Handbook of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders

wwwwwwwwwwwwwww

Dean McKay • Eric A. StorchEditors

Handbook of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders

EditorsDean McKay Department of Psychology Fordham University Bronx, NY 10458 USA and Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research Bronx, NY 10461 USAmckay@fordham.edu

Eric A. Storch Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, and Psychology University of South Florida Tampa, FL USAestorch@health.usf.edu

ISBN 978-1-4419-7782-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7784-7DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7784-7Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922751

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To Dawn & Rebecca, for a fun, rich and full life.—Dean McKay

To my children Noah and Maya for being the perfect playmates. And, to my bride Jill.

—Eric A. Storch

vii

About the Editors

Dean McKay, Ph.D., ABPP, is Professor, Department of Psychology, Fordham University. He currently serves on the editorial boards of Behaviour Research and Therapy, Behavior Modification, and Journal of Anxiety Disorders and is an Associate Editor of Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy (term beginning 2008). He has published more than 130 journal articles and book chapters and has more than 150 conference presentations. Dr. McKay has been a member of the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group since 1995. He is Board Certified in Behavioral and Clinical Psychology of the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), is a Fellow of the American Board of Behavioral Psychology and the Academy of Clinical Psychology, as well as a Clinical Fellow of the Behavior Research and Therapy Society. He is also a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (Divisions 5 (Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics), 12 (Clinical), 29 (Psychotherapy), and 42 (Community of Psychologists in Independent Practice)) and the American Psychological Society. Dr. McKay has edited or coedited eight books dealing with treatment of complex cases in children and adults, obsessive-compulsive disorder, disgust in psychopathology, and research methodology. His research has focused primarily on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and Hypochondriasis and their link to OCD as well as the role of disgust in psychopathology. His research has also focused on mechanisms of information processing bias for anxiety states. Dr. McKay is also the director and founder of Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, a private treatment and research center in Westchester County, New York.

Eric A. Storch, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor and All Children’s Hospital Guild Endowed Chair in the Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of South Florida. He holds a joint appointment in the Department of Psychology. He currently serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Child Psychiatry and Human Development, Journal of Child Health Care, Psicologia Conductual, and Journal of Anxiety Disorders. He has published more than 190 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters and has given more than 150 conference presentations. In addition to his peer-reviewed articles, Dr. Storch has edited or coedited three books dealing with treatment of complex cases in children, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and childhood anxiety. He has received grant funding for his work in OCD, related disorders (e.g., tics), and

viii About the Editors

anxiety from the National Institutes of Health, CDC, Obsessive Compulsive Foundation, Florida Department of Health, pharmaceutical companies, Tourette Syndrome Association, and National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD). In addition to treatment outcome, Dr. Storch has specific research interests in treatment augmentation and dissemination. He directs the cognitive-behavioral therapy component at the University of South Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Program and is highly regarded for his treatment of pediatric and adult OCD patients.

ix

Contents

Part I Foundations in Child and Adolescent Anxiety

1 Classification of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Dean McKay and Eric A. Storch

2 Issues in Differential Diagnosis: Phobias and Phobic Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Marjorie Crozier, Seth J. Gillihan, and Mark B. Powers

3 Issues in Differential Diagnosis: Considering Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Jeremy Cohen, Matthew Mychailyszyn, Cara Settipani, Sarah Crawley, and Philip C. Kendall

Part II Diagnostic Components in Child/Adolescent Anxiety Disorders

4 Cognitive Behavioral Models of Phobias and Pervasive Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Brian Pilecki and Dean McKay

5 Genetics of Childhood and Adolescent Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Paul D. Arnold and Stephanie Taillefer

6 Neuropsychological Considerations in Child and Adolescent Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Michael J. Larson, Mikle South, and Tricia Merkley

7 Empirical Approaches to the Study of Latent Structure and Classification of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Psychopathology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Amit Bernstein and Michael J. Zvolensky

8 Dimensional Diagnosis of Anxiety in Youth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Melanie W. Moretz and Dean McKay

x Contents

Part III Ancillary Components of Child and Adolescent Anxiety

9 Differential Diagnosis and Comorbid ADHD in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Alasdair Vance

10 Comorbid and Secondary Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Margaret S. Andover, Genevieve N. Izzo, and Chris A. Kelly

11 The Role of Disgust in Childhood Anxiety Disorders. . . . . . . . 155Melanie W. Moretz, Jon Rogove, and Dean McKay

12 Emotion Regulation in Childhood Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Marni L. Jacob, Kristel Thomassin, Diana Morelen, and Cynthia Suveg

13 Emergent Personality Disorders Among Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Jeffrey G. Johnson, Jennifer L. Tackett, Candice S. Baugh, Courtney McCullough, Joel S. Sneed, Heather Lawson, and Lauren C. Johnert

14 Temperament and Anxiety Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Elizabeth C. Winter and O. Joseph Bienvenu

15 Parenting and Child Anxiety Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Bryce D. McLeod, Jeffrey J. Wood, and Shelley B. Avny

Part IV Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments of Child/Adolescent Anxiety Disorders

16 Specific Phobias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Thompson E. Davis III and Thomas H. Ollendick

17 Separation Anxiety Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Andrew R. Eisen, Joshua M. Sussman, Talya Schmidt, Luke Mason, Lee Ann Hausler, and Rebecca Hashim

18 Generalized Anxiety Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Carl F. Weems and R. Enrique Varela

19 Selective Mutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Christopher A. Kearney, Courtney Haight, and Timothy L. Day

