jumper then restart the computer.

NOTE; by default jumper will present in 1st and 2nd positions on the motherboard

While booting what command will come first?Boot.inp

What are chip sets?Chips are present on the motherboard

North Bridge it controls all high-speed components like processor RAM, AGP slots.

It present near the processor South Bridge it presents near the PCI-slots it controls all PCI slots connectors and

all I/O devices.

What are the types of heat shinks?Two types of heat shinks Active heat shink and passive heat shinkActive heat shink present on the processor shinks heat from processorPassive heat shink on North Bridge

What are the types of hard disk?ATA: advanced technology attachment SCSI: small computer system interfaceATA is divided into two typesPATA and SATA PATA: Parallel advanced technology attachment it contain 40 pins and IDE-cable data tram mission rate is 150 mbps SATA: serial advanced technology attachment it contains 7 pins and SATA cable data tram mission rate 300mbps

8bits =1 byte1024byts =1 kilo byte 1024PB=1Exa byte1024 KB= 1 mega byte 1024EX=1Yota byte1024MB=1gega byte 1024YB=1 Zota byte.1024GB=1tera byte1024TB=1peta byte

TROUBLE SHOOTING Beep errors Numerical errorsSystem errorsDynamic link library errors (DLL)Kernel errors Fatal errors.

BEEP ERRORSSingle beep indicates P.C is working properlyLong beep indicates problem with R A M.One long 3 short beeps problem with display cardOne long 2 short beeps problem with COMS or keyboard

No beep no display problem with SMPS Check SMPSCheck connectorsCheck RAMCheck processorCheck BIOS battery

NUMERIACL ERRORS1XX- problem with motherboard2XX-problem with RAM 3XX-problem with keyboard4XX or 5XX problem with display card6XX or 16XX problem with floppy drive7XX-problem with ISP (INTER NET SERVICE PROVIDER)17XX-problem with HDD18XX-problem with CD-ROMERROR 640-problem with modem or device drives.

SYSTEM ERRORSSystem reboots after every 15 minutesCheck A.C power Check R A MRe install operating systemIf UPS is connected remove the UPS and connect the system directly

System hanging every 10 minutesCheck processor Check R A MCheck connectorsCheck motherboard

NTLDR MISSINGThis problem comes only in WIN NT/2000/XP operating systems reinstall O S

Disk boot failure When there are no system files it will display like this reinstall O S (OR) problem with HDD, IDE cable.

FATAL ERRORSFatal errorHDD file system problem delete all partitions and create them again

DLL ERRORDLL file is missing re install operating system or problem with link files

Kernel errorReinstall all device drives

OPTICAL DEVICES CD-compact disk capacity 700 MBDVD-digital versatile disk 4.7 GB BDR-blue ray disk 27 GB

DVD single side single layer 4.7GBDVD single side double layer 8.4 GBDVD double side single layer 9.5 GBDVD double side double layer 17.1 GB

BDR single side single layer 27 GBBDR Single side double layer 54 GBBDR disk cost from 15000Rs to 2000 RsBDR drive cost from 25k to 30k

OPERATING SYSTEM TECHNICAL QUESTIONS

What is an operating system?An operating system is a user interface between H/W and S/WAn operating system is collection of programs that coordinate with the operation of computer H/W and S/W.

What are the different types of operating systems?DOS-disk operating systemWINDOWS-windows operating system LINUX-operating systemUNIX-operating system etc

What serves as a translator in-between O S and H/W? Device drives

On the task bar time is shown on System tray

Right click on the desktopWill display the properties of dialog box

To open the file menu from key boardAlt + F

The most common O S for small computers isWindows

Windows is an example ofGUI (Graphical user interface) an application program

What are the components of an O S process management? Main memory management File managementI/O managementSecondary storage managementNetworkingProtecting systemCommand interrupts

What is system restore?System restore is a process of restoring the data from backupsIt is used to undo harmful changes to our system and restore its settings and performance.NOTE: O S can automatically maintain the restore it is called system checkpoint.

What is multi programming?Multiprogramming is task where memory can maintain more than one program

Mono programming?Memory contains only one user and maintains one program

What is time-sharing?Time-sharing is logical extension of multiprogramming.

