Hanover Windsor

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GEORGE I

When Anne died withoutleaving an heir ,Parliament chose as kingGeorge I (1714-27), rulerof the German state of Hanover and a Protestantdescendant of James I.

During World War I thefamily name was changedfrom Hanover to Windsor.



For over two hundred years the descendants of George I have

ruled England without further civil wars

Although William and Mary had surrendered to Parliament the

right to make laws, they were still the executive heads of the

state. George I , however, allowed Parliament to take over

the executive power as well.



The idea of special advisors to the king was not new. As early

as the 1500s the kings of England began to turn for advice to

a Privy Council, an outgrowth of the Great Council.

Under George I, the Cabinet became the very heart of the

British government. Members of the Cabinet were (and still

are) the heads of various departments of government, such

as Foreign Affairs, Exchequer (treasury), War, Admiralty, and

Home Affairs.



But George I did not even bother to attend Cabinet meetings.As a German prince who was used to having completecontrol ove r Hanover, he could not understand the relations

between Parliament and an English king.

Besides, he could not understood a word because he spoke noEnglish.

He therefore allowed one member, who became known as thePrime Minister, to speak for the entire Cabinet. The first tohold the title was Robert Walpole --- for 21 years.



INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1750-

1850

Changes came about sorapidly approximately 1750 to

1850 , this period in Englishhistory is known as theIndustrial Revolution. Itmarks two importantchanges: 1)from making goodsby hand to making them by machine ; and 2) from working in the home to working in a factory away from home.



Q UEEN VICTORIA

1837-1901

During the long reign of

Q ueen Victoria conditions

improved steadily.

The reforms of Parliament

during the Victorian Age

helped the workers to share

in the nations new wealth

and to gain a voice in its

affairs.



SOME OF THE REFORMS PASSED DURING Q UEEN

VICTORIAS RULE

Reform Bill of 1832- under this act Parliament cautiously extended

the privilege of voting to include factory owners, merchants, and

professional men.

Factory Act of 1833- outlawed the employment in textile factories

of children under nine years of age, and the Ten Hours Act, which

limited the work day of women and children to ten hours.

Reform Bill of 1867- sponsored by Benjamin Disraeli, the brilliant

Jewish leader of the Conservative Party, finally gave factory

workers the right to vote.



EDWARD VII1901-1910

The prestige and prosperity

of Victorian England

continued under the reign

of Victorias son . But

serious political and

economic difficultiesfollowed World War I.



GEORGE V 1910-36 The last years of the reign of George V

were marked by serious unemployment and a world-widedepression



EDWARD VIII

George s son , Edward

VIII, became king in 1936

but abdicated elevenmonths later in order to

marry a woman whom

Parliament would not

accept as queen. He

became the Duke of

Windsor , and his brother

was crowned George VI

(1936-52)



ELIZABETH II

The popular Elizabeth II,

daughter of George VI,

became queen in 1952 atthe age of twenty-five.

Britains high level of

prosperity at the

beginning of the 1960s is

a major step in that

direction.

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