Handyside v the United Kingdom (1976) Application No. 5493.72

8/13/2019 Handyside v the United Kingdom (1976) Application No. 5493.72

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COURT (PLENARY)

CASE OF HANDYSIDE v. THE UNITED KINGDOM

(Application no. 5493/72)

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

7 December 1976


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In the Handyside case,

The Eur!e"# Cur$ % &um"# R'h$* $"+'# '$ ,ec''# '# !-e#"r. e'# '# "!!-'c"$'#% Ru-e /0 % $he Ru-e % Cur$ "#, cm!e, % $he %--'# 2u,e3

Mr4 G4 BALLADORE PALL5ER5*President*

Mr4 &4 MOSLER*Mr4 M4 E5A*Mr4 G4 85ARDA*Mr4 &4 PEDERSEN*Mr4 T&R :5L&J;LMSSON*Mr4 S4 PETR1) % H M"rch 19(here'#"%$er re%erre, $ " Pr$c- N4 1)4

4 O# H J"#u"r. 1976* $he Pre',e#$ % $he Cur$ ,re b. -$* '# $he !ree#ce % $heRe'$r"r* $he #"me % %'@e % $he e@e# 2u,e c"--e, u!# $ '$ " member % $heCh"mberI S'r Ger"-, ='$m"ur'ce* $he e-ec$e, 2u,e % Br'$'h #"$'#"-'$.* "#, Mr4 G4B"--",re P"--'er'* $he Pre',e#$ % $he Cur$* ere e %%'c' member u#,er Ar$'c-e / ("r$4/) % $he C#@e#$'# "#, Ru-e 1 !"r"4 (b) % $he Ru-e % Cur$ re!ec$'@e-.4 The %'@e

2u,e $hu ,e'#"$e, ere Mr4 &4 M-er* Mr4 M4 e+'"* Mr4 G4 8'"r,"* Mr4 &4 Pe,ere#"#, Mr4 S4 Pe$rK# (Ar$'c-e / '# %'#e % $he C#@e#$'# "#, Ru-e 1 !"r"4 /) ("r$4 /)4

Mr4 B"--",re P"--'er' "ume, $he %%'ce % Pre',e#$ % $he Ch"mber '# "ccr,"#ce '$hRu-e 1 !"r"4 4


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/4 The Pre',e#$ % $he Ch"mber "cer$"'#e,* $hruh $he Re'$r"r* $he @'e % $he Ae#$% $he G@er#me#$ % $he U#'$e, '#,m (here'#"%$er c"--e, $he G@er#me#$) "#, $he,e-e"$e % $he Cmm''# re"r,'# $he !rce,ure $ be %--e,I h"@'# re"r, $ $he'rc#curr'# $"$eme#$* $he Pre',e#$ ,ec',e, b. "# Or,er % 6 =ebru"r. 1976 $h"$ '$ " #$#ece"r. "$ $h"$ $"e %r memr'"- $ be %'-e,4 &e "- '#$ruc$e, $he Re'$r"r $ '#@'$e $he

Cmm''# $ !r,uce cer$"'# ,cume#$ "#, $hee ere rece'@e, "$ $he re'$r. # 11=ebru"r.4

4 O# 9 A!r'- 1976* $he Ch"mber ,ec',e, u#,er Ru-e /0 $ re-'#u'h 2ur','c$'#%r$h'$h '# %"@ur % $he !-e#"r. Cur$* c#',er'# $h"$ $he c"e r"'e, er'u ue$'#"%%ec$'# $he '#$er!re$"$'# % $he C#@e#$'# 4444

64 O# $he "me ,".* $he Cur$ he-, " !re!"r"$r. mee$'# $ c#',er $he r"- $"e % $he!rce,ure4 A$ $h' mee$'# '$ cm!'-e, " -'$ % ue$'# h'ch '$ e#$ $ $he Cmm''# "#,$ $he G@er#me#$* reue$'# $hem $ u!!-. $he reu're, '#%rm"$'# '# $he cure % $he'r",,ree4

74 A%$er c#u-$'#* $hruh $he Re'$r"r* $he Ae#$ % $he G@er#me#$ "#, $he ,e-e"$e% $he Cmm''#* $he Pre',e#$ ,ec',e, b. "# Or,er % M". 1976 $h"$ $he r"- he"r'#

hu-, !e# # Ju#e404 The r"- he"r'# ere he-, '# !ub-'c "$ $he &um"# R'h$ Bu'-,'#* S$r"bur* #

"#, 7 Ju#e 19764There "!!e"re, be%re $he Cur$3> %r $he G@er#me#$3

Mr4 P4 =5=OOT* Le"- Cu#e--r*=re'# "#, Cmm#e"-$h O%%'ce* B"rr'$er>"$>L"*

Agent"#, Counsel*Mr4 G4 SLYNN* 4C4* Recr,er % &ere%r,*Mr4 N4 BRATA* B"rr'$er>"$>L"* Counsel*Mr4 A4&4 &AMMOND* A'$"#$ Le"- A,@'er* &me O%%'ce*Mr4 J4C4 DA:EY* Pr'#c'!"-* &me O%%'ce* AdisersI

> %r $he Cmm''#3Mr4 G4 SPERDUT5* Principal Delegate*Mr4 S4 TREC&SEL* Delegate*Mr4 C4 T&ORNBERRY* h h", re!ree#$e,

$he "!!-'c"#$ be%re $he Cmm''#* "'$'# $heDe-e"$e u#,er Ru-e 9 !"r"4 1* ec#, e#$e#ce4

The Cur$ he"r, $he ",,ree "#, ubm''# % Mr4 ='%$ "#, Mr4 S-.## %r $heG@er#me#$ "#, % Mr4 S!er,u$'* Mr4 Treche- "#, Mr4 Thr#berr. %r $he Cmm''#* "e-- " $he'r re!-'e $ $he ue$'# !u$ b. $he Cur$ "#, e@er"- 2u,e4

AS TO T&E =ACTS

&'$r'c"-94 The "!!-'c"#$* Mr4 R'ch"r, &"#,.',e* ' !r!r'e$r % $he !ub-'h'# %'rm S$"e 1 '#

L#,# h'ch he !e#e, '# 19604 &e h" !ub-'he,* "m# $her b+* The L'$$-e Re,Sch-b+ (here'#"%$er c"--e, $he Sch-b+)* $he r''#"- e,'$'# % h'ch " $heub2ec$ % $he !ree#$ c"e "#, " re@'e, e,'$'# % h'ch "!!e"re, # 1 N@ember 19714

1H4 The "!!-'c"#$F %'rm h", !re@'u-. !ub-'he, Sc'"-'m "#, M"# '# Cub"* b. Che

Gue@"r"* M"2r S!eeche* b. =',e- C"$r* "#, Re@-u$'# '# Gu'#e"* b. Am'-c"r C"br"-4S'#ce 1971 %ur %ur$her $'$-e h"@e "!!e"re,* #"me-. Re@-u$'# '# $he C#* b. E-,r',e


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C-e"@er* " b+ % r'$'# %rm $he 8me#F L'ber"$'# M@eme#$ c"--e, B,. P-'$'c*Ch'#"F Sc'"-'$ Re@-u$'#* b. Jh# "#, E-'e C--'er* "#, The ='#e Tube S$r'+e* b. T#.Bec+4

114 The Br'$'h r'h$ % $he Sch-b+* r'$$e# b. Sre# &"#e# "#, Je!er Je#e#* $D"#'h "u$hr* h", bee# !urch"e, b. $he "!!-'c"#$ '# Se!$ember 197H4 The b+ h", %'r$

bee# !ub-'he, '# De#m"r+ '# 1969 "#, ubeue#$-.* "%$er $r"#-"$'# "#, '$h cer$"'#","!$"$'#* '# Be-'um* ='#-"#,* =r"#ce* $he =e,er"- Re!ub-'c % Germ"#.* Greece* 5ce-"#,*5$"-.* $he Ne$her-"#,* Nr".* Se,e# "#, S'$er-"#, " e-- " e@er"- ##>Eur!e"#cu#$r'e4 =ur$hermre '$ c'rcu-"$e, %ree-. '# Au$r'" "#, Luembur4

14 A%$er h"@'# "rr"#e, %r $he $r"#-"$'# % $he b+ '#$ E#-'h $he "!!-'c"#$!re!"re, "# e,'$'# %r $he U#'$e, '#,m '$h $he he-! % " ru! % ch'-,re# "#, $e"cher4&e h", !re@'u-. c#u-$e, " @"r'e$. % !e!-e "bu$ $he @"-ue % $he b+ "#, '#$e#,e,

!ub-'c"$'# '# $he U#'$e, '#,m # 1 A!r'- 19714 A # " !r'#$'# " cm!-e$e, hee#$ u$ e@er"- hu#,re, re@'e c!'e % $he b+* $e$her '$h " !re re-e"e* $ "e-ec$'# % !ub-'c"$'# %rm #"$'#"- "#, -c"- #e!"!er $ e,uc"$'#"- "#, me,'c"-

2ur#"-4 &e "- !-"ce, ",@er$'eme#$ %r $he b+ '# @"r'u !ub-'c"$'# '#c-u,'# The

B+e--er* The T'me E,uc"$'#"- "#, L'$er"r. Su!!-eme#$ "#, Te"cher 8r-,414 O# M"rch 1971* $he D"'-. M'rrr !ub-'he, "# "ccu#$ % $he b+F c#$e#$* "#,

$her "ccu#$ "!!e"re, '# The Su#,". T'me "#, $he Su#,". Te-er"!h # 0 M"rch4=ur$her re!r$ ere c"rr'e, b. $he D"'-. Te-er"!h # 9 "#, H M"rchI $he. "- '#,'c"$e,$h"$ re!ree#$"$'# u-, be m",e $ $he D'rec$r % Pub-'c Precu$'# ,em"#,'# $h"$"c$'# hu-, be $"+e# ""'#$ $he !ub-'c"$'# % $he b+4 The Sch-b+ " "- $heub2ec$ % %ur$her e$e#'@e !re cmme#$* me %"@ur"b-e "#, me #$* 'mme,'"$e-. "%$er"#, "ru#, $he $'me % $he e'ure re%erre, $ be-4

1/4 A%$er rece'!$ % " #umber % cm!-"'#$* # H M"rch 1971 $he D'rec$r % Pub-'cPrecu$'# "+e, $he Me$r!-'$"# P-'ce $ u#,er$"+e e#u'r'e4 A " reu-$ % $hee* # 1M"rch 1971* " ucce%u- "!!-'c"$'# " m",e %r " "rr"#$ u#,er ec$'# % $he Obce#ePub-'c"$'# Ac$ 199196/ $ e"rch $he !rem'e ccu!'e, b. S$"e 1 '# L#,#4 The"rr"#$ " 'ue, '# $he "!!-'c"#$F "be#ce bu$ '# "ccr,"#ce '$h $he !rce,ure -"', ,#

b. E#-'h -" "#, " c!. % $he Sch-b+ " be%re $he 2u,'c'"- "u$hr'$. h'ch 'ue,$he "rr"#$4 5$ " eecu$e, # $he "me ,". "#, 1*H69 c!'e % $he b+ ere !r@''#"--.e'e, $e$her '$h -e"%-e$* !$er* hc"r, "#, crre!#,e#ce re-"$'# $ '$

!ub-'c"$'# "#, "-e414 Ac$'# # $he ",@'ce % h' -".er $he "!!-'c"#$ c#$'#ue, ,'$r'bu$'# c!'e % $he

b+ '# $he ubeue#$ ,".4 A%$er $he D'rec$r % Pub-'c Precu$'# h", rece'@e,'#%rm"$'# $h"$ %ur$her c!'e h", bee# $"+e# $ S$"e 1F !rem'e "%$er $he e"rch* %ur$herucce%u- "!!-'c"$'# ere m",e # 1 A!r'- 1971 ('# c#,'$'# 'm'-"r $ $he ,ecr'be,

"b@e) $ e"rch ""'# $he !rem'e "#, "- $he !rem'e % $he !r'#$er % $he b+4 L"$er$h"$ ,". "-$e$her 19 c!'e % $he b+ ere e'e, "$ S$"e 1F !rem'e "#,* "$ $he!r'#$erF* H !'-e, c!'e % $he b+* $e$her '$h crre!#,e#ce re-"$'# $ '$ "#, $hem"$r' '$h h'ch $he b+ " !r'#$e,4 Abu$ 10*0HH c!'e % " $$"- !r'#$ % H*HHH c!'eere m'e, "#, ubeue#$-. -,* %r e"m!-e* $ ch- h'ch h", !-"ce, r,er4

164 O# 0 A!r'- 1971* " M"'$r"$eF Cur$ 'ue,* u#,er ec$'# (1) % $he Obce#ePub-'c"$'# Ac$ 199* " "me#,e, b. ec$'# 1 (1) % $he Obce#e Pub-'c"$'# Ac$ 196/*$ umm#e ""'#$ $he "!!-'c"#$ %r $he %--'# %%e#ce3

(") # 1 M"rch 1971 h"@'# '# h' !e'# 1*H69 bce#e b+ e#$'$-e, The L'$$-eRe, Sch-b+ %r !ub-'c"$'# %r "'#I

(b) # 1 A!r'- 1971* h"@'# '# h' !e'# 19 bce#e b+ e#$'$-e, The L'$$-e Re,

Sch-b+ %r !ub-'c"$'# %r "'#4


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The umm#e ere er@e, # $he "!!-'c"#$ # $he "me ,".4 &e $hereu!# ce"e,,'$r'bu$'# % $he b+ "#, ",@'e, b+h! "ccr,'#-. bu$* b. $h"$ $'me* me 17*HHHc!'e ere "-re",. '# c'rcu-"$'#4

174 The umm#e ere "#er"b-e # 0 M". 1971 "$ C-er+e#e-- M"'$r"$eF Cur$bu$* # $he "!!-'c"$'# % $he D'rec$r % Pub-'c Precu$'#* $he c"e " ",2ur#e, u#$'- 9

Ju#e4 O# $h"$ ,". $he "!!-'c"#$ "!!e"re, "$ L"mbe$h M"'$r"$eF Cur$ $ h'ch $he c"e h",bee# $r"#%erre,* h"@'# c#e#$e, $ $he c"e be'# he"r, "#, ,e$erm'#e, '# umm"r.!rcee,'# b. " m"'$r"$e r"$her $h"# b. " 2u,e "#, " 2ur. # '#,'c$me#$4 &e c-"'m $h"$$h' ch'ce " ,'c$"$e, b. h' %'#"#c'"- !-'h$ "#, $he #ee, $ "@', $he ,e-". '#here#$ '#$he '#,'c$me#$ !rce,ure "-$huh $h' ' ue$'#e, b. $he G@er#me#$4 &"@'# bee#r"#$e, -e"- "',* he " re!ree#$e, b. cu#e-4 O# 1 Ju-. 1971* "%$er '$#ee h", bee#c"--e, %r b$h !recu$'# "#, ,e%e#ce* $he "!!-'c"#$ " %u#, u'-$. % b$h %%e#ce "#,%'#e, Q # e"ch umm# "#, r,ere, $ !". Q11H c$4 A$ $he "me $'me $he cur$ m",e" %r%e'$ure r,er %r $he ,e$ruc$'# % $he b+ b. $he !-'ce4

104 O# 1H Ju-. 1971 #$'ce % "!!e"- ""'#$ b$h c#@'c$'# ere rece'@e, b. $heMe$r!-'$"# P-'ce %rm $he "!!-'c"#$F -'c'$r4 The ru#, $"$e, ere $h"$ $he

m"'$r"$eF ,ec''# " r# "#, ""'#$ $he e'h$ % $he e@',e#ce4 The "!!e"- "he"r, be%re $he 5##er L#,# u"r$er Se'# # H* 1* * "#, 6 Oc$ber 19714 A$$h' he"r'# '$#ee "@e e@',e#ce # beh"-% % $he !recu$'# "#, # beh"-% % $he"!!-'c"#$4 Ju,me#$ " ,e-'@ere, # 9 Oc$ber 19713 $he ,ec''# "$ %'r$ '#$"#ce "u!he-, "#, $he "!!-'c"#$ " r,ere, $ !". "#$her Q0/ c$4 The m"$er'"- e'e, ",ecr'be, "b@e " $he# ,e$r.e,4

