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;dfh cufl8 a9\g\ g;Sg] ePsfn] ljZjljBfnon] cg';Gwfg k2ltaf6 k7gkf7g yfn]sf] lj1fg ;+sfosf 8Lg rGb atfpF5g\ . cfufdL lbgdf ;+sfox? yKb} hfg] pgsf] egfO{ 5 . lqljsf] cflËs SofDk; l;4gfy lj1fg ;dfof]hg x'g g;Sg' / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj g} k|d'v r'gf}tLsf ?kdf b]lvPsfn] cfzfltt ?kdf ljZjljBfno ;xh ;~rfng x'g g;s]sf] dfgljsL ;+sfosf 8Lg 8f= 6]s/fh kGt atfpF5g\ . clxn] dfgljsL cGt{ut u|fdL0f ljsf;,

;dfhzf:q nufotsf ljifox?sf] k9fO x'g u/]sf] 5 . dfgljsL ;+sfodf cfufdL lbgdf ljifox? yKb} hfg] kGtn] atfP . ljZjljBfnon] clxn] :gftsf]Q/df lzIff ;+sfosf sIff ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . of] txdf % ;o ljBfyL{ cWoog/t\ 5g\ . sf]6f k|0ffnLsf sf/0f yf]/} ljBfyL{ egf{ ul/P klg ;]d]i6/ k|0ffnL, $ jif]{ sf]]:f{, cfGtl/s k/LIff / gofF sfo{qmd klg ;~rfng ul/Psfn] k9fOsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] ePsf] 8Lg kGtn] atfP .

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;dosf] ;fdnnfO{ hdfgfsf] hfFtf]n] lk:g' kg]{ lzIffsf] cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf xf] . ToxL ug{ g;Sg' jt{dfg ;/sf/sf], lzIff dGqfnosf], lzIffdGqLsf] gfnfosLkgsf] phfu/ / nIo ljxLgtfsf] k|bz{g xf] . g]kfnsf dGqLd08n aGg', ;/sf/ aGg' eg]sf] s]6fs]6Ln] yfª\gfsf] k'tnL agfO{ a]x''nf a]x'nL kl/jf/sf ;b:o agfPh:tf] dfq xf] . clxn]s} cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ klg ;a} If]q c:tJo:t 5 . ;aeGbf a9L c:tJo:t s]Gb| jf dGqfno g} 5 . ToxfFsf dGqL / ;lrjx?g} c:tJo:t 5g\ . dfgl;s /f]uL 5g\ . af}l4s ckfË 5g\ . clg To:tfn] s] sfd ug{ ;S5g\ <

b]zs} eljiosf] dfu{ b]vfpg] / eljio sf]g]{ kf6f] lzIff xf] . t/ la8Dagf ToxL kf6f] nyflnË 5 . o;sf] klg d'Vo sf/s tTj s]Gb| g} xf] . lsgeg], /fHon] lxhf] lagf gS;fÍg, lagf of]hgf / lagf nIo ljBfno vf]Ng] e6fe6\ :jLs[lt lbof] . clg clxn] ToxL 3fF8f] ePsf] 5 . :jLs[lt /4 ug{ klg ;Sb}gg\ . h'g efn'sf] sfg h:tf] ePsf] 5, ;/sf/nfO{ lzIff If]q clxn] .

;+:yfut / ;/sf/L b'O{ vfn] lzIffdf b'O{ vfn] g} efiff 5g\ . efiffn] leGgtf NofPsf] 5 . x'Fbf vfg] ;fd"bflos ljBfnodf hfg] / x'g]vfg]sf 5f]/f5f]/L ;+:yfut -af]l8{Ë_ ljBfno wfpg] u5{g\ . ;a} vfn] lzIfs, ;a} vfn] sd{rf/L, pBf]uL, ;fx', dxfhg, Jofkf/Lsf 5f]/f5f]/L lghL ljBfnodf hfG5g\ .

To;df klg s/f]8klt cleefjsx?n] k|foM ef/t / t];|f] d'n'sdf cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg] ub{5g\ . To;}n] tL ;De|fGt kl/jf/sf dfG5]nfO{ g]kfnL lzIffsf] s'g} dtnj g} x'Fb}g\ . pkNnf bhf{sf sd{rf/LnfO{ oxfFsf] lzIffn] x'Fb} x'Fb}g\ . clg s;n] agfpg] lzIff If]qnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / Jojxfl/s <

lzIff If]qdf sfd ug]{ lzIfsx? b]zdf hlt /fhgLlts bn 5g\, Tolt g} ;+3 ;+u7g, kl/ifb\, d~r vf]n]/ a;]sf 5g\ . lzIfsx? clwsf+zn] cfkm"nfO{ lzIfs

eGbf klg g]tfsf] ?kdf lrgfpFbf uj{ ub{5g\ . ljBfno ;dodf k'u]/ ;dofjlw k9fpFb}gg\ . lzIfsx? ljBfnodf dg nfu] cfpF5g\ geP pkl:yt x'Fb}gg\ . sltko xflh/ u/]/ 6fk s:5g\ . sf]xLsf]xL t b'O{rf/ lbg;Ddsf] xflh/ klxn] g} u/]/ lxF8\g] klg 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ lzIfs tLg lsl;dsf 5g\ . 8\o'6Lkm"n, Ao"6Lkm"n / jG8/km"n .

8\o'6Lkm"n lzIfs yf]/} 5g\ . pgLx? sfd /fd|f] ub{5g\ . t/ lognfO{ s;}n] klg lrGb}gg\ . a9'jf jf k'/:s[taf6 logLx? 6f9} x'G5g\ . Jo'6Lkm"n lzIfsx? ljBfno, sfof{no, g]tfsf 8]/f ;a}lt/ k'U5g\ . a9'jf / k'/:s[tdf logLx?s} gfd s'lbG5g\ . csf{ t];|f y/Lsf jG8/km"n lzIfs eg] ;fFRr} crDdsf 5g\ . ltgLx? t slxNo} klg ljBfnodf k9fpFb}gg\ . dGqL / g]tfsf 8]/fdf kLP ;/x v8f eP/ a:5g\ . lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tjdf klg ltg} x'G5g\ . sfh eg]/ rf/–rf/ dlxgfdf tna klg a'em\b5g\ . tfn k/] /fHosf] s'g} dxTjk"0f{ 7fpFdf sfhdf sfd ug{ klg kfpF5g\ .

lzIffsf lhNnf, If]q / ljefusf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ToxfF ;a} sdfp k|j[lQsf x'G5g\ . lzIfsn] gk9fP/ lau|]sf] xf] eGg] / ljleGg lzif{sdf cfPsf ah]6nfO{ ldnfO{ !% k|ltztb]lv $) k|ltzt;Dd ldnfP/ vfg] ub{5g\, pgLx? . t/ of] s'/f tnsfn] yfxf kfP/ s]xL /f}+ klg xlNnb}g\ . dflysfnfO{ k|ltztsf] efu 5Fb}5 . ef}lts lgdf{0fsf] If]q, tflndsf] ah]6 lzif{saf6 ;a}eGbf a9L e|i6frf/ x'g] ub{5 . ejg lgdf{0fsf s'/f k|To]s ljBfnosf k|cnfO{ ;f]w] k|:6 eOxfN5 .

ca /x\of] cl86sf] s'/f . Tof] t emg\ ;lhnf] 5 . klxNo} g} xh'/nfO{ olt 5'6\ofPsf] 5 eg]kl5 ;a} ?h' . o:tf vfn] la;ª\ult / ljs[ltnfO{ sf]6\ofpg] xf] eg]

>[ª\vnfa4 dxfe"sDk hfG5 . ljBfno :jLs[lt, lzIfs lgo'lQm, ;?jf ubf{sf] sdfO{ Tolt g} 5 . sfof{no k|d'v lgo'lQm ubf{ s]Gb|n] klg k]6Lsf k]6L lnP/ dfq} ub{5g\ .

oL ;a}vfn] ljs[ltsf] ;fª\nf]n] d]rL–sfnLnfO{ afFlw;s]sf] x'Fbf oxfF s;}nfO{ s;}sf] 8/ 5}g\ . 7"nf] dfG5] ;a} 5g\ . c;n dfG5] Pp6} 5}gg\ . s;n] s;nfO{ sfd

nufpg] < Tof] klg cGof}ntfsf] 3]/fleq 5 . oL x'g\ lzIff If]qdf jt{dfgdf lvRbf b]lvg] oyfy{ lrqsf lrqx? .

t/ s] ca o:t} 5, eg]/ ;'wfg]{ af6fx? 5}gg\ t < k|z:t af6fx? 5g\ . 5f]6f] / l56f] k'lug] dfu{nfO{ ;dfTg' k5{ . cjZo ;d:of, ljs[lt lg/fs/0fdf k'luG5 . ;dfwfgsf pkfox? lgDg a'Fbfut ?kdf rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= z}lIfs e|i6frf/Lsf] vf]hL u/L sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fOxfNg] .

@= ;a} lzIfs / sd{rf/Lsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;fd'flos ljBfnodf k7gkf7g u/fpg clgjfo{ gLlt to ug]{ .

#= clxn] klg pRrdfljsf] k|c / lzIfs k|flj b/aGbL 5g\ . To;nfO{ tTsfn vf/]h u/L txut k|c / lzIfssf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

$= ljifout lzIfssf] Joj:yf clgjfo{ / s8fOsf ;fy tTsfn nfu" ul/xfNg]

%= ljBfno s;}n] slxNo} aGb ug{ gkfpg] gLlt, lgod agfpg] . olb s;}n] aGb u/]df Hofg d'2f eGbf s8f ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

^= lzIfs / ljBfyL{ b'a} ;w}+ clgjfo{ pkl:yt eO{ k"/} ;do ljBfnodf /xg] / sIffdf k"/} ;do cWofkg ug{ s8f gLlt to u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{÷ u/fpg] .

ljrf/

rqmJo"df g]kfnsf] lzIff

8Da/ axfb'/ a:g]t

clwsf+z lzIfsx? cfkm"nfO{ lzIfs eGbf klg g]tfsf] ?kdf lrgfp“bf uj{ ub{5g\ . ljBfno ;dodf k'u]/ ;dofjlw k9fp“b}gg\ . ljBfnodf dg nfu] cfp“5g\ geP cfp“b}gg\ . sltko xflh/ u/]/ 6fk s:5g\ . sf]xLsf]xL t b'O{–rf/ lbg;Ddsf] xflh/ klxn] g} u/]/ lx“8\g] klg 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ lzIfs tLg lsl;dsf 5g\ . 8\o'6Lkm"n, Ao"6Lkm"n / jG8/km"n .


g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f :jLs[t k|fKt b=g+=M #(!^!÷$&!

Training CoursesBasic, Diploma, Advance, SpecialBeauty Parlour ServicesNail Art, Special Hair Cut, Hair Straight, Special Facial, Skin Care, Hair Treatment, Hair Color & CosmeticSljb]z hfg]x?sf] nflu ljz]if tflnd . Sblnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd / zlxb kl/jf/sfnfO{ %) k|ltzt 5'6 .Ss'g} klg PghLcf], cfOPghLcf]n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] u|'knfO{ %) k|ltzt 5'6 .

;d[l4 Go" cfO{l6;L Ao"l6kfn{/ P08 6]«lg· ;]G6/:o'rf6f/–$ sn+sL, sf7df8f}+ .

;Dks{ (*$!&!*$(&, Od]n M [email protected]

;Lk l;sf}+, :j/f]huf/ agf}+ ÛÛÛ

&= z}lIfs of]hgf / z}lIfs ;fdu|L lagf k9fpg] lzIfsnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ .

*= ;|f]t JolQmnfO{ cGo sfddf gnufO{ lgoldt ?kdf ljBfno lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / gd"gf sIffdf ;ª\nUg u/fpg] .

(= ljBfno lg/LIfsx?nfO{ 3/HjfFOsf] ?kdf 8]:s clkm;/ / ;xfos lhlzc agfP/ la/fhdfg u/fpg cfjZos 5}g\ . Ps–b'O{nfO{ dfq sfof{nodf sfd nufO{ c?nfO{ ljBfno lg/LIf0fdf k7fpg] .

!)= OlGhlgo/x?n] ef}lts lgdf{0fdf k|ltzt a9Lsf] cfwf/df :jLs[t lbg] u/]sf] / yk k|ltztdf h:tf];'s} ejg ag]klg :jLs[t ug]{ u/]sfnfO{ tTsfn lg:t]h agfpg kfOnf rfNg] .

