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October 27-28, 2004 HAPL meeting, PPPL1

Overview of the Components of an IFE Chamberand a Summary of our R&D to Develop Them

Presented by: A. Ren RaffrayUCSD

With contributions from John Sethian and the HAPL Team

HAPL MeetingPPPL

Princeton, NJOctober 27-28, 2004

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ElectricityGenerator

Target

factory

ModularLaserArray

Modular, separable parts: lowers cost of development AND improvements Conceptually simple: spherical targets, passive chambers Builds on significant progress in US Inertial Confinement Fusion Program

The HAPL Program Aims at Developing a New Energy Source: IFEBased on Lasers, Direct Drive Targets and Solid Wall Chambers

Target injection,(survival and

tracking)

Chamberconditions(physics)

Final optics

(+ mirrorsteering)

Blanket(make the mostof MFE designand R&D info)

System(including

power cycle)

Dry wallchamber

(armor mustaccommodate

ion+photonthreat and

provide requiredlifetime)

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Ion and Photon Threat Spectra and ChamberConditions Prior to Each Shot Must Be WellCharacterized (UW)

Attenuation of ion and photon spectra seen by wall byusing a protective chamber gas

Chamber Physics Needs to be Understood

Dynamics of chamber gas(including fusion micro-explosionproducts) need to be understoodto ascertain chamber conditionsprior to each shot (UCSD model)- Multi-dimensional- Heat transfer mechanisms

(including radiation)- Turbulence effects- Laser lines and effect on final optics- Impact target injection and survival

Example temperature distribution inchamber from SPARTAN analysis

Gas Density (mTor r at 300K) 10 20

Reduction in Initial Photon

Intensity on the Wall

9% 16%

Reduction in Initial Burn

Product Fast Ions Energy

Deposition on the Wal l

1% 2%

Reduction in Initial Debris Ions

Energy Depos ition on the Wall

29% 48%

Re-radiati on Time Scale ( s) 300-700 300-700

Chamber Gas Ion and Photon Attenuation

for Chamber with R=6.5 m (from BUCKY)

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Target injection & tracking- Gas gun or electromagnetic

injection- 5 mm target injection

accuracy, ~2 m target/laseraccuracy

- mirror steering synchronizedwith target tracking

Injecting & Tracking the Target (GA/UCSD/LLE)

xyzt

tracking

electronics

target tracking

injector

timingtrigger

steeringcontroller

target chamber

VxVyVz

Target tracking/beam steeringinterface

xyzt

driver laser20-30 m

GAtargetinjection

facility

Target survival- Must accommodate heat

transfer from backgroundgas and wall radiation andmeet target integrityrequirements based on targetphysics

- Possibility of designing morethermally robust target

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Long Term Survival & Optical Fidelity Required of Final Optics

We are developing damage-resistant final optics based on grazing-incidence

metal mirrors and testing them (effort coordinated by UCSD; LLNL)

Mirror requirements: - 5 J/cm 2

- 2 yrs, 3x10 8 shots- 1% spatial nonuniformity- 20 m aiming

- 1% beam balance cube dump

cube

1/2 waveplate

beam diagnostics

dump

viewing port

specimenmount

UCSD Laser Lab

Material choices: Monolithic Al (>99.999% purity)

Electroplating

Thin film deposition on stiff, lightweight, radiation-resistant substrate (e.g. SiC)

Surface finishing

Advanced Al alloys

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We are Developing a Credible Armor/First Wall Configuration toAccommodate the Threat Spectra and Provide the Required Lifetime

Exposure experiments + modeling todetermine response of candidate materialconfiguration to IFE ion and photon threats- High temperature, repetitive pulses- Thermo-mechanical response- Lifetime

RHEPP (SANDIA)[repetitive ions]

Z (SANDIA)[Single shot x-rays]

DRAGONFIRE (UCSDLaser Lab)

[mimic x-rays & ions ]

ZAPPER -LLNL[rep-rate x-rays]

Separation of function: armor for threat accommodation; FW for structural function- Front runner configuration: thin W armor (~ 1 mm) on FS

W

FS

Coolant

Ions + X-rays

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We are Assessing the Potential Causes of Armor Failure and ConsideringAdvanced Engineered Material for Potentially Superior Performance

W/FS bond development (ORNL) - Testing in infrared facility (ORNL)- Modeling (T cycles, fatigue) (UW)

0

5

10

15

20

25

-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)

H e a

t f l u x

( M W / m

2 )

He retention - He implantation/anneal cycle experiment + modeling (ORNL+UNC)- He + D implantation in IEC facility (UW)

Development of engineered (porous)W armor for longer lifetime(UCLA/Ultramet, PPI/UCSD)

- Stress relief - Enhanced release of implanted Heions (microstructure dimensionsmaller than He migration distance)

W foam(Ultramet/UCLA)

Vacuum PlasmaSpray Porous W(PPI/UCSD)

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ExampleSelf-

Cooled LiBlanketConcept

The Blanket and Beyond: Strategy for Blanket Development andIntegrated System Studies Study (UCSD/UW/LLNL)

Our blanket strategy aims at makingthe most of MFE design and R&D info

in developing an attractive IFE blanketconcept 1. Scoping study of blanket concepts coupled

to selected power cycle(s) to the pointwhere we can intelligently evaluate themand select most attractive one(s).

2. Detailed design analysis of selectedconcept(s) closely integrated with oursystem studies and with design of interfacing components

Example Ceramic BreederBlanket Concept

Our System Studies Comprise a Multi-Step Approach:1. Develop tools and constraints and perform initial and

scoping analysis of parameter space thataccommodates material and design constraints.

2. Complete integrated system code for laser IFE thatincludes performance scaling, constraints, cost for all

major parts of the power plant (targets, drivers,chambers, power plant facilities, etc.)

3. Perform full trade-off studies to help develop anintegrated HAPL power plant conceptual design

Example BraytonPower Cycle

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Some of the key questions remaining have strong impact on the interfacing of these components, e.g. (not exclusive and in no particular order)1.- Do we need a chamber gas; if so, how much?

- Where do we pump the chamber gas and micro-explosion products?- If we need to puff gas in the chamber or in the laser lines, where do we do it?

2. - Where exactly are the final optics with respect to the vessel? How many lines do wehave and what are their dimensions?

3. - Where is the target injection line? What is its dimension?- What requirements does the injection method (e.g. gas gun or electromagnetic)

impose on the machine layout and on the chamber environment- What requirements does the target tracking and mirror steering?

4. - Where is the vacuum vessel and the biological boundary?

5. Have the full details of the maintenance scheme been well thought out and is itcompatible with the detailed layout of the in-vessel components (including coolant andpurge lines)?- What are all the ancillary equipment needed around the chamber (including the

above)? How do they interfere with the maintenance scheme?

6. - Do we have an in-situ way of repairing the armor? If so, what is it and does it imposeany requirement on the machine layout?

We Have Focused on Developing and Analyzing Components to aCredible Level

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Evolution of a preliminary integrated

layout of HAPL based on the mostupdated information available for thevarious components (initial strawmandesign and parameters)

- Design will evolve as R&D and analysisprogress

- Provide visualization of an attractiveHAPL design instead of relying on paststudies

- We need a credible integrated design togo to Phase II

The Responses to Many of These Questions and Others WouldBenefit from an Integrated View of the HAPL Power Plant

Initial Effort on Evolving In-Vessel MachineLayout as Part of Blanket Study

- We should start an effort on thisfairly soon

Hapl Oct04 Arr,1

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