Handling Industrial Fatty Acids - Joseph L. Trauth

8/4/2019 Handling Industrial Fatty Acids - Joseph L. Trauth

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HANDLING INDUSTRIAL FATTY ACIDSJoseph L. T ra ut h. .

E m ery In d u s t r i e s , In c ., Fo r mo st u s e s , f a t t y ac i d a ' c an b e han dl ed i n co n v en t i o n a l eqt li pm et lt .

A l th ou gh f r e q u e n t l y d i s cu s s ed aS a c l a s s , f a t t y a c id s v ar y w id el y i n t h e i rc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , ~ ~h a t m et h od s of h an d l i n g m us t be ma tched t o t h e p a r t i c -u l a r a c i d u se d. p e t h od s of h a nd l in g a l s o d i f f e r s u b s t a n t i a l l y f r o m t ho s ea p p l i c a b l e t o t h e ' o i l s f rom whicti t h e y a r e d e r i v e d , o r w hi ch t h e y may re-p l a c e i n a p p l i c a t i o n. The s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e e nd -p ro du ct t o q u a l i t y Eac-. t o r s s uc h a s c o l o r a l s o s t r o n g l y a f f e c t s h a n dl i ng r e qu ir e me nt s .

A l l f a t t y ac i d s h ave some t en den cy t o co mb in e wi t h o xy gen t o fo rmi m p u r i t i e s o b j e c t i o n a b l e fr om t h e c o l o r o r o do r s t a n d p o i n t . T h i s t e n de n c yi s s l i g h t f o r the l on g- ch ai n s a t u r a t e d a c i d s , e x c e p t a t e l e v a t e d t em pe ra -i u r e s . I t i s more p ro no un ced wi t h t h e s h o r t - ch a i n ac i d s , an d p a r t i c u l a r l ywi t h t h e more u n s a t u r a t ed ac i d s . The r e ac t i o n i s c a t a l y z e d by t r a c e s o fm e t a l , s u ch a s i ro n an d co p p e r , whi ch t h e ac i d s may p i ck up f ro m co n t a i n e r so r s t o r a g e t a nk s. Thus, w h i l e most f a t t y a c i d s a r e n o t s o c o r r o s i v e a s t o

I p rec l u d e s h ip ment i n o rd i n a ry u n l i n ed s t e e l drums o r t a n k c a r s , t h e c h a r a c-te r of th e end-pr oduct may make such shipme nt ina dv is ab le . I t i s t h i s c on-t'amina.tion f a c t o r , r a t h e r t h an t a n k o r c o n t a i n e r f a i l u r e , t h a t l i m i t s t h e

ch o i ce o f m a t e r i a l s f o r f a t t y aGi d s a t t em p era t u re s b el ow 10O0C.SHIPMENT OF FATTY ACIDS

SteAkic a c i d a nd o t h e r h i g h - t i t e r a c i d s of t h e l o ng -c ha i n ' s a t u r a t e d t y p e? a r e so l i dk f rom 500C (1220F) o r s l i g h t l y above , and may be sh ipped and

s t o r e d as s a l i d s i n a p p r o p r i a t e c p n t a i n e r s . They may a l s o b e s hi pp ed i nb u l k ( t a n k Cars ) f o r l i q u e f a c t i o n on a r r i v a l .


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Oth er f a t t y a c i d s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s l i q u i d ( t i t e r up t o 200C) and s e m i -soP.id (t il te r 20 t o 5D0c). Thes e medium had l o w - t i te r g r ou p s w i l l i n c l u d e t h emixed a c i d s , s uc h a s d i s t i l l e d a n i ma l f a t t y a c i d s , t h e un s a t u r a t e d l on g- ch ai na c i d s , s uc h a s o l e i c , and t h e s h o rt - c ha i n s a t u r a t e d a c i d s , s uc h as d i s t i l l e dc oc on ut f a t t y a c i d s . A l l t h e s e a r e s hi pp ed i n drums o r i n b u l k ( t a n k c a r s) .D e l iv e r i e s of m ixed and l o n g -ch ain ac id s h ave t r a d i t i o n a l l y b een made i ns t e e l drums o r s t e e l t a n k c a r s , b e c au s e t h e p ic k- up of i r o n d u r i n g t h e s h i p p i n gper iod i s inco nseq uen t i a l i n many uses . Howewer, where p roduct q u a l i t y i sl 'i ke ly t o be a f f e c t e d o r c o l o r i s c r i t i c a l , d rums a nd t a n k c a r s m us t b e r e s i n -l in ed or of non-corrosive meta 1 c o n s t r u c t i o n .S o l i d F a t t y A ci ds

S t e a r i c a c i d (55/45 p a l mi t i c - t o -s t e a r i c r a t i o ) h a s a c r y s t a l l i n e s t ru c-t u r e as s u p pl i e d i n s o l i d s l a b form. S uch c a ke s o r s l a b s a r e t y p i c a l l y$ ackaged i n ca r to n s o r b o xes (1 00 lb ) o r i n b u r l ap b ag s. Ho wever, s t e a r i cand o t h e r s o l i d a c i d s a r e now i n c r e a s i n g l y s o l d i n f l a k e , powder o r be ad

fo rm , i n m u l t i w a l l p a p er b a gs , c l o t h o r b u r l a p b a gs , f i b e t d ru ms , e t c . ( 50 ,8 0, 1 00 l b.) P o l y v i n y l o r p o l y e t h y le n e l i n e r s h av e p ro ve d s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r

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t h e powdered ma te r i a l , g iv in g ad d i t i o n a l p r o t e c t i o n f ro m co n tamin a t io n .U n i t Lo ad in g. U n i t l o ad in g o f s o l i d f a t t y a c i d s i s b e in g w ide ly ad o p ted t oreduce t he t i me and manpower r eq u i r ed f o r un load ing and subsequ en t hand l i ngo p er a t i o n s . I t h as b een e s t ima ted t h a t t h e man-hours r eq u i r ed t o un lo ad ands t o r e c a r l o a d s and t r u c k l o a d s of s o l i d f a t t y a c i d s a r e r e du ce d t h ro ug h u n f th a n dl i n g pr o c ed u r es by a t l e a s t 75 p e r c e n t . U n i t l o a ds a l s o i n c r e a s e s t o r a g ecap a c i ty , s imp l i f y i n v en to r y co n t r o l and impr ov e t h e co n d i t i o n o f s h ip men ts ona r r i v a l a t t h e c us to me r' s p l a nt .