!!= cleefjs hfu/0f, z}lIfs tflndsf] Joj:yf / sfof{Gjog clgjfo{ jif{df sDtLdf b'O{ k6s ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

!@= lzIfs 5gf}6 ubf{ xfd|f] xf]Og\, /fd|f] 5fGg] .

oxfF d}n] ;dfwfgsf !@ a'Fbfx?df 6'ª\

UofPsf] 5' . lsgls, xfd|f] ;dfhdf cf7–afx| v/fa eGg] rng 5 . oL v/fa s'/fnfO{ x6fpg' kg]{ x'bfF klg afx| a'Fbfdf /flvPsf] xf] . o;sf ;fy} b'O{vfn] lzIff, b'O{vfn] efiffnfO{ klg ldnfpg h?/L 5 . o;sf] nflu s]xL ;do nfUg ;S5 . cfFl6nf] / Ifdtfjfg dfG5] lzIffdGqL x'g' h?/L 5, jt{dfgsf] sl6nf] kl/l:yltnfO{ lr/]/ / rqmJo"xnfO{ tf]8]/ 8'Ëf kf/ nufpgsf nflu .

-xfn emfkfdf a:g] n]vs k"j{ ;|f]tJolSt x'g\ ._


lzIff ;+If]k

?kGb]xL÷?kGb]xL lhNnffsf] l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflNnsf ^ rdf/ 6f]Nfsf sl/a tLg bh{g afNfaflNfsf ljBfNfo hfgaf6 jl~rt ePsf 5g . afa'cfdfsf] gful/stf gePsf sf/0f pgLx?sf ;Gtfgsf] hGdbt{f ePsf] 5}g . ;f]xL sf/0f s]6fs]6Lx? ljBfNfo hfgaf6 jl~rt ePsf] :yfgLoaf;L ;kgf l3ld/]n] atfOg .

ljBfNfo eg{f ug{ hGdbt{f clgjfo{ rflxg] Joj:yf 5 . cs{L :yfgLo zflGt x/LhgNf] uxe/L cfFz' aufpb} elgGf\ “kfFr gDa/L ANfs hUufdf 3/ 5 . d]/f @ 5f]/f5f]/L 5Gf . xfd|f] gful/stf klg 5}g . To;}Nf] ;Gtfgsf] hGdbt{f 5}g . s]6fs]6LNffO{ k9fpg] /x/ 5 t/ hGdbt{f gePsf]Nf] ljBfNfosf] d'v} b]Vg kfPsf 5}gGf .” l5d]sLsf 5f]/f5f]/L k':ts af]s]/ ljBfNfo hfFbf cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/L eg] 3/d} a:g'k/]sf]df cfkm"NffO{ cf}lw kL8f ePsf] ;d]t pgNf] lgGofp/f] cg'xf/ NfufpFb} atfOGf .

>L dxfTdf a'4 dfljsf k|wfgWofks df]xDdb /flkmt vfgNf] sfg'gL c8\rgsf sf/0f blNft ;d'bfosf afNfaflNfsf ljBfNfo eg{faf6 jl~rt ePsf] atfP . “sfg'g afwf eof] eGb}df pgLx?NffO{ k9fOaf6 jl~rt u/fpg ldNb}g,” vfgNf] eg], “Jojxfl/s ?kdf ;a}Nf] ;d:ofsf]

;dfwfg ug{ ;f]Rg'k5{ .”;xfos lhNNff lzIff clwsf/L lbjfs/ e08f/LNf] hGdbt{flagf ljBfNfodf egf{ ug{ gldNg] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf]Nf] hGdbt{f gePsf afNfaflNfsfNf] :yfgLo lgsfodf uP/ hGd k|df0fLt ug{ ;Sg] atfPF . uf]ljGb k+u]gL

gl;{ª sn]h vf]Ng goF“ Joj:yf

sf7df8f}+÷ca gofF gl;{ª sn]hx? vf]Ng sn]hsf] cfkm\g} c:ktfn x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ;/sf/n] u/]sf] 5 . o;cl3 c? c:ktfn;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ gl;{ª sn]hx? vf]Ng kfpg] Joj:yf lyof] . Pp6} c:ktfn y'k|} gl;{ª sn]hx?n] b]vfpFbf ljBfyL{n] /fd|/L k|of]ufTds cEof; ug{ gkfpg] eGb} u'gf;f] a9]sf] lyof] . ;fy} Pp6} lj/fdLdfly cWoog/t g;{x?n] k6sk6s k|of]ufTds k9fOsf gfddf cf]N6fO{kN6fO{ ubf{ lj/fdLsf] :jf:Yo emg} lau|g] u/]sf] ;d]t atfOPsf] lyof] .

cfkm\gf] c:ktfnlag} ;~rfng eO{/x]sf gl;{ª sn]hx?n] ;d]t ca tLg jif{leq c:ktfn agfO;Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5, ;/sf/n] . k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jojf;flos tflnd s]Gb| -;L6LOeL6L_sf cg';f/ clxn] ;/sf/L

c:ktfn b]vfP/ @% sn]h ;~rfngdf 5g\ . lgodfg';f/ Pp6f c:ktfndf b'O{j6f;Dd sn]hn] k|of]ufTds k9fOsf] cg'dlt lng ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . t/ clwsf+z ;/sf/L c:ktfndf tLeGbf a9L sn]hn] cg'dlt lnPsf 5g\ . jL/ c:ktfndf dfq} tLg j6f sn]hn] cg'dlt lnPsf 5g\ .

ca v'Ng] gl;{ª sn]hn] l:js[lt ln+bf %) z}Yofsf] c:ktfn ePsfn] @) / ;o z}Yof ePsfn] $) ljBfyL{ k9fpg kfpg] 5g\ .

u}/sfg'gL sfh ;?jf wflbª÷of] ;fn lzIff ;]jf cfof]u kf; u/]sf lzIfsx?sf] kb:yfkgn] nfdf] ;dob]lv h]lnPsf] b/aGbL ldnfgnfO{ ;d]t ;xh kfg]{ cfzf /flvPsf] lyof] . t/ gofF lzIfsx?sf] kb:yfkg x'g gkfpFb} wflbªsf kx'Frjfnf lzIfsx? b/aGbL tf]lsPsf] ljBfnodf xflh/} geO{ kfos kg]{ ljBfnodf sfh ;?jf ePsf 5g\ . h'g lzIff lgodfjnL ljkl/t xf] .

u}/sfg'gL ?kdf lzIfssf] sfh ;?jfdf lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] ;d]t ldn]dtf] 5 . lzIff lgodfjnLdf gjlgo'Qm :yfoL lzIfsn] Ps jif{] k/LIf0f cjlw k"/f geP;Dd sfh ;?jfsf] ;'ljwf gkfpg] Joj:yf 5 . t/ wflbªdf b/aGbL tf]lsPsf] ljBfnodf xflh/} geO{ sfh ;?jfsf] ;'ljwf k8\sfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\, lzIfsx? . o;n] lzIff lgodfjnLsf] wHhL p8fPsf] eGb} ;/f]sf/jfnx? ?i6 ag]sf 5g\ .

wflbªsf] b'u{d If]qdf kg]{ d"nkfgLdf /x]sf] dx]Gb|f]bo pRr dfljdf lgo'lQm kfPsf ;'/]zs'df/ a:g]t lgo'lQm a'em]/ cs}{ ljBfnodf xflh/ x'g uP, sfh ;?jf af]s]/ . pgnfO{ lhNn lzIff sfof{non] ;'udsf] uh'/Ll:yt cfbz{ pRr dfljdf sfh ;?jf u/]sf] xf] . sf7df8f}+sL k|ltef clwsf/L klg lgo'lQm kfPsf] uh'/Ll:yt ljBfnodf xflh/ geO{ /fhwfgL;Fu ;fFw hf]l8Psf] yfFqm]sf] dxfsfn]Zj/ dfljdf sfh ;?jfsf] ;'ljwf kfOg\ .

/fhgLlts bn, lzIfs ;+u7gx?df /fd|f] k|efj kf/]/ b'u{ddf lgo'lQm kfPsf

hGdbtf{ gx'“bf afNfaflNfsf egf{af6 jl~rt


lzIfsx? xflh/ g} geO{ ;'ud If]qdf sfh ;?jf ug{ ;kmn ePkl5 nfdf] ;dob]lv vfnL /x]sf b'u{dsf lzIfs b/aGbL k'gM l/Q} x'g] 5fF6 b]lvPsf] 5 . wflbªdf ! ;o %% gofF lzIfs lgo'lQm ul/Psf] lyof] . h;dWo] ! ;o lzIfsnfO{ lzIff sfof{non] lhNnfsf] b'u{d pQ/L If]qdf v6fPsf] lyof] . t/ pgLx? ;a} sfh ;?jfsf gfddf ljBfnodf xflh/} ePgg\ . b/aGbLsf ljifout lzIfs sfhdf cGt} uPkl5 of] e]usf ljBfnodf eg] ljifout lzIfssf] cefj sfod} 5 .

slt;Dd eg] :yfoL b/aGbLsf lzIfssf 7fpFdf /fxt / sf]6f lzIfs v6fOPsf] 5 . b/aGbLsf lzIfs sfhdf cGt} k7fP/ o:tf] ug'{n] lzIff sfof{no cfkm" dftxtsf lzIfsnfO{ ;d]t sfddf v6fpg g;Sg] u/L lgl/x ag]sf] k|:6 b]lvG5 . ljs6 e]usf sltko ljBfno t /fxt / lghL ;|f]tdf v6fOPsf lzIfsx?sf] e/df c8]sf 5g\ . lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L u0f]zk|;fb 9sfnn] cl3Nnf] lhlzcsf] kfnfdf sfh ;?jf ePsf]n] cfkm"nfO{ o;af/] hfgs/L gePsf] k|ltlqmof lbP . t/ c?n] u/]sf] u}/sfg'gL sfo{ /f]Sg]af/] eg] pgn] s]xL klg atfpg ;s]gg\ .

:sfOkaf6 e}nf] v]n]/ #) nfv

DofUbL÷hfFu/ / 9+u eP s] dfq} x'Fb}g < oxfFsf] Ps ljBfnon] o:t} cg's/0fLo sfd u/]/ ljBfno ;~rfng vr{sf] hf]xf] u/]sf] 5 . lkKn]l:yt /3'u+uf dfljn] ljb]zdf /x]sfx/sf] 3/df :sfOkaf6 e}nf] v]n]/ #) nfv ?lkofF blIf0ff ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . dfWolds txdf lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] b/aGbL lzIfs gk7fPkl5 ;d'bfoaf6 ;xof]u p7fP/ ljBfnon] lzIfssf] tna a]xf]b}{ cfPsf] 5 . lzIfssf] vr{ h'6fpgs} nflu ljBfnon] o:tf] pkfo lgsfn]sf] xf] . ljBfnon] ljb]zdf ePsfx?sf] 3/df k'u]/ :sfOksf dfWodaf6 e}n] v]n]sf] lyof] .

;fIf/tf sIff 5fgljg ug{ ;ldlt

sf7df8f}+÷;/sf/n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfngdf ePsf] clgoldttfaf/] 5fgljg ug{ ;x;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf 5fgljg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . !! sflQsdf a;]sf] dGqLkl/ifb\sf] j}7sn] ;ldlt u7gsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . lzIff dGqfnosf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvf k|d'v ;x;lrj ;"o{k|;fb uf}tdsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;ldlt agfOPsf] xf] .

sIffdf ;xefuL gePsf, ljb]z k'u]sf, cufl8 g} d[To' eO{;s]sf JolQmx?nfO{ ;fIf/ agfOPsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 ;/sf/n] 5fgljg k|lqmof cufl8 a9fPsf] xf] . ;/sf/n] lagf cg'udg sIff ;~rfngsf] lhDdf :yfgLo JolQm tyf ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx?nfO{ lbPsf] lyof] . o:tf sIffx? d"ntM /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{x?n] efua08fsf cfwf/df kfpg] u/]sf] atfOG5 .

klxrfg hu]gf{sf nflu lzv ljBfno

afFs]÷cfkm\gf] efiff, ;+:s[lt / klxrfg hf]ufpg g]kfnu~hl:yt lzvx?sf] P]ltxfl;s 7fpF lxl/ldlgof l;Vvgk"jf{df lzv ljBfnosf] lznGof; ul/Psf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf] Soflnkmf]lg{ofl:yt u'? gfgs b]j ;]jf ;f];fO6L OG6/g]Zgnsf] ;xof]udf ljBfno :yfkgf x'g nfu]sf] xf] .

ljBfno ;'rf? ePkl5 b]zd} klxnf]k6s k~hfjL efiffsf] ;d]t k9fO{ z'? x'g] 5 . To;;Fu} g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffdf ;d]t k9fO x'g] 5 . g]kfndf lzv ;d'bfosf] tLg ;o eGbf a9L 3/w'/L /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . To;dWo] tLg k|ltztn] dfq} k~hfjL efiff k9\g / n]Vg hfg]sf] ;f];fO6Lsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o pQdl;+x ;f]8Ln] atfP .

ljBfnodf ;a} wd{ ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ lgMz'Ns k7gkf7g tyf kf];fs / /f;g ;d]t pknAw x'g] 5 . lzvx? 8]o ;o jif{cl3 g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . k~hfasf /fhf /0fhLt l;+x / c+u]|haLr eLif0f o'4 rNbf xf/]kl5 dxf/fgL lhGb sf}/ s]xL ;}lgsx?;Fu} efu]/ g]kfn k;]sL lyOg\ . ;f]xL ;dodf g]kfndf lzv

;d'bfosf] k|j]z ePsf] dflgG5 .

