Hanthana Linux Community Magazine

hanthanalinuxThe Official Hanthana Linux Community Magazine

June- September 2011 | www.hanthana.org | [email protected]

What is

INSIDE

Importance of FOSS - TamilLinux GamesKernel and Shellfjí wvú i|yd FOSS Ndú;hFirefox 5 on Hanthana LinuxPython bf.k .ksuq

yka;dk ,sklaia mdie,a ;=<gFOSS newsHanthana Linux Community EventsSoftware Freedom Day 2011yka;dk jHdmD;sh - fuf;la wd .uk

isxyf,kaFOSS

ISSUE : 001 | ISSN 2012-9815

ISSUE : 001 | ISSN 2012-9815

hanthanalinuxThe Official Hanthana Linux Community Magazine

02 05

03

21

15

09

17

111418

Freedom Plus | June-September 2011

mqj;a $ld,Sk$ m%cd

,sms$ How to$ Hardcore stuff

yka;dk jHdmD;sh - fuf;la wd .uk

yka;dk ,sklaia mdie,a ;=<g

FOSS news

Hanthana Linux Community Events

Software Freedom Day 2011

Importance of FOSS - TamilLinux GamesKernel and Shell | l¾k,a iy fI,a

fjí wvú i|yd FOSS Ndú;h

Firefox 5 on Hanthana LinuxPython bf.k .ksuq

ksfjia" ld¾hd, Ndú;hg ksoyia uDÿldx.

From Hanthana Linux with LoveGNU/Linux b;sydih

IP lshkafka fudkjo@

isxyf,ka FOSS

rgf;dg ksoyi$,sklaia

21

24

26

28

18

17

17

15

14

12

11

09

07

05

02

03

Table of Contents | mgqk


11

hanthanalinuxfeel the freedom

www.hanthana.org

tkakuDÿldx.

ksoyiw;aú¢kak''"

Tnf.a uDÿldx. wjYH;dj l=ula jqj;a thg fyd|u úi÷u yka;dk ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;shhs

fkdñ,fha ,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj'

Ndú; lsÍug b;d myiq f,i ieliSS we;s w;=re uqyqK;aa'

jhsria yd fjk;a ue,afjhd j,ska wdrlaIdj'

wu;r uDÿldx. ia:dmkhlska f;drj Tnf.a ish¨ ld¾hd,Sh" wOHdmksl" l%uf,aL"

.%e*sla ks¾udK wd§ fndfyda lghq;= bgq lr .ekSfï yelshdj'

,sklaia moaO;sj,g u wdfõKsl jQ fkdñ,fha Ndú; l< yels w;súYd, uDÿldx.

tl;=j'

isxy, iy oñ< NdId iydh'

,skalaia mdol lr.;a fufyhqï moaO;shla Ndú; lsÍfï jdis''"

yka;dk ,sklaia fkdñ,fha myiqfjka nd.ekSug wmf.a fjí wvúhg msúfikak'jeä úia;r ,nd .ekSu i|[email protected]://groups.google.com/group/hanthana-communityyka;dk ,sklaia ys we;s fndfyda fldgia GNU GPL n,m;% hgf;a fkdñf,a fnod yeÍug" msgm;a lsÍug iy yqjudre lsÍug ksoyi we;


02

yka;dk ,sklaia fuf;la wd .uka uÕ

yka;dk ,sklaia hkq ;dlaI‚l oekqu wju iy wka;¾cd, myiqlï fkdue;s fyda wju mßirhl isg GNU/Linux iy ksoyia iy újD; fla; uDÿldx. Ndú;hg m%cdj Èßu;a lsÍug iy Tjqkag iydh ùug Èh;a l< m%cd jHdmD;shls'

2009 iema;eïn¾ ui 19 Èkg fhoKq ksoyia uDÿldx. ÈkfhaÈ m<uq jrg ksl=;a flrekq yka;dk ,sklaia kñka t<soelajqKq fufyhqï moaO;sh fï jk úg Y%S ,dxlSh m%cdj ;=< m%p,s; fjñka mj;s'

miq.sh jir foll ld,hla ;=<È cd;sl uÜgfï" úYaj úoHd, uÜgfï fukau mdie,a uÜgfï úúO m%o¾Yk yryd fukau" mdie,a f;dr;=re ;dlaIK Èk" m%dfhda.sl jevigyka yryd flreKq oeKqj;a lsÍï yryd úYd, ld¾hhla lsÍug yka;dk ,sklaia m%cdjg yels úh' ta w;ßka reyqKq úYaj úoHd,fha ymq., bxðfkare mSGfha oijeks ixj;air m%o¾Ykh" fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha mß.Kl wOHhk wxYfha úismia jeks ixj;air m%o¾Ykh" oehg lsre, 2011 m%o¾Ykh iy .d,a, ijq;a,kaâ nd,sld úoHd,fha 125 jeks ixj;air m%o¾Ykh o fõ'

fuf;la fjk;a wdh;k fukau mdie,a mß.Kl úoHd.dr ;=< o wdêm;H me;srE jHdmßl uDÿldx. fjkqjg ksoyia iy újD; uDÿldx. ia:dk.; ùula isÿfjñka mj;s' rfÜ uyck;djf.a uqo,ska kv;a;=jk fuu wdh;k i|yd nyqcd;sl iud.ï j,ska ,efnk ix.%y uÕska tu iud.ï j,ska ksl=;a flfrk uDÿldx. ñ,g .ekSulska f;drj mdie,a ;=<g ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;sh yÿkajd Èug oeka lghq;= lr we;' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh yryd yka;dk ,sklaia Ndú; lrñka cd;sl mdie,a 9l kshuq jHdmD;shla Èh;a ù yudrhs'

tu jHdmD;sh werô uila hEug;a fmr ;j;a mdie,a 2la yka;dk ,sklaia Ndú; lrñka fuf,i ksoyfia M, ore-jkag ,nd §ug tla ù wjika'

fï jk úg yka;dk ,sklaia Ndú; fjk mdie,a wdY%s; mß.Kl úoHd.dr .Kk 12la olajd jeä ù we;' mß.Kl 250lg jvd m%udKhla l%shd;aul jkafka yka;dk ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;sh muKla Ndú;fhks' tu mdie,a 12ka kslafuk orejka mdie,ska kslafukafka ,sklaia iuÕ wl=re lsßfuks' th fkao wm fuf;la n,d isáfha@ Tn orejkag .=Kd;aul foa fkdfõ o fokafka@ fuf;la wd .ufkaÈ wm i;=jq tlu Yla;sh —l< yelsh˜ hk wÈgkska hq;=j wm jgd tla jQ ñ;=re le,hs' jD;a;sh" wOHdmksl" jeks fnÈï j,ska f;drj lsisÿ wkq.%dylfhla fkdue;sj iajlSh ld,h iy uqo,a lem lrñka fuf;la l< fiajhg Tn ieug iy kj;u oeKqu ,nd .ekSu iy rfÜ iqNisoaêh ;ud ,sklaia ys jákdlu oekf.k fï fjkqfjka wfkal lror ndod ueo jevigyka iQodkï l< iy tajdg kka whqßka iydh jQ rcfha iy mqoa.,sl wxY j, ish¨u fokd yg m%cdfõ m%Kduh' ;jo jir 10lg wêl ld,hl isg Y%S ,xldfõ ksoyia iy újD; uDÿldx. m%cdj w;rg f.khdug fyda ta iïnkaOj wkshñka fyda iïnkaO jQ ieug Y%S ,dlsl ,sklaia Ndú; lrkakka iy ckm%sh lrjkakka fjkqfjka yka;dk ,sklaia m%cdfõ f.!rjh iy m%Kduh fuhska m< lr isákafkuq' Tn ñvx.= l< tl tla fudfyd;la jqjo wo Èk fï ,nd we;s m%.;shg Wr§ we;'

ksoyia iy újD; uDÿldx. j, uQ,sl moku jkqfha oekqu yqjudre lr.ekSuhs' b;ska yka;dk ,sklaia m%cd B-iÕrdj Tfí kE ys;ñ;=rkag;a ,nd fokak'f;jk jirg md ;eîug fmr yka;dk ,sklaia m%cdj Èh;a lrk fuu jevigyk uÕska b,lal lrkafka ck;dj w;rg ,sklaia iy ksoyia iy újD; uDÿldx. ms<sn| oekqu f.khdu ;j;a mq¿,a lsÍughs' ;%hsudisl iÕrdjla f,i ksl=;a jk fuu iÕrdj Tfí iÕrdjhs" tkak" lshjkak" ,shkak" ksoyi úÈkak'

,sklaia m%cdjg chfõjdævksIal kúkamqfrda.dñ - yka;dk ,sklaia jHdmD;[email protected]


03

mdi,g Linux,sklaia uÕska mdi,a mß.Kl úoHd.dr n,.ekafõæ óg jir follg fmr ks, jYfhka wdrïN flreKq yka;dk ,sklaia jHdmD;sh ish uQ,sl wruqKq lrd oeka <Õd fjñka isà' fï iïnkaO úfYaI isÿùula ue;lÈ isÿ úh' fuf;la wm rfÜ mdie,a moaO;sh ;=< mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;s f,i Ndú; lrkq ,enqfõ n,m;% ,nd .; hq;= fufyhqï moaO;s jQ w;r nyq;rhla mß.Kl ;=< ia:dmkh fldg ;snqfKa tjeks n,m;%j,ska f;dr jHdc msgm;a h' uE;l § wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ,nd ÿka mß.Kl úoHd.dr 9 ;=< yqfola yka;dk ,sklaia muKla Ndú; lrñka mdi,a wOHdmk lghq;= wdrïN lr we;' kshuq jHdmD;shla f,i l%shd;aul jk fuu ld¾hh i|yd mß.Kl 200lg wêl ixLHdjla Ndú; fõ' ;j o mdie,aaj, mß.Kl úoHd.dr i|yd wjYH WmlrK ,nd .ekSug f,dal nexl= wdOdr u; m%;smdok ,o ;j;a mdi,a lsysmhlau by; oelajQ wdldrhgu mß.Kl úoHd.dr i|yd ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;sh Ndú; lsÍug ;SrKh lr we;' fuf,i fufyhqï moaO;shg iy wfkl=;a uDÿldx. i|yd hk uqo,a b;sß lr .ekSfuka wod< mdi,a lsysmhg ;j;a wu;r jdishla w;a ù we;' tkï wkjYH f,i n,m;% iys; uDÿldx. ñ,È .ekSug jeh flfrk uqo,a b;sß lr.ksñka mdi,a mß.Kl úoHd.drfha mß.Kl cd,h o ukdj ksu lr.ekSug yelshdj ,eîuhs' wïn,kaf.dv O¾udfYdal" .d,a, ßÉukaâ" ud;r iqcd;d nd,sld" .ïmy nKavdrkdhl" r;akmqr *¾.ika Wiia nd,sld" .ïfmd, iysrd" wïmdr Woh.sß iy ueojÉÑh ffu;%smd, isß-fiak hk úoHd, i|yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska yka;dk ,sklaia muKla Ndú; jk mß.Kl ,nd § we;' tfukau .ïfmd, úl%undyq" ÿïnr m%d:ñl mdie, we;=¿ ;j;a mdie,a lsysmhlau fuf,i yka;dk Ndú; lsÍu wdrïN lr ;sfí' oekg fuf,i yka;dk ,sklaia muKla ;u mß.Kl u; Ndú; lrk mdi,a mß.Kl ixLHdj 250lg;a jvd jeä fõ'

fuu fufyhqï moaO;sh fhdod.ksñka mdie,a wOHhk lghq;= lr.ekSu i|yd wjYH .=re mqyqKq jevigyka fï jk úg wdrïN lr we;'

wod< mqyqKq jevigyka iïnkaëlrKh wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f;dr;=re iy ikaks-fõok ;dlaIK YdLdj u.ska isÿ lrkq ,efí' tu jevms<sfjf,a fldgila jYfhka wOHdmk l,dmj,ska f;dard.;a mdi,aj, .=re Nj;=kag cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ;=< È mqyqKqj ,ndfok ,§'