A v e ry s a t i s f a c t o r y u n i t l oa d i s one co n t a i n i ng 2 ,000 pounds o f p roductand measuring 40 x 48 i n ch es b y ap p r o x ima te ly 6 0 i n ch es h ig h. I t c o n s i s t s o f


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z ,2 .e i g h t l a y e r s of f i v e 50-pound m u l t i w a l l k r a f t p ap e r b ag s l a i d on a 1 /8 -i nch

t h i c k d i s p o s a b l e f i b e r b oa r d p a l l e t h a v i n g 3 -i nc h e d g es tu rnkd up a long two

a d j o i n i n g s i d e s . A s e r i e s - o f s p o t s of a h i g h s h e a r s t r e n g t h g l u e p r e v e n t si n d i v id u a l b a gs f r om s h i f t i n g i n t h e u n i t , Y e t, b ec au se t h e g l u e a l s o h a sa low t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h , t h e u n i t s a r e e a s i l y di sa ss em bl ed by l i f t i n g t h ei n di v id u al ba gs t o b r ea k t h e g l u e bond, S l i d i n g t h e b ag s o f f w i t h o ut f i r s t

i l i f t i n g themfi- ee may t e a r t h e o u t e r p l y o f p ap e r ," A p ow er -d ri ve n f o r k - l i f t t r u c k m us t b e us ed t o a c h i e v e a n y s u b s t a n t i a l

s a v i n g s f ro m h a n d l i ng u n i t l o a d s , F o r k s sh o ul d h av e t h e i r c e n t e r s ap p ro x i -mately 25 i n ch es ap a r t and en d s s h o u l d b e g ro un d down s o t h a t t h e y m eas u re1/16 inch th 'ick a t t h e t i p t o 3/8 i n c h t h i c k 2 i n c h e s f ro m t h e t i p . F o r k ss ho ul d a l s o b e w e l l a l ig ne d. F o r e a s i e r h a n d l in g , it i s g e n e r a l l y a d v i s -a b l e t o un lo a d e ac h u n i t o n t o a' " 40 x 48 inc h permanent wood pa l l e t , Thed i sp o sa b le p a l l e t s us ed f o r s hi pm en t d o n o t h av e s u f f k i e n t r i g i d i t y b y , . . . ....... . .. . . . . ./ . .\.. . . . . . ... . . . . . .t h em s e lv es t o w i t h s t an d t h e h an d l i n g n o rm a l l y en co u nt e red wh i l e b&ng ca r r i e d

..i....a b o ut a p l a n t w i t h a f o r k t r u c k .Tank C a r Loa di ng, T an k c a r s h i pm e n ts of s o l i d f a t t y a c i d s r e q u i r e

mel t ing fo r removal . U s e o f o r d i n a r y s t e e l t an k ca r s may b e ex p ec t ed t or e s u l t i n some d i s c o l o r a t i o n an d i s n o t a d v i s a b l e f o r h ig h- gr ad e m a t e r i a l ,P e g l i gi b l e d e t e r i o r a t i o n of s o l i d f a t t y a c i d s w i l l o ccu r d u r i n g t h e s h i p m en tp e r i o d if aluminum t a n k c a r s a r e u se d, A l s o , c e r t a i n r e s i n l i n i n g s h av eb een s u c ces s fu l l y u s ed, However , t h e h e a t r eq u i r ed t o m e l t t h e t a nk c a rc o n t e n t s w i l l h av e some s l i g h t d i s c o l o r i n g e f f e c t on t h e a c i d s . To m in i-

1 m iz e da r k en i n g of t h e m a t e r i a l , l o w - ~ r e s s u r e s te a m (1 5 p s i ) s h ou l d b e u se d

b e fo r e u nl oa di ng a t t h e p o i n t o f < d e s t i n a t i o n . A lt ho ug h c d p l a t e d l i q u e f a c t i o ni s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e u n lo ad in g of a t a n k c a r of f a t t y a ci d , 4 ,rFt%&-pressures tqam shou ld be used wi th cau t ion .

- 3 -


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U nloa di ng Bu l k S o l i d A c i ds. S te am s hou ld be t u r ne d on g r a d ua l l y s ot h a t t h e c o i l s w i l l h e a t s lo wl y and n o t e xpand s o r a p i d l y a s t o ca u s eb r e a k s a nd l e a ks . S i n c e t h e r e i s r a p i d h e a t l o s s f ro m t h e m e ta l w a l l o ft h e c a r , s te am in g sh ou ld p r e f e r a b l y b e c a r r i e d o u t i n a p r o t e c t e d s p o tw he re t h e c a r i s s h e l t e r e d f ro m t h e wind . I f steam i s n o t a v a i l a b l e ,p o r t a b l e s te am g e n e r a t o r s may b e c on ne ct ed t o t a n k c a r s te am l i n e s .

To d e t er m i ne w h et h er t h e c o n t e n t s o f a t a n k c a r a r e c o mp l e te l ym e l te d , a n i n s p e c t i o n f ro m t h e t o p o f t h e c a r s h ou ld b e made, e i t h e rv i s u a l l y o r u s i n g a s t i c k o r t u b e sa mp le r, Most s tee l t a n k s h a ve t h e

s te am c o i l s mounted a b o u t s e v e r a l i n c h e s ab ov e t h e b o tt om o f t h e c a r ; i ft h e c o n t e n t s are n o t f u l l y m e l te d , t h e b ot to m of t h e c a r w i l l no t be a s warmt o t h e to uc h a s t h e s i d e w a l l , a s h e a t t r a n s f e r i s pr im ar i l y upward. Mostalum inum t a nk c a r s ha ve t h e steam c o i l s ve r y c l o s e t o t h e s h e l l a nd c on-f or min g t o t h e c o nt o ur o f t h e ca r i n o r d e r t o f a c i l i t a t e m el ti ng . W it h t h ec o i l s a rr a ng e d i n t h i s m anner i t i s more d i f f i c u l t t o d e te r m in e c o m pl e te n es so'f m el ti ng by touch. I t s h ou l d b e em ph as iz ed t h a t i f s o l i d a c i d s r em ai ni n t h e b ot to m of t h e c a r be lo w t h e s t e am c o i l s , it w i l l b e i m p o s si b l e t ou nl oa d co m p l et e l y, a nd t h e r e s i d u a l m a e r i a l w i l l ha ve t o b e c hi pp ed o u t a ndremoved by hand.