/ftf/ft x6fOP hgs lzIffsf sd{rf/L

eQmk'/÷hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|n] /ftf/ft cfkm\gf @ ;o #) hgf sd{rf/L x6fPsf] 5 . bz}+ / ltxf/sf] aLrdf ! sflQsdf s]Gb|n] cfkm\gf c:yfoL / Hofnfbf/L sd{rf/L x6fPsf] xf] . cl3Nnf] /fte/

sfd u/]sf pgLx?n] 3/ k'Ug;fy} cjsfzsf] va/ kfPsf lyP . c:yfoL, s/f/ / Hofnfbf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ x6fpg lzIff dGqfnon] !) c;f]hd} s]Gb|nfO{ kq k7fP klg nfdf] ;do hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyPg . ljBfno txsf kf7\ok':ts 5fKg] s]Gb| /fhgLlts bnlkR5]sf sfo{stf{ etL{ x'Fbf a9L sd{rf/Lsf] ef/ v]Kb} cfPsf] lyof] .

bnx?n] s]Gb|nfO{ /fhgLlts etL{ s]Gb| dfg]/ cfkm\gf dfG5] tyf sfo{stf{ egf{ u/]sf lyP . cfjZostf eGbf a9L sd{rf/L y]Ug g;Sg] eGb} sd{rf/L s6f}tL ug'{kg]{ dfu nfdf] ;dob]lv p7]sf] lyof] . t/ lagf hfgsf/L cfkm"x?nfO{ x6fPsf] eGb} sd{rf/Lx? eg] cfqmf]lzt ag]sf 5g\ . /fte/L sfd u/]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljbfsf] lbg kf/]/ sfdaf6 x6fP/ ;/sf/n] cfwf/e"t dfgjLo ;+j]bgf ;d]t g/fv]sf] eGb} sd{rf/L o'lgogsf cWoIf /fdaxfb'/ s'Fj/n] b'Mv JoQm u/] .

s]Gb| /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / a9L sd{rf/Ls} sf/0f C0fdf 5 . s]Gb|sf] C0f em08} 8]9 ca{ ?lkofF 5 . lg/Gt/ 3f6fdf /x]sf] ;+:yf c:yfoL / s/f/ sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz lbP/ dfq} t+lu|xfNg eg] ;Sb}g . o;n] cfkm\gf} sfo{z}nL / sfo{IfdtfnfO{

;d]t Jofks ;'wfg'{kg]{ 5 . ¨¨¨


tkfO{ sfplG;nsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] slt ;do eof] <

– ;f9] tLg jif{ eof] . d]/f] sfo{sfn ca ^ dlxgf afFsL 5 .

of] aLrdf tkfOn] u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x? s]–s] x'g\ <

– Pp6f, lrlsT;f lj1fg ljifo k9\g ljb]z uPsf ljBfyL{x?n] xfd|f] nfO;]G; lng] kl/Iffdf Psbd sdn] dfq kf; ul//x]sf 5g\ . Tof] lsg eof] eg]/ cWoog ul/of] . To;df cof]Uo ljBfyL{ uP/ xf] ls eg]/ ljb]zdf k9\g hfg] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ klg OG6«fG; k/LIff lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/of] .

bf];|f], la1x?nfO{ klg nfO;]G; lbg] Joj:yf ul/of] . o:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] Ps jif{ eGbf al9 eO;s]sf] 5 . t];|f], 8fS6/n] kf; u/]kl5 klg k9\g'k5{ . To;nfO{ l;lk8L elgG5 . To;nfO{ nfu' ug{ js{;k klg ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . Pp6f k|fljlws sfd dfq afFsL 5 . d'ntM d]/f] sfo{sfndf EfPsf d'Vo sfd oLg} x'g\ .

sfplG;nn] u/]sf k|fo sfo{x? ljjfbdf cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . kl5Nnf] r/0fdf tkfOFx?n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] d]l8sn sn]hx?sf] PdaLaLP; l;6 ljjfbdf

cfpF5 eg]/ k"jf{g'dfg lyof] <

l;6 lgwf{/0fdf o; k6s hlQsf] /fd|f] slxNo} ePsf] 5}g . of] kfnLhlQ j}1flgs / lgzkIf g klxn] ePsf] lyof], g t ;fob ef]nL x'g]5 . o;df olQ eG5', d .

t/ ljjfb t eof] lg <

– slQsf] l;6 36] xf]nfg\ . slQsf] a9] xf]nfg\ . l;6 36\g]n] c;Gt'li6 kf]v] xf]nfg\ . o;df s'g} t's 5}g\ . csf]{ s'/f l;6 lgwf{/0f xfdLn] ug]{ xf]Og . ljZjljBfnon] ug]{ xf] . of] s'/f w]/}nfO{ yfxf klg 5}g\ . o;df xfdLnfO{ bf]if lbg ldNb}g\ .

xf]Og o;kfnL hlQsf] rnv]n t slxNo} ePg . sf]xLnfO z"Godf emfl/of] sf]lxnfO{ %% l;6;Dd ylkof] eG5g\ lg dflg;x? <

– l;6s} s'/f ubf{ cfdL{ c:ktfnsf] klg a9fOof] eG5g\ . tkfO{ cfdL{ c:ktfnsf] uP/ x]g'{ eof] eg] d]l8sn sn]h eg]sf] t cfdL{sf] h:tf] kf] x'g'k5{ eGg'x'G5 .

t/ ToxL cfdL{sf] cfˆg} klAns xl:k6n 5}g <

– lxhf] s] lyof] dnfO{ yfxf ePg . t/ cfh t sfplG;nn] Pp6f

dfkb08 agfPsf] 5 . lg0f{o klg ToxL dfkb08sf] cfwf/df ePsf] xf] . xfdLn] !) a'Fbfdf dfkbG8 agfPsf 5f}+ . d]l8sn sn]hx?sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ .

sfplG;nsf kbflwsf/L lg0f{o u/]/ ljb]z e|d0fdf lg:sg'n] u8a8Lsf] cfz+sfnfO{ an k'¥ofpFb}g / <

– ljb]z e|d0f xf]Og xfdL rLg uPsf xf}+ . rLgsf] :jf:Yo dGqfno;Fu jftf{ ug{ uOPsf] xf] . Tof] klg pGfLx?n] vr{ Aoxf]g]{ u/L .

Tof] lg0f{o / tkfO{x?sf] rLg e|d0fdf s'g} ;DaGw lyPg t <

– lans'n lyPg .

d]l8sn sn]h ;DaGwLsf k|foM lg0f{ox? lsg ljjflbt x'g] /x]5 < tkfO{sf] cg'ej / cg'dfg atfOlbgf]; g <

– ljjfb t e}xfN5 lg . lrQ a'em]g eg] ljjfb u5{g\ . lautdf s] lyof] ;a} s'/f d eGg ;lSbg . t/ xfdLn] t Jojl:yt ub}{ uPsf 5f}+ . dfkb08 agfPsf 5f}+ . cg'udg ug{ klg klxnf sfplG;naf6} hfGy], clxn] aflx/af6 hfg'kg]{ lgod agfPsf 5f}+ . Pp6} dfG5] k6sk6s cg'udgdf hfFbf u8a8 x'g] ;Defjgf x'GYof] . clxn]

‘d]l8sn lzIff eg]sf] Jofkf/ g} xf]’s'/fsfgL

g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf k|foM lg0f{ox? hlxNo} ljjfbsf] 3]/fdf k5{g\ . d]l8sn sn]hx?nfO{ ;DaGwg lbFbf xf];\ jf sn]hx?sf] l;6 sf]6f lgwf{/0f ubf{ g} lsg gxf];\ d]l8sn sfplG;nsf] rrf{ x'g] u5{ . d]l8sn lzIff lbg ;Sg] k"jf{wf/ / hgzlQm k|of{Kt gx'Fbf gx'Fb} klg l;6 ;+Vofdf lgodg gu/]sf] cf/f]kdf sfplG;n o;kfnL clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] 5fglagsf] 3]/fdf ;d]t k¥of] . oxL ;]/f]km]/f]df z}lIfskqsf nflu ;Gtf]if lji6n] sfplG;nsf pkfWoIf 8f= bfdf]b/ uh'/]n;Fu u/]sf] s'/fsfgLM

8f= bfdf]b/ uh'/]npkfWoIf, g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;n


To:tf] cj:y} 5}g . cg'udgdf hfg]n] !# kfgf hlQsf] t kmd{ g} e/]/ Nofpg k5{ . xfdLn] ToxL l/kf]{6{sf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ xf] . clg clxn] s;/L ljjfb ug{ ldN5 < d]/f] cg'ejdf klxnf TolQ Jojl:yt x'g g;s]sf]n] ljjfb eof] ls .

sfplG;nn] d]l8sn sn]hx?nfO{ /]u'n];g ug{ g;s]sf] xf] ls, gEofPsf] xf] <

– ;DaGwg lbg] xfdLn] xf]Og . xfd|f] sfd dfq sn]hn] Sjfln6L Ph's]zg lbPsf] 5 ls 5}g\ eg]/ x]g]{ xf] . Tof] xfdLn] ul//x]sf 5f}+ .

PdaLaLP;, Pd8L txdf d]l8sn sn]hx?n] dgk/L z'Ns lnPsf] u'gf;f] 5 lg <

– sfplG;nn] x]g]{ eg]sf] Sjfln6L dfq

xf] . s;n] slt z'Ns lnPsf] 5 eg]/ x]g{ xfd|f] If]qflwsf/n] lbb}g . z'Ns nufPtsf sf/0fn] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df lu/fj6 cfpg' ePg To;df xfdLn] x]l//x]sf 5f}+ .

d]l8sn sn]hx?n] z'Ns dgUo lng] t/ z'Ns lnP cg';f/ ;'ljwf / u'0f:t/ glbg] eGg] 5 lg <

– z'Nssf] dfq s'/f xf]Og . dxf/fhu~hdf z'Ns Psbd sd 5 . Toxf Sjfln6L 5}g / <

z'Ns klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf]Og <

– z'Nssf] ljifodf gaf]nf} . Tof] xfd|f] If]qflwsf/ leq gkg]{ s'/f d}n] atfO;s]sf] 5' . ;DaGwg / z'Nssf] s'/f ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f xf] . xfd|f] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]Og Tof] . s;n] slt lnG5 x]g]{ ;/sf/sf] s'/f xf] . ljZjljBfnon] x]g'{k¥of] lg of] t .

g]kfnsf] d]l8sn lzIffsf] :t/ klxn]sf] t'ngfdf s:tf] 5 <

– klxnf klxnf af]8{km:6 Nofpg]n], km:6 l8lehg Nofpg]n] 8fS6/ k9\y] . cr]n ;a}n] k9\5g\ . cem k};f x'g]x?n] k9\5g\ . klxnf yf]/}n] k9\y] . glthf klg /fd|} cfpFYof] . ca ;a}n] k9\g

yfn], w]/} dfG5] cfP . o;f] x'Fbf Sjfln6L t 3l6xfN5 lg . ;+Vof a9fP kl5 Sjfln6L 36\of] .

k9\g]sf] ;+Vof a9]sfn] Sjfln6L 36]sf] <

– s:tf] ljBfyL{n] k9\of] eGg] s'/fn] klg d]l8sn lzIffsf] u'0f:t lgwf{/0f x'Fbf] /x]5 . /fd|f] ljBfyL{n] k9\bf u'0f:t/ klg /fd|} x'Fbf] /x]5 . cln sd /fd|f] ljBfyL{n] k9\bf u'0f:t/ klg ToxL :t/sf] x'Fbf] /x]5 .