we;eï úg lsishï wdh;khla fj;ska mß;Hd. jYfhka fkdñf,au ksis n,m;% iys; fufyhqï moaO;s ,enqK o miq lf,l tu moaO;sh w¨;a fjoa§ tys kj fj¿ula ia:dmkhg bvla fkd,efí' ukao wod< kj fj¿u ñ, § .ekSug wjYH uqo,a wod< mdie, i;=j fkdue;s ùuhs'

tfukau n,m;% iys; uDÿldx. ñ, § .;a;o ffjri jeks ydkslr uDÿldx.j,ska jk wdmod tf,iu mj;S' tajdhska ñ§ug kï ;j;a uDÿldx. ñ, § .; hq;= h' tfy;a ,sklaia moaO;s ;=< ffjri jeks ydkslr uDÿldx.j,ska yg.kakd wmod b;d wju neúka o kj;u wdrlaIK úêúOdk (Security Updates) fkdñf,a wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ,nd.; yels neúka o iqrlaIs; nj ;j;a ;yjqre fjhs' idudkH ,sklaia moaO;shla iu. uDÿldx. b;d úYd, m%udKhla ,efnk w;r ta ish,a, úkdä 30lg wvq ld,hlÈ tljr ia:dmkh lr.; yels h' mdi,a i|yd ,efnk nyq;rla mß.Kl úoHd.dr i|yd wjYH uQ,H m%;smdok ,efnkafka úfoaY Kh wdOdr u.sks' kuq;a n,m;% iys; uDÿldx. i|yd wm fhduqúfuka isÿjkafka wm Khg uqo,a f.k h<s;a tu uqo,a nyqcd;sl iud.ï fj; mQcd lsÍuhs' tmuKla fkdfõ' fkdñf,a ,efnk ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;s yryd ,enfok uDÿldx.j, .=Kd;aulNdjh o b;d by< uÜgul mj;S ' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgla jk Y%S ,xldjg úfoaY Kh wdOdr u.ska ,efnk uqo,a nyqcd;sl iud.ï fj; h<s;a ,nd §fuka f;drj" .=Kd;aul yd iliqrejï foa f;dard.ksñka rfÜ uqo,a b;sß lsÍu i|yd fujeks m%dfhda.sl ud¾. mdod.ekSu cd;sl jeo.;alula Wi,k lreKls'

,sklaia ksid ms<s;=re ,efnk wfma .eg¨


05

FOSSNEWS

Fedora 15 ksl=;a fjhs

Linux 3.0 lr<shg...

wjqreÿ 15la ;siafi ,sklaia f,dalfha Ndú;d jqKq l¾k,h jqfKa ,sklaia 2'0 wdldrfha ixialrK' ,sklaia moaO;shg jir 20la imsfrk fï wjqreoafoÈ ó<Õg ksl=;a lrk ,sklaia l¾k,fha ixialrK wxlh 3'0 lsh, kï lrk nj ,sklaia ks¾ud;D ,skia fgdaj,aâia ^Linus Torvalds& m%ldY l<d' w¿;a úfYaIdx. .Kkdjlska iukaú; jqK;a w¿;a ixialrKfh w;s úYd, fjkila n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkak neß njhs úpdrlhka lshkafk' ;ju;a idudkH Ndú;h i|yd ksl=;a lr, ke;s jqK;a wjYH kï kernel.org wvúfhka fuys uQ,sl ixialrKh ndf.k Ndú;d lrkak mq¿jka'

f.dvla wh l,a n, n,d isá f*fvdard 15 ixialrKh" tfyu;a ke;akï Fedora Lovelock" uehs 24 jeks od ksl=;a jqKd' ,sklaia mßYS,lhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isá Gnome 3 w;=re uqyqK;" ´mka T*sia fjkqjg ,sífr T*sia we;=<;a lsÍu jf.a fjkialï .Kkdjla fïfl we;=<;a jqKd'f*fvdard lshkafk frâ yeÜ iud.u u.ska ksl=;a lrk újD; fla; fufyhqï moaO;shg' udi 6lg ierhla ;uhs fïfl kj ixialrKhla t<shg tkafk' ,sklaia moaO;s w;ßka jvd;au w¿;a úfYaIdx.j,ska msreKq fufyhqï moaO;shla úÈhg f*fvdard m%isoaOhs' yka;dk ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;sh mokï fj,d ;sfhkafk;a f*fvdard u;.

fõ.fhka w¿;a fjk

f,dj ckm%sh;u újD; fla; fjí .fõIlh jk fudis,a,d *h¾f*dlaia ;u 4 jeks ixialrKh ud¾;= 22 jeks od ksl=;a lf<a w¿;au mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;la iu.ska' óg fmr ixialrKj,g idfmalaIj w¿;a ksl=;=fõ fõ.h o b;d by< w.hla .kak nj jd¾;dj,ska lshjqKd' HTML 5" CSS 3" WebGL jeks kj;u ;dlaIKj,g iyfhda.h oelaùu jf.au w¿;au Javascript tkaðulska o fuh iukaú;hs' kuq;a fï w¿;a nj hkak;a l,ska fudis,a,d iud.u *h¾f*dlaia 5 jeks ksl=;=j;a ksl=;a l<d' óg fmr ixialrKhg idfmalaIj fïfl fjkialï m%udKh wvqhs' kuq;a úúO fodaI úYd, m%udKhla 5 jeks ixialrKfhÈ ksje/È lr, ;sfhk njhs lshfjkafk'

fï úÈhg blaukskau kj ixialrK t<shg odkak *h¾f*dlaia mgka wrf.k ;sfhkafk .+.,a fl%daï fjí .fõIlfha fõ.j;a hdj;ald, lsÍfï pl%hg iu fjkak njhs úpdrlhkaf. woyi'


06

FOSSNEWSu;fNaod;aul Wnqkagq 11'04ixialrKh

Toyota ,sklaia iuÕ w;aje,a ne| .kS

Hurd jHdmD;sfhka iqn wdrxÑhla

Wnqkagq f,dj ckm%sh;u fufyhqï moaO;shla' Wnqkagq 11'04 ixialrKh" tfyu;a ke;akï Natty Narwhal" wfma%,a 28 jeks od ksl=;a jqfKa mßYS,lhka w;r u;fNao rdYshla we;s lrñka' óg fya;=j jqfKa kj ixialrKfhaÈ iïu; Gnome w;=reuqyqK; ke;sj Unity kñka w¿;a w;=reuqyqK;la y÷kajd §ug ks¾udmlhka l%shd lsÍu' Unity ;ju;a uQ,sl wÈhf¾ miqjk ksid tys fodaI m%udKh idfmalaIj by< w.hla .kakj' flfia kuq;a ks¾udmlhkaf. ;¾lh jqfKa mß.Kl ms<sn| kjlhkag iy ,sklaia kjlhkag Unity w;=reuqyqK; jvd;a myiq njhs'

fgdfhdagd lshkafk ksIamdokh iy wf,úh w;ska f,dj úYd,;u fudag¾ r: ksIamdok wdh;kh' fï <Õ§ Tjqka ,sklaia moku yd tlafjkak ;SrKh l<d' ta ,sklaia mokfï rka idudðlfhla (gold member) njg m;afjñka'

,sklaia lshkafk we;a;gu yka;dk ,sklaia fu-fyhqï moaO;sfh l¾k,h' ta lshkafk kshu fu-fyhqï moaO;sh yo, ;sfhkafk ,sklaia Wv' GNU Hurd lshkafk;a fï ,sklaia jf.au ;j;a l¾k,hla' Hurd mokï fj,d ;sfhkafk;a Unix u;' ksoyia uDÿldx. moku ^Free Software Foundation& u.ska Hurd yokak mgka .;af; 1990 È ú;r' ta;a wjqreÿ úiailg miafi wo;a Hurd yo, bjr lrkak neß fj,d ;sfhkj' fldfydu jqK;a ksoyia uDÿldx. moku <ÕÈu ksl=;a lr, ;sfhk jd¾;dj,g wkqj 2012 jir wjidk jk úg Hurd u; mokï jqKq fufyhqï moaO;shla fjk Debian Hurd idudkH mßYS,khg iqÿiq ;;ajhg f.k tkak mq¿jka njhs lshfjkafk'

fvìhka lshk ku wy, mqreÿ we;s' ta fvìhka

,sklaia kñka fufyhqï moaO;shla oekg;a

;sfhk ksid' Wnqkagq fufyhqï moaO;sh mokï

fj,d ;sfhkafk;a fvìhka u;' flfydu kuq;a

fï úÈhg lSm j;djlÈu Hurd mßYS,lhkag

ksl=;a lrk njg m%jD;a;s m< jqK;a we;a;gu

;ju;a Hurd ks¾udKh lr, wjika keye'

kuq;a fï mqj;g wkqj kï Hurd l, t<s olsk

oji jeä wE;l fkdjk njhs fmakafk'

,sklaiaj, we;s kuHYS,S nj;a ;dlaI‚l mßK;sh;a ;u ;SrKhg fya;= jQ njhs fgdfhdagd iud.u lshkafk' wkd.;fha § ;uka ksmoj, fudag¾ r:j, mß.Kl moaO;s i|yd fhdod.kakd fufyhqï moaO;sh ,sklaia njg Tjqka oekgu;a ;SrKh lr wjika' mß.Kl ye-reKdu wfma tÈfkod Ôú;fh yuqfjk f.dvla bf,lafg%dksla Wmdx.j, fufyhqï moaO;sh úÈhg Ndú;d lrkafk ,sklaia' fï WmlrK f.dkak w;rg fudag¾ r: tl;=fjk oji jeä wE;l fkfjhs'

;ór fiakdkdhl | [email protected]


07

Community Events

yka;dk ,sklaia m%cd jevigyka miq.sh udi fol ;=< ,xldfõ úYd,;u m<d; jk W;=re ueo m<d; ;=< ,sklaia Ndú;h kexùu i|yd jevigyka lsysmhla Èh;a lrk ,È'

wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalfha ;Uq;af;a.u iy ueojÉÑh, fmdf,dkakrej Èia;%slalfha ys.=rlaf.dv iy ÈUq,d., wOHdmk l,dm i|yd o yka;dk ,sklaia Ndú; lrñka újD; uQ, uDÿldx. yÿkajdÈfï foÈk mqyqKq jevigyka l%shd;aul lrk ,È' fï jevigyka wod< l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,j, iydh we;sj tu m%foaYfha f;dr;=re ;dlaIK .=rejrekaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka b;d id¾:l j ksud úh'

wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalh

;Uq;af;a.u wOHdmk l,dmhÈkh ( 2011 uehs ui 20 yd 21fõ,dj ( fm'j' 8'30 isg m'j' 5'00 olajdia:dkh ( tmamdj, isoaOd¾: úoHd,h

leì;sf.d,a,Ej wOHdmk l,dmhÈkh ( 2011 cqks ui 08 yd 09fõ,dj ( fm'j' 8'30 isg m'j' 5'00 olajdia:dkh ( ffu;%smd, fiakdkdhl uOH uyd úoHd,h" ueojÉÑh

2011 cQks ui 08 yd 09 hk foÈk ;=< ueojÉÑh ffu;%Smd, fiakdkdhl uOH uyd úoHd,fha È leì;sf.d,a,ej wOHdmk l,dmfha f;dr;=re ;dlaIK .=rejreka i|yd foÈk uevuq¿j Wfoa 8 isg iji 5 olajd ,hk,a uy;audf.a iïnkaëlrK odhl;ajfhka leì;sf.d,a,Ej wOHdmk l,dmh

l,dmh i|yd jQ yka;dk ,sklaia y÷kajd §fï biõj meje;aúK'

fmdf,dkakrej Èia;%slalh

ysÕ=rlaf.dv wOHdmk l,dmhÈkh ( 2011 cQ,s ui 12 yd 13fõ,dj ( fm'j' 8'30 isg m'j' 5'00 olajdia:dkh ( ysÕ=rlaf.dv wdkkao nd,sld cd;sl mdi,

