Hard Disk and I-o Devices
Transcript of Hard Disk and I-o Devices
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By
Albatross
Components of Computer
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Computing
Ramesh IIIT-44
y Generally Computing can be defined as Counting or Calculation
y Computing, also known as computer science, is usually defined as the activity of using and
improving computer technology, computer hardware and software
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History of Computing
Ramesh IIIT-44
y Methods used for computing in earlier days intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with
or without the aid of tables.
y The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus.
y These methods lack in technology to make the design
work.
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First Computer
Ramesh IIIT-44
y ENIAC , short for ElectronicNumerical Integrator And Computer, was the first general-purpose,
electronic computer.
y It was a Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of
computing problems.
y ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic
Research Laboratory, but its first use was in calculations for the hydrogen bomb.
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Generations of Computers
Ramesh IIIT-44
There are 6 generation types:
Zeroth Generation of Computers[1942-1946]: Marked by the invention ofMechanical
Computers
First Generation of Computers[1946-1954]:Marked by the use of vacuum tubes or valves
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Ramesh IIIT-44
Second Generation of Computers[1954-1964]:Marked by the use of transistors
Third Generation of Computers[1964-1980]:Marked by the use of Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation of Computers[1980s-present]:Marked by the use of LSI and VLSI
Fifth Generation Computers[ tommorows Computers]
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Types of Microprocessors
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Introductiony A microprocessor -- also
known as a CPU or is acomplete computationengine that is fabricated on
a single chip.
y Microprocessors firststarted appearing in the
1970s in electroniccalculators.
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Classification
Hardware characteristicsy Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
y Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
y Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW)
y Superscalar Processors
characteristics of application areasy GPP (General Purpose Processor)
y SPP (Special Purpose Processor)
ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit)
ASIP (Application-Specific Instruction-set Processor)
DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
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CISCComplex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)- easy to program and make efficient use of memory.
-Each instruction in a CISC instruction set might perform a
series of operations inside the processor.-reduces the number of instructions required to implement a
given program.
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RISCy Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
RISC is a CPU design strategy with simplified instructions &
can provide higher performance.-one instruction per clock cycle.
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VLIWy Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW)
VLIW refers to a CPU architecture designed to take
advantage of instruction level parallelism (ILP).-Many parallel functional units are executed.
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Superscalar ProcessorsSuperscalar Processors
- Subclass ofRISCs or CISCs
-Multiple instruction pipelines for overlapping execution ofinstructions
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General purpose processors
-used for General purpose applications
Microcontrollers:-industrial applications
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Special purpose processorsy DSPThese are programmable microprocessor for extensive
numerical real-time computations.
yASIC
algorithm completely implemented in hardware.
ASIP
Hardware and instruction set are designed together for one
special application
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Random Access Memory
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Types ofRAM
y SRAM
y DRAM(Dynamic random access memory)
y
FPM
DRAM-
L2 cache:176MB
psy EDODRAM- L2 cache:264MBps
y SDRAM -L2 cache:528MBps
y DDR SDRAM-L2 cache:1064MBps
y RDRAM- L2 cache:1600MBpsy VRAM
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Fast page mode ramEDO RAM
SD RAM
DDRRAM
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DDR 2 RAM
RD RAM
DDR3 SDRAM
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Hard disk
HDDs record data by magnetizing ferromagnetic
material directionally, to represent either a 0 or a 1 binary
digit
They read the data back by detecting the magnetization
of the material
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HardDisk
spindle
Actuator
arm
platter
actuator
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Types of hard disks
IDE : Integrated Drive Electronics. IDE drives are also known as PATA drives(
Parallel advance technology attachment )
SATA : Serial advance technology attachment
SCSI : Small Computer System Interface. SCSI is pronounced as scuzzy.
SAS : Serial Attached SCSI
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IDE/PATAIDE/PATA Drives have usually 40 pins.
IDE/PATA Drives offer 133MB/sec transfer rate.
It sends 8 bit data at a time.
PATA Cables are used to connect PATA HDD.
Two drives can be connected in a single pata cable.
One as master and other as slave.
The configuration of master and slave is done by
different combination of jumpers in the hdd.
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SATA
SATA Drives have usually 7 pins, 4 pins in pair of two for sending and
receiving data and rest 3 pins are grounded.
SATA Drives offers generally 300MB/sec transfer rate. It sends data bit by
bit.
SATA Cables are used to connect SATA HDD.
Only one drive can be connected in a single sata cable.
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SCSI
y SCSI Drives have usually 50 to 68 pins.
y SCSI Drive offers generally 640MB/sec transfer rate.
y This drives are hot swappable.
y SCSI cables are used to connect SCSI HDD.Maximum of 16 drives can
be connected in a single scsi cable. Each hdd have a 8 bytes
hexadecimal code known as WWN (world wide name) for its
identification in the cable.
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SASy SAS Drives generally offers 805 MB/sec transfer rate.
y This drives are hot swappable.
y SAS Cables are used to connect SAS Drives.
y M
aximum of 128 drives can be connected in a single sas cable.
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Input/Output Devices
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THANK YOU