The "!!-'c"#$ ,', #$ eerc'e h' r'h$ % m"+'# " %ur$her "!!e"- $ $he Cur$ % A!!e"-'#ce he ,', #$ ,'!u$e $h"$ $he 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 1971 h", crrec$-. "!!-'e, E#-'h-"4

194 8h'-$ $he Sch-b+ " #$ $he ub2ec$ % !rcee,'# '# Nr$her# 5re-"#,* $heCh"##e- 5-"#, r $he 5-e % M"#* $he "me " #$ $rue % Sc$-"#,4

5#,ee, " G-" b+e--er " ch"re, u#,er " -c"- Ac$4 &e@er he " "cu'$$e, #9 =ebru"r. 197 b. " $'!e#,'"r. m"'$r"$e h c#',ere, $h"$ $he b+ " #$ '#,ece#$r bce#e '$h'# $he me"#'# % $h"$ Ac$4 5$ ,e #$ "!!e"r %rm $he %'-e he$her $he c"ec#cer#e, $he r''#"- r $he re@'e, e,'$'#4

=ur$her* " cm!-"'#$ " bruh$ u#,er Sc$$'h -" ""'#$ S$"e 1 '# re!ec$ % $here@'e, e,'$'#4 5$ " ,'m'e, # 0 December 197 b. "# E,'#burh cur$ -e-. # $heru#, $h"$ $he "ccue, cu-, #$ h"@e $he #ece"r. me# re"4 5# J"#u"r. 197 $hePrcur"$r ='c"- "##u#ce, $h"$ he u-, #$ "!!e"- ""'#$ $h' ,ec''#I he "- ,', #$"@"'- h'me-% % h' r'h$ $ '#'$'"$e cr'm'#"- !rcee,'# ""'#$ Mr4 &"#,.',e !er#"--.4

The Sch-b+H4 The r''#"- E#-'h -"#u"e e,'$'# % $he b+* !r'ce, "$ $h'r$. !e#ce " c!.* h","-$e$her H0 !"e4 5$ c#$"'#e, "# '#$r,uc$'# he",e, A-- r#>u! "re !"!er $'er*"# 5#$r,uc$'# $ $he Br'$'h e,'$'#* "#, ch"!$er # $he %--'# ub2ec$3 E,uc"$'#*Le"r#'#* Te"cher* Pu!'- "#, The S.$em4 The ch"!$er # Pu!'- c#$"'#e, " $e#$.>'

!"e ec$'# c#cer#'# Se h'ch '#c-u,e, $he %--'# ub>ec$'#3 M"$urb"$'#*Or"m* 5#$ercure "#, !e$$'#* C#$r"ce!$'@e* 8e$ ,re"m* Me#$ru"$'#* Ch'-,>m-e$err ,'r$. -, me#* Pr#r"!h.* 5m!$e#ce* &meu"-'$.* Nrm"- "#, "b#rm"-* ='#, u$mre* :e#ere"- ,'e"e* Abr$'#* Le"- "#, '--e"- "br$'#* Remember* Me$h, %"br$'#* A,,ree %r he-! "#, ",@'ce # eu"- m"$$er4 The 5#$r,uc$'# $"$e,3 Th'

b+ ' me"#$ $ be " re%ere#ce b+4 The ',e" ' #$ $ re", '$ $r"'h$ $hruh* bu$ $ ue $he

-'$ % c#$e#$ $ %'#, "#, re", "bu$ $he $h'# .uFre '#$ere$e, '# r "#$ $ +# mre


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"bu$4 E@e# '% .uFre "$ " !"r$'cu-"r-. !rre'@e ch- .u hu-, %'#, " -$ % ',e" '# $heb+ %r 'm!r@'# $h'#4

14 The "!!-'c"#$ h", !-"##e, $he ,'$r'bu$'# % $he b+ $hruh $he r,'#"r. b+>e--'# ch"##e- "-$huh '$ " "', "$ $he "!!e"- he"r'# $ h"@e bee# "cce!$e, $h"$ $her+ " '#$e#,e, %r* "#, '#$e#,e, $ be m",e "@"'-"b-e $* ch->ch'-,re# % $he "e %

$e-@e "#, u!"r,44 Pe#,'# $he "!!e"- he"r'#* $he "!!-'c"#$ c#u-$e, h' -e"- ",@'er c#cer#'# "

re@''# % $he Sch-b+ $ "@', %ur$her !recu$'#I "!!"re#$-. he $r'e, $ c#u-$ $heD'rec$r % Pub-'c Precu$'# " e--* bu$ '# @"'#4 5$ " ,ec',e, $ e-'m'#"$e r re>r'$e$he %%e#,'# -'#e h'ch h", bee# "$$"c+e, be%re $he M"'$r"$eF Cur$ b. $he !recu$'#

bu$ $ , #ece'$"$e,* '# me c"e* re>r'$'# ub$"#$'"--. mre $h"# $hee cr'$'c'e,e#$e#ce4 There ere $her "-$er"$'# m",e $ $he $e$ b. ". % e#er"- 'm!r@eme#$* %re"m!-e '# re!#e $ cmme#$ "#, ue$'# %rm re",er "#, $he u!,"$'# % ch"#e,,"$" (",,ree* e$c4)4

4 The re@'e, e,'$'# " !ub-'he, # 1 N@ember 19714 A%$er c#u-$'# $heA$$r#e. Ge#er"-* $he D'rec$r % Pub-'c Precu$'# "##u#ce, # 6 December 1971 $h"$

$he #e e,'$'# u-, #$ be $he ub2ec$ % " !recu$'#4 Th' !ub-'c"$'# $+ !-"ce "%$er$he u"r$er Se'# 2u,me#$ bu$ $he re@''# % $he Sch-b+ h", bee# cm!-e$e,* "#,$he !r'#$'# % $he #e @er'# " '# $r"'#* e-- be%re4

Dme$'c -"/4 The "c$'# ""'#$ $he Sch-b+ " b"e, # $he Obce#e Pub-'c"$'# Ac$ 199*

" "me#,e, b. $he Obce#e Pub-'c"$'# Ac$ 196/ (here'#"%$er c"--e, $he 199196/ Ac$)44 The re-e@"#$ e$r"c$ %rm $he 199196/ Ac$* re", $e$her* "re " %--3

Section

(1) =r $he !ur!e % $h' "c$ "# "r$'c-e h"-- be ,eeme, $ be bce#e '% '$ e%%ec$ r (here $he "r$'c-e

cm!r'e $ r mre ,'$'#c$ '$em) $he e%%ec$ % "#. #e % '$ '$em '* '% $"+e# " " h-e* uch " $$e#, $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$ !er# h "re -'+e-.* h"@'# re"r, $ "-- re-e@"#$ c'rcum$"#ce* $ re",* eer he"r $he m"$$er c#$"'#e, r emb,'e, '# '$4

() 5# $h' Ac$ F"r$'c-eF me"# "#. ,ecr'!$'# % "r$'c-e c#$"'#'#

r emb,.'# m"$$er $ be re", r -+e, "$ r b$h* "#. u#, recr,*

"#, "#. %'-m r $her recr, % " !'c$ure r !'c$ure4

444

Section !

(1) Sub2ec$ " here'#"%$er !r@',e,* "#. !er# h* he$her %r "'# r #$* !ub-'he "# bce#e

"r$'c-e r h h" "# bce#e "r$'c-e %r !ub-'c"$'# %r "'# (he$her "'# $ h'me-% r "'# $ "#$her)h"-- be -'"b-e >

(") # umm"r. c#@'c$'# $ " %'#e #$ ecee,'# #e hu#,re, !u#, r $ 'm!r'#me#$ %r " $erm #$ecee,'# ' m#$hI

(b) # c#@'c$'# # '#,'c$me#$ $ " %'#e r $ 'm!r'#me#$ %r " $erm #$ ecee,'# $hree .e"r r b$h4

444 A !er# h"-- be ,eeme, $ h"@e "# "r$'c-e %r !ub-'c"$'# %r "'# '% '$h " @'e $ uch !ub-'c"$'#he h" $he "r$'c-e '# h' #erh'!* !e'# r c#$r-4

444

(/) A !er# !ub-'h'# "# "r$'c-e h"-- #$ be !rcee,e, ""'#$ %r "# %%e#ce "$ cmm# -"c#'$'# % $he !ub-'c"$'# % "#. m"$$er c#$"'#e, r emb,'e, '# $he "r$'c-e here '$ ' % $he ee#ce %

$he %%e#ce $h"$ $he m"$$er ' bce#e4444


7/26

Section "

(1) 5% " 2u$'ce % $he !e"ce ' "$'%'e, b. '#%rm"$'# # "$h $h"$ $here ' re"#"b-e ru#, %ru!ec$'# $h"$* '# "#. !rem'e 444 !ec'%'e, '# $he '#%rm"$'#* bce#e "r$'c-e "re* r "re %rm $'me $$'me* +e!$ %r !ub-'c"$'# %r "'#* $he 2u$'ce m". 'ue " "rr"#$ 444 em!er'# "#. c#$"b-e $ e#$er ('%#ee, be b. %rce) "#, e"rch $he !rem'e 444 '$h'# %ur$ee# ,". %rm $he ,"$e % $he "rr"#$* "#, $ e'e"#, rem@e "#. "r$'c-e %u#, $here'# 444 h'ch $he c#$"b-e h" re"# $ be-'e@e $ be bce#e "r$'c-e"#, $ be +e!$ %r !ub-'c"$'# %r "'#4

() A "rr"#$ u#,er $he %re'# ubec$'# h"--* '% "#. bce#e "r$'c-e "re e'e, u#,er $he "rr"#$*"- em!er $he e'ure "#, rem@"- % "#. ,cume#$ %u#, '# $he !rem'e 444 h'ch re-"$e $ " $r",e r

bu'#e c"rr'e, # "$ $he !rem'e 444

() A#. "r$'c-e e'e, 444 h"-- be bruh$ be%re " 2u$'ce % $he !e"ce 444 h 444 m". $hereu!# 'ue "umm# $ $he ccu!'er % $he !rem'e 444 $ "!!e"r 444 be%re " m"'$r"$eF cur$ 444 $ h c"ue h.$he "r$'c-e r "#. % $hem hu-, #$ be %r%e'$e,I "#, '% $he cur$ ' "$'%'e,* " re!ec$ "#. % $he"r$'c-e* $h"$ "$ $he $'me he# $he. ere e'e, $he. ere bce#e "r$'c-e +e!$ %r !ub-'c"$'# %r "'#* $hecur$ h"-- r,er $he "r$'c-e $ be %r%e'$e,4

444

(/) 5# ",,'$'# $ $he !er# umm#e,* "#. $her !er# be'# $he #er* "u$hr r m"+er % "#. % $he"r$'c-e bruh$ be%re $he cur$* r "#. $her !er# $hruh he h"#, $he. h", !"e, be%re be'#e'e,* h"-- be e#$'$-e, $ "!!e"r be%re $he cur$ 444 $ h c"ue h. $he. hu-, #$ be %r%e'$e,4

() 8here "# r,er ' m",e u#,er $h' ec$'# %r $he %r%e'$ure % "#. "r$'c-e* "#. !er# h "!!e"re,*r " e#$'$-e, $ "!!e"r* $ h c"ue ""'#$ $he m"+'# % $he r,er m". "!!e"- $ u"r$er e'#I "#,# uch r,er h"-- $"+e e%%ec$ u#$'- $he e!'r"$'# % %ur$ee# ,". "%$er $he ,". # h'ch $he r,er 'm",e* r* '% be%re $he e!'r"$'# $here% #$'ce % "!!e"- ' ,u-. '@e# r "!!-'c"$'# ' m",e %r $he$"$eme#$ % " c"e %r $he !'#'# % $he &'h Cur$* u#$'- $he %'#"- ,e$erm'#"$'# r "b"#,#me#$ % $he

!rcee,'# # $he "!!e"- r c"e4

444

(7) =r $he !ur!e % $h' ec$'# $he ue$'# he$her "# "r$'c-e ' bce#e h"-- be ,e$erm'#e, # $he"um!$'# $h"$ c!'e % '$ u-, be !ub-'he, '# "#. m"##er -'+e-. h"@'# re"r, $ $he c'rcum$"#ce '#h'ch '$ " %u#,* bu$ '# # $her m"##er4

444

444 8here "r$'c-e "re e'e, u#,er ec$'# 444 "#, " !er# ' c#@'c$e, u#,er ec$'# 444 % h"@'#$hem %r !ub-'c"$'# %r "'#* $he cur$ # h' c#@'c$'# h"-- r,er $he %r%e'$ure % $he "r$'c-e4

Pr@',e, $h"$ "# r,er m",e b. @'r$ue % $h' ubec$'# ('#c-u,'# "# r,er m",e # "!!e"-) h"-- #$$"+e e%%ec$ u#$'- $he e!'r"$'# % $he r,'#"r. $'me '$h'# h'ch "# "!!e"- '# $he m"$$er % $he !rcee,'#'# h'ch $he r,er " m",e m". be '#$'$u$e, r* here uch "# "!!e"- ' ,u-. '#$'$u$e,* u#$'- $he "!!e"-' %'#"--. ,ec',e, r "b"#,#e,I

444

Section #(1) A !er# h"-- #$ be c#@'c$e, % "# %%e#ce ""'#$ ec$'# % $h' Ac$ "#, "# r,er %r %r%e'$ure

h"-- #$ be m",e u#,er $he %re'# ec$'# '% '$ ' !r@e, $h"$ !ub-'c"$'# % $he "r$'c-e '# ue$'# '2u$'%'e, " be'# %r $he !ub-'c , # $he ru#, $h"$ '$ ' '# $he '#$ere$ % c'e#ce* -'$er"$ure* "r$ %-e"r#'#* r % $her b2ec$ % e#er"- c#cer#4

() 5$ ' hereb. ,ec-"re, $h"$ $he !'#'# % e!er$ " $ $he -'$er"r.* "r$'$'c* c'e#$'%'c r $her mer'$ %"# "r$'c-e m". be ",m'$$e, '# "#. !rcee,'# u#,er $h' Ac$ e'$her $ e$"b-'h r $ #e"$'@e $he "',ru#,4

Section $

444

() Th' Ac$ h"-- #$ e$e#, $ Sc$-"#, r $ Nr$her# 5re-"#,4


8/26

64 A$ $he $'me % $he e@e#$ u#,er re@'e* $he "u$hr'$'e %reue#$-. ",!$e, " ##>c#$e#$'u !rce,ure (,'c-"'merc"u$'# !rce,ure) r"$her $h"# '#$'$u$'#* " '# $h' c"e*cr'm'#"- !rcee,'#4 &e@er '$ cu-, #-. be ue, he# $he '#,'@',u"- ",m'$$e, $h"$ $he"r$'c-e " bce#e "#, c#e#$e, $ '$ ,e$ruc$'#4 The !rce,ure c#$'$u$e, # mre $h"#" m"$$er % !r"c$'ce "#, " "b"#,#e, '# 197 %--'# cr'$'c'm e!ree, '# " 2u,'c'"-

,ec''#4The 2u,me#$ % $he 5##er L#,# u"r$er Se'#74 A$ $he "!!e"- he"r'# $ !r'#c'!"- 'ue ere e"m'#e, b. $he cur$* #"me-.* %'r$*

he$her r #$ $he Cr# h", !r@e, be.#, re"#"b-e ,ub$ $h"$ $he Sch-b+ " "#bce#e "r$'c-e '$h'# $he me"#'# % $he 199196/ Ac$I "#, ec#,-.* '% * he$her r #$$he "!!-'c"#$ h", e$"b-'he, $he ,e%e#ce u#,er ec$'# / % $he 199196/ Ac$ $ $he e%%ec$$h"$ he h", h#* # " b"-"#ce % !rb"b'-'$'e* $h"$ !ub-'c"$'# % $he b+ " 2u$'%'e, "

be'# %r $he !ub-'c ,404 The cur$ %'r$ ,e"-$ '$h $he 'ue % bce#'$.4 =--'# " ,ec''# '# "#$her c"e

$he cur$ #$e, $h"$ '$ h", $ be "$'%'e, $h"$ $he !er# h '$ " "--ee, ere -'+e-. $re", $he "r$'c-e u-, c#$'$u$e " '#'%'c"#$ !r!r$'#4 5$ "- "cce!$e, $he me"#'# % $he

r, ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$ " '$ h", bee# e!-"'#e, '# $h"$ $her c"e "#, "bu$ h'ch $hereh", bee# # ,'!u$e be$ee# $he !"r$'e4