ÈUq,d., wOHdmk l,dmhÈkh ( 2011 cQ,s ui 15 yd 16fõ,dj ( fm'j' 8'30 isg m'j' 5'00 olajdia:dkh ( fmd$ÈUq$ fijkmsáh uyd úoHd,h

cqks ui 10 jeks Èk .ïmy nKavdrkdhl

úoHd,fha kj mß.Kl úoHd.drfha yka;dk

,sklaia ia:dmk jevigyk mdie,a isiqkaf.a

iyNd.s;ajfhka isÿ úh'

cqks ui 13 iy 14 hk ÈkhkaySÈ .d,a, l,dmh

i|yd jevigykla ßÉukaâ úoHd,fha kj

mß.Kl úoHd.drfha l%shd;aul jQ w;r tu jevi-

gyk i|yd ßÉukaâ úoHd,Sh isiqka o iyNd.s úh'

>>


08

Community Events

yka;dk ,sklaia m%cd jevigyka

>>

;jo uOHu m<df;a miair wOHdmk l,dmfha .=rejreka i|yd cqks ui 21 iy 22 Èkhka ys§ miair uOH uyd úoHd,fha foÈk m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqj iys; jevuq¿jla Èh;a l< w;r uOHu m<df;a" .ïfmd, wOHdmk l,dmfha f;dr;=re ;dlaIK .=rjreka i|yd foÈk jevuq¿jla cqks ui 23 iy 24 Èkh-kaysÈ .ïfmd, úl%undyq úoHd,hSh mß.Kl úoHd.drfha È meje;aú‚'

2011 cQ,s 04"05 iy 06 hk foÈk ;=< Y%S ,xld kdúl yuqod uQ,ia:dkfhys § kdúl yuqodfõ úúO kdúl fmfoiaj, f;dr;=re ;dlaIK wxYhg wh;a kdúlhka 35 fofkl= i|yd m%dfhda.sl mqyqKq jevigykla l%shd;aul jq w;r ta i|yd kdúl yuqod mqyqKq wOHlaIlf.a wkque;sho we;sj kdúl yuqod f;dr;=re ;dlaIK wxYfha wOHlaIl lms;dka mS' tï' t,a' tÈßisxy úiska mQ¾K wkq.%yh ,nd§ ;snq‚' ;jo md,l m%Odk iq¨ ks,OdÍ ;s,la rdclreKd f.a lemùu;a u;la l< hq;=uh' fuu jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd iuQy m%Odk iq¨ ks,OdÍ nqoaêl lreKdkdhl uy;df.a il%Sh odhl;ajh b;d meyeÈ,sj lems fmkq‚' fuu jevigykska wk;=rej kdúl yuqodfõ we;s W;=re" ol=Kq" kef.kysr" ngysr" W;=re ueo yd jhU m%foaYhkays msysgd we;s f;dr;=/

;dlaIK wxY ld¾hd,j, yka;dk fufyhqï moaO;sh ia:dmkh lr we;s w;r jeäÿr wOHkfhka miq kdúl yuqodj ;=< wfkl=;a wxY ioydo jHdma; lsÍug Tjqyq n,dfmdfrd;a;= fj;s'cQ,s ui 29 Èk r;akmqr *¾.ika Wiia nd,sld úoHd,fha kj mß.Kl úoHd.drfha yka;dk ,sklaia ia:dmkh iy mqyqKq jevigyk Èh;a l< w;r cQ,s ui 30"31 foÈk ;=< lE.,a, Ydka; fcdaima nd,sld úoHd,fha mej;s ñks-bkafg,a m%o¾YkfhaÈ ksoyia iy újD; uDÿldx. iy yka;dk ,sklaia ms<sn| oeKqu ,nd .ekSug m%o¾Ykh keröug meñ‚ isiq isiqúkag wjia;dj ysñ úh' wf.daia;= ui 1 iy 2 foÈk ;=< uOHu m,df;a f;,afoksh l,dmfha f;dr;=re ;dlaIK .=rejreka i|yd m%dfhda.sl mqyqKq jevigykla ÿïnr m%d:ñl úoHd,fhaÈ isÿflß‚'

óg wu;r le<‚h ërdkkao keKi, wdY%s;j ìysjq ,sklaia m%cdj wf.daia;= ui 14 isg 21 olajd ld,h ;=< yka;dk ,sklaia iuÕska f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%j¾OK jevigykla Èh;a lrk ,È' tfukau cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ld¾hh uKav,h i|yd jevuq¿jla wf.daia;= ui 18 Èk meje;a jQ w;r wOHlaI ckrd,a ;=udf.a iy tys ld¾hh uKav,fha iydh m%ixYkSh úh'


09

SFD

In a time when our lives are increasingly depen-dent on technologies, it is important we take the time to consider the impact of technology on our lives, and the importance of ensuring technology isn't used to limit us, but rather to take us further along a path of opportunity, innovation and free-dom for all people. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a set of basic human rights that most people would agree would be a bare mini-mum. Not often are our basic rights thought of in the context of technology, but as more and more our lives are dependent on technology, it is a rap-idly growing concern. Technologies that matter to our freedom are used in our voting systems, our leisure, our work, education, art and our communication. What does this mean to you? It means that the basic human freedoms you take for granted are only as free as the technologies you use. Transparent and sustainable technologies are vital to ensuring we can protect our freedoms. Think about e-Government systems such as electronic voting. When the systems running our voting is proprietary or closed, it means that we can’t be sure what the software actually does, so how can we trust the results? The issues with the Diebold voting systems in the US is testament to the need for transparent systems that are trust-worthy.

Think about other software you use everyday that is proprietary and apply the fact that you can’t be sure what it is actually doing! Does your email system send copies of your mail to a third party? Is your web browser, logging and auto-matically sending your browse history to some-one? The most interesting case recently was when Sony purposely added spyware to their music CDs that silently and automatically installed itself onto Microsoft Windows systems to search for piracy breaches. This behaviour has spawned a whole new wave of viruses and is a gross breach of privacy. Software Freedom Day (SFD) is an annual worldwide celebration of Free Software. SFD is a public education effort with the aim of increasing awareness of Free Software and its virtues, and encouraging its use.Software Freedom Day was established in 2004 and was first observed on 28 August of that year. Over 70 teams participated in the first Software Freedom Day. Since that time it has grown in popularity and organisers anticipated more than 1,000 teams in 2010 (though only half of this number was actually achieved, representing a 30% decrease over 2009).Since 2006 Software Freedom Day has been held on the third Saturday of September, it has occa-sionally coincided with International Talk Like a Pirate Day.


10

SFD

Software Freedom International "Software Freedom International" (SFI) is a non-profit organisation that acts as the official organiser of Software Freedom Day, and is the legal body that handles donations, sponsorship contracts, and accounting. SFI has successfully obtain a tax-exempt status in the USA where it is registered, in order to make donations tax-deductible. The name Software Freedom International was chosen to distin-guish the organisational body from the event of Software Freedom Day itself.

The day itselfEach event is left to local teams around the world to organise. Pre-registered teams (2 months before the date or earlier) receive free schwag sent by SFI to help with the events themselves. The SFD wiki contains individual team pages describing their plans as well as helpful information to get them up to speed. Events themselves varies between conferences explaining the virtues of Free and Open Source Software, to workshops, demonstrations, games, planting tree ceremonies, discussions and InstallFests.

EventsSFD 2004 was held on 28 August with more than 70 teams.SFD 2005 was held on 10 September with more than 120 teams from over 60 countries.SFD 2006 was held on 16 September with more than 200 teams from over 70 countries.SFD 2007 was held on 15 September with more than 350 teams from over 80 countries.SFD 2008 was held on 20 September with more than 500 teams in over 90 countries.SFD 2009 was held on 19 September with more than 700 teams in over 90 countries.SFD 2010 was held on 18 September with about 500 teams in over 100 countries.SFD 2011 will be held on 17 September 2011.

Source: http://softwarefreedomday.org


11

FEATUREARTICLE

FOSSisxyf,ka ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. j,g wdorh lrk ñ;=rka ;sfofkl= úiska óg jir ;=klg fmr wdrïN lrk ,o jevigykla' fuh ,shk uu;a ta ñ;=rkaf.ka flfkla' isxyf,ka f*dia nqoaêl isoaêfiak fkdfyd;a nâ ^Bud& f.a woyila' Tyq iu. f*dia iïnkaO úúO jevigyka j,g tla jQ uu;a ^pkql $ chanux& uf.a ñ;% pdkl ^Seejay& nâ f.a woyig tla jqfka ksrdhdifhka' .akq ,sklaia yd ksoyia uDÿldx. Ndú; lrk fndfyda fokd thg wdfofrhs' th wmg fkdñf,a fok fohg lsishï úÈhlska lD; .=K ie,lSu wm yDo idlaIsfhkau ne÷Kq hq;=lula f,ihs yef.kafka, isxyf,ka f*dia werUqfKa fï hq;= lug wfma odhl;ajh hï muKlska fyda ,nd §fï woyiska'

fmdâ ldiaÜ fkdfyd;a fmdâ úldYhla hkq l=ulao@

fmdâ úldYhla .=jka úÿ,s jevigyklg fndfyda fihska iudkhs' th lsishï ud;Dldjla uOH fldg f.k isÿ lrk idlÉPdjla, úpdrhla,tfia;a ke;s kï l;d nyla f,i ie,lsh yelshs' fjki jkafka th Y%djlhd fj; tk udOHhs' fmdâ úldYhla m%pdrh jkafka wka;¾cd,h yrydhs' Y%djlhdg th wka;¾cd,h Tiafia iDcqj ijka §ug fyda nd .; lr miqj Y%jKh lsÍuo l< yelshs' fmdâ ldiaÜ j, wdrïNhg fndfyda fihska cx.u ix.S; úkaok WmlrK j, by< ckm%sh;dj n,mEjd' ukao tu.ska myiqfjka oekqu fyda úkaokh f.k fok fmdâ úldYhkag ijka§ug bv ie,iqjd'isxyf,ka f*dia wruqK b;du ir,hs' wm wid oek .;a" w;a yod neÆ iy bf.k .;a kso.ya yd újD; uDÿldx. ms<sn| oeKqu" isxy, l:d lrk Y%S ,dxlslhkag oek .ekSug ie,eiaùu tu wruqKhs' fï wruqK wkqj hñka idudkH isxyf,ka f*dia jevigykl mqj;a" úpdr"

kj ;;= iy úfYaIdx. iïmskavKhla Y%djlhd fj; f.k tk w;r bv ,enqKq úg úfYaI iïuqL idlÉPdo tla lsÍu isÿ lrkafkuq'

isxyf,ka f*dia wdrïNh fndfyda úg ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. f,dalfha ld,Sk mqj;a iy kj ;;= wmf.a woyia yd ñY% l< idlÉPdjla ke; fyd;a úpdrhla f,i f.k tkafkuq' fõ.fhka fjkia jk ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. f,dalfha kj;u ;;= oek isàu Y%djlhkag tys m%ÓM, jeä jeäfhka ú£ug bv i,ik nj wmf.a woyihs' tksid wmg yels iEu úgu kj;u iy jeo.;au mqj;a ta yd ne÷Kq wu;r lreKq iu.u f.k taug lghq;= lrkafkuq'

isxyf,ka f*dia ;=< mqj;a yereKq fldg f.k tk ;j;a wksjd¾h wx.hla jkafka tys úfYaIdx. fldgihs' t;=<ska wmg yuq jk" wm w;ayod n,k kj ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx." kj .akq ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;s fnod yeÍï ^distribution&" flá ux we;=¿ ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. Ndú;fha M,odhs;dj by< kexùug bjy,a jk f;dr;=re wikkakka fj; f.k tkafkuq'isxyf,ka f*dia jevigyk kj;djfhka iy úúOdx.SlrKfhka rij;aj f.k tau iEu úgu wmf.a wruqKhs' fuh uqÿka muqKqjd .ksñka wm lrk ,o jev igyka w;r fudag¾ r:fha .uk w;r;=r" fmd;a m%o¾Ykhl ießirk w;r;=r" .x bjqrl" uy u. fukau uq¿ ;eka f.a isgo wm f.kd jevigyka úfYaI iy úfkdaodul u;lhka wm fukau wfma wikkakkaf.a is; ;=<o b;sß lrkakg we;ehs hkak wmf.a úYajdihhs' f;jirlg wêl ld,hla ;=<" jev igyka mky blaujd f.k tk ,o isxyf,ka f*dia fmdâ úldYh ,o hï ie¾:l;ajhla fõ kï ta ms<sn| ia;=;sh wm Èßu;a lrñka wm yd ieu od isá wfma wdorŒh wikakkag mqo lr isáuq' .akq ,sklaia Ndú;h yd ta ms<sn| oeKqu Y%S ,xldj ;=< m%p,s; lsÍug yka;dk ,sklaia f.k ld¾h Ndrhg isxyf,ka f*dia yDohdx.u iN me;=ï f.k tk w;r tu .uka uf.ys kj;u M,h jk yka;dk úoHq;a iÕrdjgo wmf.a iqN me;=ï iy isxyf,ka f*dia yka;dk mßYS,lhka fj;g f.khdu g ÿka fuu wjia:djgo wjxlj ia;=;s jka; fjuq'

http://www.sinhalenfoss.org


12

Importence of Linuxfl;lw;w kw;Wk; jpwe;j Miz%y nkd;nghUl;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nkd;nghUl; Jiwapy; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tifahd cupk xg;ge;jq;fs; cs;sd. 1) Rje;jpu cupk xg;ge;j nkd;nghUl;fs;2) jdpAupk xg;ge;j nkd;nghUl;fs;.

,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk; thrfu;f;spilNa Rje;jpu cupk xg;ge;j nkd;nghUl;fs; gw;wpaJk;> mit Vd; mtrpak; vd;gJ gw;wpaJkhd xU tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;JjyhFk;.

fl;lw;w nkd;nghUl;fs; vd;gd fl;lw;w nkd;nghUs; mwf;fl;lisapd; tiutpyf;fzg;gb" ve;jtpjkhd fl;Lg;ghLfSk; jilfSk; mw;W gad;gLj;j> efnyLf;f> fw;f> khw;wk; nra;a> kPs tpepNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba nkd;nghUshFk;". nghJthf nkd;nghUs; xd;W cq;fSf;F tpw;fg;gLtjpy;iy> khwhf cq;fSf;F mjid Fwpj;j cupk xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ghtid nra;a mDkjp toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gy cupk xg;ge;jq;fs; ghtidahsu; kPJ fLk; epge;jidfis tpjpf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf ghtidahsu; nkd;nghUis vt;thW gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;> vt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ> ghti-dahsu; Rje;jpuk; vt;thW fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;w tplaq;fNs epge;jidg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ghti-dahsu; Rje;jpuj;ij gwpg;gJld; ghtidahsu;fis nkd;nghUs; toq;FdUf;F flg;ghLilatuhf khw;Wfpd;wd. mj;Jld; ghtidahsu; gzk; nrYj;jp ngWk; nkd;nghUl;fspd; cs; Ntiyg;ghLfs; ghtidahsuplkpUe;J kiwf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Miz %yk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j xU nkd;nghUs; xd;iw cUthf;f Njitahd mbg;gil f l ; l i s j ; n j h F j p a h F k ; . ,f;fl;lisj;njhFjpia gbj;jwpa KbAkhapd;> Fwpj;j xU nkd;nghUs; vt;thW ,aq;Ffpd;wJ vd;gij vtUk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. Mdhy; nkd;nghUs; epuw;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fs; tpahghu Nghl;b fUjp ,t; Miz%yq;fis gadUf;F mwpaj;jUtjpy;iy. ,J Vd; gadiu ghjpf;fpd;wnjd;W Nehf;fpdhy;> xU nkd;nghUs; ,Ukk; vt;thW njhopw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ njupahjtplj;J mjd; kPJ ek;gpf;if itg;gJ fbdkhfpwJ.

gadupd; jdpahu; jfty;fs;> ,ufrpa tpguq;fs; vd;gtw;iw xU nkd;nghUs; gadu; tpsf;fNkh mDkjpNah ,d;wp nkd;nghUs; cUthf;FdUf;F fzpdp tiyaikg;G gpd;thry;fs; topahf mDg;gpitf;f KbAk;. ,t;thW jpUlg;gLk; jfty;fs; gadiu jd-pauhf milahsq;fhl;Ltjw;Nfh my;yJ nkd;nghUs; epuyhf;fy; epWtdj;jpd; gpw tpahghuj;NjitfSf;Nfh gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ,J Kw;wpYkhf jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU tplakhFk;. ,t;thwhd jdpAupk nkd;nghUl;fspdhy; gadu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffis fz;L mjw;F vjpuhf> gadu; Rje;jpuj;ij Kd;dpWj;jp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lNj Rje;jpu cupk nkd;nghUs; xg;ge;jq;fs;. ,t;nthg;ge;jq;fspd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; gadUf;F mtu; gad;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUl;fs; kPJ KOikahd Rje;jpuj;ij toq;FjyhFk;. Rje;jpu nkd;nghUl;fs; vt;thW gadu; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;F fl;lw;w nkd;nghUs; mwf;fl;lis rpy tiuaiwfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,it jdpAupk nkd;nghUl;fshy; epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gLk; fl;Lf;fis/jisfis mfw;Wtjhy; jisaW nkd;nghUl;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpujhdkhf ehd;F tif jisaW epiyfs; cs;sd

0) vg;nghUl;Lk; epuypid ,af;ff; $ba Rje;juk;. (KjyhtJ Rje;juk;).

1) epuy; gzpahw;Wk; tpjj;ijf; fw;W jkJ Njitf;Nfw;whw; Nghy; Mf;fpf; nfhs;sf; $bar; Rje;juk;. (,uz;lhtJ Rje;juk;). Kjw;fz; epuypd; %yj;jpid mZff; $ba cupkk; ,jw;F nfhLf;fg; gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

2) gpwUk; gaDw Ntz;b gb naLj;J tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhd Rje;juk;. (%d;whtJ Rje;juk; )

3) xl;Lnkhj;j r%fKk; gaDw Ntz;b> epuypid Nkk;gLj;jp> nra;j khw;wq;fisg; nghJ kf;fSf;F ntspapLtjw;fhd Rje;juk;. Kjw;fz; epuypd; %yj;jpid mZff; $ba cupkk; ,jw;F nfhLf;fg; gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (ehd;fhtJ Rje;juk;)


13

Importence of Linux,t;thwhd epge;jidfspd; mbg;gilapy;

nkd;nghUs; epuw;gLj;Jdu;fs;

nkd;nghUs;fis ntspapLkplj;J jdpnahU

gadupd; Rje;jpuk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; vd;gNj

fl;lw;w nkd;nghUs; mwf;fl;lisapd;

vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.

ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gadu;fs;

jq;fs; Rje;jpuj;ij gw;wp rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy.

Vnddpy; gadu;fs; nkd;nghUl;fis xU

gz;lkhf Nehf;Ftjpy; rpukq;fis

vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;. fzpdpapy; njhopw;gLk;>

ifahy; njhl;LzuNth> rlg;nghUshf

fUjNth Kbahj xU nghUshf

nkd;nghUl;fs; ,Ug;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuz-

khFk;. MdhYk; nkd;nghUl;fs; ehk; epj;jpak;

gad;gLj;Jk; ehw;fhypNah> NkirNah Nghd;w

xU tpw;gidg;gz;lkhFk;. fjpiu nra;j

jr;rdhu; ehk; fjpiuia ,g;gb kl;Le;jhd;

gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;W epge;jid

tpjpg;gjpy;iy. mt;thNw epge;jid tpjpj;J>

ehk; mjd;gb elf;fhtpl;lhy; fjpiuia

gpbtpwhe;J mDg;gp ifg;gw;WtJk; ,y;iy.

fjpiu vk;khy; nfhs;tdT

nra;ag;gLfpd;wnjd;why; mJ rk;ge;jkhd

midj;J cupkq;fSk; vkf;F

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. fjpiukPJ

vg;gbNtz;Lnkd;whYk; ehk; cl;fhuKbAk;>

Njitnadpy; NtWtpjkhf epwg;gLj;jp mij

gad;gLj;jKbAk;. fjpiuia cilj;J mij

NtWNjitfSf;F gad;gLj;j KbAk;>

ez;gnuhUtu; Nfl;fpwhnudpy; mf;fjpiuia

mtUf;F cupik khw;wk; nra;aTk; KbAk;.

,t;Tupikfs; vkf;F gz;lq;fs; nfhs;tdT

nra;ag;gLk;NghJ ,aw;ifahf

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;

nkd;nghUl;fspid nghWj;jtiu

,r;Rje;jpuq;fs; ahTk; gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ePq;fs; tpUk;gpathW gad;gLj;JtNjh> mjd;

gFjpfis NtW NjitfSf;F

gad;gLj;JtNjh> cq;fSf;F Njitahd

tifapy; mij khw;wQ;nra;tNjh my;yJ

nkd;nghUis cupik khw;wk; nra;tNjh jd-

pAupk nkd;nghUs; xg;ge;jq;fs; %yk;

rl;ltpNuhjkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy;

xd;iwNaDk; ePq;fs; nra;jhy; mwpTrhu;

nrhj;Jupikia epe;jpj;jhu; vd;w

Fw;wr;rhl;bd;gb ePq;fs; jd;lidf;F

cs;shf;fg;gLtPu;fs;.

,t;thwhd fl;Lg;ghLfis ePq;fs;

tpUk;ghtpl;lhy;> cq;fs; Rje;jpuj;ij ePq;fs;

tpUk;GfpwPu;fs; vd;why;> fl;lw;w kw;Wk; jpwe;j

Miz%y nkd;nghUl;fspid

gad;gLj;Jq;fs;> xUtUk; cq;fs; ghtidia

fl;Lg;gLj;jNth> cq;fs;kPJ jilfis

tpjpf;fNth KbahJ. NkYk; jfty;fs;

mwpe;Jnfhs;s gpd;tUk; ,iza Kftupfis

mZFq;fs;.

http://www.gnu.org/home.ta.shtmlhttp://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.ta.htmlhttp://www.fsf.org/

Sivagurunathan Thejomayanantha


14

Linux Games

http://supertux.lethargik.org

,sklaia ia:dmkh lr we;s mß.Klj, l%Svd l< yels ùäfhda l%Svd ^video games& úYd, m%udKhla ;sfhkj' ,sklaia j,gu úfYaIs; jQ l%Svd ;sfhkj jf.au úkafvdaia moaO;sj,g ksmojmq l%Svd j,ska ,sklaia ;=< l%shd;aul lrkak mq¿jka jevigykq;a fydhd.kak mq¿jka' fï ,sms fmf<ka wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkafk ,sklaiaj,g úfYaIs; iy myiqfjka nd.; lrf.k Ndú;d l< yels l%Svd .ek l;d lrkak' wo wms n,uq ,sklaia mßYS,lhka w;fr b;d ckm%sh ùäfhda l%Svdjla jk SuperTux l%Svdj .ek' Tux lshkafk ,sklaia fufyhqï moaO;sfh iqr;,a i;d" tfyu;a ke;akï ,sklaia f,daf.daj úÈhg;a Ndú;d lrk fmka.=hska l=re,a,dg. SuperTux l%Svdfj m%Odk pß;h ;uhs fï Tux' ir,ju lsõfjd;a B;, h;=re ^arrow keys& Ndú;fhka l%Svdfõ ;sfnk oaúudk ysu f,dalh mqrd Tux j f.khEu ;uhs l%Svlhg lrkak ;sfh-kafk' fï hk .ufkÈ úúOdldrfh ndOl jf.au i;=rka j¾. 9la iu. igka lrkakg fyda Tjqka u. yerhkakg l%Svlhdg isÿfjkj' l%Svdfj wruqK ;uhs fï ish¨ ndOl ch.%yKh lrf.k bÈßhgu hk tl' b;d ckm%sh ùäfhda l%Svdjla jk iqm¾ udßfhda l%Svdjg fuh fndfydu iudk nj Tng f;afrkj we;s'

l%Svdj w;frÈ uqK .efyk ysu fnda, lEfuka Tuxf. m%udKh úYd,fj, Tux n,j;a fjkj' r;= mdg u,a wdydrhg .;af;d;a i;=rkag fjä ;eîfï yelshdj;a ,nd.kak mq¿jka'

i;=rka u;g Wäka mekSfuka i;=rka flá ld,hlg ksYal%Sh lrkak mq¿jka' m%Yakd¾: ,l=Kq iys; fldgqj,g mekSfuka ldis iy Tuxg wu;r Ôú; jf.a foaj,a ,efnkj' tkak tkaku ch .kak wudre nj jeäfjk wÈhr ^levels& 26lska

wms oeka n,uq Tfí ,sklaia moaO;sfh SuperTux ia:dmkh lr.kakd wdldrh' Tn yka;dk ,sklaia fyda f*fvdard ,sklaia mßYS,lfhla kï System -> Administration -> Add/Remove Software fj; f.dia Search hgf;a supertux hkak ,nd fokak' túg Jump’n run like game f,i Super-Tux Èiafjhs' th f;dard my;ska we;s Apply fnd;a;u la,sla lrkak' ia:dmkh lsÍu i|yd Tn jvd;a leu;s g¾ñk,h Ndú;d lsÍu kï my; úOdkh u.ska th ia:dmkh lr.kak;a mq¿jka'

sudo yum install supertux Tn Wnqkagq fyda ,sklaia ñkaÜ mßYS,lfhla kï Software Center fj; f.dia supertux f,i ,nd§fuka fyda g¾ñk,fha my; úOdkh ,nd§fuka SuperTux ia:dmkh lr.kak'

sudo apt-get install supertux

wjYH kï SuperTux fjí wvúfhka (http://supertux.lethargik.org/download.html) tys uQ,fla; f.k compile lr.ekSfï yelshdj;a ;sfhkjd'

