Hamza Kashgari
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Hamza Kashgari "On your birthday, I will say that I have loved the rebel in you, that you've always been a source of inspiration to me, and that I do not like the halos of divinity around you. I shall not pray for you," Hamza Kashgari wrote in one tweet. "On your birthday, I find you wherever I turn. I will say that I have loved aspects of you, hated others, and could not understand many more," he wrote in a second. "On your birthday, I shall not bow to you. I shall not kiss your hand. Rather, I shall shake it as equals do, and smile at you as you smile at me. I shall speak to you as a friend, no more," he concluded in a third.
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Hamza Kashgari "On your birthday, I will say that I have loved the rebel in
you, that you've always been a source of inspiration to me, and that I do not like the halos of divinity around you. I shall not pray for you," Hamza Kashgari wrote in one tweet.
"On your birthday, I find you wherever I turn. I will say that I have loved aspects of you, hated others, and could not understand many more," he wrote in a second.
"On your birthday, I shall not bow to you. I shall not kiss your hand. Rather, I shall shake it as equals do, and smile at you as you smile at me. I shall speak to you as a friend, no more," he concluded in a third.
Chapter 9
“Commanding Heights” Lenin…Government needed to control
key economic sectors (the Commanding Heights)electricity generation, heavy manufacturing,
mining, and transportation
Agglomeration-Clumping together of industries for mutual
advantage Asian Tigers/Dragons- Taiwan, S. Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore
(NIC) Backwash effect- Braindrain due to
agglomeration Big Mac Index- Tool for calculating
purchasing power parity that compares Big Mac pricesPurchasing Power Parity (PPP)- measurement
tool calculating exchange rates so that each currency buys an equal amount of goods
Classical Liberalism- emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of
the individual by limiting the power of the state. In its economic form, it advocates a respect for private property and free markets.
Comparative advantage- ability of a country to produce a good or offer a
service better than another Conglomerate Corporations
Massive Corp. operating a collection of smaller companies that provide specific services
Deglomeration-Unclumping industries due to negative effects
Development- Process of improving the material condition of
people through the growth and diffusion of tech and knowledge
Development GapDifference between MDC and LDC/Developing
countries Dependency theory
Argues that political and econ relations among countries limit development of LDCs (Structuralist)○ Vicious cycle of domination (Africa)○ Interdependence not independence
EconomySystem of production, consumption, and
distribution Export processing zones
Also called Free trade zonesRegion in LDC that offers tax breaks/less
restrictions to attract export driven business Free trade
Allowing outsourcing without regulationExcept that of the market
Fair TradePolicies that favor regulation of business to
ensure workers throughout the world are guaranteed a living wage
Foreign Direct InvestmentInvestment by a multinational corp. in a foreign
economy Footloose Industries
Industry not bound by location Friedrich Hayek
Believer in Classical Liberalism Ford Production method Globalization
Spread of activities from a home country to other parts of the world
Gender Empowerment index/measure (GEM)Compares the ability of men and women to
participate in economic and political decision making
Gender related development index (GDI)Compares the level of development of women
with that of both sexes Human Development Index (HDI)
Created by the United Nations to recognize a country’s level of development as function of three factors: economic, social, and demographic factors
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Value of the total number of goods and services
produced in a country in a given period of time (normally one year). Also known as GNI (Gross National Income).
May be “GDP per capita”Meaning per person (GDP/ Population)
Public debt per capita
High tech corridor (technopole)Tech agglomerate
IndustrializationGrowth of manufacturing activity in an economy or
region○ Usually occurs alongside a decrease in primary
economic activities in a country Primary economic activities
Activities that revolve around getting raw materials from the earth
Inflationrise in the general level of prices of goods and
services in an economy over a period of time.Each unit of currency is worth less…leads to erosion
Informal sectorNetwork of business transactions not reported…
not included in GDP International trade approach
Method to improve a country’s development by emphasizing its unique strengths
International Monetary Fund (IMF)Designed to stabilize exchange rates and
improve payments World Bank
Official goal to reduce poverty
Liberal development theoriesEmphasize government regulation in business
Literacy rate Locational interdependence
Industries choose location based on competition Spatially fixed vs. Spatially variable costs Weight gaining/losing processes
Process that takes raw materials and creates a heavier/lighter products
Market orientationLocating weight-gaining industries near the market
for the heavier productsVs. Material orientation
Modernization modelW.W. Rostow (1950′s) stages of development
○ 1. “The traditional society,” ○ 2. “The preconditions for takeoff,” ○ 3. “The takeoff,” ○ 4. “The drive to maturity,” ○ 5. “The age of mass consumption.”
Least cost theoryIndustries will locate based on the cheapest place to
beAlfred Weber
○ 4 factors: transportation, labor, agglomeration, deglomeration
Less Developed CountriesOn the poorer side of the dev. SpectrumLDCs or Developing nations
More Developed Countries Multiplier effect
increase in some economic activity starts a chain reaction that generates more activity than the original increase
North-South GapMore MDCs in N. Hemisphere vs. more LDCs in S.
Hemisphere
ReparationsA compensation for something that has occurred
Primary SectorAcquisition of raw materials
Secondary SectorProcessing raw materials into a finished product
Tertiary SectorMoving, Selling, Trading products from Primary
and Secondary Sectors Quaternary Sector
business services, such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising, and wholesaling
Quinary sector- Highest level of decision makingEx. Legislation or presidential cabinet
OutsourcingMNC relocating parts or all factories to other
countries Pacific Rim Economic region
Four Asian tigers plus China and Japan Self-Sufficiency approach
Build a country’s independence Productivity
Value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
PrivatizationSelling of publicly operated industries to
companies
Special economic zones (see Export processing zones)
Structural Adjustment programStipulations on a loan a country receives in order
to get/ use the loan Structuralist theories
Cycle of dominance Substitution principle
Industries will move to lower labor costs while raising transportation costs
Sustainable developmentBalance between human development and the
environment to support it
Technopole Multinational Corporation (MNC)
Operating in more than one countryAKA International CorporationHas a “Home” and “Hosts”Transnational Corporations (TNC)
○ Multiple “Homes” Value Added
Gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy.