S o l id f a t t y a c id s , s uc h a s s t e a r i c , r e q u i r e a p p ro x i m at e l y 2 4 o r morehour s o f s t e a m i ng , de pe nd i ng on p r e va i l i ng t e m p e r a t u r e s , f o r c om pl e t e l i qu e -fa c t io n . When th e ac id i s c o m p l e t e l y m e lt e d a nd h e a t e d t o a t e m p e r a t u r eabou t 20% above i t s m e l ti n g p o i n t , i t i s ready for pumping ,

Be c a us e o f t he h i g h t i t e r of s u ch a c i d s , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t a l lpumping l i n e s be e qu i pped w i t h s t e am t r a c e r s ( i i s ua l l y c oppe r t u b i ng wounda bo ut t h e l i n e ) and k e pt a t a n e l e v a t ed t e m p er a tu r e t o pr e v en t s o l i d i f i c a t i o na nd b l o ck a g e o f t h e l i n e , W it h t h i s p r e c a u t i o n , s t e a r i c a c i d c a n b e pumpeda s r e a d i l y a s any l o w -t i t e r f a t t y a c i d . C l e a r i n g pumping l i n e s a f t e r u se by


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b lo wi ng o u t r e t a i n e d l i q u i d i s e s s e n t i a l t o p r ev e nt b loc ka ge . I n e r t g a s e s,such a s n i t r o g e n o r c a rb on d io x i d e , a r e p r e f e r a b l e f o r t h i s p ur p os e , a l t h o u g h

I

c lean compressed a i r i f o f t e n us ed o n a l l b u t t h e h i g h ly u n s a tu r a t ed a c i d sw i t h s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s . S te am may b e u sed . I t h a s t h e a d va n ta g e ofm e l t i ng o u t a ny s o l i d i f i e d m a t e r i a l , b u t of c o u r s e t h e bl ow n-o ut p r o d uc ti s water-contaminated and must be segregated . Fu r t he r pumpingsmay b e con-t a min a te d w i th w a te r r e ma in ing i n t h e l i n e .

Ca u t io n mus t b e e x e r c i s e d i n u n lo a d ing when u s in g t h e b o tto m o u t l e t,va lve . Be f o r e r emov in g th e o u t l e t n o z z l e c a p a nd c o n n e c t in g t h e pumpingl i n e , a n i n s p e c t i o n must b e made t o d e te r m i n e i f t h e v a l v e i s p r o p e r l y

8 s e a t e d . T h i s i s done by removing t h e small s cr ew -typ e p lu g i n t h e v a lv ecap, commonly known a s t h e " tes t plug". I f t h e f l o w of l i q u i d d o es n o tq u i c k ly c e a s e when th e t e s t - p l u g i sr emo ve d, a f a u l ty o r p o o r ly s e a t e dv a l v e i s i n di c at e d; a f t e r re p l a ci n g t h e t es t - pl u g , a n a t t e m pt t o s e a t t h eva lv e should be made. Th is i s d on e b y tu r n in g th e v a lv e - o p e r a t i n g h a n d lel o c a t e d i n s i d e t h e dome. I f t h e o p e r a t o r i s u na ble t o s e a t t h e v a l v e s oit w i l l hold , th e c a r mus t be unloaded th rough th e dome. Any a t temp t t ou nl oa d t hr ou gh t h e b ot to m o u t l e t wi t h t h e e x i t v a l v e i n o p e r a t i v e w i l lr e s u l t i n e x t e n s i v e l o s s o f m a t e ri a l .

Sugges t ions f o r Unload ing Tank Cars., These sugges t ion s a r e based i npar t on Pamphle t 34 , Fr e ig h t L o a d in g a n d Co n ta in e r Se c t io n , A s s o c . of Ameri-can Ra i l r oa ds , on adv ice o f Genera l American Tra nsp or t a t ion Corp. , and oncommon in d u s t r y p r a c t i c e , The y a r e o f f e r e d o n ly a s a g e n e r a l g u id e i n

I s e t t i n g i n d i v i d u a l p ro ce d ur es w i t h t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e c a r r i e r.i 1, Brakes should be se t an d w h ee l s l oc ke d on a l l c a r s b e o r e b e in g,

u nloa de d. Ca u t ion s ig n s s h o u ld b e p l a c e d on th e t r a c k o r c a r .


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2. Open t h e dome of t h e ca r. The purpose o f t h i s i s t h a t o t h e r wi s ewhen heat i s a p p l i e d t o t h e c a r , t h e c o n t e n t s w i l l e xpand and b u i l d up ex -c e s s i v e p r e s s u r e i n s i d e t h e t a n k , a n d p o s s i b l y damage t h e c a r . The c a r sa r e eq ui pp ed w i t h s a f e t y v a l v e s , b u t t h e y a r e n o t a l wa ys i n w o rk in g o r de r .T h e r e f o r e , it i s ad v i s a b l e t o r em ov e t h e dome co v e r. A l s o , w i t h t h e domecover removed, i t i s p o s s i b l e t o t a k e c h e c k m ea su re me nt s an d i n s p e c t t h eco n t en t s .

3. The second s tep i s a pre cau t io nar y one which shou ld be observed a tIa l l times, a nd may s a v e t h e u nl o a di n g p a r t y t h e s e r i o u s m i s f o r t u n e o f d i s -' charg ing a t a n k of f a t t y a c i d s on t h e t r a c k . The v a l v e r o d ha n d le o r c o n t r o li n t h e dome s h o u l d b e o p e ra t ed a f ew t i m e s a nd t h e n c l o s e d b e f o r e v a l v e c a pi s removed. Even i f t h i s p re ca u t i ona ry measure i s t a k e n , t h e v a l v e may n o tb e s ea t ed p ro p e r l y o r may h av e b een l o o sen ed o r damaged i n t r a n s i t , o r t h ev a l v e i t s e l f may b e d e f e c t i v e . T h e r e f o r e , b e f o r e a p p ly i n g st ea m t o t h e c a r ,

remove t h e c a p fr om t h e o u t l e t v a l v e a n d a t t a c h a n i p p l e w i t h a v a l v e on itt o t h e o u t l e t . Make s u r e t h i s s ec on d v a l v e i s c los ed . When t h e c ar i s h e a t e d ,t h i s w i l l p r e v e n t an y l o s s of m a t e r i a l i n c a s e t h e v a l v e wa s n o t c l o s e d o rp r o p e r l y s e a t e d .

4. A t t a c h t h e d i s c h a r g e l i n e s a nd pumps g o in g t o s t o r a g e .5. A t t ac h t h e s te am ho se t o t h e h e a t i n g c o i l s and a steam t r a p a t t h e

exhaus t end . The us e of a s team t r a p w i l l save co ns id er ab le steam consump-t i o n and a l s o i n s u r e f a s t e r he a t i n g of t h e c o n te n t s o f t h e c a r . However, i f

n o st ea m t r a p i s a v a i l a b l e , p ut a v a l v e on t h e o u t l e t o f t h e steam c o i l a ndus e it a s a b l e e d e r t o ke ep steam coming t hr ou gh t h e c o i l . Ten t o f i f t e e npounds of s team pr es su re i s amp le . Th e s t eam s h o ul d b e k ep t on t h e c a r u n t i lt h e un de r s i d e of b o t h e n ds of t h e c a r a re h o t t o t h e t ou ch .