What is batch processing?All programs, which are to be executed, are collected together and store in a file is called batch processing

What are system calls?System calls for process managementSystem calls for file managementSystem calls for device management etc.

What Different between threat and process?Thread will share the memory it is a S/WProcess will not share the memory.

What are multiple threads?It can complete execution of batch of data while reading next batch from another device.

What is a monitor?A monitor is abstract data type used for multiple processes

What is trashing?A situation in which a program cause page faults for every few instructions

What is RAID?Redundant array of inexpensive disk (RAID) use many disk drives in parallel to get high transfer rate and more error correction

What is an interrupt?Can be defined as an immediate transfer of control caused by an event in the P C

What is buffer?Buffer is memory area that stores data while they are transferred between two devices or applications.

WINDOWS VISTATo install windows vista 512 M B of R A M120 G B of HDD and dual core processor

What are the advantages of windows vista?Graphically high valueHigh securityAutomatic updates from InternetGreater efficiency in managing both memory devices and I/O devices

What are the Features of windows vista?Basic, premium, business, ultimate

Windows vista features

Most secure with windows defender and firewall.Quickly find our what we need with instant search and windows Internet explorer 7Best choice for laptops with windows mobility center and tablet P C supportCollaborate and share documents with windows meeting spaceExtend windows vista to secondary displays and devices with windows slid show Experience photos and entertainment in your living room with windows media player.Protect against hardware failure with complete P C backup and restoreEasy Windows fax and scanEasier networking connectivity Better protect your data with automatic up backup and update. With data encryption

Windows XP operating system

Windows XP developed by Microsoft in the year 2001Minimum configuration 64 MB of R A M 233 Mhz of processor1.5 GB of HDDIt is built on NTFS file system

Windows XP service pack 1 was introduced in the year 2002Compatibility updates (optional)Enabling technology for new devices U S B 2.0 supportNo security center Java virtual machine

Windows XP service pack 2introdused in the year 2004Special emphasis on securityAdd new functionalityWindows security center State of anti-virus S/W Which lowest version of DOS can install on windows XP3.2 versions

Which operating system supports MS-OFFICE 2007?Windows vista

In windows XP, XP stands forExperience

Short cut keys for registry files Run then regedit

What is use of activation keys?Activation keys that register us total 25 letters will be present while installing O S

Scan disk is used for?Check errors (or) corrupted sectors and automatically fix them

Windows server operating systems

Windows NT 4.0 server operating system was introduced in the year 1996.40 thousand clients can work at a timeNot support large hardware WINS is the service (windows internet naming service) it will work

Windows NT 5.0 server operating system was released in the year 2000 (windows 2000)Windows 2000 proficiently is client operating system for windows 2000 server. 12 millions clients can connect to it at a time.

Flavors of windows 2000 server Windows 2000 server for small networks Windows 2000 advanced server for large networksWindows 2000 data center for very large networks

Windows 2000 server 5.3 was released in the year 2003 (windows 2003 server)I billion clients can connect at a time.

Flavors of 2003 windows serverStandard edition for small networksEnterprise edition for large networksData center edition for very large networksWeb edition used for hosting wed sites

Note: in the web edition we cannot install active directory If we install active directory then only we can say it is a server or P C in work groupAdvantage is forest-to-forest trust relation ship in 2003 server

What is active directory?Active directory is a directory service, which contains information of all user accounts and share resources on a network.

What is Unix?Unix is an interactive system designed to handle multiple processors and multiple users at the same time.

What is E-mail?Electronic mail used for sending message through computer network such as Internet

What is Internet?Inter net is the networks of the networks

What is firewall?A security measure that protect a computer network from unauthorized access

What is hacking?Some one who access and do some changes in the information with out our notice

What is infrared?Infrared is a light waves to allow a device for communication with out cables

What is blue tooth?A technology that enables Internet through mobile communication like laptopsAnd other devices to communicate with out wire

What is browser?A software program that lets you to access and navigate the inter netLike: Internet explorer, fire fox, etc

JPEG?Joint photographic expert group

What is a protocol?A set of standards that allow standardized communication between two or more devices

What is spy ware?Programs that get installed on our computer to track your activates or popup advertising on your serene installed by Internet with our notice.