94 =--'# %ur$her !re@'u c"e>-"* $he cur$ h", ,ec',e, $h"$ e!er$ e@',e#ce hu-,be ",m'$$e, # $he ue$'# % he$her $he Sch-b+ " bce#e4 Such e@',e#ce* $huh#$ #rm"--. ",m''b-e %r $h' !ur!e bu$ #-. '# c##ec$'# '$h $he ,e%e#ce u#,erec$'# / % $he 199196/ Ac$* cu-, be he"r, '# $he !ree#$ c"e h'ch " c#cer#e,'$h $he e%%ec$ % $he "r$'c-e u!# ch'-,re#4

The cur$ h", $here%re he"r, e@e# '$#ee # beh"-% % $he !recu$'# "#, #'#e #beh"-% % $he "!!-'c"#$* be'# e!er$ '# @"r'u %'e-,* '# !"r$'cu-"r $he % !.ch'"$r. "#,$e"ch'#I $he @'e $he. h", e!ree, ere @er. ,'%%ere#$4 A%$er $he. h", bee# he"r,* $he"!!-'c"#$ h", "rue, $h"$* he# #e h", $he '#cere !'#'# % m"#. h'h-.>u"-'%'e, e!er$""'#$ $he !recu$'#F c"e* '$ " 'm!'b-e $ ". $h"$ $he $e#,e#c. $ ,e!r"@e "#,crru!$ h", bee# e$"b-'he, '$h cer$"'#$.4 The cur$ " u#"b-e $ "cce!$ $h' ubm''#3'# '$ 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 1971 '$ !'#$e, u$ $h"$ $here " "# "-m$ '#%'#'$e @"r'"$'# '#$he re-e@"#$ b"c+ru#, % $he ch'-,re# h u-, be '# #e ". r "#$her "%%ec$e, b. $he

b+* $h"$ '$ " ,'%%'cu-$ $ !e"+ % $rue %"c$ '# $h' c"e4 The @'e % $he "!!-'c"#$F'$#ee h", bee# $he "!!r"ch'# $he e$reme % #e '# % $he mre br",-. @"r'e,u$-+ # $he e,uc"$'# "#, u!br'#'# % ch'-,re#* here" $he e@',e#ce '@e# # beh"-% %$he !recu$'# $e#,e, $ c@er $he @'e % $he h* "-$huh c-e"r-. $e#,'# '# $he!!'$e ,'rec$'#* ere -e r",'c"-4 P"r$'cu-"r-.* he# -+'# "$ $he e@',e#ce # beh"-% %$he "!!-'c"#$* $he cur$ h", bee# ,r'@e# $ $he c#c-u'# $h"$ m$ % $he '$#ee ere

u#cr'$'c"- % $he b+ -+e, "$ " " h-e* "#, u#re$r"'#e, '# $he'r !r"'e % '$* " $m"+e $hem "$ $'me -e c#@'#c'# $h"# $her'e $he. m'h$ h"@e bee#4 5# umm"r. $hecur$ c#',ere, $h"$ " , ,e"- % $he '$#ee h", bee# '#-e>m'#,e, '# "# e$reme

!'#$ % @'e " $ %r%e'$ '# " -"re me"ure $he !er $ 2u,e '$h $h"$ ,eree %re!#'b'-'$. h'ch m"+e $he e@',e#ce % "#. re"$ @"-ue # " m"$$er % $h' r$4

H4 C#cer#'# $he Sch-b+ '$e-%* $he cur$ %'r$ $ree, $h"$ '$ " '#$e#,e, %rch'-,re# !"'# $hruh " h'h-. cr'$'c"- $"e % $he'r ,e@e-!me#$4 A$ uch " $'me " @er.h'h ,eree % re!#'b'-'$. uh$ $ be eerc'e, b. $he cur$4 5# $he !ree#$ c"e* $he. h",

be%re $hem* " me$h'# "', $ be " !er%ec$-. re!#'b-e ",u-$ !'#'#* " r+ % "#e$reme +'#,* u#re-'e@e, b. "#. '#,'c"$'# $h"$ $here ere "#. "-$er#"$'@e @'eI $h' "me$h'# h'ch ,e$r"c$e, %rm $he !!r$u#'$. %r ch'-,re# $ %rm " b"-"#ce, @'e #

me % $he @er. $r# ",@'ce '@e# $here'#4


9/26

14 The cur$ $he# br'e%-. e"m'#e, $he b"c+ru#,4 =r e"m!-e* -+'# "$ $he b+ " "h-e* m"rr'"e " @er. -"re-. '#re,4 M''# " @er. #e>',e, !'#'# '$h %"c$ "#,

!ur!r$'# $ be " b+ % re%ere#ce* '$ u-, $e#, $ u#,erm'#e* %r " @er. c#',er"b-e!r!r$'# % ch'-,re#* m"#. % $he '#%-ue#ce* uch " $he % !"re#$* $he Churche "#,.u$h r"#'"$'#* h'ch m'h$ $her'e !r@',e $he re$r"'#$ "#, e#e % re!#'b'-'$.

%r #ee-% h'ch %u#, '#",eu"$e e!re'# '# $he b+4The cur$ re"che, $he c#c-u'# $h"$* # $he h-e* "#, u'$e c-e"r-. $hruh $he m'#, %

$he ch'-,* $he Sch-b+ " '#'m'c"- $ , $e"cherch'-, re-"$'#h'!I '# !"r$'cu-"r* $hereere #umeru !""e $h"$ '$ %u#, $ be ub@er'@e* #$ #-. $ $he "u$hr'$. bu$ $ $he'#%-ue#ce % $he $ru$ be$ee# ch'-,re# "#, $e"cher4

4 P"'# $ $he $e#,e#c. $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$* $he cur$ c#',ere, $he "$m!here %$he b+ -+e, "$ " " h-e* #$'# $h"$ $he e#e % me re!#'b'-'$. %r $he cmmu#'$." e-- " $ #ee-%* '% #$ h--. "be#$* " cm!-e$e-. ubr,'#"$e, $ $he ,e@e-!me#$% $he e!re'# % '$e-% b. $he ch'-,4 A '#,'c"$'# % h"$ '$ c#',ere, $ reu-$ '# "$e#,e#c. $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$* $he cur$ u$e, r re%erre, $ $he %--'#3

A. %assa&e headed '(e yo)*se+' -. //01

M".be .u m+e !$ r $ be, '$h .ur b.%r'e#, r 'r-%r'e#, > "#, ,#F$ $e-- .ur !"re#$ r$e"cher* e'$her bec"ue .u ,#F$ ,"re $ r 2u$ bec"ue .u "#$ $ +ee! '$ ecre$4

D#F$ %ee- "h"me, r u'-$. "bu$ ,'# $h'# .u re"--. "#$ $ , "#, $h'#+ "re r'h$ 2u$ bec"ue.ur !"re#$ r $e"cher m'h$ ,'"!!r@e4 A -$ % $hee $h'# '-- be mre 'm!r$"#$ $ .u -"$er '# -'%e$h"# $he $h'# $h"$ "re F"!!r@e, %F4

The b2ec$'#"b-e !'#$ " $h"$ $here " # re%ere#ce $here $ $he '--e"-'$. % m+'#!$ h'ch " #-. $ be %u#, m"#. !"e %ur$her # '# "# e#$'re-. ,'%%ere#$ !"r$ % $heb+4 S'm'-"r-. $here " # !ec'%'c me#$'# "$ "-- '# $he b+ % $he '--e"-'$. % eu"-'#$ercure b. " b. h h" "$$"'#e, $he "e % %ur$ee# "#, " 'r- h h" #$ .e$ "$$"'#e,

'$ee#4 5$ h", $ be remembere, $h"$ $he Sch-b+ " '#,'c"$e, " " r+ % re%ere#ce"#, $h"$ #e -+e, u! $he !"r$ h'ch #e "#$e, r"$her $h"# re", '$ " " h-e b+4

(. The assa&e -. 2/3240 headed 'Inte*co)*se and ettin&' )nde* the 5ain headin&

'Se6'1 to +ay this 7eo*e chi+d*en as yo)n& as 5any o those 8ho the co)*t

conside*ed 8o)+d *ead the 7oo9, 8itho)t any in:)nction a7o)t *est*aint o*

)n8isdo5, 8as to *od)ce a tendency to de*ave and co**)t.

C. The assa&e 3 -. ;" to ;$0 3 )nde* the headin& o '%o*no&*ahy' and

a*tic)+a*+y the o++o8in&1

Pr# ' " h"rm-e !-e"ure '% '$ '#F$ $"+e# er'u-. "#, be-'e@e, $ be re"- -'%e4 A#.b,. h m'$"+e'$ %r re"-'$. '-- be re"$-. ,'"!!'#$e,4

Bu$ '$F u'$e !'b-e $h"$ .u m". e$ me , ',e" %rm '$ "#, .u m". %'#, me$h'# h'ch -+'#$ere$'# "#, $h"$ .u h"@e#F$ $r'e, be%re4

U#%r$u#"$e-.* $he "#e "#, e#'b-e %'r$ !"r"r"!h u$e, "b@e " 'mme,'"$e-.%--e, b. " !""e ue$'# $ ch'-,re# $h"$ '# !r#r"!h. $he. m'h$ %'#, me ,',e" h'ch $he. m'h$ ",!$4 Th' " $ r"'e $he re"- -'+e-'h, $h"$ " ub$"#$'"- #umber% ch'-,re# u-, %ee- '$ '#cumbe#$ u!# $hem $ -+ %r "#, !r"c$'e uch $h'#4Mre@er* 2u$ # $he !re@'u !"e $here " $he %--'# !""e3 Bu$ $here "re $her+'#, > %r e"m!-e !'c$ure % '#$ercure '$h "#'m"- r !'c$ure % !e!-e hur$'# e"ch$her '# @"r'u ".4 Pr#r"!h'c $r'e ,ecr'be $he "me r$ % $h'#4 The cur$c#',ere, $h"$* "-$huh '$ " 'm!rb"b-e $h"$ .u# !e!-e u-, be -'+e-. $ cmm'$


10/26

eu"- %%e#ce '$h "#'m"- " " reu-$ % $h'* $he !'b'-'$. $h"$ $he. hu-, !r"c$'e me$her %rm % crue-$. $ #e "#$her* %r eu"- "$'%"c$'#* " " re"- -'+e-'h, '# $he c"e% " '#'%'c"#$ #umber % ch'-,re# '% $h' $ '#$ $he h"#, % ch'-,re# "$ " ,'$urbe,*u#e$$-e, "#, eu"--. ec'$e, $"e % $he'r -'@e4 Such "c$ m'h$ @er. e-- be cr'm'#"-%%e#ce 2u$ -'+e m+'# !$ "#, eu"- '#$ercure be$ee# " b. % "$ -e"$ %ur$ee# "#, "

'r- #$ .e$ '$ee#4 The e!re'# $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$ mu$ '#c-u,e $he ",m''# % r$he e#cur"eme#$ $ cmm'$ cr'm'#"- %%e#ce % $h"$ +'#,4

4 The cur$ c#c-u,e, '# $he -'h$ % $he h-e % $he b+ $h"$ $h' b+ r $h' "r$'c-e# e r $h' ec$'# r ch"!$er # !u!'-* h'che@er #e che " "# "r$'c-e* -+e, "$ " "h-e ,e $e#, $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$ " '#'%'c"#$ #umber* '#'%'c"#$ !r!r$'#* % $hech'-,re# -'+e-. $ re", '$4 Such ch'-,re# u-,* '$ " "$'%'e,* '#c-u,e " @er. ub$"#$'"-#umber "e, u#,er '$ee#4

/4 The cur$ %'#"--. ,e"-$ '$h $he 'ue % $he ,e%e#ce u#,er ec$'# / % $he 199196/Ac$4 5$ $"$e, $h"$ # ,ub$ $here ere m"#. %e"$ure "bu$ $he b+ h'ch* $"+e# b.$heme-@e* ere ,4 The u#%r$u#"$e $h'# " $h"$ %reue#$-. $he , " '#$erm'e,'$h $h'# $h"$ ere b", "#, ,e$r"c$e, %rm '$4

=r e"m!-e* much % $he '#%rm"$'# "bu$ c#$r"ce!$'@e (!!4 90>1H) " @er. re-e@"#$"#, ,e'r"b-e h'ch hu-, be -"', be%re @er. m"#. ch'-,re# h m'h$ #$ $her'ere",'-. h"@e "cce $ '$4 Bu$ '$ " ,"m"e, b. $he ue$'#* b"c+e, b. $herecmme#,"$'# $ $"+e ,'rec$ "c$'# '% $he ch- "u$hr'$'e u-, #$ '@e ". $h"$ [email protected] hu-, h"@e "$ -e"$ #e c#$r"ce!$'@e @e#,'# m"ch'#e (!4 1H1)4

S'm'-"r-.* $he $re"$me#$ % $he ub2ec$ % hmeu"-'$. (!!4 1H>1H7) " " %"c$u"-* @er.cm!"'#"$e* u#,er$"#,'# "#, @"-u"b-e $"$eme#$4 Bu$ ""'#* # m"$$er h , #e"ee, $he @"-ue % $h' ec$'#* '$ " h!e-e-. ,"m#'# b. '$ e$$'# "#, c#$e$* "#,$he %"c$ $h"$ '$* #-.* c#$"'#e, "#. ue$'# % " $"b-e re-"$'#h'! '# re-"$'# $ e "#,$h"$ m"rr'"e rece'@e, # uch $re"$me#$ "$ "--4 Mre@er* $here " " @er. re"- ,"#er $h"$$h' !""e u-, cre"$e '# $he m'#, % ch'-,re# " c#c-u'# $h"$ $h"$ +'#, % re-"$'#h'!" me$h'# !erm"#e#$4

A"'#* $here ere !""e '$h re"r, $ @e#ere"- ,'e"e (!!4 11H>111)* c#$r"ce!$'#(!!4 90>1H) "#, "br$'# (!!4 111>116)* c#$"'#'# ,'!"'#"$e-. "#, e#'b-.* "#, # $heh-e cm!-e$e-. "ccur"$e-.* " re"$ ,e"- % ",@'ce h'ch uh$ #$ $ be ,e#'e, $ .u#ch'-,re#4 &e@er* # $he b"-"#ce % !rb"b'-'$'e* $hee m"$$er cu-, #$ u$e'h h"$ $hecur$ " c#@'#ce, h", " $e#,e#c. $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$4 The cur$ "+e, '$e-% he$her*r"#$e, $he ,eree % '#,ece#c. h'ch '$ %u#,* $he , -'+e-. $ reu-$ %rm $he Sch-b+" uch $h"$ '$ uh$* #e@er$he-e* $ be !ub-'he, '# $he !ub-'c '#$ere$I '$ rere$%u--. c"me$ $he c#c-u'# $h"$ $he bur,e# # $he "!!e--"#$ $ h $h"$ !ub-'c"$'# % $he "r$'c-e '#ue$'# ' 2u$'%'e, " be'# %r $he !ub-'c , h", #$ bee# ,'ch"re,4

=ur$her ,e$"'- c#cer#'# $he re@'e, e,'$'#4 The !""e %rm $he r''#"- e,'$'# % $he Sch-b+ he e$reme $#e rub@er'@e "!ec$ h", bee# em!h"'e, b. $he 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 1971 (!"r"r"!hH "#, 1 "b@e) "re re!e"$e, e'$her '$h #* r '$h # 'm!r$"#$* ch"#e '# $he re@'e,e,'$'# h'ch " !re!"re, be%re $h"$ ,"$e bu$ !ub-'he, # 1 N@ember 1971 (!"r"r"!h> "b@e)4

O% $he !""e c'$e, b. u"r$er Se'# " $r'+'# e"m!-e % $he $e#,e#c. $ ,e!r"@e"#, crru!$ (!"r"r"!h "b@e)* #e " #$ "-$ere, (!4 77* Be .ure-%)4 O# $he $herh"#,* $he $her ere %"'r-. e$e#'@e-. %$e#e, (!!4 97>90* 5#$ercure "#, !e$$'#* "#,

!!4 1H>1H* Pr#r"!h.) "#, # !"e 9 % $he r+ $here ' # " me#$'# % $he'--e"-'$. % eu"- '#$ercure '$h " 'r- u#,er '$ee#4