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6. A f t e r t h e c a r i s u n lo a de d , t h e f a t t y a c i d l i n e s h o u ld b e b low n w i t h 'i n e r t g a s o r steam. A l s o , t h e s te a m c o i l s on t h e t a n k c a r s h o u l d b e blow no u t w i t h a i r t o p r ev e n t a n y w a t e r r em a in i ng i n t h e h e a t i n g c o i l s f r om f r e e z -i n g a nd p o s s i b l y d am ag in g t h e steam c o i l s . The c a p s f o r t h e s tea m c o i ls ho ul d b e l e f t o f f , B ef or e e n t e r i n g t h e c a r f o r i n s pe c t i o n , s u f f i c i e n t t i m es ho ul d b e a ll o we d t o e l a p s e , t o make s u r e t h e t e m pe r a tu r e i s n o t a b ov e 1 1 0t o 1 1 5 0 ~ . An ' 'outside" man sho uld a lwa ys be pre se nt when one e n t e r s th e car .

. Aluminum, re s in - l in ed and re gu la r s t ee l t a n k c a r s f o r b u l k s hi pm en t of/ f a t t y a c i d s a r e u s u a l ly a v a i l a b l e i n t h e fo l lo w in g s i z e s :

4 ,, 000 ga l . (30 ,ood . lb )6 ,000 ga l . (45,000 l b )8 , 0 0 0 g a l . ( 6 0t 0 00 l b )

Semi -Sol id and L iqu id Fa t t y Ac id sTank Car Shipments

i Current ly , most medium t i t e r f a t t y a c i d s (a nim al o r v e g e ta b le ) areBhipped i n s t ee l t a n k c a r s w he re ve r l a r g e r q u a n t i t i e s a r e r e qu i re d . I f . 'f a i r l y ra p i d tu r n ov e r of t h i s materia l i s a n t i c i p a t e d and i f c o l o r i s n o ti m po r ta n t, s u c h b u l k s hi pm en t of f a t t y a c i d s i n s t e e l t a n k s w i l l b e s a t i s f ac t o r y .

I Wh ere n e c e s s a r y , p r ob l em s o f i r o n c o n t a m i n a t i o n c a n b e a v o i d e d b y t h et r a n s p o r t of l i g ht - co l o re d l i q u i d and s em i l iq u i d f a t t y a c i d s i n r e s i n - l in e do r a luminum ta n k ca rs . Aluminum i s h ig h ly r e s i s t a n t t o a t t a c k by t h e h i g he rm o le c ul a r w e ig h t f a t t y a c i d s an d t h e q u a l i t y of t h e m a t e r i a l sh i p p e d i nb u l k w i l l b e e qu i v a l e n t t o materia l s hi pp ed i n l i h d drums.

Even l ow t i t e r a c i d s , s uc h a s o l e i c , w i l l " t i te r -o u tR o r s o l i d i f y t nc o l d w e at h e r s o t h a t t h e s t e am i n g p r o c e d u r e g i v e n ab ov e m a y b e r e q u i r e d .

Tank Truck Shipment sTank t r u c k s h ip me nt s of s o l i d f a t t y a c i d s a nd g l y c e r i d e s , t h ou g ht g e n e r a l l y .h i g h e r i n c o s t t h a n t a n k c a r s h i p me n ts , ' o f f e r s i m i l a r p ac k ag i ng a nd h a n d l i n gs a v i n g s t o t h e c on su mer . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t a n k t r u c k s p e r mi t b u l k s h i pm e nt s t o


8/17

c ons ume r s w ho a r e w i t ho u t r a i l s i d i n g s an d p r o v i d e t h e f a s t e s t m eans o f d e-l i v e r y a v a i l a b le , As a r e s u l t o f t h i s r a pi d d e l i v e ry , p l u s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y

I o f s t a i n l e s s s t e e l o r aluminum t r u c k s w i t h j a c ke t e d i n s u l a t e d s h e l l s , s o l i df a t t y a c i d s and g l y c e r i d es g e n er a l l y a r r i v e a t t h e i r d e s t i na t i o n s t i l l i nl i qu id form, el im. i=t&ng th e t i m e a nd e xpe ns e of m e l t i ng f o r r em ova l ,

~ r r a n g e m e n ' t s a n b e made f o r t h e u s e o f t a n k t r u c k s e q u ip p e d w i t h i n su -l a t e d e x t e r i o r h e a t i n g c o i l s t o which st e a m h a t c an b e a p p l i ed f o r m el ti ng ,I

if r e qu i r e d . B y I.C.C. r e gu l a t i on s , howe ve r, s uc h t a nk t r uc ks are n o t a v a i l -a b l e t o a l l a r e a s .

1 S t a i n l e s s s t e e l , a lu min um , o r r e s i n - l i n e d t a n k t r u c k s s h o u ld b e u se d t o

i n s u r e t h e p r o d u c t s s a r r i v a l f r e e from m e t a l l i c c o nt am i na t io n . S t a nda r d$hipment i s made i n 4 ,000 ga l l on (approx . 30 ,000 pound) t an k t r uc k s wi th av a r i e t y o f o t h e r s i z e s a nd co mp ar tm en t c o m b in a t io n s a v a i l a b l e as r e q u i r e d .k s s t h a n 4, 00 0 g a l l o n s h ip m en t s ca n b e a rr a n g e d a t a n a p p r o p r i a t e a dd ed c o s t .Compartmented t a n k t r u c k s o f f e r t h e u s e r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o o r d e r small b u l k

s amounts o f s e v e r a l f a t t y a c i d s a t t h e same t i m e . I t s h ou l d b e n o t ed t h a t n e tw ei gh t l i m i t a t i o n s d i f f b t i n Va ri o ur s t a t e s .

A l t h o u g h t h e t r u c k e r i s h o t o b l i g a t e d t o c a r r y a pump, m os t t a n k t r u c k sa r e s o equipped . The pump, however , may b e made of c or ro s i ve ma te r i a l s . andi s u se d f o r a n y t y p e o f m a t e r i a l t h e t r u c k may c a r r y . I t c an , t h e r e f o r e , b ea s ou r c e o f p r oduc t c on t am i na ti on . I n many c a s e s , t oo , a c h a r g e i s made f o rth e use of th e pump,

Ii Pumpings can be made over mos t any re as on ab le d i s t a nc e s i n c e e x t r a

l e n g t h s o f h o s e c a n b 6 o b t a i p e d t o b e c a r r i e d o n t h e t r u c k , A c h a r g e i s&@eby t h e t r u c k e r f a r a l l l e ng t hs o f h o se o ve r 3 6 f e e t .