Yff]/}n] k9] klg u'0f:t/ dfkg ug]{ tkfO{x?n] /fd|f];Fu sfd ul/lbg' eof] eg] t u'0f:t/ klg /fd}| x'GYof] xf]nf lg <

– ux'F /f]k]/ wfg kmNb}g . wfg kmNg wfg} /f]Kg'k5{ . /fd|f dfG5] g} k9\g cfPgg\ eg] s;/L /fd|f] x'G5 <

d]l8sn sn]h ;~rfng ca 7"nf] Aofkf/ ePs} xf] <

– ;+;f/e/L ToxL 5 . o'/f]k cd]l/sf ;a}lt/ lzIffsf] Jofkf/ 5 . ci6«]lnofsf] t];|f] cfosf] ;|f]t eg]sf] lzIffsf] Jofkf/ xf] . cd]l/sfsf] klg ToxL xf] . o;af6 g]kfn c5'tf] /xg ;Sb}g . To:t} eP/ cfof] .

t/ xfd|f]df t aflx/af6 k9\g cfpg]sf] ;+Vof guGo dfqfdf 5 . a? w]/} ;+Vofdf aflx/ k9\g hfg] 5g lg <

– o;df cWoog ug{ cfjZos 5 . xfd|f ljBfyL{ d]l8sn lzIff cWoog ug{ lsg aflx/ uP < oxfF dx+uf] eP/ xf] ls < cyjf aflx/ oxfFeGbf /fd|f] k9fO x'g] eP/ xf] < jf k9\g rfxg] hlQn] oxfF k9\g l;6 gkfP/ xf] ls < o;af/] xfdLn] cWoog ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . csf]{ s'/f oxfF OG6«fG; k/LIffdf km]n ePsfx? Klg aflx/ k9\g uO/x]sf 5g\ .

xfd|f] hg;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf 8fS6/x?sf] ;+Vofsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < o;df sfplG;nn] s]lx cWoog u/]sf] 5 <

– sfplG;nn] ;+:yfut ?kdf cWoog u/]sf] jf u/fPsf] 5}g . o; ljifodf d}n] JolQmut ?kdf cWoog u/]sf] 5' .

ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -8An'Prcf]_sf cg';f/ x/]s ! xhf/ a/fa/ ! hgf 8fS6/ x'g'k5{ eGg] 5 . To; cg';f/ xfd|f] hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 ̂ ) nfv dfGg] xf] eg] xfdLnfO{ @^ xhf/ 8fS6/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . clxn] xfd|f]df a9Ldf !$ xhf/ 8fS6/ xf]nfg\ .

8An'Prcf]sf] cg';f/ t xfd|f] b]zdf 8fS6/sf] ;+Vof Psbd} sdceof] . 8An'Prcf]n] tf]s]sf] dfkbG8 k'¥ofpg] xf] eg] sDtLdf cem} !) xhf/ 8fS6/sf] cfjZostf 5 .

eg]kl5 t clxn] d]l8sn sn]h vf]Ng rflx/x]sfx?nfO{ lbbfF ef] lg <

– d lbg] glbg] elGbg . 8An'Prcf]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ xfd|f]df 8fS6/x?sf] ;+Vof sd 5 eGg dfq vf]Hb}5' . csf]{

s'/f 8fS6/ dfq eP/ ePg . pgLx?n] ufpF–ufpFdf ;]jf lbPsf 5g ls 5}gg\ eg]/ x]g'{kb{5 . 8fS6/ x'g] t/ ;a} zx/df dfq} x'g] cj:yf eof] eg] klg 8fS6/ x'g'sf] cy{ /xb}g\ . o;df ;/sf/n] gLlt agfpg' k¥of] .

;/sf/L gLlt t 5 lg @ jif{ clgjfo{ b'u{ddf sfd ug'{kg]{ <

– xf] ;/sf/n] b'u{d If]qdf uP/ @ jif{ clgjfo{ ;]jf lbg'kg]{ gLlt t agfof] . t/ vf]O ufpF–ufpFdf 8fS6/n] ;]jf lbg'k5{ eg]/ b/aGbL yk]sf] < b/aGbLlagf @ aif{ kl5 t sf]lx 8fS6/ klg ufpFdf a:b}gg\ . clg s;/L ufpF 7fpFsf dflg;n] ;]jf kfp5g < xfdLn] Sjfln6L 8fS6/ lbg] xf] . ltgnfO{ sxfF nfg] eGg] s'/f ;/sf/sf] xftdf 5 . x'g t ;/sf/n] klg s] Wofg lbG5 / < p;nfO{ sfplG;ndf cfkm\gf] dfG5] s;/L Nofpg] eGg]df dfq} Wofg 5 .

tkfO{n] t Psk6s /flhgfdf klg lbg'ePsf] lyof], lsg xf] <

– d}n] sfplG;ndf sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f geP/ /flhgfdf lbPsf] lyPF .

clg /fhLgfdf lbPkl5 sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f kfP/ kmls{g'ePsf] xf] <

s'/fsfgL

• of] kfnLhlQ j}1flgs / lgikIf g klxn] ePsf] lyof], g t ;fob ef]nL x'g]5 .

• ljb]z e|d0f xf]Og xfdL rLg uPsf xf}+• klxnf yf]/}n] k9\y] . glthf klg /fd|} cfpFYof] . ca ;a}n] k9\g yfn],

w]/} dfG5] cfP . o;f] x'Fbf Sjfln6L t 3l6xfN5 lg


s'/fsfgL

– w]/}n] tkfOF geP x'Fb}g eg] . c?n] eGbf a? tkfO{n] g} /fd|f] sfd ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . clxn]sf] l:yltdf tkfOFn] 5f8\g' x'Fb}g eg]/ ;sf/fTds bafa} cfof] . d]/f] /flhgfdf klg :jLs[t ePg . clg km]/L sfddf kmls{PF .

d]l8sn lzIff d]l8sn dflkmofx?sf] xftdf k'lu;Sof] . ca ;/sf/n] t s]lx ug{ ;Sb}g eg]/ lrGtf k|s6 eO{/x]sf] 5 .

o;df tkfO{ s] eGg'x'G5 <

– s] dflkmof eGg] . k};fjfnf egf}+ . pgLx?;Fu k};f 5 . sn]h rnfPsf 5g\ .

xf]Og pgLx?n] t sfplG;nsf] g]t[Tj g} km]g]{ x}l;Pt /fV5g\ /] t <

– oxfF dfq} To:tf] ePsf] xf]Og . cd]l/sfd}sf] k|]l;8]G6 agfpg] eGg]df k};fjfnfx?n] lg0f{o u5{g\ . oxfF

klg ToxL xf] . of] ;+;f/el/ rn]sf] kl/kf6L xf], of] .

tkfO{nfO{ sfplG;nsf] ;jf]{Rr kbdf k'¥ofpg klg pgLx?s} xft lyof] xf]nf lg <

– d d]/f] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ToxfF k'u]sf] x'F . To;df s;}sf] s'g} e'ldsf 5}g .

8fS6/ aGg g]kfndf slt vr{ ug'{k5{ <

– o;df sfplG;nn] cWoog u/]sf] 5}g . km]l/ of] ljifo sfplG;nsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kb}{g . o;df d}n] s]xL eGg] cj:yf 5}g .

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– cf};tdf g]kfnsf] d]l8sn lzIff /fd|f] 5 .

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dflg;x? g]kfnLx?sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dflgg] rf8 bz}+ / ltxf/ dgfP/ sfo{ ynf]lt/ k"/} hld;s]sf lyPgg\ . xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy rf8 dgfO ;Sbfg;Sb} d'n'ssf] Pp6f ljZjljBfnodf eg] v}nfa}nf dlRrof], clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] 5fkfn] . sflQssf] dWolt/ cyf{t\ ltxf/ g;ls+b} / 57 kj{n] 5f]lk/x]sf] a]nf clVtof/n] kf]v/f ljZjljBfnodf df/]sf] 5fkfsf] k|;+u xf] . ;+ejtM ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx? rf8jf8 dgfP/ Gofgf] P]zn] cf/fd ug{ ug{ ;d]t kfPsf lyPgg\, clVtof/n] pgLx?nfO{ lx/f;tsf] lr;f] l5+8Ldf k'¥ofOlbof] .

!) sflQsdf clVtof/n] kf]v/f ljZjljBfnosf @# hgf kbflwsf/Lsf] 6f]nLnfO{ g} lx/f;tdf lnPsf] lyof] . kf]v/f ljZjljBfnodf dfq} ;f9] b'O{ s/f]8 ?lkofFsf] clgoldttf ePsf] bfaL clVtof/n] ub}{ ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . tLgj6f ljZjljBfnox?df clVtof/n] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgaf6 b'?kof]usf] /sd lgs} df]6f] lgl:sPsf 5 . clVtof/n] kf]v/f, k"jf{~rn / dWoklZrdf~rn ljZjljBfnodf u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn] s/f]8 ?lkofF e|i6rf/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lgtfGt k|fl1s / k|zf;lgs sfd x'g] ljZjljBfnodf olt 7"nf] /sd lxgfldgf x'g'n] k|fl1s ynf] e|i6rf/sf] cv8f aGb} uPsf] k|:6 b]lvG5 . ;a}eGbf a9L k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnodf e|i6rf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . tLg ljZjljBfnodf ePsf] b'?kof]usf] cfwf lx:;f Pp6} ljZjljBfnosf] efudf k/]sf] 5 . 5fglagaf6 b'?kof]u k|dfl0ft ePsf]

s'n lauf]sf] em08} cfwf lx:;f k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnosf] 5 . k"jf{~rndf ;f9] $ s/f]8 ?lkofFeGbf a9L /sd lxgfldgf ePsf] clVtof/n] ljz]if cbfntdf k]z u/]sf] cf/f]k kqdf pNn]v 5 . cfj]bg z'Ns tyf sfof{qmd yk / gofF ;DaGwg lbg] ljifodf ljZjljBfnodf e|i6rf/ ePsf] xf] . cfj]bg z'Ns tyf sfo{qmd ykdf ! s/f]8 #@ nfv &% xhf/ ?lkofF / gofF ;DaGwgdf @ s/f]8 (% nfv (% xhf/ ?lkofF ljZjljBfnosf] sf]ifdf bflvnf ug'{kg]{df Tof] gu/L ljZjljBfnonfO{ 3f6fdf k'¥ofPsf] clVtof/sf] cg';Gwfgaf6 v'n]sf] lyof] .

dWoklZrdf~rn ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Ln] klg df]6f] /sd b'?kof]u u/]sf lyP . dWoklZrdf~rnsf pks'nklt kbdnfn b]jsf]6f;lxtsf pRr kbflwsf/Lx?n] csNkgLo zLif{sdf lan k]; u/]/ ljZjljBfnosf] ;|f]tsf] bf]xg u/]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] . ljZjljBfnox?df ePsf] e|i6rf/sf] of] u|fkm cg';Gwfggdf /x]sf cGo ljZjljBfnox?sf] 5fglag k|lqmof 6'+luPkl5 cem} psfnf] nfUg] b]lvG5 . clVtof/n] b]zs} ;a}eGbf h]7f] ljZjljBfno lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] sfuhft lgoGq0fdf lnP/ 5fglag ul//x]sf] 5 . ljZjljBfnox? e|i6rf/sf] c8\8f ePsf] e]l6+b} uPkl5 lj:t[t cg';Gwfg yflnPsf] ;d]t clVtof/sf k|jQmf >Lw/ ;fksf]6fn] atfP .

clVtof/n] xfn} dfq kf]v/f ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt vu]Gb| e§/fO{;lxt k"j{ pks'nklt s]z/h+u a/fn, xfnsf /lh:6«f/ dfgaxfb'/ s];L, k"j{

/lh:6«f/ cf]dk|sfz zdf{nfO{ lx/f;tdf lnP/ ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] 5 .

kf]v/f ljZjljBfnoaf6 5fkf df/]/ lgoGq0fdf lnPsf kmfOn kN6fpFb} clVtof/ lhn vfPsf] lyof] . p;n] ha kmfOn kN6fof] cg';Gwfg clws[tx? cfkm}+ cNdlnP, sxfFaf6 sfuhft 5fglag] ug]{ eg]/ . lsgeg] ljZjljBfnosf x/]s kmfOndf pgLx?n] clgoldttf u/]sf] vf]6 e]6\6fP . h'g;'s} zLif{ssf sfuhftdf klg s}lkmot e]6]sf] 5, clVtof/n] . sn]hnfO{ ;DaGwg lbg]b]lv OGwg / 6\ofS;L vr{sf] lan k]z ubf{;Dd ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Ln] /sd em\jfd kf/]sf] tYo e]6]sf] 5 . ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?n] ;f9] b'O{ s/f]8 ?lkofF lxgfldgf u/]sf] cleof]u nufpFb} clVtof/n] ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f xfln;s]sf] 5 . To;dWo] cfwf /sd pks'nklt e§/fO{n] e|i6rf/ u/]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5 . pgn] Ps s/f]8 @# nfv ?lkofF clgoldttf u/]sf] cleof]u 5 .

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ljZjljBfno eGg;fy} af}l4s JolQmTjx?sf] hd36sf] ynf] xf] . t/ ljZjljBfnox?df ePsf cj}w ultljlw x]bf{ st}af6 klg kl7tx?sf] :yn eGg ;'xfpg] nfUb}g . slt;Dd eg] ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?n] dlb/fb]lv kl/jf/ lgof]hg;Ddsf ;fdfg ljZjljBfnosf] k};faf6 lsg]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . dWoklZrdf~rn ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Ln] o:tf crDdsf lan k]z u/]sf 5g\ .

ut ebf}df clVtof/n] lx/f;tdf

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k|fl1s ynf]df km:6fpFbf] e|i6rf/n] g]kfnsf] lzIffdfly g} k|Zg p7\g yfn]sf] 5 . cem ljZjljBfnox?df e|i6rf/ ug]{ tNnf] :t/sf] tl/sfn] t af}l4s ynf]df x'g] dfgl;s bl/b|tfsf] s'?k cj:yf ;d]t bzf{pF5 .


lnPsf d Wok l Zrd f ~rn l j Z j l j B f n o s f tTsfnLg pks'nklt kbdnfn b]jsf]6fn] g} @& c;f/ @)&) df k]z u/]sf] landf ysfnL vfgf, df;' / ef]8\sf gfds dlb/f vfPsf] ljj/0fn] el/Psf] 5 . pgn] ^) xhf/ ?lkofFsf] o:tf] lan a'emfPsf x'g\ . dlb/f, df;'hGo kl/sf/, r'/f]6 nufotdf vr{ u/]sf] lan dfq} pks'nklt b]jsf]6fn] ^ nfv &@ xhf/ ?lkofFsf] k]z u/]sf] clVtof/sf] cg';Gwfgn] v'nfPsf] xf] .

b]jsf]6fn] g} csf]{ xfF;f]nfUbf] lan k]z u/]sf 5g\, h;df dlGb/ hfFbfsf] k|j]z z'Ns, a8L :k|], ;]leª d]l;g, a|;, d~hg nufotsf ;fdfgsf] lan kmRof]{6 u/fPsf 5g\ . #$ xhf/ ?lkofFsf] o:tf] lan b]jsf]6fn] ljZjljBfnoaf6 a'emfPsf 5g\ . kbflwsf/Lx?n] 3/fo;L vr{b]lv 3'Dg uPsf], >Ldltsf ;fdfg lsg]sf];Ddsf lan k]z u/]/ af}l4s ynf]sf t'R5 a'l4 ePsf JolQm eg]/ cfkm}+nfO{

k|dfl0ft u/fPsf 5g\ .

b]jsf]6f;;lxt /lhi6«f/ 7]s]Gb| lu/Ln] ;d]t p:t} dgf]dfgL u/]sf 5g\ . lu/Ln] zlQms]Gb|;Fu p7a; u/]sf] lan ;d]t ljZjljBfnodf a'emfPsf 5g\, h;n] /fhgLlts cf8d} olt 7"nf] clgoldttf ug]{ cfF6 ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?df knfPsf] a'emfpg sfkmL 5 . lu/Ln] k|wfgdGqLsf ;Nnfxsf/;Fu u0f]z /fjnn] xf]6ndf vfPsf] lan eg]/ ̂

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df k]z]sf 5g\ . Tolta]nf

k|wfgdGqL Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{af6 afa'/fd

e§/fO{ lyP . e§/fO{sf ;Nnfxfsf/ eg]/ eg] landf v'nfO{Psf] 5}g .

p k s ' n k l t , / l h : 6 « f / n u f o t ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf gj/fh sF8]n, n]vf lgoGqs sdn s];L, cg'udg c l w s [ t uugl;+x af]x/f, l8g /fdrGb| cof{n, ;xfos k|zf;s4o kf/;/fd lu/L, hLjgs'df/ yfkfn] ;d]t dgf]dfgL vr{sf] lan k]z u/]sf] clVtof/sf] cg';Gwfgn] v'nfPsf] lyof] . ;fy} pkk|fWofks4o u0f]z /fjt, ;'wg uf}nL nufot ljhof lu/L, gf/fo0f lu/L, k'ikf j+zL, /flwsf kg]?, /d]zrGb|, ;Tof yfkf, dx]z zdf{, lg/~hg sfsL{, a;Gtf of]uL, x:tdfg ;'gf/, lht]Gb| >]i7, dx]z zdf{n] klg dgnfUbL lan k]z u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

ljZjljBfnodf ePsf] e|i6rf/sf] tl/sfn] ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?

e | i 6 r f / ug{df eg] lgs} l;h{gzLn /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . ækbflwsf/Lx? klxn] g} s'g} ljifodf kLPr8L u/]sf xf]nfg\ . t/ e|i6rf/ ug]{ tl/sfdf ;d]t pgLx?nfO{ yk csf]{ kLPr8Lsf] pkflw lbP/ /fHon] pgLx?sf] Ifdtfsf] sb/ ug'{k5{,Æ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf Pshgf k|fWofks gfd g5fKg] zt{df s6fIf k|xf/ u5{g\ .

k|foM ljZjljBfnox?n] gofF SofDk;nfO{ ;DaGwg lb+bf, ejg lgdf{0fsf a]nf, sd{rf/L lgo'lQmdf, ;xfotf /sd afF8\kmfF6 u/]/ h:tf lzif{sdf clgoldttf u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . kf]v/f ljZjljBfnodf t o:tf] zLif{s g} 5}g h'g e|i6rf/ gePsf] xf];\ . æh]df klg e|i6rf/ ePsf] 5 . ldNg];Dd sxL+ klg 5f8]sf 5}gg\,Æ clVtof/sf Pshgf cg';Gwfg clws[tn]

efj's x'Fb} eg], æaflx/af6 x]bf{ ;a}n] dfg]sf], ljZjf; u/]sf] af}l4s ynf]df olt lgr :t/sf] sfd x'G5 eGbf ;fFRr} ?g dg nfUg] cj:yf 5 . clg s;/L b]z pef] nfU5 . b]z lsg ag]g eg]/ ax; ug]{ 7fpFdf o:tf] ePkl5 ax; z'? gx'Fb} cGTo lsg gxf];\ <Æ

kf]v/f ljZjljBfnon] ;DaGwg lb+bf ;'?df /2 ul/Psf cfj]bgnfO{ k'gM ;f]xL dlxgf csf]{ ;"rgf lgsfn]/ ;DaGwg lbPsf] k|df0f km]nf kf/]sf] 5 . k"j{ pks'nklt s]z/h+u a/fn / lgnlDat

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pks'nklt vu]Gb|gfy e§/fO{n] klxn] x'Fb}g eg]/ t;f{pg] / kl5 s'/f] ldn]kl5 k'gM cg's'n agfP/ ;DaGwg lbPsf] e]l6Psf] 5 . æo;df ;f]em} cfly{s sf/f]af/df afu]{lgª ePsf] b]lvG5,Æ clVtof/sf ;xfos k|jQm s]zj l3ld/] eG5g\, æs] sf/0fn] /2 ePsf] lyof] / kl5 s] ;'wf/ eP/ k'gM ;DaGwg lbOof] eGg] cfwf/ 5}g . ;fy} k'gM lgsflnPsf] ;"rgfsf] ;d]t s'g} dfkb08 5}g .Æ

;DaGwgsf gfddf ;f9] gf} nfv ?lkofF cfly{s rnv]n ePsf] clVtof/sf] bfaL cleof]u kqdf pNn]v 5 . of] /sd pks'nklt e§/fO{, /lh:6«f/ dfgaxfb'/ s];L, of]hgf dxfzfvf k|d'v xl/ v8\sf nufotn] lxgfldgf u/]sf] cleof]u nufOPsf] 5 . ;fy} sfg'gn] z'Ns lnP/ ;DaGwg lbg' eg]sf] 7fpFdf eg] pgLx?n] lagfz'Ns ;DaGwg lbOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fwf/0f sn]hnfO{ Ps nfv / k|fljlws sn]hnfO{ 8]9 nfv ?lkofF z'Ns nfU5,

;DaGwg lb+bf . t/ ljZjljBfnon] Tof] /sd ;d]t ljZjljBfnosf] 9's'6Ldf hDdf ePsf] 5}g .

ljZjljBfnon] ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf ;d]t afF8]sf] 5 . ha ls To;/L /sd afF8\g] Joj:yf ljZjljBfnosf] P]g sfg'gd} 5}g . t/ ljZjljBfnon] eg] bfgL ag]/ /sd cfkm" cg's"n afF8]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{ ;+u7g, ljleGg JolQmnfO{ tf]s nufP/ kbflwsf/Ln] /sd afF8]sf x'g\ . pks'nklt e§/fO{n] !^ nfv *% xhf/, /lh:6«f/ dfgaxfb'/ s];Ln] & nfv, cf]dk|sfz zdf{n] !) nfv ?lkofF tf]s cfb]z nufP/ afF8]sf x'g\ .

k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] ejg lgdf{0fdf sl/a !% nfv ?lkofF

clgoldttf ePsf] clVtof/n] hgfPsf] 5 . OGwg, uf8Ldf /fHon] kbflwsf/LnfO{ lbPsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ;d]t pgLx?n] sdfOsf] ;|f]t agfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . of] tl/sf k|foM ;a} ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Ldf b]lvG5 . kf]v/f ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Ln] OGwgdf dfq} /lh:6«f/ s];Ln] ;f9] @ nfv ?lkofF lxgfldgf u/]sf 5g\ . ;jf/L ;fwg / OGwg /fHosf] vr{af6 lbPklg pgn] sl/a $ nfv ?lkofF 6\ofS;L vr{df ;lsPsf] lan k]z u/]sf 5g\ . /fHon] uf8L / OGwg vr{ lbPkl5 klg 6\ofS;Ldf Tolt w]/} /sd s;/L vr{ eof] eGg] k|Zg :jefljs p7\g] g} eof] . æhxfF cfly{s n]gb]g, sf/f]af/sf] s'/f cfpF5 . ToxfF sxLFklg rnv]n ug{ 5f]l8Psf] 5}g,Æ ljZjljBfnox?df e]l6Psf] clgoldttfsf] 6«]G8 atfpFb} l3ld/] eG5g\, æof] k|foM ;a} ljZjljBfnox?df b]lvG5 .Æ

sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ubf{ ;d]t cfly{s rnv]n ePsf] k|i6} 5 . lagf

k|lt:kwf{ s/f/df lgo'lQm ul/Psf] cWofksnfO{ :yfoL cWofksnfO{ eGbf a9L tna / ;'ljwf lbPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{d} gptf/L lgo'Qm ul/Psf k|fWofksnfO{ dfl;s &% xhf/ kfl/>lds lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . pxL txsf] cWofkssf tnaeGbf of] km/s 5 .