11/26

=ur$hermre* $he re@'e, e,'$'# # -#er h" "#. re%ere#ce $ $he '#$"--"$'# '# ch-% c#$r"ce!$'@e @e#,'# m"ch'#e "#, !'#$ u$* # !"e 1H6* $h"$ hmeu"- $e#,e#c'e"re %$e# $em!r"r.4

PROCEED5NGS BE=ORE T&E COMM5SS5ON

64 5# h' "!!-'c"$'#* -,e, '$h $he Cmm''# # 1 A!r'- 197* Mr4 &"#,.',ecm!-"'#e, $h"$ $he "c$'# '# $he U#'$e, '#,m ""'#$ h'me-% "#, $he Sch-b+ " '#

bre"ch % h' r'h$ $ %ree,m % $huh$* c#c'e#ce "#, be-'e% u#,er Ar$'c-e 9 ("r$4 9) % $heC#@e#$'#* h' r'h$ $ %ree,m % e!re'# u#,er Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H) % $he C#@e#$'#"#, h' r'h$ $ $he !e"ce%u- e#2.me#$ % !e'# u#,er Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1)4 &e "- m"'#$"'#e, $h"$* c#$r"r. $ Ar$'c-e 1/ ("r$4 1/) % $he C#@e#$'#* $he U#'$e,'#,m h", %"'-e, $ ecure $ h'm $he "b@e r'h$ '$hu$ ,'cr'm'#"$'# # $he ru#, %

!-'$'c"- r $her !'#'#I $h"$ $he !rcee,'# bruh$ ""'#$ h'm h", bee# c#$r"r. $

Ar$'c-e 7 ("r$4 7) % $he C#@e#$'#I "#, %'#"--. $h"$ $he re!#,e#$ G@er#me#$ ere "- '#bre"ch % Ar$'c-e 1 "#, 1 ("r$4 1* "r$4 1) % $he C#@e#$'#4 &e "- '$em'e, $he -e heh", '#curre, " " reu-$ % $he "c$'# '# ue$'#* h'ch '#c-u,e, Q1/*10/ '# u"#$'%'e,,"m"e "#, %ur$her u#u"#$'%'e, '$em4

74 5# '$ ,ec''# % / A!r'- 197/* $he Cmm''# "cce!$e, $he "!!-'c"$'# '#%"r " '$c#cer#e, "--e"$'# u#,er Ar$'c-e 1H % $he C#@e#$'# "#, Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 ("r$41H* P1>1)* bu$ ,ec-"re, '$ '#",m''b-e '#%"r " '$ c#cer#e, Ar$'c-e 1* 7* 9* 1 "#, 1/ ("r$41* "r$4 7* "r$4 9* "r$4 1* "r$4 1/) % $he C#@e#$'#4 5$ ,ec',e, # $he "me ,"$e $ c#',er* e%%'c'* "#. 'ue h'ch m'h$ "r'e %rm $he c'rcum$"#ce % $he c"e u#,er Ar$'c-e 17 "#,10 ("r$4 17* "r$4 10) % $he C#@e#$'# "#, #$'%'e, $he !"r$'e % $h' " %e ,". -"$er4

04 5# '$ re!r$ % H Se!$ember 197* $he Cmm''# e!ree, $he !'#'#3

> b. e'h$ @$e $ %'@e* '$h #e "b$e#$'#* $h"$ $here h", bee# # @'-"$'# % Ar$'c-e 1H("r$4 1H) % $he C#@e#$'#I

> $h"$ #e'$her $he !r@''#"- e'ure (e-e@e# @$e) #r $he %r%e'$ure "#, ,e$ruc$'# % $heSch-b+ (#'#e @$e $ %ur* '$h #e "b$e#$'#) h", @'-"$e, Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1(P1>1)I

> b. $e-@e @$e '# %"@ur* '$h $ "b$e#$'#* $h"$ %ur$her ,'cu'# u#,er Ar$'c-e 17("r$4 17) % $he C#@e#$'# " u##ece"r.I

> u#"#'mu-.* $h"$ # bre"ch % Ar$'c-e 10 ("r$4 10) % $he C#@e#$'# h", bee#e$"b-'he,4

The re!r$ c#$"'# @"r'u e!"r"$e !'#'#4

=5NAL SUBM5SS5ONS MADE TO T&E COURT

94 The %--'# %'#"- ubm''# ere m",e $ $he Cur$ "$ $he r"- he"r'# # 7 Ju#e19763

> %r $he Cmm''#3

M". '$ !-e"e $he Cur$ $ ". "#, $ 2u,e

(1) he$her* '# c#eue#ce % $he -e"- !rcee,'# '#$'$u$e, '# $he U#'$e, '#,m ""'#$ $he"!!-'c"#$ " !ub-'her % The L'$$-e Re, Sch-b+* !rcee,'# h'ch -e, $ $he e'ure "#, c#%'c"$'#% $h"$ !ub-'c"$'# "#, $he e#$e#c'# % $he "!!-'c"#$ $ !".me#$ % " %'#e "#, c$* $here " r " #$" @'-"$'# % $he C#@e#$'#* '# !"r$'cu-"r % Ar$'c-e 1H "#, % Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 ("r$4 1H* P1>1)I


12/26

() '% * he$her $he "!!-'c"#$ hu-, be "%%r,e, 2u$ "$'%"c$'# '# "ccr,"#ce '$h Ar$'c-e H ("r$4 H)% $he C#@e#$'#* % " #"$ure "#, "mu#$ $ be ,e$erm'#e, b. $he Cur$4

> %r $he G@er#me#$3

444 $he U#'$e, '#,m G@er#me#$ h"@e #$e, $he ubm''# m",e b. $he ,e-e"$e* "#, " $ $he%'r$ % $hem e u-, "+ $he Cur$ $ ". $h"$ '# $h' m"$$er $here " # @'-"$'#4

A $ $he ec#, m"$$er 444* 5 $h'#+ 5 hu-, ". $h' $h"$ $h' Cur$ h" #$ bee# ",,ree, "$ $h' $"e #"#. m"$$er '$h re"r, $ "$'%"c$'# "#, '$ ' h--. !rem"$ure %r $h"$ 'ue $ be #e $h"$ ' $ bec#',ere, b. $he Cur$ "$ $h' $"e4 5% '$ ' $ be c#',ere, > '% ur ubm''# ' r'h$ # $he %'r$ 'ue* '$'-- #$ be >* $he# $here ' "# cc"'# %r %ur$her "rume#$ # $h"$ m"$$er4

/H4 5# re!-. $ "# ber@"$'# b. $he Ae#$ % $he G@er#me#$* $he Cmm''#F !r'#c'!"-,e-e"$e $"$e, $h"$* he# u'# $he r, '# !"r$'cu-"r* he h", me"#$ $ '#,'c"$e $he $Ar$'c-e h'ch ere $ be $"+e# '#$ c#',er"$'# b. $he Cur$4

AS TO T&E LA8

/14 O# / A!r'- 197/* %--'# " he"r'# '# $he !ree#ce % $he !"r$'e # b$h mer'$ "#,",m''b'-'$.* $he Cmm''# "cce!$e, $he "!!-'c"$'# '#%"r " '$ c#cer#e, Ar$'c-e 1H %$he C#@e#$'# "#, Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 ("r$4 1H* P1>1)* bu$ ,ec-"re, '$ '#",m''b-e $$he e$e#$ $h"$ Mr4 &"#,.',e '#@+e, Ar$'c-e 1* 7* 9* 1 "#, 1/ ("r$4 1* "r$4 7* "r$4 9* "r$4 1*"r$4 1/) % $he C#@e#$'#4 A %e ,". -"$er* $he Cmm''# ",@'e, $he !"r$'e $h"$ '$ u-,$"+e '#$ c#',er"$'# Ar$'c-e 17 "#, 10 ("r$4 17* "r$4 10) " e--4 &e@er* '# '$ re!r$ %H Se!$ember 197 (!"r"r"!h 17H "#, 176)* '$ e!ree, $he !'#'#* '# "reeme#$ '$h $he"!!-'c"#$ "#, $he G@er#me#$ (!"r"r"!h 9 "#, 10)* $h"$ Ar$'c-e 17 ("r$4 17) ' % #"!!-'c"$'# '# $h' c"e4

5# re!-. $ " ue$'# %rm $he Cur$* $he ,e-e"$e % $he Cmm''# !ec'%'e, $h"$ $he"--e"$'# #$ re$"'#e, # / A!r'- 197/ (Ar$'c-e 1* 7* 9* 1 "#, 1/ % $he C#@e#$'#) ("r$4 1*"r$4 7* "r$4 9* "r$4 1* "r$4 1/) re-"$e, $ $he "me %"c$ " ,', $he b"e, # Ar$'c-e 1H % $heC#@e#$'# "#, Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 ("r$4 1H* P1>1)4 The. ere "ccr,'#-. #$e!"r"$e cm!-"'#$ bu$ mere -e"- ubm''# r "rume#$ $h"$ h", bee# !u$ %r"r, "-#'$h $her4 &e@er* $he !r@''# % $he C#@e#$'# "#, % $he Pr$c- %rm " h-eI#ce " c"e ' ,u-. re%erre, $ '$* $he Cur$ m". $"+e c#'"#ce % e@er. ue$'# % -""r''# '# $he cure % $he !rcee,'# "#, c#cer#'# %"c$ ubm'$$e, $ '$ e"m'#"$'# b." C#$r"c$'# S$"$e r b. $he Cmm''#4 M"$er % $he ch"r"c$er'"$'# $ be '@e# '# -"$ $hee %"c$* $he Cur$ ' em!ere, $ e"m'#e $hem* '% '$ ,eem '$ #ece"r. "#, '% #ee,

be e %%'c'* '# $he -'h$ % $he C#@e#$'# "#, $he Pr$c- " " h-e (ee* '#$er "-'"* $he

2u,me#$ % Ju-. 1960 # $he mer'$ % $he Be-'"# L'#u'$'c c"e* Ser'e A #4 6* !4H* !"r"4 1* "#, $he De 8'-,e* Om "#, :er.! 2u,me#$ % 10 Ju#e 1971* Ser'e A #4 1*!4 9* !"r"4 /9)4

The Cur$* be"r'# '# m'#, Mr4 &"#,.',eF r''#"- "!!-'c"$'# " e-- " cer$"'#$"$eme#$ m",e be%re $he Cur$ (ee* '#$er "-'"* !"r"r"!h "#, 6 be-)* %'#, $h"$ '$hu-, h"@e re"r, $ Ar$'c-e 1/ ("r$4 1/) % $he C#@e#$'# '# ",,'$'# $ Ar$'c-e 1H "#, 10"#, Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 ("r$4 1H* "r$4 10* P1>1)4 5$ h"re $he !'#'# % $heCmm''# $h"$ Ar$'c-e 1* 7* 9* 1 "#, 17 ("r$4 1* "r$4 7* "r$4 9* "r$4 1* "r$4 17) "re #$re-e@"#$ '# $h' c"e4

54 ON T&E ALLEGED :5OLAT5ON O= ART5CLE 1H ("r$4 1H) O= T&E CON:ENT5ON


13/26

/4 The "!!-'c"#$ c-"'m $ be $he @'c$'m % " @'-"$'# % Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H) % $heC#@e#$'# h'ch !r@',e3

14 E@er.#e h" $he r'h$ $ %ree,m % e!re'#4 Th' r'h$ h"-- '#c-u,e %ree,m $ h-, !'#'#"#, $ rece'@e "#, 'm!"r$ '#%rm"$'# "#, ',e" '$hu$ '#$er%ere#ce b. !ub-'c "u$hr'$. "#, re"r,-e %%r#$'er4 Th' Ar$'c-e ("r$4 1H) h"-- #$ !re@e#$ S$"$e %rm reu'r'# $he -'ce#'# % br",c"$'#*

$e-e@''# r c'#em" e#$er!r'e44 The eerc'e % $hee %ree,m* '#ce '$ c"rr'e '$h '$ ,u$'e "#, re!#'b'-'$'e* m". be ub2ec$ $

uch %rm"-'$'e* c#,'$'#* re$r'c$'# r !e#"-$'e " "re !recr'be, b. -" "#, "re #ece"r. '# ",emcr"$'c c'e$.* '# $he '#$ere$ % #"$'#"- ecur'$.* $err'$r'"- '#$er'$. r !ub-'c "%e$.* %r $he

!re@e#$'# % ,'r,er r cr'me* %r $he !r$ec$'# % he"-$h r mr"-* %r $he !r$ec$'# % $he re!u$"$'#r r'h$ % $her* %r !re@e#$'# $he ,'c-ure % '#%rm"$'# rece'@e, '# c#%',e#ce* r %r m"'#$"'#'#$he "u$hr'$. "#, 'm!"r$'"-'$. % $he 2u,'c'"r.4

/4 The @"r'u me"ure ch"--e#e, > $he "!!-'c"#$F cr'm'#"- c#@'c$'#* $he e'ure "#,ubeue#$ %r%e'$ure "#, ,e$ruc$'# % $he m"$r' "#, % hu#,re, % c!'e % $heSch-b+ > ere '$hu$ "#. ,ub$* "#, $he G@er#me#$ ,', #$ ,e#. '$* '#$er%ere#ce b.

!ub-'c "u$hr'$. '# $he eerc'e % h' %ree,m % e!re'# h'ch ' u"r"#$ee, b.

!"r"r"!h 1 ("r$4 1H>1) % $he $e$ c'$e, "b@e4 Such '#$er%ere#ce e#$"'- " @'-"$'# %Ar$'c-e 1H '% $he. , #$ %"-- '$h'# #e % $he ece!$'# !r@',e, %r '# !"r"r"!h ("r$4 1H>)* h'ch ' "ccr,'#-. % ,ec''@e 'm!r$"#ce '# $h' c"e4

//4 5% $he re$r'c$'# "#, !e#"-$'e cm!-"'#e, % b. Mr4 &"#,.',e "re #$ $ '#%r'#eAr$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H)* $he. mu$* "ccr,'# $ !"r"r"!h ("r$4 1H>)* '# $he %'r$ !-"ce h"@e

bee# !recr'be, b. -"4 The Cur$ %'#, $h"$ $h' " $he c"e4 5# $he U#'$e, '#,m -e"-.$em* $he b"' '# -" %r $he me"ure '# ue$'# " $he 199196/ Ac$ (!"r"r"!h 1/>10* /> "#, 7>/ "b@e)4 Be',e* $h' " #$ c#$e$e, b. $he "!!-'c"#$ h %ur$her",m'$$e, $h"$ $he cm!e$e#$ "u$hr'$'e h", crrec$-. "!!-'e, $he Ac$4

/4 &"@'# $hu "cer$"'#e, $h"$ $he '#$er%ere#ce cm!-"'#e, % "$'%'e, $he %'r$ % $hec#,'$'# '# !"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H>)* $he Cur$ $he# '#@e$'"$e, he$her $he.