T ank t r uc k s m us t be unl oade d i m m e di a t el y on a r r i v a l t o a v o i d d e l a y "c h ar g es by t h e c a r r i e r . The E a s t e r n Tank C a r r i e r C o n f er e n ce r u l i n g s t a t e st h a t o n e h o u r i s a l l ow e d f o r u n l o ad i n g s h i p m en t s of 4 , 7 5 0 g a l l o n s o r l e s s ,


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and one and one-hal f hou rs f o r more th an t h i s amount. Any t i m e o ve r t h i sf r e e t i m e i s c ha rg ed by t h e c a r r i e r d i r e c t l y t o t h e c on si gn ee a t s t an d ar dr a t e s . T he u n l o a d i n g m us t a l s o b e a c c om p l ish e d be t we e n 7 AM and 5 PM.

Drum ShipmentsW he re ve r s m a l l e r q u a n t i t i e s t h a n t h e o n e s me nt io ne d a b o v e h a ve t o b e

s hip ped , o r i f a t t h e p o i n t of d e s t i n a t i o n no s t o ra g e f a c i l i t i e s a r e a v a i l -a b l e , t h e l i q u i d a nd s e m i s o li d f a t t y a c i d s a r e s hi pp ed i n l i n e d o r u n li n e d' s t e e l drums. Two d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s t e e l d ru ms a r e u sed : t h e c l o sed - h e ado r B (Bung typ e) drums, and t h e open-head ty pe drums. The l a t t e r h a s a re -m ov ab le he ad a t t a c h e d t o t h e d r um b y means o f a r i n g l o c k w i t h a c e l l u l o s eo r n e o p re n e spo n ge g a s k e t p r o h T b i t i n g a n y l o s s t h r o u g h l e a k a g e .

I n a l l c a s e s w he re t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f c o l o r i s i m p o r t a n t a nd m e t a l l i cc o n ta m i n at i o n h a s t o b e a v o i d e d , l i n e d d ru ms a re used t o s h i p f a t t y a c i d s .Th e l i n i n g s a r e m o s t l y of t h e p h en o l i c o r "Epon'' r e s i n t y p e o r a m i x t u r e o fb o th a nd t h e y p r o t e c t t h e s hi pp ed f a t t y a c i d fr om d i s c o l o r a t i o n a nd c on -t a m i n a t i o n .

Drums of a lu minu m o r s t a i n l e s s s t e e l c a n a l s o b e e x p ec t e d t o o f f e re x c e l l e n t p r o d u ct p r o t e c t i o n , b u t b e c au s e of t h e ex p en s e f a c t o r , may r e q u i r ea d e p o s i t ch ar ge . They a r e n o t s u b j e c t t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f p h y s i c a l dam-a ge t o t h e l i n i n g , a s i s t h e c ase wi t h l i n e d d ru ms .

T he s t a n d a r d s i z e of b o t h t y p e s o f d r um s u sed i n t h e sh i p m e n t of f a t t ya c i d s h a s a n e t c o n t e n t of a p p r ox i m at e l y 5 5 g a l l o n s . As m os t f a t t y a c i d s ,wei gh a b o u t 7.5 p ou n ds p e r g a l l o n , a n e t we i g h t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 41 0 p ou n dsmay be shi pped i n one drum.

T he t a r e we i g h t o f s t e 4 l d ru ms of t h i s s i z e i s a ro un d f i f t y p ou nd s.


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STORAGE OF FATTY ACIDSBag St o ra g e, The s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d s a v a i l a b l e i n f l a k e o r be ad f or m

are s u b je c t t o l i t t l e o r n o d e t e r i o r a t i o n u nd er q or ma l c o n d i t i o n s . TheyI

s h o u ld b e s to r e d i n a c l e a n , d r y w ar eh ou se o r b u j l d in g , h ow ev er, s i n c e t h ebags are r e a d i l y s u b j e c t t o at mo sp he ri c d e t e r i o r q t i o n i f s t o r e d i n t h e open.The ba gs s ho ul d n o t be s t o r e d n e x t t o r a d i a t o r s , o r h o t p i p e s n o r on h o tf l o o r s o r i n a r e a s wh er e te m p e ra t u r es e xc ee d t h e . m e l t i n g p o i n t s of t h e a c i d s ,

t ' dare s ho ul d a l s o b e e x e r c i s e d t o p r e v en t t e a r i n g t h e b a gs d u r i n g h a n dl i ng .I f l i f t t r u c k s a r e a v a i l a b l e t h e b ag s c a n b e r e a d i l y h an dl ed o r s t o r e d o n

t1 p a l l e t s . I f bags are s t a c k e d more t h a n s i x h ig h i t i s g e n e ra l l y d e s i r a b l e

t o t i e t h e i n di v id u al s t a c k s t og e t h er w i t h bo ar ds o r p l l e t s t o p re ve ntt o p pl i n g of t h e p i l e s . D e s p i t e t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e f l a k e d o r b ea de d a c i d s ,

, i t i s a d v i s a b l e t o w ar eh ou se t h e b a g s i n s uc h a manner t h a n t h e o l d e s ti n v e n to r y i s used f i r s t . 6

Drum S to ra ge . F a t t y a c i d s i n drums m a y b e s t o r e d i n o u t s i d e a r e a s i ft n e c e s sa r y , b u t i n s i d e s t o r a g e i s much p r e f er r e d i f t h e a c i d s a r e t o b e s t o r e d

more than a week or two be fo re be ing used . Outs ide s to rag e w i l l t en d t oob l i te ra t e drum markings and r u s t th e drums. Where th e co n t en ts o f t he d rumsa r e su b j e ct t o a l t e r n a t e s u r f a c e l i q u e fa c t i o n and s o l i d i f i c a t i o n d u e t oc o n t in u e d r e h e a t in g b y t h e s u n t s r a y s , t h e r e may b e some t en d e n c y tow a rdc o l o r d e t e r i o r a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y on t h e s u r f a c e and ar ou nd t h e s i d e s . I tLs by f a r t h e b e s t p r a c t i c e t o s t o r e drums of f a t t y a c i d s un de r c o n d i t i o n sdf r e a s o n a b ly c o n s t a n t t e mp e r a tu r e .