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Pskl5 csf]{ ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx? k|x/L lx/f;tsf] l5+8Ldf k'Ug'n] z}lIfs hut\df t/+u g} NofOlbPsf] 5, s] ca ljZjljBfnoxsf] k|fl1s :t/ 8fdf8f]n g} ePsf] xf] t < lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf k"j{ pks'nklt s]bf/eQm dfy]dfsf cg';f/ l6s] k|yf hlxn];Dd rln/xG5 o:tf e|i6rf/ / clgoldttf Tolta]nf;Dd} rln/xG5 . æljZjljBfnoh:tf] ly+s 6\of+s dflgg] 7fpFdf ufF7 a'emfpg ;Sg] emf]n] sfo{stf{sf] k|j]zn] h] x'g'kg]{ xf] ToxL eO{/x]5 . o;df cgf}7f] s]xL klg 5}g,Æ pgn] eg] .

d'n'ssf & j6f ljZjljBfnodWo] clVtof/n] kfFr j6f ljZjljBfnonfO{

cg';Gwfgsf] 3]/fdf NofO;s]sf] 5 . tLgj6f ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?dfly ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ePsf 5g\ eg] afFsL b'O{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno / g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] 5fglag r/0f ;dflKt eO{;s]sf] 5}g . 5fglagdf /x]sf ljZjljBfnox?sf] xljut klg oL tLg ljZjljBfnosf] eGbf km/s x'g] ;Defjgf sd} 5 . lsgeg] oL ;a} ljZjljBfnodf kbflwsf/L r'lgg] k|lqmof Pp6} xf], /fhgLlts efua08f . To;}n] ljZjljBfnox?sf] 5lj ;'wfg]{ xf] eg] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / efua08fsf] cGTo klxnf] zt{ x'g] dfy]dfsf] egfO 5 . æljZjljBfnonfO{ /fhgLlts etL{s]Gb| agfpg] clg ;'wf/sf] s'/f ug]{,Æ pgL cfqmf]lzt x'G5g\, æljZjljBfno s] /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?sf] k]jf xf] < ljZjljBfno /fi6«sf ;Dklt, klxrfg xf]Ogg\ < h] dg nfUof] ToxL ug]{ <Æ

lzIffljb\ dgk|;fb jfUn] t /fli6«o /fhgLltsf] kmf]xf]/L v]nsf] lzsf/ pRr lzIff k|bfos ;+:yfx? ePsf]n] ljZjljBfnox?df e|i6rf/ df}nfO{/x]sf] atfpF5g\ . ljZjljBfnonfO{ e|i6 agfpg /fhgLlts bnn] g} k|ToIf ;xof]u u/]sf] pgsf] egfO 5 . eG5g\, æljZjljBfnox?nfO{ e|i6 agfpg ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Ng]x?nfO{ ;d]t sf/afxLsf] efuLbf/ agfP dfq} ;'wf/ rfF8} ;Dej 5 . h;/L s;}n] ck/fw ub}{5 eGg] yfxf kfP/ klg /fHosf] sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfonfO{ va/ gubf{ p sfg"gsf] b[li6df Ps xb;Ddsf] bf]ifL 7xl/G5 To;}u/L e|i6rf/ ug{ psf:g] tTjnfO{ ;d]t dltof/ dfg]/ sf/afxLsf] ;+oGq ljsf; ug'{ k5{ .Æ

/fhgLlts k|efj / k};fsf] e/df kbdf k'u]kl5 lzIffsf] u'0f:t/eGbf k};fsf] u'0f:t/ dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]n] To:tf JolQmx?af6 z}lIfs km8\sf] / OdfGbf/ hgzlQm pTkfbgsf] ck]Iff gu/]s} a]; eG5g\, g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf k"j{ pks'nklt ljb'/ kf}8]n . pgsf cg';f/ lehg gePsf o:tf JolQmx?n] bnx?sf] dltof/ ag]/ ug]{ gLltut e|i6rf/sf] k|efj emg\ 8/nfUbf] x'g] ;d]t atfP . of]Uo JolQmnfO{ k|fl1s txsf] g]t[Tj lbg] ;+oGqsf] kl/rfng geP;Dd of] ;d:of bLuf] gx'g] ;d]t pgn] atfP .


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sl/a b'O{ dlxgf cl3 gf}j6f ljZjljBfnosf pks'nkltx?n] k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfnfO{ l;+xb/af/d} e]6]/ u'gf;f] u/], æclVtof/n] ;:tf] k|rf/afhLsf nflu ljZjljBfnox?df hyfefjL 5fkf dfl//x]sf] 5 . o;df xfd|f] cfklQ 5 .Æ e]6\g k'u]sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;a} ljZjljBfnosf s'nklt ;d]t /x]sf

sf]O/fnfn] ljZjljBfnodf e|i6rf/sf] cf/f]k nfUg'n] cfkm" b'MvL ag]sf] atfOlbP .

s'nklt b'MvL ag]sf] atfPkl5 ;d]t ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lx/f;t ofqf /f]lsPg . wdfwd ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx? kqmfp kb}{ h]nsf] l5+8Ldf k'lu/x]s} 5g\ . cbfntdf w/f}6L a'emf/y u/]/ s]xL 5'6]sf 5g\ klg t}klg gf}j6f ljZjljBfnosf s'nklt sf]O/fnfn] cf}krfl/s ?kdf ljZjljBfnodf km:6fpFbf] e|i6rf/af/] d'v vf]n]sf 5}gg\ .

ha ls s'nkltsf] x}l;otn] ljZjljBfnox?df ePsf] e|i6rf/sf] g}lts lhDd]jf/L k|wfgdGqLsf] ;d]t

x'g] lzIffljb\ dgk|;fb jfUn] atfpF5g\ . ljZjljBfnosf pRr kb:y kbflwsf/Lx? e|i6rf/h:tf] ;+uLg cleof]udf y'gfdf k'Ubf ;d]t s'nkltsf] af]nL gkm'6\g' cgf}7f] dfG5g\, pgL . æcfkm" dftxtsf kbflwsf/L h]n k'Ubf s'nklt / ;xs'nklt r'OSs af]Ng' gkg]{ crDd eO/x]sf] 5 . lgo'lQm ubf{ rflx+ ;a}eGbf rsf{ ax; / s'/fsfgL ug{ x'g] clxn] To;sf] lhDd]jf/L lng'kb}{g <Æ pgn] eg] .

s'nklt / ;xs'nklt -lzIffdGqL_ h:tf /fhgLlts JolQmx?n] efua08f ldnfP/} ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/L rog ul/g] kl/kf6L ePsf]n] ljZjljBfnox?sf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf pgLx? ;d]t bf]ifL x'g] ePsf] cfjfh pl7/x]sf] 5 . k|fl1s ynf]df ePsf] dgk/Ldf s'nklt df}g /xg'n] y'k|} k|Zg ;d]t pAhfPsf] 5 . st} k|fl1s ynf]sf] e|i6rf/sf] 5fsf]{ s'nklt / ;xs'nklt;Dd k'u]sf] t 5}g < cyjf pgLx?sf] bn;Dd afFl8Psf] t 5}g < ægeP of] df}gtfsf] cy{ s] <Æ jfUn] eG5g\, æefua08f nufpFbf rflxF pk|mg] clg clxn] rflxF r'krfk a:g' g}lts ansf] sdL xf] .Æ

ljZjljBfnox?n] e|i6rf/fnosf] 5lj agfpFb} uP;Fu} g]kfnaf6 ljb]z k9\g hfg] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof ;d]t nufnu a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . z}lIfs Sofn]G8/ cg';f/ k9fO ;dfKt gx'g', glthf k|sfzgd} nfdf] ;do s'g'{kg]{ afWotf, sIff lgoldt gx'g] h:tf sf/0fn] g]kfnsf ljZjljBfnox?sf] k9fOsf] :t/ lgs} v:sFb} uPsf] nfdf] ;do lalt;s]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;do o;df csf]{ vt/gfs sf/0f klg ylkPsf] 5, ljZjljBfnox?df x'g] Jofks e|i6rf/ .

ljZjljBfnox? ab\gfd aGg yfn]kl5 oxfFaf6 s:tf] hgzlQm tof/ xf]nfg\ eg]/ cleefjsn] ;d]t cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ ljb]z k7fpg dgf]lj1fg agfpg yfln;s]sf 5g\ . 5f]/fnfO{ Kn; 6' k9fpFb} u/]sf ;Gtf]if v8\sf, #(, eG5g\, æoxfF e|i6rf/ dfq} ubf{/x]5g\ . k9fO lsg g/fd|f] eof] eg]sf] t pgLx?sf] Wofg g} s;/L sdfpg] eGg]df x'Fbf]/x]5 cls s]sf] /fd|f] k9fO x'g' <Æ

5f]/fnfO{ cfkm\g} 3/cfFugsf]

sn]hdf k9fpg] /x/ x'Fbfx'b} klg lzIff If]qdf x'g] cg}lts sfdn] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] k9fOdfq} xf]Og eljio g} lau|]nf eGg] 8/ 5, pgnfO{ . æa? OlG8of eP klg k7fpg'knf{,Æ pgn] eg] .

To;}klg u'0f:t/xLg k9fO . To;dfly ljZjljBfnox? e|i6rf/h:tf] ;+uLg cleof]udf 8'la/x]sf 5g\ . o;n] klg /fd|f ljBfyL{x? oxfFsf] k9fOk|lt yk lg/fz aGg yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf sn]hx?n] g]kfnL ljBfyL{sf] ljZjf; dg}b]lv lhTg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . kl5Nnf] ;do ljZjljBfnx?df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] 5fkf tyf ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx? h]n;Dd rnfg x'gyfn]kl5 emg} cljZjf; r'lnPsf] 5 . o;sf s]xL ;+s]tx? ;d]t b]lvPsf 5g\ .

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blnt a:tL . ;/sf/L ljBfno . ef8fsf] sIffsf]7fdf rf/ lzIfs clg %& hgf ljBfyL{ . wflbªsf] uh'/L ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f gDa/ ! df /x]sf] ;'Gb/ k|fylds ljBfnosf] lrq0f xf] of] .

uh'/L uflj;sf] ;'Gb/ a:tLsf sl/a Ps ;o blnt kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfn] k9\g] ;'Gb/ k|flj :yfkgf sfnb]lv b]lv g} ef8fsf] 3/df ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . t/, ljBfno ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu clxn];Dd

s;}sf] cfFvf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .

lhNnf lzIff sfo{no wflbªjf6 @)^$ df :jLs[lt kfPsf] ljBfnon] ufpFn]x? lgld{t Pp6f sRrL sf]7fdf tLg sIff ;Dd k9fO x'GYof] . t/ Pp6} sIffdf tLg ;Dd k9fpg c;lhnf] ePkl5 glhs} /x]sf] lglh 3/ ef8fdf lnP/ ljBfno ;~rfng xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .

Pp6} sf]7fdf tLgj6f sIff rnfpg c;Dej ePkl5 @ / # sIff glhs} /x]sf] /fds[i0f ljssf] 3/ ef8fdf

lnP/ rnfPsf] ljBfno ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf hLt axfb'/ /;fOnLn] atfP . æljBfnosf] ;Dkltsf] gfddf Ps /f]kgL hUuf / Ps sf]7] sRrL ejg dfq} 5,Æ /;fOnLn] eg], ædfl;s !% ;o ef8f ltg{'k5{, ;j} ufpaf;Lx?n] rGbf p7fP/ ltg]{ u/]sf 5f}+ .æ ljBfnosf] ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu eg]/ clxn];Dd slxst}af6 klg ;xof]u gcfPsf] /;fOnLn] u'gf;f] u/] .

ljBfnodf ejg gePklg zf}rfno eg] kSsL 5 . lzIff sfof{non] pknAw u/fPsf] b'O{ nfvn] tLgsf]7] kSsL zf}rfno agfOPsf] xf] . h] sfdsf] nflu ah]6 cfPsf] xf] Tof] gagfO{ /sd lgsf;f gx'g] ePsfn] ljBfyL{ k9\g] ejg gx'FbfgxF'b} klg tLg sf]7] kSsL zf}rfno agfpg' k/]sf] :yfgLo cleefjsx? atfpF5g\ .

;fdfGotof ;/sf/L ljBfnox? ;fj{hlgs :yn cyjf ljBfnosf] cfkm\g} hUufdf x'g'kg]{ ;/sf/L lgod /x]klg ljBfnosf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] sl7gfOdf lghL 3/df klg ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfnodf Ps hgf afn ljsf; sf]6f / csf{ Ps hgf k|flj /fxt sf]6fsf lzIfs 5g\ . ;fy} ufpFn]n] rGbf p7fP/ tnj v'jfpg] u/L @ hgf lghL ;|f]tdf lzIfs /flvPsf] ljBfnosf lzIfs km'ndfof g]kfnLn] atfOg\ .