"- cm!-'e, '$h $he $her4 Accr,'# $ $he G@er#me#$ "#, $he m"2r'$. % $heCmm''#* $he '#$er%ere#ce ere #ece"r. '# " ,emcr"$'c c'e$.* %r $he !r$ec$'#% 444 mr"-4

/64 Sh"r'# $he @'e % $he G@er#me#$ "#, $he u#"#'mu !'#'# % $he Cmm''#*$he Cur$ %'r$ %'#, $h"$ $he 199196/ Ac$ h"@e "# "'m $h"$ ' -e'$'m"$e u#,er Ar$'c-e 1H

!"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)* #"me-.* $he !r$ec$'# % mr"- '# " ,emcr"$'c c'e$.4 O#-. $h' -"$$er!ur!e ' re-e@"#$ '# $h' c"e '#ce $he b2ec$ % $he "', Ac$ > $ "e "r # bce#e!ub-'c"$'#* ,e%'#e, b. $he'r $e#,e#c. $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$ > ' -'#+e, %"r mre c-e-.$ $he !r$ec$'# % mr"- $h"# $ "#. % $he %ur$her !ur!e !erm'$$e, b. Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)4

/74 The Cur$ mu$ "- '#@e$'"$e he$her $he !r$ec$'# % mr"- '# " ,emcr"$'cc'e$. #ece'$"$e, $he @"r'u me"ure $"+e# ""'#$ $he "!!-'c"#$ "#, $he Sch-b+u#,er $he 199196/ Ac$4 Mr4 &"#,.',e ,e #$ re$r'c$ h'me-% $ cr'$'c''# $hee Ac$ "uch3 he "- m"+e > %rm $he @'e!'#$ % $he C#@e#$'# "#, #$ % E#-'h -" > e@er"-cm!-"'#$ c#cer#'# $he'r "!!-'c"$'# '# h' c"e4

The Cmm''#F re!r$ "#, $he ubeue#$ he"r'# be%re $he Cur$ '# Ju#e 1976bruh$ $ -'h$ c-e"r>cu$ ,'%%ere#ce % !'#'# # " cruc'"- !rb-em* #"me-.* h $,e$erm'#e he$her $he "c$u"- re$r'c$'# "#, !e#"-$'e cm!-"'#e, % b. $he "!!-'c"#$ere #ece"r. '# " ,emcr"$'c c'e$.* %r $he !r$ec$'# % mr"-4 Accr,'# $ $heG@er#me#$ "#, $he m"2r'$. % $he Cmm''#* $he Cur$ h" #-. $ e#ure $h"$ $heE#-'h cur$ "c$e, re"#"b-.* '# , %"'$h "#, '$h'# $he -'m'$ % $he m"r'# %

"!!rec'"$'# -e%$ $ $he C#$r"c$'# S$"$e b. Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)4 O# $he $her h"#,*$he m'#r'$. % $he Cmm''# ee $he Cur$F $"+ " be'# #$ $ re@'e $he 5##er L#,#


14/26

u"r$er Se'# 2u,me#$ bu$ $ e"m'#e $he Sch-b+ ,'rec$-. '# $he -'h$ % $heC#@e#$'# "#, % #$h'# bu$ $he C#@e#$'#4

/04 The Cur$ !'#$ u$ $h"$ $he m"ch'#er. % !r$ec$'# e$"b-'he, b. $he C#@e#$'# 'ub','"r. $ $he #"$'#"- .$em "%eu"r,'# hum"# r'h$ (2u,me#$ % Ju-. 1960 #$he mer'$ % $he Be-'"# L'#u'$'c c"e* Ser'e A #4 6* !4 * !"r"4 1H '# %'#e)4 The

C#@e#$'# -e"@e $ e"ch C#$r"c$'# S$"$e* '# $he %'r$ !-"ce* $he $"+ % ecur'# $he r'h$"#, -'ber$'e '$ e#hr'#e4 The '#$'$u$'# cre"$e, b. '$ m"+e $he'r # c#$r'bu$'# $ $h'$"+ bu$ $he. becme '#@-@e, #-. $hruh c#$e#$'u !rcee,'# "#, #ce "-- ,me$'creme,'e h"@e bee# eh"u$e, (Ar$'c-e 6) ("r$4 6)4

Thee ber@"$'# "!!-.* #$"b-.* $ Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)4 5# !"r$'cu-"r* '$ ' #$!'b-e $ %'#, '# $he ,me$'c -" % $he @"r'u C#$r"c$'# S$"$e " u#'%rm Eur!e"#c#ce!$'# % mr"-4 The @'e $"+e# b. $he'r re!ec$'@e -" % $he reu'reme#$ % mr"-@"r'e %rm $'me $ $'me "#, %rm !-"ce $ !-"ce* e!ec'"--. '# ur er" h'ch ' ch"r"c$er'e,

b. " r"!', "#, %"r>re"ch'# e@-u$'# % !'#'# # $he ub2ec$4 B. re"# % $he'r ,'rec$ "#,c#$'#uu c#$"c$ '$h $he @'$"- %rce % $he'r cu#$r'e* S$"$e "u$hr'$'e "re '# !r'#c'!-e '#" be$$er !'$'# $h"# $he '#$er#"$'#"- 2u,e $ '@e "# !'#'# # $he e"c$ c#$e#$ % $hee

reu'reme#$ " e-- " # $he #ece'$. % " re$r'c$'# r !e#"-$. '#$e#,e, $ mee$$hem4 The Cur$ #$e "$ $h' 2u#c$ure $h"$* h'-$ $he ",2ec$'@e #ece"r.* '$h'# $heme"#'# % Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)* ' #$ .##.mu '$h '#,'!e#"b-e (c%4* '#Ar$'c-e !"r"4 ("r$4 >) "#, 6 !"r"4 1 ("r$4 6>1)* $he r, "b-u$e-. #ece"r. "#,$r'c$-. #ece"r. "#,* '# Ar$'c-e 1 !"r"4 1 ("r$4 1>1)* $he !hr"e $ $he e$e#$ $r'c$-.reu're, b. $he e'e#c'e % $he '$u"$'#)* #e'$her h" '$ $he %-e'b'-'$. % uch e!re'#" ",m''b-e* r,'#"r. (c%4 Ar$'c-e / !"r"4 ) ("r$4 />)* ue%u- (c%4 $he =re#ch $e$ % $he%'r$ !"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1) (P1>1)* re"#"b-e (c%4 Ar$'c-e !"r"4 "#,6 !"r"4 1) ("r$4 >* "r$4 6>1) r ,e'r"b-e4 Ne@er$he-e* '$ ' %r $he #"$'#"- "u$hr'$'e $m"+e $he '#'$'"- "eme#$ % $he re"-'$. % $he !re'# c'"- #ee, 'm!-'e, b. $he #$'# %#ece'$. '# $h' c#$e$4

C#eue#$-.* Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>) -e"@e $ $he C#$r"c$'# S$"$e " m"r'# %"!!rec'"$'#4 Th' m"r'# ' '@e# b$h $ $he ,me$'c -e'-"$r (!recr'be, b. -") "#,$ $he b,'e* 2u,'c'"- "m#$ $her* $h"$ "re c"--e, u!# $ '#$er!re$ "#, "!!-. $he -" '#%rce (E#e- "#, $her 2u,me#$ % 0 Ju#e 1976* Ser'e A #4 * !!4 /1>/* !"r"4 1HHI c%4*%r Ar$'c-e 0 !"r"4 ("r$4 0>)* De 8'-,e* Om "#, :er.! 2u,me#$ % 10 Ju#e 1971* Ser'eA #4 1* !!4 />/6* !"r"4 9* "#, $he G-,er 2u,me#$ % 1 =ebru"r. 197* Ser'e A #4 10*

!!4 1>* !"r"4 /)4/94 Ne@er$he-e* Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>) ,e #$ '@e $he C#$r"c$'# S$"$e "#

u#-'m'$e, !er % "!!rec'"$'#4 The Cur$* h'ch* '$h $he Cmm''#* ' re!#'b-e %re#ur'# $he ber@"#ce % $he S$"$eF e#"eme#$ (Ar$'c-e 19) ("r$4 19)* ' em!ere, $

'@e $he %'#"- ru-'# # he$her " re$r'c$'# r !e#"-$. ' rec#c'-"b-e '$h %ree,m %e!re'# " !r$ec$e, b. Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H)4 The ,me$'c m"r'# % "!!rec'"$'# $hu eh"#, '# h"#, '$h " Eur!e"# u!er@''#4 Such u!er@''# c#cer# b$h $he "'m % $heme"ure ch"--e#e, "#, '$ #ece'$.I '$ c@er #$ #-. $he b"'c -e'-"$'# bu$ "- $he,ec''# "!!-.'# '$* e@e# #e '@e# b. "# '#,e!e#,e#$ cur$4 5# $h' re!ec$* $he Cur$ re%er$ Ar$'c-e H ("r$4 H) % $he C#@e#$'# (,ec''# r 444 me"ure $"+e# b. " -e"- "u$hr'$. r"#. $her "u$hr'$.) " e-- " $ '$ # c"e>-" (E#e- "#, $her 2u,me#$ % 0 Ju#e1976* Ser'e A #4 * !!4 /1>/* !"r"4 1HH)4

The Cur$F u!er@'r. %u#c$'# b-'e '$ $ !". $he u$m$ "$$e#$'# $ $he !r'#c'!-ech"r"c$er''# " ,emcr"$'c c'e$.4 =ree,m % e!re'# c#$'$u$e #e % $he ee#$'"-%u#,"$'# % uch " c'e$.* #e % $he b"'c c#,'$'# %r '$ !rre "#, %r $he

,e@e-!me#$ % e@er. m"#4 Sub2ec$ $ !"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H>)* '$ ' "!!-'c"b-e#$ #-. $ '#%rm"$'# r ',e" $h"$ "re %"@ur"b-. rece'@e, r re"r,e, " '#%%e#'@e r


15/26

" " m"$$er % '#,'%%ere#ce* bu$ "- $ $he $h"$ %%e#,* hc+ r ,'$urb $he S$"$e r "#.ec$r % $he !!u-"$'#4 Such "re $he ,em"#, % $h"$ !-ur"-'m* $-er"#ce "#,

br",m'#,e,#e '$hu$ h'ch $here ' # ,emcr"$'c c'e$.4 Th' me"#* "m#$ $her$h'#* $h"$ e@er. %rm"-'$.* c#,'$'#* re$r'c$'# r !e#"-$. 'm!e, '# $h' !heremu$ be !r!r$'#"$e $ $he -e'$'m"$e "'m !urue,4

=rm "#$her $"#,!'#$* he@er eerc'e h' %ree,m % e!re'# u#,er$"+e ,u$'e"#, re!#'b'-'$'e $he c!e % h'ch ,e!e#, # h' '$u"$'# "#, $he $ech#'c"- me"# heue4 The Cur$ c"##$ @er-+ uch " !er#F ,u$'e "#, re!#'b'-'$'e he# '$e#u're* " '# $h' c"e* he$her re$r'c$'# r !e#"-$'e ere c#,uc'@e $ $he!r$ec$'# % mr"- h'ch m",e $hem #ece"r. '# " ,emcr"$'c c'e$.4

H4 5$ %-- %rm $h' $h"$ '$ ' '# # ". $he Cur$F $"+ $ $"+e $he !-"ce % $hecm!e$e#$ #"$'#"- cur$ bu$ r"$her $ re@'e u#,er Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H) $he ,ec''# $he.,e-'@ere, '# $he eerc'e % $he'r !er % "!!rec'"$'#4

&e@er* $he Cur$F u!er@''# u-, e#er"--. !r@e '--ur. '% '$ ,', # mre $h"#e"m'#e $hee ,ec''# '# '-"$'#I '$ mu$ @'e $hem '# $he -'h$ % $he c"e " " h-e*'#c-u,'# $he !ub-'c"$'# '# ue$'# "#, $he "rume#$ "#, e@',e#ce ",,uce, b. $he

"!!-'c"#$ '# $he ,me$'c -e"- .$em "#, $he# "$ $he '#$er#"$'#"- -e@e-4 The Cur$ mu$,ec',e* # $he b"' % $he ,'%%ere#$ ,"$" "@"'-"b-e $ '$* he$her $he re"# '@e# b. $he#"$'#"- "u$hr'$'e $ 2u$'%. $he "c$u"- me"ure % '#$er%ere#ce $he. $"+e "re re-e@"#$ "#,u%%'c'e#$ u#,er Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>) (c%4* %r Ar$'c-e !"r"4 ("r$4 >)* $he 8emh%%

2u,me#$ % 7 Ju#e 1960* Ser'e A #4 7* !!4 />* !"r"4 1* $he Neume'$er 2u,me#$ % 7Ju#e 1960* Ser'e A #4 0* !4 7* !"r"4 * $he S$m--er 2u,me#$ % 1H N@ember 1969*Ser'e A #4 9* !4 9* !"r"4 * $he M"$#e$$er 2u,me#$ % 1H N@ember 1969* Ser'e A #41H* !4 1* !"r"4 * "#, $he R'#e'e# 2u,me#$ % 16 Ju-. 1971* Ser'e A #4 1* !4 /* !"r"41H/)4

14 =--'# $he me$h, e$ u$ "b@e* $he Cur$ cru$'#'e, u#,er Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$41H>) $he '#,'@',u"- ,ec''# cm!-"'#e, %* '# !"r$'cu-"r* $he 2u,me#$ % $he 5##er L#,#u"r$er Se'#4

The "', 2u,me#$ ' umm"r'e, '# !"r"r"!h 7>/ "b@e4 The Cur$ re@'ee, '$ '# $he-'h$ % $he c"e " " h-eI '# ",,'$'# $ $he !-e",'# be%re $he Cur$ "#, $heCmm''#F re!r$* $he memr'"- "#, r"- e!-"#"$'# !ree#$e, $ $he Cmm''#

be$ee# Ju#e 197 "#, Auu$ 197/ "#, $he $r"#cr'!$ % $he !rcee,'# be%re $he u"r$erSe'# ere* '#$er "-'"* $"+e# '#$ c#',er"$'#4

4 The Cur$ "$$"che !"r$'cu-"r 'm!r$"#ce $ " %"c$r $ h'ch $he 2u,me#$ % 9Oc$ber 1971 ,', #$ %"'- $ ,r" "$$e#$'#* $h"$ '* $he '#$e#,e, re",erh'! % $heSch-b+4 5$ " "'me, "b@e "-- "$ ch'-,re# "#, ",-ece#$ "e, %rm $e-@e $ e'h$ee#4Be'# ,'rec$* %"c$u"- "#, re,uce, $ ee#$'"- '# $.-e* '$ " e"'-. '$h'# $he cm!rehe#'#

% e@e# $he .u#e$ % uch re",er4 The "!!-'c"#$ h", m",e '$ c-e"r $h"$ he !-"##e, "',e!re", c'rcu-"$'#4 &e h", e#$ $he b+* '$h " !re re-e"e* $ #umeru ,"'-. !"!er"#, !er','c"- %r re@'e r %r ",@er$''# !ur!e4 8h"$ ' mre* he h", e$ " m,e$ "-e

!r'ce ($h'r$. !e#ce)* "rr"#e, %r " re!r'#$ % H*HHH c!'e hr$-. "%$er $he %'r$ 'm!re'#% H*HHH "#, che# " $'$-e ue$'# $h"$ $he r+ " me +'#, % h"#,b+ %r ue '#ch-4

B"'c"--. $he b+ c#$"'#e, !ure-. %"c$u"- '#%rm"$'# $h"$ " e#er"--. crrec$ "#,%$e# ue%u-* " $he u"r$er Se'# rec#'e,4 &e@er* '$ "- '#c-u,e,* "b@e "-- '# $heec$'# # e "#, '# $he !""e he",e, Be .ure-% '# $he ch"!$er # !u!'- (!"r"r"!h "b@e)* e#$e#ce r !"r"r"!h $h"$ .u# !e!-e "$ " cr'$'c"- $"e % $he'r ,e@e-!me#$cu-, h"@e '#$er!re$e, " "# e#cur"eme#$ $ '#,u-e '# !recc'u "c$'@'$'e h"rm%u- %r

$hem r e@e# $ cmm'$ cer$"'# cr'm'#"- %%e#ce4 5# $hee c'rcum$"#ce* ,e!'$e $he @"r'e$."#, $he c#$"#$ e@-u$'# '# $he U#'$e, '#,m % @'e # e$h'c "#, e,uc"$'#* $he


16/26

cm!e$e#$ E#-'h 2u,e ere e#$'$-e,* '# $he eerc'e % $he'r ,'cre$'#* $ $h'#+ "$ $here-e@"#$ $'me $h"$ $he Sch-b+ u-, h"@e !er#'c'u e%%ec$ # $he mr"- % m"#. % $hech'-,re# "#, ",-ece#$ h u-, re", '$4

&e@er* $he "!!-'c"#$ m"'#$"'#e,* '# ub$"#ce* $h"$ $he ,em"#, % $he !r$ec$'# %mr"- r* $ ue $he r,'# % $he 199196/ Ac$* % $he "r ""'#$ !ub-'c"$'# -'+e-.

$ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$* ere bu$ " !re$e$ '# h' c"e4 The $ru$h % $he m"$$er* he "--ee,*" $h"$ "# "$$em!$ h", bee# m",e $ mu-e " m"-->c"-e !ub-'her he !-'$'c"- -e"#'#me$ '$h $he ,'"!!r@"- % " %r"me#$ % !ub-'c !'#'#4 Prcee,'# ere e$ '# m$'#*"', he* '# "# "$m!here -'$$-e hr$ % h.$er'"* $'rre, u! "#, +e!$ "-'@e b. u-$r">c#er@"$'@e e-eme#$4 The "cce#$ '# $he 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 1971 # $he "#$'>"u$hr'$"r'"# "!ec$ % $he Sch-b+ (!"r"r"!h 1 "b@e) he,* "ccr,'# $ $he"!!-'c"#$* e"c$-. h"$ -". beh'#, $he c"e4

The '#%rm"$'# u!!-'e, b. Mr4 &"#,.',e eem* '# %"c$* $ h $h"$ -e$$er %rmmember % $he !ub-'c* "r$'c-e '# $he !re "#, "c$'# b. Member % P"r-'"me#$ ere #$'$hu$ me '#%-ue#ce '# $he ,ec''# $ e'e $he Sch-b+ "#, $ $"+e cr'm'#"-

!rcee,'# ""'#$ '$ !ub-'her4 &e@er* $he G@er#me#$ ,re "$$e#$'# $ $he %"c$ $h"$

uch '#'$'"$'@e cu-, e-- h"@e bee# e!-"'#e, #$ b. me ,"r+ !-$ bu$ b. $he e#u'#eem$'# %e-$ b. c'$'e# %"'$h%u- $ $r",'$'#"- mr"- @"-ue he#* $"r, $he e#, % M"rch1971* $he. re", '# cer$"'# #e!"!er e$r"c$ %rm $he b+ h'ch " ,ue $ "!!e"r # 1A!r'-4 The G@er#me#$ "- em!h"'e, $h"$ $he !rcee,'# e#,e, e@er"- m#$h "%$er $hec"m!"'# ,e#u#ce, b. $he "!!-'c"#$ "#, $h"$ he ,', #$ c-"'m $h"$ '$ h", c#$'#ue, '# $he'#$er@e#'# !er',4 =rm $h' $he G@er#me#$ c#c-u,e, $h"$ $he c"m!"'# '# # ".'m!"'re, ,'!"'#"$e ,e-'ber"$'# "$ $he u"r$er Se'#4

=r '$ !"r$ $he Cur$ %'#, $h"$ $he "#$'>"u$hr'$"r'"# "!ec$ % $he Sch-b+ " uchere #$ he-, '# $he 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 1971 $ %"-- %u- % $he 199196/ Ac$4 The"!ec$ ere $"+e# '#$ "ccu#$ #-. '#%"r " $he "!!e"- cur$ c#',ere, $h"$* b.u#,erm'#'# $he m,er"$'# '#%-ue#ce % !"re#$* $e"cher* $he Churche "#, .u$hr"#'"$'#* $he. "r"@"$e, $he $e#,e#c. $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$ h'ch '# '$ !'#'#reu-$e, %rm $her !"r$ % $he r+4 5$ hu-, be ",,e, $h"$ $he re@'e, e,'$'# " "--e,$ c'rcu-"$e %ree-. b. $he Br'$'h "u$hr'$'e ,e!'$e $he %"c$ $h"$ $he "#$'>"u$hr'$"r'"#

!""e ""'# "!!e"re, $here '# %u-- "#, e@e#* '# me c"e* '# $r#er $erm (!"r"r"!h "b@e)4 A $he G@er#me#$ #$e,* $h' ' h"r, $ rec#c'-e '$h $he $her. % " !-'$'c"-'#$r'ue4

The Cur$ $hu "-- $h"$ $he %u#,"me#$"- "'m % $he 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 1971*"!!-.'# $he 199196/ Ac$* " $he !r$ec$'# % $he mr"- % $he .u#* " -e'$'m"$e

!ur!e u#,er Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)4 C#eue#$-.* $he e'ure e%%ec$e, # 1 M"rch"#, 1 A!r'- 1971* !e#,'# $he u$cme % $he !rcee,'# $h"$ ere "bu$ $ !e#* "- h",

$h' "'m44 5$ rem"'# $ e"m'#e $he #ece'$. % $he me"ure '# ,'!u$e* be'##'# '$h $he"', e'ure4

5% $he "!!-'c"#$ ' r'h$* $he'r b2ec$ hu-, h"@e bee# "$ $he m$ #e r " %e c!'e %$he b+ $ be ue, " eh'b'$ '# $he cr'm'#"- !rcee,'#4 The Cur$ ,e #$ h"re $h'@'e '#ce $he !-'ce h", , re"# %r $r.'# $ -". $he'r h"#, # "-- $he $c+ " "$em!r"r. me"# % !r$ec$'# $he .u# ""'#$ " ,"#er $ mr"- # he e'$e#ce '$" %r $he $r'"- cur$ $ ,ec',e4 The -e'-"$'# % m"#. C#$r"c$'# S$"$e !r@',e %r "e'ure "#"-u $ $h"$ e#@'"e, b. ec$'# % $he E#-'h 199196/ Ac$4

/4 A er'e % "rume#$ h'ch mer'$ re%-ec$'# " ",@"#ce, b. $he "!!-'c"#$ "#, $hem'#r'$. % $he Cmm''# c#cer#'# $he #ece'$. % $he e#$e#ce "#, $he %r%e'$ure "$

'ue4


17/26

='r$-.* $he. ,re "$$e#$'# $ $he %"c$ $h"$ $he r''#"- e,'$'# % $he Sch-b+ " $heb2ec$ % # !rcee,'# '# Nr$her# 5re-"#,* $he 5-e % M"# "#, $he Ch"##e- 5-"#, "#, %# c#@'c$'# '# Sc$-"#, "#, $h"$* e@e# '# E#-"#, "#, 8"-e* $hu"#, % c!'ec'rcu-"$e, '$hu$ 'm!e,'me#$ ,e!'$e $he 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 19714

The Cur$ rec"-- $h"$ ec$'# () % $he 199196/ Ac$ !r@',e $h"$ $he. h"-- #$

e$e#, $ Sc$-"#, r $ Nr$her# 5re-"#, (!"r"r"!h '# %'#e "b@e)4 Ab@e "--* '$ mu$ #$be %r$$e# $h"$ $he C#@e#$'#* " ' h# e!ec'"--. b. '$ Ar$'c-e 6H ("r$4 6H)* #e@er !u$$he @"r'u r"# % $he C#$r"c$'# S$"$e u#,er "# b-'"$'# $ -'m'$ $he r'h$ "#,%ree,m '$ u"r"#$ee4 5# !"r$'cu-"r* '# # c"e ,e Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>) cm!e-$hem $ 'm!e re$r'c$'# r !e#"-$'e '# $he %'e-, % %ree,m % e!re'#I '$ '# # ".

!re@e#$ $hem %rm #$ "@"'-'# $heme-@e % $he e!e,'e#$ '$ !r@',e %r $hem (c%4 $her, m". be ub2ec$)4 The cm!e$e#$ "u$hr'$'e '# Nr$her# 5re-"#,* $he 5-e % M"# "#,$he Ch"##e- 5-"#, m".* '# $he -'h$ % -c"- c#,'$'#* h"@e h", !-"u'b-e re"# %r #$$"+'# "c$'# ""'#$ $he b+ "#, '$ !ub-'her* " m". $he Sc$$'h Prcur"$r ='c"- %r #$umm#'# Mr4 &"#,.',e $ "!!e"r '# !er# '# E,'#burh "%$er $he ,'m'"- % $hecm!-"'#$ u#,er Sc$$'h -" ""'#$ S$"e 1 '# re!ec$ % $he re@'e, e,'$'# (!"r"r"!h 19

"b@e)4 The'r %"'-ure $ "c$ '#$ h'ch $he Cur$ ,e #$ h"@e $ e#u're "#, h'ch ,', #$!re@e#$ $he me"ure $"+e# '# E#-"#, %rm -e",'# $ re@''# % $he Sch-b+ > ,e #$!r@e $h"$ $he 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 1971 " #$ " re!#e $ " re"- #ece'$.* be"r'# '#m'#, $he #"$'#"- "u$hr'$'eF m"r'# % "!!rec'"$'#4

Thee rem"r+ "- "!!-.* mu$"$' mu$"#,'* $ $he c'rcu-"$'# % m"#. c!'e '# E#-"#,"#, 8"-e4

4 The "!!-'c"#$ "#, $he m'#r'$. % $he Cmm''# "- $ree, $h"$ $he re@'e,e,'$'#* "-be'$ -'$$-e ,'%%ere#$ '# $he'r @'e %rm $he %'r$* " #$ $he b2ec$ % !rcee,'# '#E#-"#, "#, 8"-e4

The G@er#me#$ ch"re, $hem '$h m'#'m''# $he e$e#$ % $he ch"#e m",e $ $her''#"- $e$ % $he Sch-b+3 "-$huh $he ch"#e ere m",e be$ee# $he c#@'c$'# "$%'r$ '#$"#ce # 1 Ju-. 1971 "#, $he "!!e"- 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 1971* $he. ere "', $re-"$e $ $he m"'# !""e c'$e, b. $he u"r$er Se'# " h'# !"r$'cu-"r-. c-e"r-. "$e#,e#c. $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$4 The G@er#me#$ c-"'me, $h"$ $he D'rec$r % Pub-'cPrecu$'# mu$ h"@e $"+e# $he @'e $h"$ $he ch"#e ,'!e#e, h'm %rm '#@+'# $he199196/ Ac$ ""'#4

5# $he Cur$F @'e* $he "be#ce % !rcee,'# ""'#$ $he re@'e, e,'$'#* h'ch ,'%%ere,%"'r-. e$e#'@e-. %rm $he r''#"- e,'$'# # $he !'#$ "$ 'ue (!"r"r"!h > "#, "b@e)* r"$her ue$ $h"$ $he cm!e$e#$ "u$hr'$'e 'he, $ -'m'$ $heme-@e $ h"$ "$r'c$-. #ece"r.* "# "$$'$u,e '# c#%rm'$. '$h Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H) % $he C#@e#$'#4

64 The $re"$me#$ me$e, u$ $ $he Sch-b+ "#, '$ !ub-'her '# 1971 "* "ccr,'# $

$he "!!-'c"#$ "#, $he m'#r'$. % $he Cmm''#* "-- $he -e #ece"r. '# $h"$ " h$ %!ub-'c"$'# ,e,'c"$e, $ h"r, cre !r#r"!h. "#, ,e@', % '#$e--ec$u"- r "r$'$'c mer'$"--ee,-. !r%'$ b. "# e$reme ,eree % $-er"#ce '# $he U#'$e, '#,m4 The. "re e!e,$ $he "e % !"er>b. "#, e!ec'"--. % .u# !e!-e "#, "re "', e#er"--. $ e#2.cm!-e$e 'm!u#'$.* $he r"re cr'm'#"- !recu$'# -"u#che, ""'#$ $hem !r@'#* '$ ""er$e,* mre %$e# $h"# #$ "br$'@e ,ue $ $he re"$ -'ber"-'m h# b. 2ur'e4 The "me" c-"'me, $ "!!-. $ e h! "#, much !ub-'c e#$er$"'#me#$4

The G@er#me#$ cu#$ere, $h' b. $he rem"r+* u!!r$e, b. %'ure* $h"$ $he D'rec$r %Pub-'c Precu$'# ,e #$ rem"'# '#"c$'@e #r ,e $he !-'ce* ,e!'$e $he c"#$.m"#!er reurce % $he u", !ec'"-''# '# $h' %'e-,4 Mre@er* $he. c-"'m $h"$* '#",,'$'# $ !rcee,'# !r!er-. c"--e,* e'ure ere %reue#$-. m",e "$ $he re-e@"#$ $'me

u#,er $he ,'c-"'merc"u$'# !rce,ure (!"r"r"!h 6 "b@e)4


18/26

5# !r'#c'!-e '$ ' #$ $he Cur$F %u#c$'# $ cm!"re ,'%%ere#$ ,ec''# $"+e#* e@e# '#"!!"re#$-. 'm'-"r c'rcum$"#ce* b. !recu$'# "u$hr'$'e "#, cur$I "#, '$ mu$* 2u$ -'+e$he re!#,e#$ G@er#me#$* re!ec$ $he '#,e!e#,e#ce % $he cur$4 =ur$hermre "#, "b@e"--* $he Cur$ ' #$ %"ce, '$h re"--. "#"-u '$u"$'#3 " $he G@er#me#$ !'#$e, u$*$he ,cume#$ '# $he %'-e , #$ h $h"$ $he !ub-'c"$'# "#, e#$er$"'#me#$ '# ue$'#

ere "'me,* $ $he "me e$e#$ " $he Sch-b+ (!"r"r"!h "b@e)* "$ ch'-,re# "#,",-ece#$ h"@'# re",. "cce $here$4

74 The "!!-'c"#$ "#, $he m'#r'$. % $he Cmm''# -"', $re # $he %ur$her !'#$ $h"$*'# ",,'$'# $ $he r''#"- D"#'h e,'$'#* $r"#-"$'# % $he L'$$-e B+ "!!e"re, "#,c'rcu-"$e, %ree-. '# $he m"2r'$. % $he member S$"$e % $he Cu#c'- % Eur!e4

&ere ""'#* $he #"$'#"- m"r'# % "!!rec'"$'# "#, $he !$'#"- #"$ure % $he re$r'c$'#"#, !e#"-$'e re%erre, $ '# Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>) !re@e#$ $he Cur$ %rm "cce!$'#$he "rume#$4 The C#$r"c$'# S$"$e h"@e e"ch %"h'#e, $he'r "!!r"ch '# $he -'h$ % $he'$u"$'# b$"'#'# '# $he'r re!ec$'@e $err'$r'eI $he. h"@e h", re"r,* '#$er "-'"* $ $he,'%%ere#$ @'e !re@"'-'# $here "bu$ $he ,em"#, % $he !r$ec$'# % mr"- '# ",emcr"$'c c'e$.4 The %"c$ $h"$ m$ % $hem ,ec',e, $ "-- $he r+ $ be ,'$r'bu$e,

,e #$ me"# $h"$ $he c#$r"r. ,ec''# % $he 5##er L#,# u"r$er Se'# " " bre"ch% Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H)4 Be',e* me % $he e,'$'# !ub-'he, u$',e $he U#'$e, '#,m, #$ '#c-u,e $he !""e* r "$ -e"$ #$ "-- $he !""e* c'$e, '# $he 2u,me#$ % 9Oc$ber 1971 " $r'+'# e"m!-e % " $e#,e#c. $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$4

04 ='#"--.* "$ $he he"r'# # Ju#e 1976* $he ,e-e"$e e!u#,'# $he !'#'# % $hem'#r'$. % $he Cmm''# m"'#$"'#e, $h"$ '# "#. e@e#$ $he re!#,e#$ S$"$e #ee, #$ h"@e$"+e# me"ure " Dr"c#'"# " $he '#'$'"$'# % cr'm'#"- !rcee,'# -e",'# $ $hec#@'c$'# % Mr4 &"#,.',e "#, $ $he %r%e'$ure "#, ubeue#$ ,e$ruc$'# % $heSch-b+4 The U#'$e, '#,m " "', $ h"@e @'-"$e, $he !r'#c'!-e % !r!r$'#"-'$.*'#here#$ '# $he ",2ec$'@e #ece"r.* b. #$ -'m'$'# '$e-% e'$her $ " reue$ $ $he "!!-'c"#$$ e!ur"$e $he b+ r $ re$r'c$'# # '$ "-e "#, ",@er$'eme#$4

8'$h re"r, $ $he %'r$ -u$'#* $he G@er#me#$ "rue, $h"$ $he "!!-'c"#$ u-, #e@erh"@e "ree, $ m,'%. $he Sch-b+ '% he h", bee# r,ere, r "+e, $ , be%re 1 A!r'-19713 " he #$ $re#uu-. ,'!u$'# '$ bce#'$. The Cur$ %r '$ !"r$ c#%'#e '$e-%$ %'#,'# $h"$ Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H) % $he C#@e#$'# cer$"'#-. ,e #$ b-'e $he C#$r"c$'#S$"$e $ '#$r,uce uch !r'r ce#rh'!4

The G@er#me#$ ,', #$ '#,'c"$e he$her $he ec#, -u$'# " %e"'b-e u#,er E#-'h-"4 Ne'$her ,e '$ "!!e"r $h"$ '$ u-, h"@e bee# "!!r!r'"$e '# $h' c"e4 There u-,c"rce-. h"@e bee# "#. e#e '# re$r'c$'# $ ",u-$ "-e % " r+ ,e$'#e, "b@e "-- %r $he.u#I $he Sch-b+ u-, $hereb. h"@e -$ $he ub$"#ce % h"$ $he "!!-'c"#$c#',ere, $ be '$ r"'# ,FV$re4 Mre@er* he ,', #$ ",@er$ $ $h' ue$'#4