What are cookies?Internet automatically installs cookies for fast accessing the web page

What is web browser?A program that allows you to connect Internet

NETWORKING CONSEPTS

What is a network?The inter connection of two or more devices

What is networking?The communication between two or more devices is called networking

What is communication?Communication is sharing of data

What are the types of net works?LAN, MAN, WANLAN: local area net work a network which is established with in the area MAN: metropolitan area network which is established with in the city or connecting different LAN’sWAN: wide area network, which is defined with out any area limitation

What are the requirements of network?NIC-CARDMEDIATPOLOGYPROTOCALIP-ADDRESS

NIC-CARD, which contain unique MAC-ADDRESS (media access code)

MEDIA-it’s a way for communication GUIDED-MEDIA-physical connection like twisted cables fiber optics etc..UNGUIDED-MEDIA-logical connection, with out wires like blue tooth radio waves etc.

TOPOLOGY-a physical or logical lay out of the network is called topologyLike star topology, mesh topology, ring topology

PROTOCAL-protocol is some set of rules for communicationLike TCP/IP PROTOCOL, IPX/SPX, APPLE TALK etcIPX-internet packet exchange SPX-sequence packet exchange APPLE TALK for novel computers

IP-ADDRESS-it is a logical address to identify the P C in the networkIP VERSION 4 IP VERSION 632-bit divided into 4 octal 128-bits divided into 8 quarters Each quarter is converted into hexa decimal

RANGES OF IP-ADDRESSS

Class A 0-------127 used for big N/W Class B 128-----191 used for medium N/WClass C 192----223 used for small N/WClass D 224----239 used for multicastingClass E 240----255 used for reaches and development

How to assign the IP address?My N/W pleases right click properties, select TCP/IP, properties In IP version 4 total 4.8 billions of IP-address are there they are divided into PRIVATE (classA, class B, class C) and PUBLIC (internet)

How to check IP address?Start-run-command-ipconfig/all

What is packet?Data will transform in the form of packets, which will contain source IP and destination IP

What is frame?A frame contains a packet along with source MAC address and destination MAC address

What is ping?Ping used to communicate in between the network and P CPacket Internet grower (ping)

TCP/IP?Transmission control protocol, which works along with IP to ensure that packets reach their destinations

What is POP3?Post office protocol 3 is the latest version of a standard version of protocol used for receiving mails.

What is D N S?Domain name service or domain name system used to resolve the IP-address to host name and host name to IP-address.

How to install DNS?Start – settings-control panel- add/remove programs-add/remove windows components Select networking services –details-select DNS-next-finish.

What is WINS? Windows inter net naming service (WINS)Before DNS we were using WINS it will resolve only flat name i.e. yahoo, rediff etc

What are host files?Host files are used to resolve the naming service before WINS we were using this service Administrator needs to do the entries in the host files burden on administration.

What is DHCP?Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) it maintains centralized of IP-address to prevent IP-conflict it gives the range of IP-address to the clients.

What is BOOT-P-SERVER?Before DHCP we were using this server. Administrator needs to collect the MAC address and IP-address maintained in a server called BOOT-P-SERVER

What is static IP?Address which is assigned manually and don’t change over the time called static IP

What is dynamic IP?Address that are automatically assigned for a specific period of time and might change

How to install DHCP?Start-settings-control panel-add/remove programs-add/remove windows componentsNetwork services-details-select DHCP-next-finish.DHCP can configure only in server operating system

What is SMTP?Simple message transmission protocol used to sending and receiving e-mails

What is IMAP?Internet message access protocol for accessing mails from server to view the sender and headings of the mail

What are routers?Router is a device used for communication between two or more different networksUsed for inter network communication, best path way selection, packet switching, packet forwarding

What is packet switching?Moving of data from one interface to another interface is call packet switching

What is packet forwarding?Sending the data out of an interface is called packet forwarding

What are the layers of router?Access layer used for small originations Distributed layer used for ISP’SCore layer used for global ISP’S