The f u l l o pen h e ad , l e v e k l o c k d ru ms g e n e r a l l y u se d f o r s e m i s o l i d f a t t ya c i d s s ho u l d , s o f a r a s p o s s i b l e , b e h a nd le d i n t h e u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n . Regti-l a r drum hand t r u c k s o r m ec ha n ic a l l i f t t r u c k s make v e r t i c a l h n d l i n g e a sy .I f it i s n e ce s sa r y t o ha n dl e drums i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n , c a r e s ho ul dbe t a k e n i n l ow er in g t h e drum from t h e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n n o t t o a l l o w t h e


11/17

! drum t o f a l l on t h e c ov er c l o s i n g r i n g s i n c e t h a t c a n di s l o dg e t h e c o v erg a s k e t an d c a u s e l e a k a g e of l i q u i d a c i d s .

' F a t t y a c i d drums sh ou ld a l wa ys b e s t o r e d i n t h e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n . I fdrums a re s t ack ed , p a l l e t s o r b o a rd s s h o u l d b e p l aced be t ween each two t i e r st o pr e ve nt t o p pl i n g and t o p r o t e c t t he d rums ag a i ns t unnece ssary damage.

S o l i d i f i e d f a t t y ac id drum s t o ck s s h o u l d b e m e l t ed b e o r e u s e t o i n s u r eu n if o rm i ty . S i n c e f a t t y a c i d s a r e p oo r h e a t co n du c to r s it i s n e ce s sa r y t o

I avo id l oc a l iz ed ove rhea t ing cond i t io ns . Drum !s tocks shou ld be warmed i n aho t room or on a drum hea ter . E l e c t r i c drum mant le s may a l s o be used .d a r e sh ou ld b e t a ke n t o l oo se n b un gs p r i o r t o h e at i ng . S o lo ng a s l o c a l i z e do v e rh ea t i n g i s a vo id ed , t h e c o l o r d e g r a d a t o n f r om h e a t i n g w i l l b e n e g l i g i b l e ,

1 I f t h e s t oc k i s withdrawn i n increments o f such magn i tude th a t a who le d rumw i l l k c onsumed w i t h i n a m a t t e r o f a d a y o r t wo, it i s b e t t e r t o m ai nt ai n t h edrum i n a m el t ed c o n d i t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t o remelt t h e c o n t e n t s s e v e r a l times.he t em p era t u re a t whi ch s u ch m el t ed s t o ck s h ou l d b e m a i nt a i n ed i s ap p ro x t -

mately 5-100 C o v e r t h e t i t e r p o i n t .B ul k S to ra ge , F a t t y a c i d s i n bu l k a r e s u c c e s s f u l l y s t o r e d i n c e r t a i n

s y n t h e t i c r e s i n - l i n e d s t e e l t a n k s , g l a s s- l i n e d s t e e l t anks , a luminum tanks ,s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t a n k s an d r e i n f o r c e d p l a s t i c t a n k s . C y p r e ss wood t a n k s mayb e us e d, a l th o ug h t h e d eh y d r a ti n g e f f e c t o f f a t t y a c i d s p r e s e n t s a c o n t i n u i n gmaintenance problem.

S y n t he t i c r e si n - l i ne d t a n k s a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y a t t e mp er a tu re s be lo w t h emaximum l e ve l s recommended by t h e manufacturers . Al ka l i es should no t beu se d i n c l e a n i n g r e s i n - l i n e d t a nk s .


12/17

G la ss -l in ed t a nk s a r e e n t i r e l y r e s i s t a n t t o a t t a c k by f a t t y a c i d s ;but t h e b r i t t l e n e s s of t h e g l a s s l i n i n g c an p re s e nt a maintenance problem. -Use o f s econ d- hand g l a s s - l i n ed t an k s o b t a i n ed fr om t h e b r ew i ng i n d u s t r yh a s n o t pr ov ed s a t i s f a c t o r y .

Aluminum t a nk s ( a l l o y 3 003) a r e e n t i r e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r f a t t y a c i ds t o r a g e , p r ov i de d n o m o i s tu r e o r m i n e r a l a c i d i t y i s p r e s en t . Of co u r s e ,t h e y m us t ' n o t b e c l e a n e d w i t h a l k a l i e s .

S t a i n l e s s s t e e l t a n ks a re t h e m ost v e r s a t i l e s i n c e t he y a r e b o t h f a t t yI a i c d a nd a l k a l i - r e s i s t a n t . T yp es 3 04 a nd 347 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l a r e r e s i s t a n t

t o f a t t y a c i d c o r r o s i o n a t n or ma l s t o r a g e h e m pe r a tu r es a n d u p t o 20O0l?.They c a n l z us ed i n t h e fo rm of s o l i d s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t a nk s , s t a i n l e s s s t e e lc l a d t a n k s o r l i g h t ga uge s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ba ck ed w i t h a c r a d l e of s t r u c t u r a ls t e e l ,

F i b e r g l a s s r e i n f o r c e d ep ox y o r p o l y e s t e r r e s i n t a n k s a r e b e i ngi l n c re a s i n gl y u se d f o r f a t t y a c i d s t o r a g e *

Tanks ca n b e v e r t i c a l o r h o r i z o n t a l , round o r r e c t a n g u l a r , t o b e s t s u i ta v a i l a b l e s p a ce . When r e mo vi ng c o n t e n t s fr om t h e t a n k s , a g i t a t i o n s h o ul d b ea p p l i e d t o m a in t a i n p r o d uc t u n i fo r m i ty . T h i s c an b e p r o v i d ed b y m ech an i ce la g i t a t o r s , by s p a rg in g w i t h i n e r t g a s o r by c i r c u l a t i n g t h e t a n k c o n te n t swi th ex t e rna l pumps,k I n d e s i g n in g ta n k s f o r s t o r a g e , it i s good p r a c t i c e t o p ro v id e s t o r a g ef o r o ne an d o n e h a l f (1%) t i m e s t h e q u a n t i t y u s u a l l y p u rc h as e d, T h u s, i fo ne p u r c h a s e s 8 ,0 0 0- g al l on t a n k c a r s , i t would b e w e l l t o c o n s t r u c t a t a n kw i t h a h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y o f 1 2 ,0 00 g a l l o n s . U s u a l l y t h e m os t e c o no m ic a l t a n kt o c o n s t r uc t i s o n e w i t h an L/D r a t i o o f 1:1, H ow ev er , t h e ex ac t d i m en s i o n sa r e b e s t w orked o u t w i th t h e f a b r i c a t o r b as e d on s h e e t l e n g t h an d w i d &a v a i l a b l e . C y l i n d r i c a l t a n k s a r e u s u a l l y b e s t b e ca u se t h e y p er m it t h e u sebf t h i n n e r s h e l l s e c t i o n s . Cone b o tt o m o r d i s c b ot to m t a n k s p e r m i t e a s i e r


13/17

(Ha1 -Tone )(Aluminum s to ra ge ta nk o f 1 ,000 ,000 l b ca pa ci tycon s t r uc t ed of 3 /8 in , and 1/2 in . sh ee t a lumi-num (3003) d i r e c t l y on a conc re t e base . Theb ot to m s lo p e s t o one s i d e t o f a c i l i t a t e d ra in ag e. )

(Half-Tone)(A grou p of 12,OO 0-gallon aluminum hold ing ta nk smounted on s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s u p p o r t i n g f rames.The ta nk s have shall ow cone-shaped bott oms, a reco v e red and equ ip ped w i t h s t a i n l e s s s t e e l h e a t i n gc o i l s . T h i s s i z e t a nk i s recommended f o r 8, 00 0g a l lo n t ank -ca r p u r ch as es . )

' - and more comple te d ra in age though f l a t bo t tom tanks w i l l gi ve more capa-c i t y , w here h ead s p ace i s a f a c t o r .

