Handbook of language & ethnic identity Chapter 6: Nationalism by William Safran.
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Transcript of Handbook of language & ethnic identity Chapter 6: Nationalism by William Safran.
Handbook of language & ethnic identity
Chapter 6: Nationalism
by William Safran
The Role of Language
• Elements of National sentiment include: cultural heritage, history/memory, kinship (or its myth) – What role does language play?– These elements are all expressed and distributed
through a language
• What comes first – collective identity or language?– Sometimes a language has led to collective identity,
and sometimes collective identity has led to the rediscovery/elaboration of a language
Language – Nationalism – Statehood
• Nationalism: “a principle which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent”
• The national unit is usually defined via language
• But language is neither sufficient nor absolutely necessary for state building
Languages and Nonpolitical Collective Identity
• Post-colonial states – what is the status of language for them? – They have many languages and often use the
colonial language for national purposes
• How many states would we need for each language to have its own state?– If language were the sole motive for
nationhood, there would be several thousand states, not 200
Do states beget language?
• Perhaps it is the growth of nationalist sentiments that give language political importance– What are some examples?
• Jewish nationalism revived Hebrew• Institutionalization of French after Revolution• Collective religious consciousness developed into
national consciousness, which used vernaculars developed as literary languages through Bible translations
Where not to find nationalism
• There is no national consciousness that is inherited along bloodlines
• Language is not essential to the adoption of political ideologies of independent statehood
What language does and does not do
• Language protects collective identity and communal cohesion
• Language may mark distinctions that are not ethnic: social class in Greece & Norway, religion among speakers of Yiddish
• Not all language groups aspire to nationhood (size, lack of power, economic constraints, etc.)
• Sharing a language does not imply sharing a state (English, Spanish, French, Arabic, Chinese all prove this)
What Role Does the Elite Play in Language and Nationalism?
• “intellectuals play a dominant role in the development of nationalism by manipulating language as an instrument for the expression of collective consciousness”
• Ethnic elite can restructure a dialect to serve national purposes
• But the elite is not always fluent in the “local” language
• And sometimes elite will use a language that distinguishes it from the masses
Language as an Artifact of the Political System
• Nationalism depends on place, kinship, race, memory, values, economic conditions – all these may cut across language barriers
• “national languages are almost always artificial constructs built by the same state and the same elite that constructed nationalism ideology”
• National languages are standardized and spread by education and mass media, thus by public policy
Two-way street
• Civic and ethnic forces support each other– A language facilitates the creation of a state– A state develops a language and culture
laden with state-specific ingredients
• What does this mean for other languages in a given state?– Other languages/dialects are disadvantaged
Language and Nationalism as Independent Variables
• A nation results from the collective will to live together, which does not require common language. What are some examples?– Switzerland, Belgium
• “As modern nations are built, ethnic languages are replaced by national languages, which are superior because they are idioms of “high culture”, intercommunal transactional utility, global functional significance, and/or the best expressions of a political ideology or a ‘social compact’ on which the nation is based.” – Do you agree?
Linguistic-Cultural Values and Political Values
• Some argue for a “connection between the values that define a nation and the language in which the definition is articulated” – but this seems overstated, although a common language certainly helps in creating such a definition
• Technically any nationality can be expressed in any language…
Conclusions
• Language remains an important factor of collective consciousness
• In multicultural settings, other factors of nationalism must be stressed, yet culture without language is weak
Open Questions
• Officialization of an ethnic language can– lend support to political aspirations
• or
– satisfy the demands of a minority and dampen political aspirations
– undermine the position of an elite• or
– shore up the position of an elite
Why today’s emphasis on national languages?
• To preserve & assert uniqueness in the face of: – cultural globalization– economic interdependence– weakening of traditional sovereignties– domination of large ethnic groups