SuperTux iukaú;hs' oelal .uka fndfydu f,ais l%Svdjla jf.a fmkqK;a wjidkh olajd hkak kï l%Svlhd i;=j f,dl= olaI;djhla iy bjiSula ;sfhkak ´k' SuperTux ys úfYaI;ajh ;uhs f,dl= fmdä ldg;a tl jf.a ri ú¢kak mq¿jka l%Svdjla ùu' ta jf.au SuperTux l%shd;aul ùug mß.Klh b;d fõ.j;a iy kùk tlla ùu wjYH keye' fõ.fhka wvq me/‚ mß.Kl j, mjd fuh b;d iqug f,i l%shd;aul fjkj' ta jf.au l%Svdfj md,l

h;=re b;d blauka m%;spdr olajkj ^responsive&' fï ksid SuperTux l%Svd lsÍu b;d myiq lghq;a;la'

Installing Method

;ór fiakdkdhl | [email protected]

l¾k,a iy fI,a " mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;s .ek l;d lroaÈ ks;ru lshfjk jpk folla ' l¾k,a iy fI,a hk fol weiqßka fufyhqï moaO;shla lshkafk fudllao lshk tl ir,u wdldrfhka w¾: olajkak mq¨jka' —fufyhqï moaO;shla lshkafk l¾k,a tlla iy fI,a iuQyhl tl;=jla˜

l¾k,a iy fI,a tlsfklg iïnkaO fjkafk fldfyduo lshk tl meyeÈ,s lrkak ñksia YÍrh WodyrKhlg wr.kak mq¿jka' l¾k,a tl iumd; fjkafk fud<hg' wks;a ish¨u wNHka;r iy ndysr wjhj fI,a j,g iumd;hs ' YÍr wjhjhka ndysr mßirfhka iy wfkl=;a YÍr wjhjhkaf.ka ix{d ,ndf.k tajd fud<hg hjkjd' ta ix{d wkqj fud<h ;uhs ;SrKh lrkafk ta ta YÍr wjhjhka fldfyduo l%shd l< hq;af;a lsh,d' wjhjhka w;r iïnkaëlrKh iy md,kh isÿ jkafka fud<h u.ska'mß.Kl moaO;shl fldgia w;r iïnkaël-rKh iy md,kh m%Odk jYfhkau isÿ fjkafka fufyhqï moaO;sfha l¾k,a tl yryd' mß.Kl moaO;shl m%Odku fldgia ;=k ;uhs oDVdx." uDÿldx. iy l%shdlrjkakd fï fldgia ;=k tlsfkl iïnkaO lrk w;rueÈhd ;uhs l¾k,a tl'WodyrKhla úÈyg úúO uDÿldx. lSmhla tlúg l%shd lroa§ ta uDÿldx.hg .Kkh lsÍï i|yd mß.Klfha fm%dfiirfha fiajh wjYH fjkjd' ld,igyklg wkqj fm%dfiirfha fiajh tla tla uDÿldx.hg jßkajr ,nd§fï md,k lghq;a; lrkafk l¾k,a tl'

wms mdúÉÑ lrk iEu uDÿldx.hlau hï wdldrhl fI,a tlla lsh, lshkak mq¨jka' wdldr foll fI,a j¾. ;sfhkjd' Text fI,a iy Graphi-cal fI,a' fI,a lSmhla tlu; tl l%shd lsÍfï yelshdj;a ;sfhkjd' tal ksid iuyr fI,a wmsg fmfkkafk kE' WodyrKhla úÈyg Text fI,a tllg jeä w,xldrhla yd Ndú;d lsÍfï jeä myiqjla ,nd fokak Text fI,a tl Graphical fI,a tllska wdjrKh lrkak mq¿jka ' túg wms ,ndfok úOdk m<uqj Graphical fI,a tflka Text fI,a tlg;a Text fI,a tflka l¾k,a tlg;a fhduq lrkjd'

ta jf.au tla tla uDÿldx.h i|yd mß.Kl u;lfhka fldmuK bvla fjka lr, fokjo lshk ;SrKh .kafk;a l¾k,a tl' mß.Klh l%shdlrjkakdg mß.Klfha oDvdx. fl,skau md,kh lrkak neye' Tyqg mq¨jka mß.Klfha uDÿldx." h;=re mqjrej mqjrej wdÈh yryd úOdk ,ndfokakhs' ta ,ndfok úOdk uDÿldx. j,ska l¾k,a tlg fhduq lrkjd' l¾k,a tl u.ska wjYH md,k lghq;= fufyhjkjd'


15

l¾k,a iy fI,a

wms Ndú;d lrk yeu uDÿldx.hlau jf.a l%shd lrkafk Th wdldrhghs' wms ,nd fok úOdk fI,a tlla fyda lSmhla yryd l¾k,a tl fj; fhduq fjkjd'Linux fufyhqï moaO;s ye¢kaùfï§ fndfyda fj,djg GNU\Linux f,ihs fhdod .efkkafka' fï GNU iy Linux hk jpk fol fhdod .efkkafk l¾k,a tl iy fI,a iïnkaOfhkqhs'

ksrdmrdfoa fydfrla fjkjdæysf¾ hkak fjkjdæov lkak fjkjdæ

Tn" Tn"

n,m;% rys; uDÿldx. Ndú;d lrkafkla kï ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. Ndú;d lrkafkla kï

;dlaI‚lj"ffjria m%ydr j,g ,la fjkjdæuDÿldx. l,a bl=;aùï ksid wl%Sh ùï fjkjdæ

;dlaI‚lj"ffjria m%ydr b;d wjuhsæuDÿldx. l,a bl=;aùï kEæ

eel the freedomhanthanalinux

[email protected]

ov kEæ kvq kEæ


16

l¾k,a iy fI,a

pdKl wreK uqKisxy | [email protected]


17

fjí wvú i|yd FOSS Ndú;h fuu ,smsfha wruqK jkqfha fjí wvú ks¾udKlrKh

i|yd Ndú;d l, yels ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx.

(FOSS) ms,sn| flá ye¢kaùula lsÍuhs' fï i|yd

msúiqula f,i" j¾I 1995 § wdrïN lrk ,o yd

j¾;udkfha f,djmqrd m%p,s; apache fjí i¾j¾

uDÿldx.h i|yka l, yel' fjí wvú ks¾udKhg

msúfik wdOqksl l%uf,aLlhdf.a isg uyd mßudK

jdkscH wdh;k olajd jQ mq¿,a mrdihl apache

uDÿldx.h Ndú;d fõ' Apache iu. ne£ we;s ;j;a tla

uDÿldx. hq.,hla f,i MySQL o;a; mßmd,k

uDÿldx.h yd PHP l%uf,aLl NdIdj y÷kajd Èh yel'

fïjd ish,a, Linux fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=, ia:dmkh l,

úg th LAMP (Linux - Apache - MySQL - PHP) hk flá

fhÿfuka ye¢kafõ'

FOSS Ndú;d lrkakka w;r jvd;a m%p,s; udOHhla

f,i LAMP y÷kajdÈh yel' fjí wvú

ks¾udKlrKfha§ óg wu;rj ;j;a uDÿldx. lsysmhla

wjYHfõ' uq,sl jYfhka PdhdrEm ixialrK lghq;=

i|yd GIMP fyda GIMPSHOP Ndú;d l, yel' l%uf,aLk

NdIdjla f,i PHP Ndú;dl, yels kuq;a PHP ysñldr

iud.u jk Zend wdh;kh tys l%uf,aLk udOHh (IDE) jk Zend Studio uDÿldx.h fkdñf<a ksl=;a lrkafka

ke;' kuq;a Zend Studio uDÿldx.hg iudk FOSS

úl,amhka f,i Eclipse yd Aptana Studio id¾:lj fhdod

.; yel'

fjí ;dlaIKh i|yd FOSS ms<sno l;sldfõ§ wka;¾.;

l<ukdlrK moaO;s ^Content Management Systems - CMS& ms<sn|jo l;d l, hq;=uh' fuys§ PHP yd MySQL u; ksuejqKq Wordpress "Joomla" Drupal " íf,d.a wvú

yd fjí wvú i|yd m%p,s;h 'óg wu;rj Java " Perl jeks NdId iy ;j;a FOSS o;a; l<ukdlrK

uDÿldx.hla jk PostgreSQL mdol fldg ieliqkq fnd-

fyda wka;¾.; l<ukdlrK moaO;s ´kEu fijqï

hka;%hl wdOdrfhka fidhd .; yel' wka;¾.;

l<ukdlrK moaO;s u.ska b;d Wiia ;;ajfha fjí

wvúhla f,fyisfhka yd l%uj;aj ilid.; yels w;r

;dlaIKh ms,sn| t;rï oekqula ke;s wfhl=g jqjo

myiqfjka l<ukdlrKh lr .; yel' ;jo wOHdmksl

wdh;k i|yd fjí wdY%s; bf.kqï moaO;shla f,i

Moodle fhdod.; yel'

by; i|yka l, ish¨ oE fla; ,shkakka yd

ks¾udKlrejka i|ydh' fjí wvúhla ks¾udKh lsÍu

hkq ;ksj fyda iduqysl m%h;akhla f,i .;a l,ays

jHdmD;shls' tfiakï th id¾:l ùug ld,h yd iïm;a

ksisf,i l<ukdlrKh l, hq;=h'

jHmD;s l<ukdlrKh i|yd nyq, f,i Ndú;d jk wêl

ñ,lska hq;= uDÿlka.hkag wdfoaYlhla f,i ksoyia yd

újD; uDÿldx. Ndú;d l, yel' Project Open fï i|yd

lÈu ksoiqkls' óg wu;rj jHmD;s l<ukdlrKh i|yd

fjí wdY%s; ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. f,i Collabtive , dotproject yd projectpier i|yka l, yel'

by; i|yka lr we;af;a fjí wvú ks¾udKlrKh

wdY%s;j nyq,j Ndú;d jk ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx.

lsysmhla mu‚' myiq Google fijqulska ;j;a ish.Kkla

fidhd.; yel' ;j;a oyia .Kkla wkd.;fha ìysjkq

we;'