What are the internal components of a router?ROM it is bootstrap program FLASH MEMORY stores the IOS here (internet working operating system)NV-RAM similar to HDD permanent storageRAM is a temporary storage device

What are the types of interface in a router?LAN INTERFACEWAN INTERFACEADMINISTRATOR INTERFACE

What is LAN interface in a router?LAN interface is a AUI inter face (ATTACHNMENT UNIT INTER FACE)P C to ROUTER cross cable

What is WAN interface?In wan interface are used by serial interfaces S0, S1

What is administrator interface?Administrator interface contains two types CONSOLE port it is a local admin portIt is most sensitive and important port of the routerAUXILARY port used for remote access when Internet is not in use

What is IP-routing?It is a process of moving packets from one N/W to another N/W

What are the types of routing?Static routingDefault routing Dynamic routing

What is Static routing?If Routing is configured by admin manually it is called static routing it is safe and fast

What is dynamic routing?Advertise only directly connected N/WAdministrative work is reduced because dynamic up dates

What are WAN protocols?Pint to point protocol (ppp) and high-level data link (HDLC)PPP supports open standard protocol and supports authentication HDLC supports vender protocol and not supports compression

What is sub netting?Divides a single network into multiple networks is called sub nettingUsed for reducing wastage of IP address by converting host bits into N/W bits

What are OSI-layers?Open system inter-connector (OSI) was introduced by ISO international standard origination in the year 1984.This consists of 7 layersApplication layerPresentation layerSession layerTransport layer N/W layer Data link layerPhysical layer

Application layer provides interface for the users to access applications with in remote system and with the ports NO.s we can identify the N/W services (http 80,ftp 21,smtp-25)

Presentation layer it describes standard format by 3 major functions (encoding decoding)(Encryption decryption) (Compressing decompressing)

Session layer it is responsible for establishing the session maintains and termination the session by RPC (REMOTE PROCEDURE CALL)

Transport layer responsible for data delivery by two major protocols (TCP)-transmission control protocol it is connection oriented and reliable AND (UDP) user data gram protocol it is connection less not reliable

Network layer in this layer 2 major protocols they are ROUTED and ROUTINGRouted protocol it carries user data source to destination viscera’sRouting protocol will select the best pathway for sending the data

Data link layer it contains MAC address IP-address for logical communication and MAC-address for physical communication by ARP- address resolution protocol

Physical layer in this layer the data-tacking place from source to destination and destination to source in the form of bits depend on the media.

Application layer, presentation layer, session layer are S/W layers Transport layer is core of OSI layerN/W layer, data link layer, physical layer are H/W layers.

What are straight cable and cross cable?Straight cable is for communication between different devices like P C TO HUBPC TO SWITCH PC TO MODEMCross cable is used for communication between same devices PC TO PC HUB TO HUB

What is SWITCH?Switch function at data link layer It is an intelligent device because no collisions It maintains MAC address table Fixed bandwidth at each port It works with flooding and uni-cast

What is flooding?If switch receives broad cast frame it flood the information out of all the ports except the switch port it has received that frame

What is uni-cast?Switch maintains MAC address table so it check the destination MAC address and drops the frame on that particular port

What are the types of switch?Manageable switch and UN manageable switch Manageable switch, which is having console port and UN manageable switch cannot having console port

What is port security?Port security is used to control N/W access based on the following MAC –addressMaximum 132 MAC address can assign to single port If any violation takes place need to configure shut down mode, protect mode and restrict mode

Shut down the port or interface will become error disable and the port led turn offProtect mode frames with unknown source address are dropped it does not notify that a security violation occurredRestricted mode frames with unknown source address are dropped it gives a notice

What is HUB?HUB is abroad cast device and no security less expensive Hub receives the data from different devices and forwards it in another different devices Not maintain MAC address table

What is boot p server?Boot p server were used before DHPC in this method administrator need to collect the MAC address of the system and assign corresponding IP address Burden on administrator

What is WINS?Windows Internet naming service used before DNS used for naming resolve to IP addressBut it will resolve only fate names What are host files?B4 WINS we were using it administrator need to do he entries in the host.