94 O# $he $re#$h % $he ,"$" be%re '$* $he Cur$ $hu re"che $he c#c-u'# $h"$ #bre"ch % $he reu'reme#$ % Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H) h" bee# e$"b-'he, '# $he c'rcum$"#ce %$he !ree#$ c"e4

554 ON T&E ALLEGED :5OLAT5ON O= ART5CLE 1 O= PROTOCOL N4 1 (P1>1)

6H4 The "!!-'c"#$ '# $he ec#, !-"ce "--ee $he @'-"$'# % Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1(P1>1) h'ch !r@',e3

E@er. #"$ur"- r -e"- !er# ' e#$'$-e, $ $he !e"ce%u- e#2.me#$ % h' !e'#4 N #e h"-- be,e!r'@e, % h' !e'# ece!$ '# $he !ub-'c '#$ere$ "#, ub2ec$ $ $he c#,'$'# !r@',e, %r b. -""#, b. $he e#er"- !r'#c'!-e % '#$er#"$'#"- -"4


19/26

The !rece,'# !r@''# h"-- #$* he@er* '# "#. ". 'm!"'r $he r'h$ % " S$"$e $ e#%rce uch -"" '$ ,eem #ece"r. $ c#$r- $he ue % !r!er$. '# "ccr,"#ce '$h $he e#er"- '#$ere$ r $ ecure $he

!".me#$ % $"e r $her c#$r'bu$'# r !e#"-$'e4

614 The cm!-"'#$ c#cer# $ ,'$'#c$ me"ure* #"me-.* $he e'ure # 1 M"rch "#, 1A!r'- 1971 % $he m"$r' "#, % hu#,re, % c!'e % $he Sch-b+* # $he #e h"#,* "#,

$he'r %r%e'$ure "#, ubeue#$ ,e$ruc$'# %--'# $he 2u,me#$ % 9 Oc$ber 1971* # $he$her4 B$h me"ure '#$er%ere, '$h Mr4 &"#,.',eF r'h$ $ $he !e"ce%u- e#2.me#$ % h'!e'#4 The G@er#me#$ , #$ c#$e$ $h' bu$* '# "reeme#$ '$h $he m"2r'$. % $heCmm''#* m"'#$"'# $h"$ 2u$'%'c"$'# %r $he me"ure ' $ be %u#, '# $he ece!$'#"$$"che, b. Ar$'c-e 1 % $he Pr$c- (P1>1) $ $he !r'#c'!-e e#u#c'"$e, '# '$ %'r$ e#$e#ce4

64 The e'ure cm!-"'#e, % " !r@''#"-4 5$ ,', # mre $h"# !re@e#$ $he "!!-'c"#$*%r " !er',* %rm e#2.'# "#, u'# " he !-e"e, !e'# % h'ch he rem"'#e, $he#er "#, h'ch he u-, h"@e rec@ere, h", $he !rcee,'# ""'#$ h'm reu-$e, '# "#"cu'$$"-4

5# $hee c'rcum$"#ce* $he Cur$ $h'#+ $h"$ $he ec#, e#$e#ce % $he %'r$ !"r"r"!h %Ar$'c-e 1 (P1>1) ,e #$ cme '#$ !-". '# $h' c"e4 A,m'$$e,-. $he e!re'# ,e!r'@e, %

h' !e'#* '# $he E#-'h $e$* cu-, -e", #e $ $h'#+ $her'e bu$ $he $ruc$ure %Ar$'c-e 1 (P1>1) h $h"$ $h"$ e#$e#ce* h'ch r''#"$e, mre@er '# " Be-'"# "me#,me#$,r"%$e, '# =re#ch (C--ec$e, E,'$'# % $he $r"@"u !rK!"r"$'re* ,cume#$ & (61) /* !!41H0* 1H0/* 1H06* 1H9H* 1H99* 11H* 111H>1111 "#, 111>111/)* "!!-'e #-. $ me#eh ' ,e!r'@e, % #erh'! (!r'@K ,e " !r!r'K$K)4

O# $he $her h"#, $he e'ure ,', re-"$e $ $he ue % !r!er$. "#, $hu %"-- '$h'# $he"mb'$ % $he ec#, !"r"r"!h4 U#-'+e Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>) % $he C#@e#$'#* $h'

!"r"r"!h e$ $he C#$r"c$'# S$"$e u! " -e 2u,e % $he #ece'$. %r "# '#$er%ere#ce4C#eue#$-.* $he Cur$ mu$ re$r'c$ '$e-% $ u!er@''# $he -"%u-#e "#, $he !ur!e %$he re$r'c$'# '# ue$'#4 5$ %'#, $h"$ $he c#$e$e, me"ure " r,ere, !uru"#$ $ ec$'# % $he 199196/ Ac$ "#, %--'# !rcee,'# h'ch '$ " #$ c#$e$e, ere '#"ccr,"#ce '$h $he -"4 A"'#* $he "'m % $he e'ure " $he !r$ec$'# % mr"- "u#,er$, b. $he cm!e$e#$ Br'$'h "u$hr'$'e '# $he eerc'e % $he'r !er % "!!rec'"$'#(!"r"r"!h "b@e)4 A#, $he c#ce!$ % !r$ec$'# % mr"- ue, '# Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>) % $he C#@e#$'#* ' e#cm!"e, '# $he much ',er #$'# % $he e#er"-'#$ere$ '$h'# $he me"#'# % $he ec#, !"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1 % $he Pr$c- (P1>1)4

O# $h' !'#$ $he Cur$ $hu "cce!$ $he "rume#$ % $he G@er#me#$ "#, $he !'#'# %$he m"2r'$. % $he Cmm''#4

64 The %r%e'$ure "#, ,e$ruc$'# % $he Sch-b+* # $he $her h"#,* !erm"#e#$-.,e!r'@e, $he "!!-'c"#$ % $he #erh'! % cer$"'# !e'#4 &e@er* $hee me"ureere "u$hr'e, b. $he ec#, !"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1)* '#$er!re$e, '#

$he -'h$ % $he !r'#c'!-e % -"* cmm# $ $he C#$r"c$'# S$"$e* here u#,er '$em heue h" bee# -"%u--. ",2u,e, '--'c'$ "#, ,"#eru $ $he e#er"- '#$ere$ "re %r%e'$e, '$h" @'e $ ,e$ruc$'#4

5554 ON T&E ALLEGED :5OLAT5ON O= ART5CLE 10 ("r$4 10) O= T&E CON:ENT5ON

6/4 Mr4 &"#,.',e ' % $he !'#'# $h"$* c#$r"r. $ Ar$'c-e 10 ("r$4 10)* he u#,ere#$re$r'c$'# !uru'# " !ur!e me#$'#e, #e'$her b. Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H) % $heC#@e#$'# #r b. Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1)4

Th' cm!-"'#$ ,e #$ u!!r$ e"m'#"$'# '#ce $he Cur$ h" "-re",. c#c-u,e, $h"$$he "', re$r'c$'# c#cer#e, "'m $h"$ ere -e'$'m"$e u#,er $hee $ -"$>me#$'#e,

Ar$'c-e ("r$4 1H* P1>1) (!"r"r"!h * 6 "#, 6 "b@e)4


20/26

5:4 ON T&E ALLEGED :5OLAT5ON O= ART5CLE 1/ ("r$4 1/) O= T&E CON:ENT5ON

64 5# $he e"r-. $"e % $he !rcee,'# '#'$'"$e, be%re $he Cmm''# b. $he "!!-'c"#$*he c-"'me, $ be $he @'c$'m % " @'-"$'# % Ar$'c-e 1/ ("r$4 1/) % $he C#@e#$'# h'ch

!r@',e3

The e#2.me#$ % $he r'h$ "#, %ree,m e$ %r$h '# $h' C#@e#$'# h"-- be ecure, '$hu$,'cr'm'#"$'# # "#. ru#, uch " e* r"ce* c-ur* -"#u"e* re-''#* !-'$'c"- r $her !'#'#*#"$'#"- r c'"- r''#* "c'"$'# '$h " #"$'#"- m'#r'$.* !r!er$.* b'r$h r $her $"$u4

664 O# / A!r'- 197/ $he Cmm''# re2ec$e, $he "!!-'c"$'# # $h' !'#$ " be'#m"#'%e$-. '-->%u#,e,4 &e@er* $he Cur$ " % $he !'#'# $h"$ '$ hu-, "- h"@e re"r,$ Ar$'c-e 1/* $"+e# $e$her '$h Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1/W1H) % $he C#@e#$'# "#, Ar$'c-e 1 %Pr$c- N4 1 ("r$4 1/WP1>1) (!"r"r"!h /1 "b@e)3 me % Mr4 &"#,.',eF cm!-"'#$*m",e "%$er " e-- " be%re $he ,ec''# % / A!r'- 197/ "#, '$h r '$hu$ e!rere%ere#ce $ Ar$'c-e 1/ ("r$4 1/)* r"'e $he ue$'# % "# "rb'$r"r. ,'%%ere#ce '# $re"$me#$4

&e@er* $he ,"$" be%re $he Cur$ , #$ h $h"$ he u%%ere, ,'cr'm'#"$'# '# $hee#2.me#$ % h' %ree,m % e!re'# "#, h' !r!er$. r'h$4 5# !"r$'cu-"r* $he. , #$re@e"- $h"$ he " !erecu$e, # "ccu#$ % h' !-'$'c"- -e"#'# (!"r"r"!h "b@e)4

Ne'$her ,e '$ "!!e"r $h"$ $he !r#r"!h'c !ub-'c"$'# "#, e#$er$"'#me#$ h'ch he "',!r%'$e, b. "# e$reme ,eree % $-er"#ce '# $he U#'$e, '#,m ere "'me,* $ $he "mee$e#$ " $he Sch-b+* "$ ch'-,re# "#, ",-ece#$ h"@'# re",. "cce $here$ (!"r"r"!h6 "b@e)4 ='#"--.* $he ,cume#$ '# $he %'-e , #$ ,'c-e $h"$ $he me"ure $"+e# ""'#$$he "!!-'c"#$ "#, $he b+ ,e!"r$e, %rm $her ,ec''#* $"+e# '# 'm'-"r c"e* $ $he !'#$% c#$'$u$'# " ,e#'"- % 2u$'ce r " m"#'%e$ "bue (E#e- "#, $her 2u,me#$ % 0 Ju#e1976* Ser'e A #4 * !4 /* !"r"4 1H)4

:4 ON T&E APPL5CAT5ON O= ART5CLE H ("r$4 H) O= T&E CON:ENT5ON

674 &"@'# %u#, # @'-"$'# % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1) r % $he C#@e#$'#* $he Cur$c#c-u,e $h"$ $he ue$'# % $he "!!-'c"$'# % Ar$'c-e H ("r$4 H) ,e #$ "r'e '# $h'c"e4

=OR T&ESE REASONS* T&E COURT

14 &-, b. $h'r$ee# @$e $ #e $h"$ $here h" bee# # bre"ch % Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H) % $heC#@e#$'#I

4 &-, u#"#'mu-. $h"$ $here h" bee# # bre"ch e'$her % Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1) r % Ar$'c-e 1/ "#, 10 ("r$4 1/* "r$4 10) % $he C#@e#$'#4

D#e '# =re#ch "#, '# E#-'h* $he =re#ch $e$ be'# "u$he#$'c* "$ $he &um"# R'h$Bu'-,'#* S$r"bur* $h' e@e#$h ,". % December* #e $hu"#, #'#e hu#,re, "#, e@e#$.>'4

G'r' BALLADORE PALL5ER5

M"rc>A#,rK E5SSEN


21/26

Ju,e M-er "#, e+'" h"@e "##ee, $he'r e!"r"$e !'#'# $ $he !ree#$ 2u,me#$* '#"ccr,"#ce '$h Ar$'c-e 1 !"r"4 ("r$4 1>) % $he C#@e#$'# "#, Ru-e H !"r"4 % $heRu-e % Cur$4

G4 B4P4

M4>A4E4


22/26

SEPARATE OP5N5ON O= JUDGE MOSLER

(!ranslation)

14 5 ,'%%er %rm $he Cur$F re"#'# # #e !'#$ #-.4 &e@er* '$ ' ,ec''@e %r $heue$'# % he$her r #$ $here h" bee# " @'-"$'# '# $h' c"e $h"$ m. @'e # $h' !'#$ %,e$"'- h" cm!e--e, me $ @$e ""'#$ !"r"r"!h 1 % $he !er"$'@e !r@''# % $he

2u,me#$4 5 "m #$ c#@'#ce, $h"$ $he me"ure $"+e# b. $he Br'$'h "u$hr'$'e* '#c-u,'# $he2u,me#$ % $he 5##er L#,# u"r$er Se'#* ere #ece"r.* '$h'# $he me"#'# %Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)* %r $he "ch'e@eme#$ % $he'r "'m* #"me-. $he !r$ec$'# %mr"-4 P"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$4 1H>) "-- $he S$"$e $ ub2ec$ $he eerc'e %e@er.#eF r'h$ $ %ree,m % e!re'# $ re$r'c$'# "#, !e#"-$'e #-. '% $he. "reme"ure #ece"r.* '# " ,emcr"$'c c'e$.* %r cer$"'# "'m c#',ere, $ be -e'$'m"$e

ece!$'# $ $he r'h$ u"r"#$ee, b. !"r"r"!h 1 ("r$4 1H>1)4 Thee "'m '#c-u,e $he!r$ec$'# % mr"- h'ch ' re-'e, # b. $he G@er#me#$4 5# $he "be#ce % #e % $he%"c$r h'ch* he# %u#, '# cmb'#"$'#* e#$'$-e $he S$"$e $ "@"'- '$e-% % $he ece!$'# $$he r'h$ $ %ree,m % e!re'#* !"r"r"!h ("r$4 1H>) ,e #$ "!!-. "#, $he '#,'@',u"-Fr'h$ mu$ be re!ec$e, '$hu$ "#. '#$er%ere#ce4 &e@er* m. '#$er!re$"$'# % $he r,#ece"r. "#, m. c#ce!$'# % '$ "!!-'c"$'# $ $he 'm!u#e, me"ure , #$* '# !"r$*c'#c',e '$h $he Cur$F @'e4 The. h"@e $hu -e, $ m. c#$r"r. @$e "-$huh 5 e#$'re-."!!r@e $he $her re"# c#$"'#e, '# $he 2u,me#$ "#,* '#$er "-'"* $he !'#'# e!ree, #cer$"'# ue$'# % !r'#c'!-e c#cer#'# $he c!e % $he C#@e#$'# '# re-"$'# $ $he S$"$eF,me$'c -e"- .$em "#, $he ,e%'#'$'# % cer$"'# e-eme#$ % $he r'h$ u"r"#$ee, "#, $heece!$'# !erm'$$e,4

5# r,er $ -e"@e # ,ub$ "bu$ m. "reeme#$ '$h $he !'#'# % $he Cur$ '#%"r " '$%-- "#, ,e@e-! mre !rec'e-. e'$'# c"e>-" r ",!$ #e "#, e-->,e%'#e,$"#,!'#$* 5 hu-, -'+e $ em!h"'e $h"$ 5 "cce!$ '# !"r$'cu-"r $he !""e # $he Cur$F'#,e!e#,e#ce '# $he ch"r"c$er'"$'# % %"c$ (!"r"r"!h /1)* # $he re!ec$'@e !er % $heCur$ "#, % $he #"$'#"- "u$hr'$'e (!rb-em % $he m"r'# % "!!rec'"$'# > c%4* '#$er "-'"*

!"r"r"!h H) "#, # $he e"m'#"$'# % me"ure '#$e#,e, $ !r$ec$ mr"- '# " ,emcr"$'cc'e$. (c%4* '#$er "-'"* !"r"r"!h /0)4

4 The me"ure '#%-'c$e, # $he "!!-'c"#$ $hu h", " -e'$'m"$e "'m4 The. ere $"+e#!uru"#$ $ -e'-"$'# $h"$ c"##$ be cr'$'c'e, u#,er Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)4 Nb,.,'!u$e $he'r c#%rm'$. '$h $h' -e'-"$'#4 The. ere !recr'be, b. -" '$h'# $heme"#'# % $he C#@e#$'#4