How to install Firefox 5 on Fedora 14/Hanthana Linux 14.xMethod 01

Method 02

Step 1 ( Download Firefox 5 from Firefox FTP Server' Firefox 5 | fudis,d FTP fijdodhlfhka ,nd .kakftp($$ftp'mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/firefox/releases/5.0/linux-i686/)Step 2 ( Unpack the downloaded Firefox 5 file' | oeka tu f.dkqj ;=< we;s wka;¾.;h úiqrejd .kakThe file you downloaded should be in *'tar'bz2 format' Tn ,nd.kak f.dkqfõ ku firefox-5.0.tar.bz2 f,i fõ'Upack it.( my; úOdkh uÕska f.dkqj úiqrejd .kaktar -xjvf *'tar'bz2)Step 3 (Then youzll get a file folder named “firefox” . Move the whole folder to “/opt”)túg Tng firefox kñka ny¨ula ,efnk w;r tys we;s wka;¾. ish,a,u $opt ny¨ug oukakMove( mv/home/yourname/download/firefox /optStep 4 ( Create a shortcut to “/opt/firefox/firefox” oeka fláuÕla ;kd .kakThen you can use Firefox 5 on your Linux now'

00.) g¾ñk,h újD; lr.kak | Open the terminal01'& supper user ^root& f,ig g¾ñk,hg m%fõY jkak | login switch to the user ˜root˜su -02.) oeka my; úodkfhka wod, frfmdisgßh ia;dmkh lr.kak' | install the required repository using the following commandrpm -Uvh http(//rpms.famillecollet.com$remi-release-14.rpm03.) oeka Firefox5 ia;dmkh lrkak | now install the firefox 5yum --enablerepo}remi install firefox504.) oeka fukqfõ | Select Firefox5 from the menueApplications > Internet > firefox5

Oïñl fukaäia | www.ceynocta.com


18

PYTHON isxyf,ka

mhs;ka hkq mhs;ka hkq mß.Kl l%uf,aL NdIdjls' fuh oekg we;s bf.kSug myiq u yd mß.Kl l%uf,aLkhg w;afmd;a ;nkakkag ;u uQ,sl wä;d,u ilid.ekSug fhdod.; yels n,j;a fuka u Ndú;hg myiq mß.Kl l%uf,aL NdIdjla f,i jeäÿrg;a y÷kajdÈh yels h' mhs;ka 90 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha" C NdIdfõ meje;s wvqmdvq bj;a fldg thg jvd Wiia jia;= uQ,sl ^Object Oriented& njla ,nd§ug .;a W;aidyhla muKla jQ kuq;a" th ksoyia uDÿldx.hla f,i uyckhd w;g m;aùu fya;=fjka tys ks¾udmlhkaf.a wruqKq wNsnjd hñka" n,j;a mß.Kl NdIdjla njg m;a úh' wo Èk Y%S ,dxlSh Wiiafm< úIh ks¾foaYhg mjd we;=<;a j we;s fuu NdIdj mß.Kl l%uf,aLkhg msúfik ´kEu jhia ldKavhl whg WÑ; NdIdjla f,i ks¾foaY lruq' tmuKla fkdj f,dj f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh wdl%uKh l< iEu lafIa;%hlu mdfya mhs;ka NdIdj o /£ isà' f,dj úYd,;u wka;¾cd,.; fiajd imhkakd jk .+.,a iud.u ;u hdka;%Kh i|yd nyq,j fhdod.kakd NdI-djls mhs;ka' tmuKla fkdj weußldkq cd;sl wNHjldY tackaish ^NASA& mjd ;u mÍlaIK lghq;= i|yd fuh fhdod.kakd neúka u fuys we;s úYajikSh;ajh yd n,h ;yjqre fkdjkafka o@

Guido van Rossum tlaoyia kjish wiQfõ w.Nd.fha§ mhs;ka NdIdjg uQ,sl wä;d,u oeuqfõ fudyq úisks'

b;sydih idudkH jHjydrfha kï python hkq msUqrd jqj;a python NdIdjg ku ;nd we;af;a i;ajfhl= mokï lrf.k fkdfjhs' mhs;ka hkq 70oYlfha§ w;sYhska ckm%sh jQ rEmjdyskS l;d ud,djl ^”Monty Pythonzs Flying Circus”& ku wkqidrfhka idod.;a kula' Guido van Rossum úiska tlaoyia kjish wiQfõ w.Nd.fha§ mhs;ka NdIdjg uQ,sl wä;d,u oeuqfõ tjlg ;snqkq mß.Kl NdIdj, ;snqkq ÿ¾j,;d u.yrjd .ekSughs' jir 2000§ python 2'0 ksl=;a Wkq w;r thska jeäÈhqKq jQ 2'6 iy 2'7 ms<sfj,ska 2007 iy 2010 jirj, mß.kl NdIdj f,i TIOBE uÕska f;arekd' fuh mhs;kays ckm%sh;djh ms<sn| ñkqula f,i i,lkak mq̈ jka' 2008 § ksl=;a jQ python 3'0 fmr mej;s versions tllaj;a i|yd .e,mqfka keye' ^backwards-incompatible&' flfia kuq;a mhs;ka 2 ÈhqKq lsÍu;a ;ju;a isÿfjñka mj;skjd' ta mhs;ka 2 mokï lrf.k ksmojQ ,hsn%ß fndfyduhla ;ju;a mhs;ka 3 i|yd iyh oelaùu wvq ksihs' fï mdvï ud,dj uQ,sl jYfhka mhs;ka 2 mokï lrf.k isÿlrkakhs wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkafka'

ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx.hla ùu újD; uDÿldx.hla ùu tkï fla;h ksoyia ùu fya;=fldgf.k f,dj kkafoi isák ixj¾Olhka w;ska b;d YS>%fhka fuu NdIdj ÈhqKq ùu ksid jvd ksjerÈ fla;fhka hq;=" jeäÈhqKq l< ixialrK ksrka;rfhka ,eîfï wjldY mj;S' tu ksid jd‚c uDÿldx. fuka jrola ksjerÈ lsÍug fyda kj ixi-alrK ,nd.ekSug wjqreÿ 5lg jvd ld,hla tu jerÈ iu. n,disàug isÿ fkd fõ'

m%cd iydhfuu NdIdj jgd ixj¾Olhka" ksuehqï lrejka" isiqka" .=rejreka jeks kd kd úê mqoa.,hka ñ,shk .Kkdjlska ieÈ m%cdjla ìysj we;s ksid mekkÕsk .eg¨ ksrdlrKhg muKla fkd j hful=g uq, isg bf.kSu i|yd wmßñ; iydhla ,eìh yelshs' ^Wod ( ,xldfõ wOHdmkhg fuh we;=<;a lsÍug fhdackd lsÍug;a jir lsysmhlg fmr fuu ,smsfha l¾;D mhs;ka NdIdj yeoEÍug Wmfhda.S lr.;af;a ta jgd tla jQ mqoa.,hka yd Tjqka w;ska ,shejqKq f,aLk hs&'


19

fuhg fjkajQ ixjdo uKavmj, yd nq,áka f*darïj, Tng fkdñf,a" wmßñ; oekqula ,nd§ug ie§ meye§ isák mqoa.,hka ñ,shk .Kkla yuqùug mq¿jk' tfyhska ,laI .Kkska uqo,a wh lrk mdGud,d yeoEÍu wkjYHhs'

fõÈldka;r .=Kdx.h (Cross Platform)fï NdIdfõ m%Odk;u úfYaIdx.h jkafka fuh hs' fuys § Tn ,shk fla;h lsisÿ fjkialulg ,la fkdlr ´kEu fufyhqï moaO;shla u; Odjkh lsÍug mq¿jk' úkafvdaia" ,sklaia" uelskafgdYa yd fjk;a ´kEu fufyhqï moaO;shlg wm ,shk fla;h fmdÿ fjhs' ^write once" run anywhere&" fuys fjkia l< hq;=jkafka mhs;ka wä;d,u muKls' th mhs;ka Ndú; lrkafkl=g lsisod lror ùug wjeis fkdjk" NdId ixj¾Olhka w;ska flfrk ld¾hhla ksid;a" oekg we;s m%Odk fufyhqï moaO;s ish,a,gu ilid wjika ksid;a tys jdish myiqfjka ,o yelshs'

ñ, Tõ Tn is;=jd ksjerÈhsæ fuh www.python.org fj;ska iïmQ¾Kfhka u fkdñf,a ,ndfok w;r miqj meñfKk jeäÈhqKq lsÍï ish,a, o uq¿ukska u fkdñf,a imhkq ,efí'

jeäÈhqKq ùu yd Ndú;h fuu NdIdj fmr mejiQ whqßka u m%cdj w;ska ixj¾Okh jk ksidu mgq lafIa;%hkays fkdkej;S is;d.; yels iEu wxYhla lrd u me;sÍ we;' w;súYd, fudähq, m%udKhla yd ,hsn%ß m%udKhla mj;sk ksid myiqfjka ´kE u ld¾hhlg WÑ; f,i fuu.ska fla; rpkd l< yels h ^Wod ( mß.Kl l%Svd" cd,.; Ndú; fhojqï jeks oE&' ;j o fuh wfkl=;a NdId iu. o iyfhda.S j lghq;= lrhs' úfYaIfhkau C mdol lr.;a NdI-djkag iydh olajkakd fia u" iïmQ¾Kfhka u fjkia jd‚c NdId jk .net fõÈldjg o iydh olajk neúka" fla; rplhdg we;s iSud wvq lrhs',sùu yd lshùu.

PYTHON isxyf,kabx.%Sis NdIdjg fndfyda iudk w;sYh ir, fla;hla fuys mj;sk neúka ,sùu fuka u ,shQ fla;hla lshjd f;areï .ekSu o b;d myiq hs' fuh jevigykalrKfha b;d jeo.;a uQ,O¾uhls'

mhs;ka mß.Klfha msysgqjd .ekSuTn Ndú;d lrkafka ,sklaia kï fmrksñfhkau tys mhs;ka wka;¾.; fjkjd' ,sklaia fkdfõ kï http://python.org/download/ fj;ska mhs;ka ia:dmkh lr.kak mq̈ jka' fï mdvï ud,dfõ§ ,sklaia wdY%fhka mhs;ka bf.kSug Tng yels fjkq we;s'wdrïNhg fmr,sklaia g¾ñk,hl python -V úOdkh u.ska oekg Tfí mß.klfha we;s mhs;ka version tl oek.ekSug mq̈ jka'

m<uq l%uf,aLh'gedt fj; f.dia my; i|yka oE we;=,;a lrkak' th hello.py f,i iqrlskak'

print "Hello, World!"

th Odjk lsÍug my; úOdkh ,ndÈh yelshs'python hello.py

.hdka l,aydr | [email protected] myka ir;apkaø | [email protected]

Writer Calc Impress Draw Base


21

ieug FOSS

ksfjia yd ld¾hd,hSh Ndú;hg ksoyia uDÿldx.' ksoyia fufyhqï moaO;s Ndú;d lrkakkaf.a tla ueisú,a,la jkafka we;eï jd‚c fufyhqï moaO;s i|yd jk ;rfï fhojqï uDÿldx. iuQyhla ;ukaf.a fufyhqï moaO;s fjkqfjka fkdue;s njh' t;rï fmdÿ fkdjk úfYaIs; ld¾hhka i|yd Ndú;d lrkd uDÿldx. i|yd fuh i;H úh yels kuq;a wm yg ld¾hd,fha§ yd ksjfia§ Ndú;d wjeis jk fndfyda l¾;jHhka bgq lr .ekSu i|yd ksoyia fufyhqï moaO;s j, Ndú;d l< yels uDÿldx. rdYshla úúO iud.ï j,ska ksmojd we;' fïjd ish,a,u mdfyao ksoyia uDÿldx. fõ' my; oelafjkafka fnfyúka Ndú;hg .kakd uDÿldx. j¾.SlrK j, ksoyia uDÿldx. f;dard.ekSïh'

ld¾hd, lghq;= uDÿldx.' ld¾hd, lghq;= i|yd ksoyia uDÿldx. lsysmhlau ksmoù we;'