•xl/ x'dfufFO{÷x]6f}8f dsjfgk'/sf tLgj6f laBfnox? cfk;df uflePsf 5g\ . lhNnf lzIff ;ldtLsf] a}7sn] dsjfgk'/ ;'sf}/fsf] sfnLb]jL k|flj, sf]u6]sf] afu]Zj/L k|flj / x]6f}8fsf] zf/bf k|fljnfO{ ufEg] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . sIffdf ljBfyL{ g} gePkl5 oL ljBfno cfk;df dh{ ePsf x'g\ . lgldQ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L v]dfgGb e';fnn] ljBfno ufEg] sfd;Fu} lzIfs b/aGbL ldnfgsf] sfd z'? ePsf] atfP . ca dsjfgk'/df ;/sf/L ljBfnosf] ;+Vof % ;o @) df em/]sf] 5 . zf/bf k|fljdf rf/ hgf dfq ljBfyL{ lyP eg] cGo b'O{ ljBfnodf eg] of] z}lIfs ;qaf6 ljBfyL{ ;+Vof z"Godf em/]sf] lyof] . ljBfyL{

glhs}sf ljBfnodf k9\g hfg yfn]sfn] ljBfnodf lzIfs dfq /xg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] xf] . o; eGbf cl3 lhNnf lzIff ;ldtLsf] a}7s a:g g;s]sf sf/0f ;dod} ljBfno dh{ x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . sfnLb]jL k|flj hgtf dflj ;'sf}/fdf, afu]Zj/L k|flj afu]Zj/L dflj sf]u6]df ufEfLPsf] 5 eg] zf/bf k|fljnfO{ j+zuf]kfn pRr dflj rf}38fdf uflePsf] xf] . afu]Zj/L k|fljdf Ps hgf lzIfs lyP eg]] cGo ljBfnodf b'O{ b'O{ hgf lzIfs sfo{/t lyP . lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] o;cl3 lhNnfsf ;ft ljBfno ufle;s]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{ cefjdf ufEg'kg]{ ljBfno dsjfgk'/df Ps bh{g eGbf a9L /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . ljBfno ufEg] k|lqmof;+u}

sfof{non] b/aGbL ldnfgsf] sfd klg yfn]sf] 5 . Pp6f klg b/aGbL gePsf laBfnodf cf7 hgf lzIfs k7fpg] lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . klxnf] r/0fdf Ps ;o %) b]lv @ ;o ;Dd lzIfs b/aGbL ldnfg ug{ nfluPsf] lzIff sfof{non] hgfPsf] 5 . klxn] kx'Frsf cfwf/df ufpFsf ljBfnodf lzIfs hfg gdfg]sf sf/0f b/aGbL ldnfgsf] sfd b'O{ jif{b]lv 7Kk ePsf] lyof] . gofF lzIfs kbf:ykg eP;Fu} ca b/aGbL ldnfgsf] sfd klg ;'? ug]{ tof/L lzIff sfof{non] u/]sf] xf] . b/aGbL ldnfgsf] sfd ;lsPkl5 k|fylds txdf :yfoL kbdf lzIfsdf gfd lgsfn]sf lzIfsnfO{ lgo'lQm / kb:yfkg ul/g] e'iffnn] atfP .

blnt ;d'bfodf /x]sf] ;/sf/L ljBfno JolQmsf] 3/df

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lzIfs afpsf k'q lbks lai6n] :s'n] hLjg;Dd t]SjfGbf] gfds v]n]sf] gfd} ;'g]sf /x]g5g\ . t/ cfkm"n] :s'n] hLjge/ gfd} g;'g]sf v]naf6} bLksn cfkm\gf] dfq} xf]Og /fi6«s} gfd rDsfOlbP . ;fkm u]ddf nuftf/ rf/k6s :j0f{ kbs leq\ofP/ v]n If]qdf b]zn] s]xL gkfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf cfzf hufOlbP . Pl;og u]ddf b'O{ sf:o kbs lbnfP/ b]zsf] uf}/j p7fOlbP . bLkssf] of] x}l;ot pgsf] v]nk|ltsf] Kof;g / Ifdtfn] ag]sf] xf] .

@)$* ;fndf P;Pn;L bf];|f] >]0fLdf kf; u/]/ SofDk; k9\g ufpFaf6 ;b/d'sfd dx]Gb|gu/ lx+8], bLks . l;4gfy ;fOG;\ SofDk;df egf{ eP .

crDdM cfOP:;L kf; ubf{;Dd elnansf /fd|f v]nf8L lyP, bLks . pgn] eg], æw]/}nfO{ ljZjf; gnfUnf . d}n] cfOP:;L kf; u/]kl5 dfq t]SjfGbf] v]Ng yfn]sf] x'F .Æ sfsfsf] ;Nnfxdf elnan v]nf8L bLks t]SjfGbf] v]Ng yfn] . sfsfn] sf]l/lbPsf] af6f] lx+8]sf bLks clxn] t]SjfGbf]sf /fli6«o k|lzIfs ag]sf 5g\ eg] t]SjfGbf]sf kfFrf}+ 8fg Anfsa]N6 klg .

cfOP:;L ;s]kl5sf] vfnL ;do bLksn] dx]Gb|gu/d} /x]sf] sfsfs} af]l8{Ë :s'ndf k9fpg yfn] . ToxL ;dodf sfsfn] …elnaneGbf t]SjfGbf] v]ndf /fd|f] x'G5 . l;Sg hfG5;\Ú eg]kl5 bLks t]SjfGbf] l;Sg lx+8]sf lyP . sfsfs} ;fyLn]

l;sfpg] x'Fbf pgn] lgMz'Ns t]SjfGbf] l;s] . To;a]nf df;{n cf6{sf] v'a} rrf{ x'GYof] . uf]ljGb lai6sf] gfd klg dx]Gb|gu/df rlr{t lyof] . æpxfF;Fu l;Sg dfG5]x? nfnlot x'Gy],Æ bLks ;DemG5g\, æd klg a8f] pT;flxt eP/ uf]ljGb u'?;Fu l;Sg uPF . t/ d]/f] pd]/ l5KkLPsfn] l;Sbf nfOgsf] k5fl8 pleg'kYof]{ .Æ

z'?df t bLksnfO{ t]SjfGbf] / s/fFt] df;{n cf6{sf] km/s km/s v]n xf] eGg] klg yfxf lyPg /] . klxnf] lbgd} pgn] t]SjfGbf] l;Sg 8«]; nufpg'kg]{ eP5 . nufP . t/ pgnfO{ b]v]/ ;a} unNn xfFl;/x] . bLksnfO{ nfu]5, olt l5lKkPsf] s]6f] klg t]SjfGbf] v]Ng cfPsf] eG7fg]/ xfF;]sf] xf]nfg\ .

lzIffnodf v]ns'b M z'Ns c;'Ng] dfWod

g]kfnsf] z}lIfs cj:yf klg v]ns'b h:t} gfh's 5 . lzIffdf yf]/} gLlt rfFxL 5, t/ Jojxfl/s 5}g . v]ns'bdf h:tf] gLlt g} gePsf] rfFxL xf]Og . pgn] t]SjfGbf] l;Sg 8«]; nufP . pgnfO{ b]v]/ ;a} unNn xfFl;/x] . bLksnfO{ nfu]5, olt l5lKkPsf] s]6f] klg t]SjfGbf] v]Ng cfPsf] eG7fg]/ xfF;]sf] xf]nfg\ . t/ xf]Og /x]5 . d}n] t t]SjfGbf] v]Ng s/fFt]sf] 8«]; -uL_ kf] nufP5' .

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æt/ xf]Og /x]5,Æ bLksn] Tof] kn ;lDemP, æd}n] t t]SjfGbf] v]Ng s/fFt]sf] 8«]; -uL_ kf] nufPsf] /x]5' .Æ Tof] a]nf cfkm\gf] cg'xf/ nfhn] /ftf]lk/f] ePsf] emNsf] bLksnfO{ cfhklg tfh} nfU5 .

bLkssf] v]n l;sfO{af6 u'? uf]ljGb ;'?d} k|efljt eP5g\ . pgL u'?åf/f l;sfOPsf x/]s 6]lSgsx? h:tfsf] t:t} ptfy]{ . lss\ / k~r xfGg] z}nL uHhasf] lyof] . rfF8} /fd|f] k|ult u/] . of] k|ult bLks dx]Gb|gu/d} v'Drfpg] kIfdf lyPgg\ . sf7df8f}+ k'u]/ km}nfpg rfxGy] . t/ rfxgf ub}{df k"/f x'g ;xh lyPg . km]l/ ;a} rfxgf k"/f klg sxfF x'G5 / < o;f] eg]/ pgn] rfxgf df/]gg\ . 3/ kl/jf/, sfsfnfO{ ;'gfP . sf7df8f}+ k'Ug pgnfO{ w]/} kfk8 k]Ng k/]5 . klxnf] tuf/f] kl/jf/ g} aGof] . lsgeg] bLksnfO{ pgsf af–cfdfn] 8fS6/ jf OlGhlgo/ agfpg] ;kgf b]v]sf lyP . ToxL eP/ pgL ;fOG;\ k9\g yfn]sf lyP . afcfdfnfO{ dgfP klg pgsf] kl/jf/n] sf7df8f}+df /fv]/ v]nfpg ;Sb}g lyof] .

dg alnof] kf/]/ d'v kmf]/] . afcfdfn] dfGg] s'/} lyPg . 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/ g} ag]sf] b]Vg rfxGy], pgLx? . km]l/ klg sfsfs} ;fx/f lnP, bLksn] . geGb} sfsfn] s'/f ldnfOdfq } l b P g g \ , b L k s s f ] cfwf vr{ s f s f n ] a]xf]l/lbP . afFsL 3/kl/jf/n] . t/ b L ksn f O { s f 7d f8 f } + k 7 f p g P p 6 f zt{ eg] lyof], k9\g rfFxL s'g} x f n t d f g5f]8\g] . oxL zt{ af]s]/ bLks km'?+u aGb} sf7df8f}+ atfl;P . zt{ cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ ldgejgsf] g]kfn sd;{ SofDk;df aLaLP;df egf{ eP . ;Fu} bz/y /Ëzfnfdf t]SjfGbf] v]Ng klg hfg yfn] . æ/+uzfnfdf v]Ng kfpFbf dfq}

klg 7"nf] pkflw lht]sf] h:tf] cg'e"t eof] dnfO{,Æ pgn] cfkm\gf] OR5f k"/f ePsf] If0f ;lDemP .

kl/jf/sf] zt{cg';f/ SofDk; k9\g egf{ ePklg t]SjfGbf] / k9fOnfO{ ;Fu} xfFSg bLksn] ;s]gg\ . æ;a} ;do t]SjfGbf] v]Ngd} laTg yfNof],Æ pgL eG5g\, t}klg afcfdfsf] lrQ b'vfpg' ePg . k|fOe]6 lbP/ ePklg aNntNn aLaLP; ;sfPF . To;kl5 eg] cf}krfl/s k9fOsf] 9f]sf aGb eof] .Æ k9fOnfO{ lj>fd lbP klg bLksn] v]ns'bdf eg] v'a} gfd rDsfP .

g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnL bLkssf] ;l6s l6Kk0fL 5, ælzIffdf yf]/} gLlt rfFxL 5, t/ Jojxfl/s 5}g . v]ns'bdf h:tf] gLlt g} gePsf] rfFxL xf]Og .Æ pgsf] a'emfOdf g]kfnsf] z}lIfs cj:yf klg v]ns'b h:t} gfh's 5 . b}lgs ! xhf/ % ;o eGbf al9 g]kfnL o"jfx? >d a]Rg ljb]zLg'n] g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnL sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]vfpg sfkmL /x]sf] bLkssf] egfO 5 . ljb]zLPsf o"jf zlQmnfO{ :jb]zd} >d ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' kg]{ pgsf] wf/0ff 5 . g]kfnsf] lzIff ;}4flGts dfq ePsfn] o:tf] cj:yf cfPsf] pgsf] 7DofO 5 .

v]n If]qsf lx/f] bLksn] v]ns'b If]qsf lgs} lttf] oyft{ phfuf/ u/] . g]kfnsf] ;a} eGbf pk]lIft If]q v]ns'b nfUbf] /x]5, pgnfO{ . eG5g\, æcfh;Dd v]ns'b gLlt g} 5}g eGbf nfh} nfU5 . cfh;Dd of]

If]qdf h] hlt ljsfz eof] . of] s'g} 7f]; of]hgfdf ePsf] xf]Og . of] t cfkm;]cfkm ePsf] dfq xf] . kz'kltn] v]n If]q c8\ofPsf] 5 .Æ

Pp6f v]nf8Ln] kbs lhTg' eGbf cufl8 w]/} d]xgt ug'{kb{5 / u/]sf klg x'G5g\ . /fHon] v]ns'bsf] :yfoL gLlt dfq}

agfOlbg] xf] eg] xfdL b]zsf nflu kbs lhTg vf;} uf¥xf] gx'g] pgn] atfP . l 5 d ] s L b]z lrgsf] p b f x f / 0 f lbb} pgL e G 5 g \ æ r L g d f u f ] N 8 d]8n eg]sf] ; f d f G o s ' / fh :t f ] e};s]sf]5 . lsg p;n]

;w} w]/} kbs lhT5 < / xfdL lsg ;w}+ l/Qf] <Æ rLgdf :s'n b]lv g} v]nf8L 5gf}6 u/]/ pgLx?sf] vfg], a:g], k9\g]sf] aGbf]a:t ul/lbPsf] x'Fbf v]nf8Lx?sf] Wofg v]ndf dfq] /xg] bLkssf] egfO 5 . rLgdf


v]nf8L / pgLx?sf] kl/jf/sf] eljio ;'/lIft kfl/Psf] bLksn] atfP . æxfdLnfO{ eg] Pp6f sf:o kbs lhTg klg wf} wf} 5 / Tof] lhTbf xfdLn] uf]N8 d]8n g} lht]sf] h:tf] x'G5,Æ pgn] eg] .