&e@er* $he Cur$F u!er@''# c"##$ $! $here4 S'#ce $he cr'$er'" '# Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>) "re "u$#mu c#ce!$ (c%4 m$ rece#$-.* mu$"$' mu$"#,'* $he E#e- "#,$her 2u,me#$ % 0 Ju#e 1976* Ser'e A #4 * !4 /* !"r"4 01)* $he Cur$ mu$ '#@e$'"$e

b$h he$her '$ " #ece"r.* %r $he ,me$'c "u$hr'$'e* $ h"@e recure $ $he me"#$he. em!-.e, $ "ch'e@e $he "'m "#, he$her $he. @er$e!!e, $he #"$'#"- m"r'# %"!!rec'"$'# '$h " reu-$"#$ @'-"$'# % $he cmm# $"#,"r, u"r"#$ee, b. "# "u$#muc#ce!$4

8h"$ ' #ece"r. ' #$ $he "me " h"$ ' '#,'!e#"b-e (!"r"r"!h /0 % $he2u,me#$)4 Such " ,e%'#'$'# u-, be $ #"rr "#, u-, #$ crre!#, $ $he u"e %$h' r, '# ,me$'c -"4 O# $he $her h"#,* '$ ' be.#, ue$'# $h"$ $he me"ure mu$ be

"!!r!r'"$e %r "ch'e@'# $he "'m4 &e@er* " me"ure c"##$ be re"r,e, " '#"!!r!r'"$e*"#, he#ce #$ #ece"r.* 2u$ bec"ue '$ !r@e '#e%%ec$u"- b. #$ "ch'e@'# '$ "'m4 A


23/26

me"ure -'+e-. $ be e%%ec$u"- u#,er #rm"- c#,'$'# c"##$ be ,e!r'@e, % '$ -e"- b"'"%$er $he e@e#$ b. %"'-ure $ "$$"'# $he ucce h'ch '$ m'h$ h"@e h", '# mre %"@ur"b-ec'rcum$"#ce4

The re"$er !"r$ % $he %'r$ e,'$'# % $he b+ c'rcu-"$e, '$hu$ 'm!e,'me#$4 Theme"ure $"+e# b. $he cm!e$e#$ "u$hr'$'e "#, c#%'rme, b. $he 5##er L#,# u"r$er

Se'# !re@e#$e, mere-. $he ,'$r'bu$'# % u#,er 1H !er ce#$ % $he 'm!re'#4 Therem"'#,er* $h"$ ' "bu$ 9H !er ce#$* re"che, $he !ub-'c '#c-u,'# !rb"b-.* $ " -"re e$e#$*$he ",-ece#$ me"#$ $ be !r$ec$e, (c%4 $he ",,re % Mr4 Thr#berr. "$ $he he"r'# # 7Ju#e 1976)4 The me"ure '# re!ec$ % $he "!!-'c"#$ $hu h", -'$$-e ucce $h"$ $he. mu$

be $"+e# " '#e%%ec$u"- '# re-"$'# $ $he "'m !urue,4 5# %"c$ .u# !e!-e ere #$ !r$ec$e,""'#$ $he '#%-ue#ce % $he b+ $h"$ h", bee# u"-'%'e, " -'+e-. $ ,e!r"@e "#, crru!$$hem b. $he "u$hr'$'e* "c$'# '$h'# $he'r -e'$'m"$e m"r'# % "!!rec'"$'#4

The '#e%%ec$u"-#e % $he me"ure u-, '# # ". !re@e#$ $he'r be'# c#',ere,"!!r!r'"$e '% '$ h", bee# ,ue $ c'rcum$"#ce be.#, $he '#%-ue#ce "#, c#$r- % $he"u$hr'$'e4 &e@er* $h"$ " #$ $he c"e4 Cer$"'#-. '$ c"##$ be !reume, $h"$ $heme"ure ere #$ $"+e# '# , %"'$h "#, '$h $he e#u'#e '#$e#$'# % !re@e#$'# $he b+F

c'rcu-"$'#4 Ab@e "--* $he c"re%u--. re"#e, 2u,me#$ % $he 5##er L#,# u"r$er Se'#ec-u,e uch " !reum!$'#4 Ne@er$he-e* %rm "# b2ec$'@e !'#$ % @'e* $he me"ure"c$u"--. $"+e# ""'#$ $he b+F c'rcu-"$'# cu-, #e@er h"@e "ch'e@e, $he'r "'m '$hu$

be'# "ccm!"#'e, b. $her me"ure ""'#$ $he 9H !er ce#$ % $he 'm!re'#4 Ye$ #$h'#'# $he c"e %'-e* '# !"r$'cu-"r '# $he ",,ree % $he "!!e"r'# be%re $he Cur$* h $h"$"c$'# % $h' +'#, " "$$em!$e,4

U#,er Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)* $he "u$hr'$'eF "c$'# '# cer$"'# re!ec$ "#, $he'r -"c+% "c$'# '# $her mu$ be @'ee, " " h-e4 The "'m* -e'$'m"$e u#,er Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)* % re$r'c$'# %ree,m % e!re'# '# r,er $ !r$ec$ $he mr"- % $he .u#""'#$ The L'$$-e Re, Sch-b+* ' #e "#, '#,'@''b-e4 The reu-$ % $he "u$hr'$'eF "c$'#" e-- " % $he'r '#"c$'# mu$ be "$$r'bu$e, $ $he Br'$'h S$"$e4 5$ ' re!#'b-e %r $he"!!-'c"$'# % me"ure $h"$ ere #$ "!!r!r'"$e '$h re"r, $ $he "'m !urue, bec"ue$he. c@ere, #-. #e m"-- !"r$ % $he b2ec$ % $he !recu$'# '$hu$ $"+'# $he $her'#$ "ccu#$4

Accr,'#-. $he me"ure che# b. $he "u$hr'$'e ere* b. $he'r @er. #"$ure*'#"!!r!r'"$e4

=ur$hermre me "$$e#,"#$ %"c$ mu$ be re@'ee,45 -e"@e "',e $he %"c$* "!!"re#$-. #$ ,'!u$e, be$ee# $he S$"$e* $he Cmm''# "#, $he

"!!-'c"#$* $h"$ !ub-'c"$'# %"r mre bce#e $h"# The L'$$-e Re, Sch-b+ ere re",'-."cce'b-e $ "#.#e '# $he U#'$e, '#,m4 Aum'# $h' $ be crrec$* '$ ,e #$ !re@e#$$he "u$hr'$'e %rm h"@'# recure $ me"ure % !rh'b'$'# ""'#$ " b+ '#$e#,e, '#

!"r$'cu-"r %r ch-ch'-,re#4O# $he $her h"#,* $he ,'@er'$. % $he "!!r"che ",!$e, '# ,'%%ere#$ re'# % $heU#'$e, '#,m (!"r"r"!h 19 % $he 2u,me#$) r"'e ,ub$ "bu$ $he #ece'$. % $heme"ure $"+e# '# L#,#4 U#,ub$e,-. $he C#@e#$'# ,e #$ cm!e- $he C#$r"c$'#S$"$e $ !" u#'%rm -e'-"$'# %r "-- $he $err'$r. u#,er $he'r 2ur','c$'#4 Ne@er$he-e* '$,e b-'e $hem $ "c$ '# uch " ". $h"$ $he -e@e- % !r$ec$'# u"r"#$ee, b. $heC#@e#$'# ' m"'#$"'#e, $hruhu$ $he h-e % $h"$ $err'$r.4 5# $h' c"e '$ ' ,'%%'cu-$ $u#,er$"#, h. " me"ure $h"$ " #$ $huh$ #ece"r. u$',e E#-"#, "#, 8"-e ",eeme, $ be '# L#,#4

There rem"'# $he ue$'# he$her $he "!!-'c"$'# % $he c#$e$e, me"ure* h'ch ere'#"!!r!r'"$e %rm "# b2ec$'@e !'#$ % @'e* %e-- '$h'# $he m"r'# -e%$ $ $he ,me$'c

'#$'$u$'# $ che be$ee# ,'%%ere#$ me"ure h"@'# " -e'$'m"$e "'m "#, $ "e $he'r!$e#$'"- e%%ec$u"-#e4 5# m. @'e* $he re!-. mu$ be #e"$'@e bec"ue % $he c-e"r -"c+ %


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!r!r$'# be$ee# $h"$ !"r$ % $he 'm!re'# ub2ec$e, $ $he "', me"ure "#, $h"$ !"r$he c'rcu-"$'# " #$ 'm!e,e,4 A,m'$$e,-. $he reu-$ % $he "c$'# $"+e# " $he

!u#'hme#$ % Mr4 &"#,.',e '# "ccr,"#ce '$h $he -"* bu$ $h' reu-$ ,e #$ b. '$e-%2u$'%. me"ure $h"$ ere #$ "!$ $ !r$ec$ $he .u# ""'#$ $he c#eue#ce % re",'#$he b+4

4 5$ mu$ %-- $h"$ $he "c$'# cm!-"'#e, % " #$ #ece"r.* '$h'# $he me"#'# %Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 ("r$4 1H>)* '$h re"r, $ $he "'m !urue,4 Such " me"ure ' #$ c@ere,

b. $he ece!$'# $ h'ch %ree,m % e!re'# c"# be ub2ec$e,* e@e# '% $he "'m '!er%ec$-. -e'$'m"$e "#, '% $he u"-'%'c"$'# % h"$ ' mr"- '# " ,emcr"$'c c'e$. rem"'#e,'$h'# $he %r"mer+ % $he S$"$eF m"r'# % "!!rec'"$'#4

The r'h$ e#hr'#e, '# Ar$'c-e 1H !"r"4 1 ("r$4 1H>1) ' @"-u"b-e %r e@er. ,emcr"$'cc'e$. $h"$ $he cr'$er'# % #ece'$.* h'ch* he# cmb'#e, '$h $her cr'$er'"* 2u$'%'e "#ece!$'# $ $he !r'#c'!-e* mu$ be e"m'#e, %rm e@er. "!ec$ ue$e, b. $hec'rcum$"#ce4

5$ ' #-. %r $h' re"# $h"$ 5 h"@e rere$%u--. @$e, ""'#$ !"r"r"!h 1 % $he !er"$'@e!r@''#4 A %r !"r"r"!h * c#cer#'# Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1) "#, $ $her

Ar$'c-e* 5 h"@e re2'#e, $he m"2r'$. " 5 " bu#, b. $he !r'r ,ec''# # Ar$'c-e 1H ("r$41H) "#,* # $h' b"'* " u'$e "b-e $ "cce!$ $he Cur$F re"#4


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SEPARATE OP5N5ON O= JUDGE E5A

The Cur$* '# "rr'@'# "$ $he c#c-u'# $h"$ Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1) h" #$bee# c#$r"@e#e, b. $he %r%e'$ure "#, ,e$ruc$'# % $he m"$r' "#, c!'e % $he L'$$-e Re,Sch-b+* '# !"r"r"!h 6 $"$e, $he %--'#3

64 The %r%e'$ure "#, ,e$ruc$'# % $he Sch-b+* # $he $her h"#,* !erm"#e#$-. ,e!r'@e, $he"!!-'c"#$ % $he #erh'! % cer$"'# !e'#4 &e@er* $hee me"ure ere "u$hr'e, b. $he ec#,

!"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1)* '#$er!re$e, '# $he -'h$ % $he !r'#c'!-e % -"* cmm# $$he C#$r"c$'# S$"$e* here u#,er '$em he ue h" bee# -"%u--. ",2u,e, '--'c'$ "#, ,"#eru $$he e#er"- '#$ere$ "re %r%e'$e, '$h " @'e $ ,e$ruc$'#4

5# c#',er'# $he -e"-'$. % $he e'ure % $he m"$r' "#, % hu#,re, % c!'e % $heSch-b+* h'ch $+ !-"ce # 1 M"rch "#, 1 A!r'- 1971* 5 c#ce,e $h"$ $he ec#,

!"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1) ' re-e@"#$4 The "', !"r"r"!h (P1>1) !e"+

% $he r'h$ % " S$"$e '% #ece"r. %r $he e#er"- '#$ere$ $ c#$r- $he ue % $he !r!er$.4 5$,e"- '$h $he r'h$ % " S$"$e* !r@',e, $he c#,'$'# $"$e, $here'# h"@e bee# cm!-'e,'$h* $ '#$er%ere '$h $he !er. r'h$ % $he #er h ' "$ -'ber$. $ m"+e ue % h'

!r!er$. '# "#. ". he -'+e " -# " uch u"e ,e #$ ""'#$ $he -"4The e'ure u#,er re@'e " m",e '# !uru"#ce % " "rr"#$ 'ue, b. " 2u,e u#,er

ec$'# % $he Obce#e Pub-'c"$'# Ac$ 199196/4 The b2ec$ % " e'ure m'h$ @er.e-- be $ !re@e#$ $he cmm''# r $he %ur$her"#ce % "# %%e#ce c##ec$e, '$h $he

!r$ec$'# % mr"-I '$ m'h$ "- be $ ecure "# "r$'c-e %r '$ be'# !r,uce, be%re $hecur$ " "# eh'b'$ r e@e# " cr!u ,e-'c$'4 Such "# "r$'c-e m". c#$'$u$e $he ub2ec$>m"$$er % $he !recu$'# "#, $here%re $here ' #$h'# r# '# '$ e'ure b. "# "u$hr'e,

!er#4The E#-'h cur$ # 1 Ju-. 1971* "!!-.'# $he re-e@"#$ !r@''# % $he "%re"', Ac$

"%$er $he cm!-e$'# % $he $r'"-* r,ere, $he %r%e'$ure % $he m"$r' "#, b+ "-re",. e'e,4The r,er " c#%'rme, b. $he "!!e"- cur$ # 9 Oc$ber 1971 "#, $he b+ "#, "r$'c-e"-re",. %r%e'$e, ere ,e$r.e,4

5# "cer$"'#'# $he -e"-'$. % $he r,er % %r%e'$ure "#, $he ,e$ruc$'# % $he '$em'#@-@e,* '# m. @'e* $he %'r$ !"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1) %'$ '# mre

!rec'e-. $h"# "#. $her !"r"r"!h % $he Pr$c-4 The %'r$ !"r"r"!h re-"$e $ ,e!r'@"$'#% !e'#4 Sure-. $he %r%e'$ure "#, ,e$ruc$'# % "# "r$'c-e #e, b. meb,. e-e"mu#$ $ ,e!r'@"$'# % !e'# % uch #er4 Cm'# $ $he $her reu'reme#$

!recr'be, %r $he -e"-'$. % uch ,e!r'@"$'#I $he e#"b-'# Ac$ em!er'# %r%e'$ure "#,

,e$ruc$'# "re ",m'$$e,-. #$ '#cm!"$'b-e '$h re-e@"#$ !r@''# % $he C#@e#$'#4Pr$ec$'# % mr"- ' u#,ub$e,-. % !ub-'c '#$ere$ "#, $he c#,'$'# e$ u$ '# $he"%re"', Ac$ %r r,er'# %r%e'$ure "#, ,e$ruc$'# h"@e bee# ber@e,4

5 c#',er '$ mre "!!r!r'"$e $here%re $ b"e $he -e"-'$. % $he r,er % %r%e'$ure "#,,e$ruc$'# cm!-"'#e, % # $he %'r$ !"r"r"!h % Ar$'c-e 1 % Pr$c- N4 1 (P1>1)4 5 "mc#$e#$ '# re#,er'# m. '#$er!re$"$'# $ c#%'#e m.e-% $ $he r,'# % $he $e$ % $he %'r$

!"r"r"!h "#, $ "$$"ch $he r,'#"r. me"#'# $ $he r, ue, $here'#4

CASE A?ON @4 GERMANY

&ANDYS5DE @4 T&E UN5TED 5NGDOM JUDGMENT


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&ANDYS5DE @4 T&E UN5TED 5NGDOM JUDGMENTSEPARATE OP5N5ON O= JUDGE MOSLER

&ANDYS5DE @4 T&E UN5TED 5NGDOM JUDGMENTSEPARATE OP5N5ON O= JUDGE MOSLER

&ANDYS5DE @4 T&E UN5TED 5NGDOM JUDGMENTSEPARATE OP5N5ON O= JUDGE E5A


SEPARATE OP5N5ON O= JUDGE E5A

Handyside v the United Kingdom (1976) Application No. 5493.72

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Transcript of Handyside v the United Kingdom (1976) Application No. 5493.72