LibreOfficeOpenOffice'orgLotus SymphonyKOfficeOracle Open Office ^fmr Sun StarOffice&

hkq tajdhska lsysmhls' fïjd The Document Foundation" Oracle jeks oejeka; iud.ï yd iuQyhkaf.ka Tn fj; ,efnk ksid úYajdikSh Ndjh we;eï jd‚c uDÿldx. j,go jvd by<h' fïjd fndfydauhlg wka ld¾hd, meflac j,ska ks¾ñ; f.dkq újD; lsßfï yelshdjo fmr ksñfhkau mj;S' wu;r uDÿldx. Ndú;fhka f;drj laI‚lj ´kEu f.dkqjla PDF f.dkqjla njg m;a lsÍu jeks m%dfhda.Sl jákdlula we;s l%shdldrlï fndfyduhla fïjd i;=h' ksoyia uDÿldx. i;H f,i jev lr.; fkdyels mß.Kl úYdrohk yg m¾fhaIK lsÍug iSudjQ tajd njg mej;s ñ;Hdj fujka yelshdjka ksid ÿrej hhs'

mqÿu fkdjkak f,dj m%uqL

fjí .fõIK uQÿldx. oaú;ajh

jk Firefox yd Chrome hkq

ksoyia uDÿldx.hæ fïjd Tn fj;

f.k tkafka oejeka; iud.ï jk

Mozilla yd Google h' ksoyia

uDÿldx. f,dalh hkq

oejeka;hka lsysm fofkl= ;r.

lrk jd‚c uDÿldx. f,dalh

fuka fkdj oejeka;hka" l=vdjqka" Tn wm jeks

mßYS,lhka ish,a, tlaj bÈßhg hk iduQysl

m%h;akhls'

WodyrKhla f,i oeka w;sYhska ckm%sh

fukau th ke;skï wm flfia lghq;= lrhsoehs

is;Sugj;a fkdyels geì; .fõIKh ^tabbed browsing& i,ld n,uq' udf.a u;lfha yeáhg

fuu ixl,amh uq,skau y÷kajd ÿkafka Google

úiska ;udf.a Chrome .fõIlh yryd h' jeä

l,a hdug u;af;ka Firefox j,o tu ixl,amh

l%shdjg kexfjkq oel .; yels jQ w;r jákd

ixl,am ksoyia uDÿldx. f,dalh ;=<

myiqfjka me;sfrk neúka mßYS,lhkag fïjd

buy;a myiqjla nj Tmamq úks' l,a .; fj;au

Microsoft yd Apple jeks jd‚c iud.ïo

;ukaf.a Internet Explorer yd Safari jeks

.fõIlhka fj;o fuu ixl,amh tla lf<dah'

kuq;a lsisfjla Tjqkg tfrysj kS;suh

l%shdud¾.hkag neiafia ke;' fya;=j ksoyia

uDÿldx. f,dalh ixl,amj, ksoyia Ndú;hg

.re lsÍuh'

fjí .fõIK uDÿldx.'


22

tkuq;a fuu ixl,amh jd‚c iud.ulska uq,ska l%shdjg kxjd wfkl=;a iud.ï th wkq.ukh lf,a kï@æ ms<s;=r is;d .ekSug l< hq;af;a jd‚c iud.ï tlsfkldg tfrysj f.dkq lr we;s kS;suh l%shdud¾. m%udKh .ek hka;ñka fidhd ne,Su mu‚æ

ieug FOSS

laI‚l m‚úv uDÿldx.'

Empathy" Pidgin jeks uDÿldx. ish .Kkla w;=ßka Tfí wjYH;djhg iß,k uDÿldx.h Tng f;dard.; yel' fïjd fndfydauhl tl jr GTalk" Yahooæ Chat" Facebook jeks m‚jqv fiajdjka rdYshlg we;=,a ù isàfï yelshdj we;'

FTP uDÿldx.' fufyhqï moaO;s rdYshla u; l%shd lrkd ckm%sh ksoyia uDÿldx.hla jk FileZilla ,sklaia u;o l%shd;aulhæ Tnf.a fjí i¾jrhka fj; iïnkaO ù wdrlaIs;j f.dkq yqjudrejg fuh fhdod.; yel'

Ñ;%lrK uDÿldx.' PdhdrEm ixialrKh i|yd GIMP uDÿldx.h f,fyisfhkauNdú;d l< yel' nyq,j Ndú;d jk jd‚c uDÿldx. i|yd ks¾ñ; brushes mjd fuys§ m%fhdackhg .; yels ùu b;du jákd yelshd-jls' fjlag¾ Ñ;% ks¾udKh i|yd jk ksoyia uDÿldx.hla jk InkSkape ys jd‚cfufyhqï moaO;s i|yd jk ixialrKhlao we;' fmd;a" mqj;am;a" iÕrd jeks uqøs; ks¾udK lsÍug Scribus oeka fndfyda wdh;k j, m%fhdackhg .ks;s'

fjí ixj¾Okh' fjí wvú ixj¾Okh i|yd uQ,slju wmf.a mß.Klfha w;;H fjí fiajdodhlhla msysgqjd .ekSug wjYHh' ta i|yd ksoyia uDÿldx.hla jk XAMPP Ndú;d l< yel' tys kfï w¾:h Cross plat-form Apache MySQL PHP Perl fõ' tkï wm nyq,j lrk PHP¬MySQL fjí wvú lghq;= i|yd fuu w;;H fiajdodhlh myiqfjka Ndú;d l< yel'

fla; ,sùu i|yd Gedit jeksidudkH fm< ilikhl isg Eclipse jeks fmdÿ IDE tlla olajd ´kEu mrdihl uDÿldx. Ndú;d l< yel' wjeis kï BlueFish jeks fjí ixj¾Okh i|ydu jk uDÿldx.hla jqjo Ndú;d l< yel'

úfkdaodiajdoh' .S;" Ñ;%mg Odjkh i|yd ksoyia uDÿldx. w;sYh rdYshla we;' we;eï äiafg%da j, fmrksñfhka tu f.dkq Odjkhg wod< codecs fkdtk kuq;a tajd myiqfjka ia:dmkh lr .; yels myiqlï imhd we;' GNOME Mplayer" VLC" Rhythmbox hkq fïjdhka lsysmhla mu‚' VLC kï fufyhqï moaO;s .Kkdjl Ndúld l< yel'

w;;H mß.Kl' Tnf.a mß.Klh ;=< w;;H mß.Klhla ;kd ;j;a fufy-hqï moaO;shla Odjkh lsÍug wjeiso@ ta i|yd fufyhqï moaO;s lsysmhl Ndú;d l< yels ckm%sh Oracle Virtual Box uDÿldx.h Tng Wmldr jkq we;s'

fujka f;dard.ekSï rdYshla we;s ksoyia fufyhqï moaO;shlg Tn ;ju;a fhduqù ke;ao@iqmqka nqOdÔj | [email protected]

APACHE

Hanthana is community project. Most parts of Hanthana is distributed under various GNU General Public Licenses (GPL) and is free to use, copy, share and distribute.

Hanthana is a Linux based operating system and a Fedora [email protected]


www.hanthana.org

All in One includingOut of the Box withapplications for

Office SecurityGraphicsInternetDevelopmentEntertainment

C++


24

From Hanthana Linux with Love With the arrival of the magic tool computer to our soci-ety, we could accelerate our day today events in an unex-plainable way and a speed. We slowly but surely discarded our long standing hardworking type writer from the type write table , gave a temporary halt for writ-ing letters and kept away papers from our desk. The com-puter started to dominate the life in every avenue. Every father and every mother , specially the teacher parents wanted to have their sons and daughters to arm with personal computers. So the hunt began for the magic home partner the computer.

When we order a home computer from a vendor we have to name the configurations or else the vendor does give his. After the agreed price and conditions like guarantee or after sales service, he packs the company made genu-ine machine within a half an hours time. If not, if my request is for an assembled low cost machine , he might take a day sometimes to install the software and most probably the next day the buyer takes the machine home. How the machine works, its is immaterial for the user as his machine is fully armed with an operating system and other software which the user asked.

As the time passed by the user, the schoolboy gets more and more software from his peer groups in different versions and different trade names . He gets copies of expensive software or games copied at a very cheaper price from a communication centre or from his own machine, or from a friend cheaper than a short eat or a bun !

Not only he uses these software but he exchanges and share and passes copies of that software among his friends irrespective of its value or validity. A single copy of such is enough for the whole community. Without knowing he violates the copyrights of the knowledge of the creator of such soft ware. As the piracy is common, specially in the world of information Technology, we do not understand the gravity of the crime we commit. Since the software is very very cheap and the cheapest commodity in the market when we compare the other day today commodities, we tend to buy them at any place or any vendor. Most of us are not aware of what the process or what crime we commit when buying an illegal knowledge of somebody.

Of course if we do not have such copies how can we buy a computer for around half a lakh of rupees and another half a lakh of rupees for a licensed copies of software ?

We slowly are looking for a permanent solution for this unanswered problem. Now gradually the users have understood that those so called high prices software is not available in the market free like in the past decade or two. The laws have come into full operation to stop piracy in software selling and copying. Yet, still the schoolboy is clever enough to sneak into such activities. But it is time to have some alternatives for this process and to find an answer. There are open source software around the market yet the young user thinks the are not attractive and they can not match the taste of those so called pirate software. Listen to my story with the experience of teach-ing IT for around 15 years.

How I had an affair with Hanthana

First when I received 10, very big number of computers to my computer unit in the school way back 2001, I got the complete unit with the Genuine Windows 2000 installed and the genuine windows and the office Cds. We did not mind how they came as the process was organized by the ministry GEP 2 Project. For another 10 years our school IT unit did not get any machine and with the SEMP Projects we were isolated and totally neglected.

Yet with the requests and the total identification of the problem Mr Upali Chandrarathne the subject co ordina-tion AD has allocated a sum of almost 11 lakh of rupees for us the buy our own machines. But we are bound with the problem- we have to buy software if we are going with windows. I personally decided neither to buy windows nor to use pirate copies and to go with Open source. Luckily I got an accident unexpected call from the IT hardware unit Isurupaya for a special workshop for our new machines. It was a blessing in disguise , a Two Day workshop with Dan-ishka changed our philosophy , love and worship we had from the world famous rich software to our local made Hanthana Linux.

This is how we welcome the new software HANTHANA LINUX into our machines. With Hanthana “you ask for anything it has already got”.


25

We started the teaching sessions with the new baby. Attractive and easy no hassle and trouble . With no time we made the soft-ware and the OS popular with the students and the teachers. They wanted to have their personal machines to be converted into Hanthana and the workshop began copying Hantahana DVDs free for all. For the first time we started to copy true and genuine DVDs in our machines.

The content available in that DVD is immeasurable in value. It has years of knowledge to dy diverted into the students. Lessons for the science teacher ,math teacher, social studies teacher and the teacher of aesthetic subjects are plenty and attractive. The most special feature of Hanthana it is totally immunized for Virus.

I lost my data in my Pen drive one day with an attack of a virus,I madly wanted to get my pen healedBut I failed and with some pains I formatted it and lost my data. The same has happened to my student and he said Sir I got my data saved because of Hanthana Linux. It is immunized for Virus !!!

Thanks Danishka and his team for the genuine effort he trying to save our computers from the virus and saving our money which we have to spend for high priced software.

Triple gem bless you and your effort!