20 Social Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Tracy L. Morris and Chelsea M. Ale

21 Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Komal Sharma-Patel, Beryl Filton, Elissa J. Brown, Deborah Zlotnik, Carole Campbell, and Jennifer Yedlin

xiContents

22 Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Omar Rahman, Jeannette M. Reid, Amy M. Parks, Dean McKay, and Eric A. Storch

23 Pharmacological Treatment for Phobias and Anxiety Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Michael H. Bloch and Joseph F. McGuire

24 Pharmacologic Approaches to Medication-Resistant Anxiety in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Justine Larson, Susan DosReis, Marisa Matthys, and Mark Riddle

25 Psychopharmacological Treatment of Anxiety in Adolescents with Comorbid Substance Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . 371Marco A. Grados

26 Combined Psychological and Pharmacological Treatment of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Hunna J. Watson

Part V Special Populations and Additional Treatment Elements

27 Parent Training for Childhood Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Adam B. Lewin

28 School-Based Interventions for Anxiety in Youth . . . . . . . . . . . 419Aleta Angelosante, Daniela Colognori, Clark R. Goldstein, and Carrie Masia Warner

29 Phobias and Anxiety-Related Problems in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities . . . . . . 435Dave Dagnan

30 Food Neophobia in Children: Misnomer, Anxious Arousal, or Other Emotional Avoidance?. . . . . . . . . . 447Jon Rogove, Jessica Masty, and Dean McKay

31 Social Disability and Impairment in Childhood Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457Jordana Muroff and Abigail Ross

32 Anxiety Disorders in Children with Chronic Health Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Lara J. Farrell, Caroline Donovan, Cynthia M. Turner, and John R. Walker

33 Immune and Endocrine Function in Child and Adolescent Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. . . . . . . . . . . . 505Tanya K. Murphy and Kelley Yokum

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

wwwwwwwwwwwwwww

xiii

Contributors

Chelsea M. Ale Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, 1124 Life Sciences Building Morgantown, WV 26506-6040, USA

Margaret S. Andover Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458, USA

Aleta Angelosante Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Paul D. Arnold Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Shelley B. Avny Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Candice S. Baugh New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Amit Bernstein Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel

O. Joseph Bienvenu Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA

Michael H. Bloch Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA

Elissa J. Brown Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, USA

xiv Contributors

Carole Campbell Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA

Jeremy Cohen Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Daniela Colognori Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Sarah Crawley Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Marjorie Crozier Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Mary Beth Crozier Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Dave Dagnan Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Community Learning Disabilities Team, The Old School, Main Street, Distington, Cumbria, CA14 5UJ, UK; University of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK

Thompson E. Davis III Laboratory for Anxiety, Phobia, and Internalizing Disorder Studies (LAPIS), Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA

Timothy L. Day Department of Psychology, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-5030, USA

Caroline Donovan Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, School of Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia

Susan DosReis Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Andrew R. Eisen Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA

Lara J. Farrell Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, School of Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia

Beryl Filton Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, USA

xvContributors

Seth J. Gillihan Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Clark R. Goldstein Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Marco A. Grados Associate Professor, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA

Courtney Haight Department of Psychology, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-5030, USA

Rebecca Hashim School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA

Lee Ann Hausler School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA

Genevieve N. Izzo Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA

Marni L. Jacob Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

Lauren C. Johnert Graduate School and University Center of City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Jeffrey G. Johnson Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

Christopher A. Kearney Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-5030, USA

Chris A. Kelly Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA

Philip C. Kendall Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Justine Larson Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

xvi Contributors

Michael J. Larson Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

Heather Lawson Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Adam B. Lewin Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room 58-219, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA

Luke Mason School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA

Jessica Masty Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA; Institute for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Research, White Plains, NY, USA

Marisa Matthys Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Courtney McCullough New York State Psychiatric Institute and the Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Joseph F. McGuire Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA

Dean McKay Institute for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Research, White Plains, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA

Bryce D. McLeod Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Tricia Merkley Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

Diana Morelen Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

Melanie W. Moretz Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, White Plains, NY 10604, USA

xviiContributors

Tracy L. Morris Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, 1124 Life Sciences Building, Morgantown, WV 26506-6040, USA

Jordana Muroff Boston University School of Social Work, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA

Tanya K. Murphy Department of Psychiatry, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA

Matthew Mychailyszyn Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Thomas H. Ollendick Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Amy M. Parks Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Brian Pilecki Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA

Mark B. Powers Anxiety Research and Treatment Program, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75206, USA

Omar Rahman Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Jeannette M. Reid Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Mark Riddle Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Jon Rogove Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, 333 Westchester Avenue, White Plains, NY 10604, USA

Abigail Ross Boston University School of Social Work, Boston, MA 02446, USA

Talya Schmidt School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA

Cara Settipani Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Komal Sharma-Patel Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, USA

xviii Contributors

Joel S. Sneed Graduate School and University Center of City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Mikle South Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

Eric A. Storch Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Joshua M. Sussman School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA

Cynthia Suveg Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

Jennifer L. Tackett Childhood Personality and Behaviour Lab, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Stephanie Taillefer Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Kristel Thomassin Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

Cynthia M. Turner Michael Rutter Centre for Children and Young People, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK

Alasdair Vance Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia

R. Enrique Varela Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

John R. Walker Anxiety Disorders Program, St. Boniface General Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada

Carrie Masia Warner New York University Medical Center, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, USA

xixContributors

Hunna J. Watson Centre for Clinical Interventions, Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Psychological Medicine Clinical Care Unit, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

Carl F. Weems Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA

Elizabeth C. Winter Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street – Meyer 113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA

Jeffrey J. Wood Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Jennifer Yedlin Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, USA

Kelley Yokum Department of Psychiatry, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA

Deborah Zlotnik Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, USA

Michael J. Zvolensky Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww