Hardware, software.

Operating system.

Medical Informatics

Winter Semester 2011/2012

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Computers

Digital computer = device for automatic processing of instructions and processing of data (both coded in binary system)

Types of computers Supercomputers, mainframe computers, PCs

(desktop, tower), notebooks (laptops), pocket PCs (PDA, iPOD), MAC Apple

Structure of computers Hardware x software

Input devices + memory & processor + output devices (von Neumann architecture)

Case x peripheral devices (common user look)

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Hardware

Physical elements (user can touch them

physically)

Inside the box

Power source, mainboard, buttons for start and

reset of computer, space for memory devices,

outlets for network, graphical and sound cards

Peripheral devices

Keyboard, mouse, screen

Heart of computer

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Something for input – Keyboard

Something for displaying – Graphic card and monitor

And little bit more

Motherboard – the skelet of the computer

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Processor

Executes commands and instructions of program and processes the data

Also Central Processing Unit (CPU) – chip placed in socket on mainboard Analogy for processor in human body if heart. Mainboard can be

described as a net of arteries and veins with bloodstream

Composed of: Front Side Bus (FSB) – executes instructions

Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) – arithmetic and logic operations

Registers – special quick memory on processor

Performance is usually defined with parameters of tact frequency (today 1-3 GHz), width of data flow (older 8-, 16-, todays 32- or 64-bits), arithmetic flowing point operations per second (fps) etc.

Must be cooled (prevention of processor overheat) – fan

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Memory

Stores data and program instructions and works with them

Operating memory (also internal memory ) – very quick (due to this accessed directly by processor) but with low capacity (size usually 10s of GB) RAM (Read Access Memory), ROM (Read Only

Memory), cache

Storing Memory (also storing devices) – high capacity (from 100s GB to 10s TB and more) but slow (1000 times slower than internal memory) Harddisk (HD), CD, DVD, flashmemory (USB-stick),

etc…

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RAM

Common user usually understands under the term computer memory just this type

Performance measured by capacity (size) in bytes (today 1024 MB (1 GB), 2048 MB (2 GB), 4096 (4 GB), 8GB) and speed (tact frequency) in MHz (today usually 600 - 1333 MHz)

After turning off a computer, this memory is cleaned and all date are lost!

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Cache

Additional memory

Special kind of memory using generally in situations, when data and/or instructions are handed from the slower device to the faster one

Cache on processor (RAM → registers)

Cache on harddrive (HD → RAM)

Cache on CD/DVD drive (CD/DVD → RAM)

etc.

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Harddisk

Harddisk drive (HDD) is usually placed in case of computer, but can be also connected as an external device (by USB, etc.)

Storing of data on magnetic principles

Quite fast but still much slower than operating memory Performance measured in capacity (todays usually

10s – 100 GBs), access time to data and number of rotations per minute

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FD, CD, DVD, flashmemory, etc.

Floppy disk (FD) – relic, magnetic principles, capacity max. 1.44 MB

Compact Disk (CD) – optical principles, 700 MB

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) – optical, 4.5 GB (Dual Layer DVD even 8 GB) Today usually combined CD/DVD drives in one device

Blue-ray Disk (BD) – optical, 10s GB

Flashmemory (flashstick, USB stick, etc.) – special memory chip, todays usually 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB or 4 GB

Various memory cards (from digital photocamera, handies, etc.), ZIPP drive, JAZZ drive, etc.

HVD (Holograme Versatile Disk) – in development, TB (?)

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Additional cards and devices

Graphical card

Video output on monitor

Network card

Network connection

Sound card

Audio output

Communication ports

USB, LPT, PS/2, FireWire

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Input devices

Mediate data input to computer Keyboard

Mouse

Touchpad

Trackball

Tablet

Scanner

Microphone

Webcam

Digital photocamera, joystick, etc.

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Output devices

Present data in relevant form

Monitor (CRT, LCD)

Printer

Plotter

Speakers, phones

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Special & multifuntional devices

Special I/O devices in one: Touch display (PDA)

Modem (network connection)

Multifunctional devices Xerox, printer & scanner in one machine

Phones & microphone set

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I/O devices in medicine

Examples (used as parts of various diagnostic and/or therapeutic devices and instruments):

Biosignal sensors

Electrodes of defibrillator

Display of ECG monitoring device

Monitors of ICU instruments, incl.various sensors, applicators and dosing machines

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Software

Programs (applications) and data stored in computer and coded in bits (user cannot touch them physically)

Software = Applications and data

Applications: System programs

BIOS

Operating systems

Drivers

Programming languages

End-user applications

Legal (licenced) software x warez

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Files & directories

File (name & extension) Data file

Data standard

Program file (application) Localisation

Association

Folder, directory FAT, NFTS

Tree structure of directories

Shortcut, link

Path

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End-user application File managers

Text editors

Spreadsheets processors

Presentation software

Databases

Office suites

Viewers

Communication programs

Personal organizers

Graphic software

Antivirus, Firewall, Antispyware

Archiving & data compression programs

Multimedia players

Education software

Games, etc.

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Operating system

Main program of computer Runs other applications, allocate HW for them

Files in Boot Sector of harddrive

Mainframe OS: VMS, UNIX, QNX

OS for PC: UNIX (Solaris, Linux)

DOS (MS DOS, DR DOS)

Windows

OS/2 (IBM)

Other OS: Mac OS (Apple)

Symbian, Windows Mobile, PalmOS (PocketPC and handies)

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Windows Operating system MS Windows (Microsoft

Corporation) in one of its versions installed on

majority of today PCs:

Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 3.0, Windows

3.11, Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 98,

Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows CE – older,

milestones in computer history

Windows XP (Experience) (since X / 2001)

Windows Server 2003 – for server computers

Windows Vista (since I / 2007)

Windows 7 / 8/ 10

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Czech – english vocabulary Počítač = computer

Myš = mouse

Plocha = desktop

Okno = window

Položka = item

Klávesnice = keyboard

Jazyk = language

Soubor = file

Adresář = directory

Složka = folder

Jméno, název = name

Přípona = extension

Zástupce = shortcut

Schránka = clipboard

Průzkumník = explorer

Nápověda = help

In applications (e.g. Průzkumník): Otevřít = open

Tisk = print

Nový = new

Vytvořit = create

Odstranit, smazat = delete

Přejmenovat = rename

Vlastnosti = attributes

Velikost = size

Hledat = search

Úpravy = edit

Oblíbené = favorite

Kopírovat = copy

Vyjmout = cut

Vložit = paste

Vybrat = select

Zobrazit = view

Nástroje = tools

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Suggested reading

van Bemmel, Musen: Handbook of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University, Rottedam, NL & Stanford University, Stanford, USA

(http://www.mieur.nl/mihandbook/r_3_3/handbook/home.htm)

Shortliffe, Cimino et al.: Biomedical Informatics, 3rd Edition, Springer, New York, 2006

www.wikipedia.org