From Hanthana Linux with Love

Sunil ChandramanWickramabahu Central College [email protected]


26

GNU/Linux b;sydih

wo wms l;d lrkafk GNU/Linux fufyhqï moaO;sh iy ksoyia yd újD; uQ, uDÿldx. (FOSS) b;sydih ms<sn|jhs' wms uq,skau n,uq FOSS lsh, fohla we;sfjkak fya;=j fudllao lsh,' mß.Kl Ndú;fha wdrïNfha tkï 70 oYlfha uq,a wjÈfha mß.Kl wog jvd fjkia' m%udKfhka úYd," YlH;dj wog jvd wvq fïjdfha m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq fj,d ;snqfK oDVdx. ms<sn|j' fuu mß.Klj, Ndú;d jQ uDÿldx. ksIamdokh fndfydaúg isÿ lf<a tu mß.Klh ksIamdokh lrk iud.u úiskauhs' oDVdx. i|yd uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu;a" f,dj mqrd iq¿ jYfhka mß.Kl jHdma; ù ;sîu;a tajdfha wdlD;Ska tlu fkdùu;a" fuu mß.Kh fndfyda úg úYaj úoHd, iy m¾fhaIK wxYj,g muKla iSud ù ;sîu;a toji mß.Klj, úfYaI ,laIK' tu ksid tajdfha uDÿldx. fnodyeÍug ;yxÑ mekùu wod< iud.ïj,g úfYaI wd¾Ól jdishla jqfKa kE' fuu mß.Kl i|yd uDÿldx. ixj¾Okh fndfyda úg isÿjqfKa tys mßYS,lhska úiskauhs' fuu ld, jljdkqj ms<sn|j miq lf,l ksoyia yd újD; fla; uDÿldx. igfka mqfrda.dñfhla jqKq ßp¾â tï' iafgda,auka woyia olajkafk fï úÈhg¦

“We did not call our software “free software”, because that term did not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from another university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we gladly let them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and interesting program, you could always ask to see the source code, so that you could read it, change it, or cannibalize parts of it to make a new pro-gram.” ~ Richard M. Stallman ~

70 oYlfha w. iy 80 oYlfha uq,a wjêfha mß.Kl uDÿldx. ksIamdok iud.ï ;ukaf. uDÿldx. msgm;a lsÍu iy kej; fnodyeÍu iSud lsÍu" tu uDÿldx. iuÕ tajdfha uQ, fla;h ,nd §u je<elaùu iy tajdg ysñlï wejÍfï n,m;% hgf;a ksl=;a lsÍu wdrïN l<d' tjlg ßp¾â ifgda,auka MIT wdh;kfha AI mÍlaIK.drfha mß.Kl l%uf,aL Ys,amsfhla ^programmer&'

tu mÍlaIKd.drfha Ndú;d lf<a XGP uqøK hka;%hla' fï uqøK hka;%fha uDÿldx.fha uQ, fla;h wOHkh lr tys fmrksñ l%shdldß;ajhg jeä hula Bg tla lsÍug ßp¾vg yelsjqKd' mßYS,lhskaf.ka ;Ügq lsysmhla by< ;Ügqjl ;snqKq uqøK hka;%h yd lghq;= lsÍu fuu.ska mßYS,lhskag myiq jqKd' tu uqøK hka;%fhka miqj AI mÍlaIKd.drh Ndú;d l< Xerox 9700 uqøK hka;%fha uQ, fla;h tys ksIamdok iud.u úiska ,nd §u m%;slafIam lsÍu ksid th ;u m¾fhaIKd.drfha wjYH;d jvd;a myiq lr .ekSu i|yd fjkialr .ekSug ßp¾â we;=¿ lKavdhug fkdyels jqKd' ßp¾â úiska GNU jHdmD;sh mgka .ekSug iy bka miqj ksoyia yd újD; uQ, uDÿldx. wo ;sfnk ;;ajhg ÈhqKq ùug wdikak;u fya;=j fï ;uhs' fï ;;ajfhka ñ§ug tkï ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. ixialD;sh ;jÿrg;a mj;afjk hdfï wruq‚ka ßp¾â iafgda,auka 1983 iema;euen¾ udifha GNU fufyhqï moaO;s jHdmD;sh wdrïN lrkjd' fláfhka GNU lshkafk GNUzs is Not Unix' Bg ál l,lg miqj Free Software Foun-dation (FSF) kñka ,dn fkd,nk wdh;khla wdrïN lrkafk FOSS ÈhqKq lrk ixj¾Olhskag /lshd wjia:d ,nd §fï iy FOSS iïnkaO kS;s iy n,m;% iïmdokh lsÍfï wruq‚ka' 1989 È ksoyia yd újD; uDÿldx. iïnkaOj we;s GNU GPL n,m;%fha uq,a fj¿u ksl=;a lsÍu;a újD; yd ksoyia fla; uDÿldx. m%j¾Okh i|yd uy;a msájy,la jqKd'


27

GNU/Linux b;sydih

GNU jHdmD;sh yryd emacs jeks wo wms Ndú;d lrk fndfyda uDÿldx. ixj¾Okh jqj;a fufyhqï moaO;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu lsÍu i|yd wjYH uQ,sl wjYH;djhla jk l¾k,h GNU jHdmD;sh i;= jqfKa keye'

,Skia fgda¾jd,aâia lshkafk wfma l;dfj ;j;a jeo.;a pß;hla' Tyq *ska,ka; cd;slfhla" tjlg úYaj úoHd, YsIHfhla' Tyq Tyqf.a jHdmD;shla i|yd Minix keu;s Unix yd iudk fufyhqï moaO;shla mokïj ,sklaia kñka kj l¾k,hla ixj¾Okh lsÍug lghq;= wdrïN lrkj' 1991 È ,sklaia l¾k,fha m<uq fj¿u GPL n,m;%h hgf;a ksl=;a lsÍu isÿ lrkj' my; oelafjkafka Tyq ish kj l¾k,h ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ksfõokh lrñka hejQ úoHq;a ,smsfha fldgila(

“Hello everybody out there using minix - I’m doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won’t be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I’d like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to prac-tical reasons) among other things) “ ~ Linus Torvalds

,sklaia l¾k,h GNU jHdmD;sh iuÕ tla fj,d ;uhs wo wms Ndú;d lrk GNU$Linux ks¾udKh lr, ;sfhkafk' GNU$Linux u; mokï jq fjkialï j,ska hq;= jQ fndfyda fnodyeÍï (distributions) úúO kï j,ska wo wmsg oel .kak mq¿jka' yka;dk ,sklaia" f*fvdard ,sklaia" Wnqkagq ,sklaia lshkafk ta w;ßka lSmhla' wms wo idudkH Ndú;fha§ Linux fufyhqï moaO;s f,i ye¢kajqj;a th GNU$Linux f,i ksjerÈ úh hq;=hs'

uQ,dY%(http://www.slideshare.net/tshrinivasan/foss-history-1300788http://www.gnu.orghttp://cs.anu.edu.au/student/comp8440/lectures/foss_history.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallmanhttp://stallman.orghttp://lwn.net

[email protected]

l,am me;=ï | [email protected]


28

IP lshkafk fudkjo@ mß.Kl .ek l;d lroaÈ ks;ru wefyk jpkhla ;ud fï IP lshkafk' Th lshkafk ˜uu pQ lrkjd˜Î pee& lsh,d fkfï Internet Protocol lshk tlg' T;kÈ fjkafk yeu mß.Klhlgu fjka lr,d wÿk.kak mq¨jka wdldrfh b,lalula fok tl' wo mdúÉÑ fjk yeu router tllau mdfya DHCP fiajdj iu. tk ksid IP .ek lsisu joùula ke;sj mß.Kl cd,hl wks;a mß.Kl tlal iïnkaO;djka f.dvk.d.kak mq¨jka' network card tfla prop-erties j, ipv4 j,g ^GNU w;=reuqyqkf;a kï [Fedora$hanthana fyda Ubuntu] system -> preferances->network connections j, wod, interface tfla click lr,d edit .syska ipv4 ta lg& .shmqjdu fï jf.a ixjdo fldgqjla tkjd oel,d ;shkjd fkao@

idudkH default ieliqï ;sfhkafk Th úÈyg Õbtain an IP address automatically˜ lsh,hs' Th úÈyg ieliqï ;shkfldg mß.Klh mK.ekajqkdu network card tl DHCP fiajdjla ;shkjdo lsh,d fydhkak o;a; melÜ úldYkh lrkak mgka .kakjd' yßhg fldfy yß f.orlg .sys,a,d ˜f.or ljqre;a keoafodaa''˜ lsh,d lE .ykjd jf.a' DHCP fiajdjlaa Odjkh fjkjkï cd,fh fldfy yß ^router tll yß server tll&"

thd Th lE .eys,a,g m%;spdr olaj,d fjk mß.Klhl Ndú;d fj,d ke;s ip tlla ,nd-fokjd' jefâ f,aisfhka lr.kak ´k kï Th úÈyg settings ;sfhkak wer,d fï ,smsh lshjk tl fu;kska kj;a;kakhs ;sfhkafk' :P Thd,d oel,d we;s fndfyduhla fj,djg Thdf. ip tl mgka.kafk 192'000'000'000 fyda 10'000'000'000 úÈyg' ´lg fya;=j ;ud ip iïnkaO n,Odßh tfyu;a ke;akï ICANN ^´fl yenE f;areu Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Wkdg thd,d ;ofhd" thd,g ´k fohla lrkak mq¨jka ksid¨ I CAN lshkafk (P & tflka mkj,d ;shk kS;s Í;s' thd, lshk yeáhg úfYaI wjirhla ke;sj mqoa.,sl cd,hl mdúÉÑ lrkak mq¨jka iSñ; IP m%udKhla ;shkjd' Th iSudj .ek l;dlrkak l,ska ip address classes .ek l;dlr,d bïuq' ip ,smskhla yeÈ,d ;sfhkafk ìÜ 32l tl;=fjka' wr w;rueo ;shk ;s;a ;=k ;sfhkafk ìÜ wfÜ fldgia fjka lrkak'ìÜ wghs ' ìÜ wghs ' ìÜ wghs' ìÜ wghs

>>>

fmdâvla nhskß j,g T¨j yod.ïuq''

10000001 } 129 ^128¬1&10000100 } 132 ^128¬4&10000101 } 133 ^128¬4¬1&11100000 } @@@ ^128¬64¬32&

jefâ fjk yeá meyeÈ,shs fka@ ICANN tfla .kx ldrfhd lshk yeáhg class A, B, C îy D E& lsh,d Ndú;d lrk cd,fh ihsia tl wkqj mka;s j,g fnokak mq¨jka' Th mka;s fnÈ,a, lrkafk nhsÜ wfÜ fldgia y;fr m,fjks nhsÜ wg mdúÉÑ lr,d'

00000000 bo,d 01111111 fjklï fldgi ^0 bo,d 127 fjklï [0¬64¬32¬16¬8¬4¬2¬1]& class A tfyu;a ke;skï f,dl=u m%udKfha cd, ioyd mdúÉÑ lrkak lsh,d fjka lr,d ;sfhkafk'

10000000 bo,d 10111111 fjklï fldgi ^128 bo,d 191 fjklï [128¬0¬32¬16¬8¬4¬2¬1]& class B lsh,d fjka lr,d ;sfhkafk


29

IP lshkafk fudkjo@11000000 bo,d 11011111 fjklï fldgi ^192 bo,d 223 fjklï [128¬64¬0¬16¬8¬4¬2¬1]& class C lsh,d fjka flfrkjd' wms yq.la oel,d yqre mqreÿ Th class c cd, fk ¦&

D iy E cd, mÍlaIK lghq;= ioyd fjka lr,d ;sfhkafk' ^Wv rgdj n,,d D iy E cd, j, range tl lshkak mq¨jka fkao@&

Thd yokak hkafk cd,hg leu;s class tll ip range tlla ,ndfokak lsisu ;ykula kE' WodyrKhla úÈhg Thd mßyKl folla switch tllg fyda router tllg iïnkaO lr,d yok cd,hlg class A ip tlla fokak lsisu ;ykula kE' yenehs ta mka;shg wod, private ip range tflka msg ip tlla mdúÉÑ lrkak ;ykï' private IP range fjka lr,d ;sfhkafk fukak fï úÈyg'

Class A - 10'0'0'0 bo,d 10'255'255'255 fjklïClass B - 172'16'0'0 bo,d 172'31'255'255 fjklïClass C - 192'168'0'0bo,d 192'168'255'255 fjklï

Th mrdih we;=,; ip mdúÉÑ lrk;dla l,a ICANN tl;a tlal kvq yn j,g fkdmeg,S bkak mq¨jka (&

änthräX | www.hacker.lk


Is ICT just a dream for your school? Tell us!

Tfí úÿy,g f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh isyskhlao@ wmg lshkakæ

school.hanthana.org

jq;fs; ghlrhiyf;F jfty; njhopy;El;gk; xU fdT kl;Lk;jhdh?

vkf;Fr; nrhy;Yq;fs;!

feel the freedom

yka;dk ,sklaia mßYS,l iuQyh | Hanthana Linux User Group

wmg ,shkak

Hanthana Linux Community Magazine

Documents

Transcript of Hanthana Linux Community Magazine