H e a t i n g c o i l s sh ou ld b e c o n s t r u c t e d o f t y p e 316 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l .Aluminum can be used fo r c o i l s , bu t t h e mechan ica l p ro pe r t ie s o f a luminumt u b in g a r e su ch a s t o i n v i t e h i g h e r m a i nt en an ce t h a n w i l l b e e n co u nt e re dw it h s t a i n l e s s s t e e l .

C a r e s ho ul d be t a k e n n o t t o o v e rh e a t f a t t y a c i d s . I t i s a d v i s a b l et o l i m i t t h e t em pe ra tu re of h e a t i n g s u r f a c e i n c o n t a c t w i t h f a t t y a c i d s

I t o a vo id d i s c o l o r a t i o n a nd o t h e r o b j e c t o n a b l e e f f e c t s .Tank h e a t i n g c an be a c co m pl i sh e d b y t h e u s e o f b u i l t - i n p i p e c o i l s ,

p l a t e c o i l s o r di mpl ed j a c k e t s , u t i l i z i n g h o t w a t er o r low t em p e ra t u res te am , by c i r c u l a t i n g t h e l i q u i d o r s e m il i qu id f a t t y a c i d s t h ro ug h ex-t e r n a l h e a t e r s o r by e x t e r n a l h e a t i n g c o i l s , E x t er n a l h e a t i n g c o i l s a r e

u s u a l l y s p a c ed be twe en t h e t a n k s u p p o r t s o f v e r t i c a l t a n k s a n d ' a l o n g . t heb o tto m o u t s id e o n e -th i rd o f t h e c i r cu mf e r ence o f h o r i zo n ta l t a n k s , Thee x t e r n a l h e a t i n g c o i l s s ho ul d n o t b e a l l o w e d t o come i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e t a n kproper and i t i s & s i r a b l e t o i n s u l a t e t a nk s h e at e d i n t h i s m anner s i n c et h i s i n d i r e c t he a t i ng i s r a t h e r slow. S u c c e s s f ul i n s t a l l a t i o n s h av e b ee nmade by s e t t i n g t h e t a n k on a c o n c r e t e s l a b i n w hi ch h a t i n g c o i l s h av ebeen imbedded,

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I n d o o r t a n k s m a i n t a i n e d i n a t empe ra tu r e -co n t ro l l ed "ho t room" can,

g l i m i n a t e t h e n ee d f o r h e a t i n g c o i l s .' Some b u l k u s e r s o f f a t t y a c i d s employ i n e r t g a s ( c ar b on d i o x i d e ,

I n i t r o g e n o r m i x t u r e s o f t h e t wo p ro du ce d f ro m c o m b us t i on g a s e s ) t o b l a n k e tt h e f a t t y a c i d s a nd p r o t e c t them fr om a i r ox i d a t i o n . H ow ever, t h i s i sn e c es s a ry o nl y w he re c o l o r s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e p ro d uc t i s c r i t i c a l . When

hi n e r t g a s i s u s ed , p r o v f s i o n s h o ul d b e made t o p r e v en t e x c e s s p r e s s u r ebu i l d up when th e , t a nk i s b e i ng f i l l e d o r c r e a t i o n o f v acuum when t h e t a n ki s e mp ti ed . T he b l a n k e t e d t a n k s sh o u l d a l s o b e t h o r o u g h l y a e r a t e d a nd wot k-

1men provided wi th proper s a f e t y eq ui pm en t b e f o r e t h e t a n k s a r e e n t e r e d f o ri n sp e c t i o n o r m ai n t en a n c e pu r p o se s ,T em pe ra tu re L i m i t a t i o n s f o r S t o r e d F a t t y A c i d s-

B ul k st o c ks o f f a t t y a c i d s a r e b e s t m ai nt ai ne d i n t h e l i q u i d p h a s er a t h e r t ha n by r e me l t i n g p e r i o d i c a l l y a s t h e f a t t y a c i d s a re used, T h e r ea r d no d e f i n i t e te mp er at ur e l i m i t a t i o n s f o r f a t t y a c i d s i n s t o r a g e , b u tb e s t r e s u l t s a g a i n s t d e t e r i o r a t i o n of q u a l i t y a r e o b t a i n e d b y m a i n t a i n i n gt h e f a t t y a c i d s a t t h e l ow es t t e mp er at ur es a t wh i c h t h e y a r e c o m p l e t e l y A

I l i q u i d an d w hic h p e r mi t s a t i s f a c t o r y h a b d l i n g f o r t h e u s e r . U n s a tu r a te df a t t y a c i d s c an g e n e r a l l y b e h an dl ed a t maxirdum temperature of 120 F andsa t u r a t e d a c i d s a t maximum t e m p e r a t u r e s o f 150 F. T r a n s f e r l i n e s ofs u f f i c i e n t l e n g t h t o c a us e t r o u b l e by p r o d uc t f r e e z e u p s s h ou l d b e s t e a mj a ck e t ed , s te am t r a c e d o r h e a t ed b y e l e c t r i c a l t a p es .Fire P r o t e c t i on

F a t t y a c i d f i r e s , l i k e o i l f i r e s , a re n o t r e a d i l y c om ba tb d w i t h w a t e ra l o ne . U n l e ss c o m p le t e a nd i n s t a n t a n e o u s f o g g i n g o r f l o o d i n g i s a c h i e v e d ,t h e r e i s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f s p re a di n g f i r e s b y t h e f l o a t i n g of b u rn i ng f a t t ya c i d s . C ar bo n d i o x i d e g a s , c a r b on t e t r a c h l o r t d e o r f i n e l y pow dered s o diu mb i c ar b o n at e a r e e f f e c t i v e f o r sm a ll l o ca l i z e d f i r e s . F i r e s c o v er i n g l a r g e

a r e a s ca n b e s t b e e x t i n g u i s h e d w i t h foam s,-. 14 - .


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PROCESSING EQUIPMENT FOR FATTYACIDS1 Piping, Pumps and Valves. S t a i n l e s s s t e e l and aluminum a re t h e p re - a

f e r r e d ma te r i a l of co n s t r u c t i o n . Cop per and i t s a l l o y s s h o u l d b e c o m p le t e l ya vo id ed i f c o l o r and od or s t a b i l i t y a re d e s i r e d ,

L i g ht w ei g h t t y p e 304 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p ip i ng i g s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r t ra ne -f e r l i n e s , bu t type 316 i s recommended f o r hig h tem qe ra tu re (above 250F)p r o c e s s l i n e s , C o n n e c t i on s a r e b e s t made b y we l di n g o r f l a n g i n g , b u t t h re a d e d

f j o i n t s g i v e s a t i s f a c t o r y s e r v i c e a t o r d i n ar y t e mp er at ur es an d p r es s u re . Theu s e of S ch ed ul e 5 o r Sc he du le 1 0 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p i p e and f i t t i n g s c an c u tt h e c o s t of s t a i n l e s s p ip i ng i n s t a l l a t i o n a pp re ci ab ly . S t a i n l e s s s t e e lt u b in g i s a l s o su cc es s f u l ly employed, Aluminum (a l l oy 3003) p i pe may a l s ob e u s ed , b u t c a r e s h o uld b e t ak en t o u s e w elded o r f l an g ed j o i n t s . Scr ew edj o i n t s a r e n o t sa t s c t o r y w i th a luminum p ip in g b ecau s e o f t h e r e l a t i v e

i !s o f t n e s s of t h i s m e t al , S t e e l o r c op pe r t r a n s m is s i o n l i n e s are d e f i n i t e l y..(not r ecommended ex cep t in t ho se c as es where meta l con t amina t ion i s n o t af a c t o r .

Pumping l i n e s s h o ul d be e qu ip pe d w i t h s t e a m t r a c e r s o r e l e c t r i c a lr e s i s ta n c e t a p e t o av oi d s o l i d i f i c a t i o n of f a t t y ac i d s i n t h e l i n e,S t eam t r ac in g i s us ua l l y accompl i shed by wrapping copper tu b i ng around t he

1 Tine. E l e c t r i c a l h e a t i n g i s done w i t h r e s i s t a n c e t a p e e i t h e r w rappeda ro und t h e l i n e o r r un p a r a l l e l t o and a d j a c e n t t o it. T h i s l a t t e r methodof heat ing i s r e l a t i v e l y new and h as t h e adv an tag e o f s u p p ly in g a uni formand co n t r o l l a b l e amou nt of h ea t t h r o u g h o u t t h e l i n e . I n s t a l l a t i o n s c an b emade u s i n g 1 20 t o 4 8 0 v o l t s . C o s t i s ap p r o x imate ly $ 1,5 0 p e r f o o t f o ro r d i n a ry l i n e s. F o r b e s t pe rf or ma nc e, s te am t r a c e d o r e l e c t r i c a l l y h e at e dl i n e s s ho ul d b e i n s u l a t e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r o u t s i d e u se .

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L i n e s s h o u l d b e c l e a r e d w i t h steam o r c om pr esse d i n e r t g a s o r a i r uponcomple t ion of eve ry pumping . S teaming w i l l , o f cours e , cau se some wa te r 8t o g e t i n t o t h e f a t t y a c i d s a nd it i s t h e r e f o r e a d v i sa b l e t o p r o vi d e s e p a r a t ef a c i l i t i e s f o r ho l d i ng t he '*blow-out" s t oc k . Aluminum t a n ks a r e no t r ecom-mended f o r "b low-out" s t oc k because of f r e e moi s tu re pre sen t .

Pumps. Ce nt r i fu ga l pumps of ty pe 316 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , o r o f s uc h t r a d ea l lo ys a s 'Wor th i t e" (Wor thington Pump and Machinery Company), q u r a m e t 2O'*(Duri ron Company) or "Ircomet" ( Ing erso l l -R and) are recommended. Br on ze o rmonel pumps may be used where metal contamination i s n o t o b j e c t i o n ab l e .Po s i t i ve d i sp lacement pumps such a s gea r pumps can be used , bu t s houl d be$ e l ec t ed w i th c a r e b ec au se of t h e t en de nc y of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t o g a l l w he ret h e r e i s m e ta l t o m et a l c o n t a c t .

When pumping ou t o f a t a nk c a r o r s t o r a ge t a n k , i t i s d e s i r a b l e t oL n s t a l l a s t r a i n e r a h ea d o f t h e pump,

Pumps w i t h m e c ha n ic a l s e a l s g e n e r a l l y g i ve much b e t t e r pe r f o r ma nc e i nf a t t y a c i d s e r v i c e t h an t h o s e w i th pa ck in gs . I f p o s s i b l e , a p o s i t i v e heads hou l d be m a i n ta i ne d on t h e s uc t i on s i de o f t h e pump. O t he r w i s e , t he u s e o ft wo t y p e s of s t a i n l e s s , o ne s o f t e r t h a n t h e o t h e r , may b e n e c e s s a r y t o p r e ve n tg a l l i n g .

S in ce pumps have a way of be i ng t r a n s f e r r e d f r om one s e r v i c e t o someo t h e r s e r v i c e , i t i s u s u a l l y good p r a c t i c e when p u r c h a s i n g a c e n t r i f u g a lpump. t o buy th e motor t h a t i s termed non-overloading, i . e . , a m o t o r w i t hs u f f i c i e n t ho rs e pow er t o ha nd l e t h e l oa d i mpos ed on t he pump when it i s Ipumping maximum c a p a c i t y a t minimum head. Thi s motor w i l l u s u a l l y b e f ou ndw i t h i n o ne o r two s i z e s of t h e m oto r r e q u i r e d f o r t h e jo b. T he a d d i t i o n a lc o s t i s w e l l wo rt h t h e v e r s a t i l i t y o bt ai ne d.


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t V a l v e s * " N i - R e s i st " ( I n t e r n a t i o n a 1 N i c k e l C o m pa ny ) a n d " C a u s u l RM e t a l (L un ke rih eim er C om pany') v a l v e s w i t h s t a i n l e s s s tee l t r i m a r e v e r y

.. ..s a t i s f a c t o r y for h q nd l i n g f a t t y a c i d s a t o r d i n a ry t em p er a t u r es (u p t o250E'). For h i g h t e m p er a tu r e a p p l i c a t i o n s , v a l v e s s h o u ld b e of t y p e 3 1 6s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , ' W o r t h i t e ," e t c ,

Handling Industrial Fatty Acids - Joseph L. Trauth

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