k':t}lkR5] Ifdtfjfg v]nf8L hlGdP klg To;sf] plrt Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt / of]hgfsf] cefj /x]sf] pgsf] lgisif{ 5 . g]kfndf v]n If]q k5fl8 kg'{sf] h8 v]ns'b gLlt gx'g' / v]ns'bdf x'g] bnLo /fhgLlt ePsf] bLksn] b]v]sf 5g\ . æ:k:6 v]n gLlt / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ Odfgbf/ g]t[Tj ePdf g]kfnL v]n hut\sf] sfofkn6 x'g]5,Æ bLkssf] cfzf 5 .

v]ns'b If]qdf /fHon] s'n ah]8sf] Ps k|ltzt dfq 5'6\ofOlbg] xf] eg] kof{Kt x'g] bLkssf] egfO 5 . To;kl5 v]nsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ pgsf] dt 5 . æxfdLn] s'g v]nnfO{ slt dxTj lbg] ;f]xL cg';f/ k|fyldstfsf ;"lr agfP/ nufgL / tof/L ug'{k5{ . clg dfq} xfdLn] vf]h]sf] l/hN6 cfpF5,Æ pgL eG5g\ .

kbs lhTof] eg] dfq /fd|f] v]nf8L eGg] jf ;Ddfg ul/g] /fHosf]

k | j [ l Q n ] pgsf] lrQ v'a b'v]sf] /x]5 . ;/sf/n] ug]{ ToxL k|j[lQdf x f ] d f x f ] l d n f p F b } ;dfhsf cGo ; + : y f x ? n ] ;d]t o:t} ug'{ emg\ pb]snfUbf] 5 . æ P p 6 f v]nf8Ln] kbs lhTg' eGbf klxnf klg w]/} d]xgt u/]sf] x'G5 . / kbs glhTb}df p g/fd|f] x'b}g eGg] pgsf] dt /x]5 . /fHon] kbs lhTg' eGbf klxn} cfkm\gf]

v]nf8L lrGg' k5{ .Æ

v]nf8Lsf] k|ltef lrg]/ cj;/ l;h{gf ul/lbg] / tof/Lsf] jftfj/0f ldnfOlbg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf nflu kbs clxn]sf] h:tf] eL/sf] lr08f] gx'g] bLkssf] egfO 5 .

v]ns'b If]qsf] ljsf; dflyaf6 xf]Og tnaf6 ug'{kg]{ pgsf] dt 5 . ljBfnotxaf6 v]nf8LnfO{ 5gf}+6 u/L tof/L ubf{ To;sf] kl/0ffd /fd|f] lg:sg] bLksn] atfP . ljBfno txdf v]ns'bnfO{ cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf /fv]sf]df pgnfO{ k§s} lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g . d"n ljifo x'g'kg]{df ljBfnodf v]ns'bnfO{ cltl/Qm ljifodf /flvg' g} la8Dagfk"0f{ ePsf] pgn] 7x¥ofP . æPs t ljBfnodf v]ns'bnfO{ Jojl:yt tj/df l;sfOFb}g . csf]{lt/ cltl/lQm eg]/ dxTjxLg agfOPsf] 5 . cltl/Qm eg]kl5 Tof] v]nfP klg eof] gv]nfP klg eof] . vfnL ljBfnon] cleefjsx?;Fu z'Ns cz'Ng dfq} v]ns'b zLif{s /fv]sf x'G5g\ .

l;sfpg, hfGg] agfpg xf]Og,Æ pgn] ljBfnosf] Jofkl/s k|j[lQdfly k|xf/ u/] .

v]ns'bnfO{ hLjgsf] cleGg c+u agfcf}+, hLjgz}nLsf ?kdf c+ufnf}+ eGg] lzIff afnaflnsfdf lbg ;lsof] eg] v]n If]qk|lt ;a}sf] ;f]r ;sf/fTds aGg] pgsf] ljZjf; 5 . v]Ng'nfO{ p;} klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf a]sfd] ;f]lrG5 . ;dfhsf] o:tf] dgf]lj1fg lrg{ ljBfnob]lv g} hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ pgL atfpF5g\ . eG5g\, æv]nnfO{ :jf:Yo;Fu hf]8f}+ .Æ

% lkm6 ( OGr cUnf xof08;d v]nf8Lsf] k|]d hLjg af/] klg yf]/} hfGg] k|of; u¥of}+, xfdLn] . :s'n–sn]hdf lakl/t lnËLk|lt cfsif{0f ePsf] eP klg k|]d rfFxL u/]gg\ /], bLksn] . v]n If]qdf nfu] kl5 t]SjfGbf] v]nf8L -@))$ sf] ;fkm u]ddf :j0f{ lah]tf_ cfo;f zfSo;Fu ^ jif{ nfdf] k|]d u/] . k|]dnfO{ ljjfxsf] :j?k lbP/ 3/hd u/]sf] of] bDkQLsf] clxn] Ps 5f]/f 5g\ .

v]n]/ dfq} pGgt hLjg wfGg g;Sg] ePkl5 bLksn] Jofj;fodf klg xft xfn]sf 5g\ . s]xL jif{ cl3 nflhDkf6df ;fyLx?;Fu ldn]/ /]i6'/fF rnfPsf pgL clxn] gofF afg]Zj/sf] z'De]Zj/ sDKn]S;df :kf]6{ o'lge;{ gfds v]ns'b ;fdfu|Lsf] :6f]/ ;~rfngdf NofPsf 5g\ .

v]nIf]qdf nfu]/ tkfO{n] s] kfpg' eof] <

/fi6«sf] nflu Hofgsf] afhL yfk]/ v]n]sf lai6nfO{ xfdLn] clGtd k|Zg u¥of}+ . k|Zg ;'g]/ bLks s]xL uDeL/ eP . Ps}l5g s]xL af]n]gg\ . d'G6f] e'Olt/ lgx'/fP . nfdf] ;f; ln+b} eg], æd v]nIf]qdf s]xL kfpF5' eg]/ nfu]sf] lyOg\ . v]n If]qdf nfUbf w]/} r'gf}tL Joxf]/] . ;fkm u]d -;g\ @))$_ v]Nbf v'§f efFlrof] . clxn] klg v'§fdf :6Ln 5 . hf8f] dlxgfdf vlkg;Sg' b'V5 . zf/Ll/s kL8f klg x'Fbfx'Fb} d}n] sd}n] dfq kfpg] b]z / hgtfsf] dfof kfPsf] 5' . h;sf] t'ngf s]xL;Fu x'g ;Sb}g .

b]z–ljb]z hxfF hfFbf klg cfkm"nfO{ b]zdf :j0f{ kbs ljh]tf eg]/ ;a}n] lrGbf bLkssf] 5ftL 9Ss km'N5 . ;a}n] af]nfpF5g\ . ;Ddfg u5{g\ . ;Fu} kmf]6f] lvrfpF5g\ . c6f]u|fkm dfU5g\ . æof] rfgr'g] pknAwL xf]Og . d}n] sdfPsf] cd"No ;DkQL eg]s} oxL xf] . o;df dnfO{ uj{ 5 .Æ olt eg]/ pgn] k'gM nfdf] ;f; km]/] . pgsf] dfq} xf]Og b]zs} 5flt km'n]h:t} eof] .

k|:t'ltM ;Gtf]if lji6


•lzj/fh x'dfufO{÷sf7df8f}+

lzIff ;]jf cfof]un] &% lhNnfdf :yfoL lzIfssf] l/Qm kbdf lj1fkg ug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 . b]ze/ ̂ xhf/ ̂ ;o lzIfs kb l/Qm /x]sf] cfof]un] hgfPsf] 5 . @)^# b]lv @)&@ ;fn c;f/ d;fGt;Ddsf] l/Qm kbnfO{ dWogh/ u/L lgo'lQm k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOg] cfof]usf cWoIf pbo/fh ;f]tL atfpF5g\ .

@)^# a}zfv !! ut] eGbf cufl8sf c:yfoL lzIfs sf]6fnfO{ v'nf k|ltof]lutfdf gn}hfg] of]hgf agfPsf] cfof]un] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . cfof]un] nfdf] ;dob]lv sfo{/t c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ g t :yfoL ul/lbg] eg]/ eGg ;s]sf] 5 g sfdaf6 x6fpFg ;s]sf] 5 . sltko c:yfoL lzIfs t hLjge/ k9fP/ klg l/Qf] xft cjsfz kfPsf ;d]t 5g\ . of] kb lzIfs ;]jf lgodfjnL cg';f/ vfnL xf] . ;f]tL eG5g\, æc:yfoL eg]sf] kb vfnL x'g' a/fa/ xf] .Æ

;f]tL of] kb lzIfsx?nfO{ s]xL ;dosf] nflu k9fpgf];\ eg]/ lbOPsf] ;do ePsf] bfaL u5{g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ :yfoL ul/lbg] eGg] Pp6f kIf 5 eg] csf]{ kIf @)^# a}zfv !! ut] eGbf otfsf kbx?df ut jif{ lj1fkg u/L !# xhf/ %( lzIfsnfO{ :yfoL k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;]jf ;'rf? u/]sf] 5 . xfn sf7df8f}+ nufot s]xL lhNnfdf lajfb b]lvPklg Ps r/0fsf] dfu k"/f ePsf] ;f]tLn] atfP .

t/ c:yfoL lzIfsx?sf] kIfdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+3if{/t lzIfs lg/]Gb| s'Fj/

eg] ;/sf/n] c:yfoL lzIfsx?;Fu u/]sf] ;xdlt ;d]t sfof{Gjog gu/]/ cGofo u/]sf] atfpF5g\ . ;/sf/n] c:yfoL lzIfsx?aLr g} cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/ :yfoL agfpg] ;xdtL u/]klg sfof{Gjog gu/]sf] pgsf] egfO 5 . c:yfoL lzIfsx? clxn] ;d]t ljleGg r/0fdf cfGbf]ng/t g} 5g\ .

!& jif{kl5 v'n]sf] lzIfs lgo'lQm k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] lx;fjn] bf]>f] r/0f cGt{ut sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg nfluPsf] ;f]tLn] atfP . t/ xfn b]zdf /x]sf !& xhf/ c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] ljifo eg] cGof}nd} 5 . c:yfoL lzIfs, k]zfut ;+3;+u7gx?;+u a;]/ o; ljifodf 5nkmn eO{/x]sf] ;d]t ;f]tLn] hfgsf/L lbP . c:yfoL lzIfsx?n] klxnf] r/0fd} ;a} c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ :yfoL agfpg] k|lqmofdf n}hfg'k¥of] eGg] ePsf]n] ljjfb nlDab} uPsf] ;f]tLn] atfP . t/ c:yfoL lzIfs ;+3if{ ;ldltsf cWoIf s'Fj/ eg] c:yfoL lzIfssf ;d:of cfn6fn ug]{ u/L lgsflng] la1fkgx?nfO{ cdfGo x'g] eGb} cfGbf]ngdf pqg] r]tfjgL lbG5g\ . æolb ha{h:t ul/of] eg] xfdL km]l/ lj/f]w sfo{qmddf ug{ afWo x'G5f},Æ pgn] eg] .

lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf]] lgodfjlndf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ :yfoL ug]{ lgod gePsf] ;f]tL atfpF5g\ . ;a} kIf Ps;fy a;L ;xdltsf] ljGb'df cfpg'kg]{ ;d]t pgn] atfP . cfof]usf] cfkm\g} lgod ePsf] x'Fbf lzIff dGqfnosf] cfb]z kfP dfq cfof]un] c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ :yfoL ug{ ;lsg] ;f]tLn] atfP . ædGqfnon] a]nf

a]nfdf xfd|f] k]zfut lzIfs ;+3;+u7g;Fu o:tf] ;xdlt eof] eg]/ sfuh b]vfpF5,Æ ;f]tLn] eg], æt/ lgodfjlndf pNn]v geO{ h:tf] ;'s} ;xdlt ePklg cfof]un] lgolQm k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpFg ;Sb}g .Æ

ut jif{sf] la1fkg k|lqmofdf c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ Ps k6snfO{ pd]/sf] xb tf]lsPsf] lyPg . xfn cfP/ 7"nf] df;df /x]sf lzIfsnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eg]/ lzIff dGqfnofsf] pkl:yltdf ljleGg k]zfut, ;+3 ;+u7g nufot;Fu 5nkmn cufl8 al9/x]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;/sf/n] @)%^ ;fn otf :yfoL b/aGbL lbPsf] 5}g . b/aGbL lbFbf ;/sf/sf] bfloTj :jtM a9\g hfG5 . nfdf] ;do b/aGbL glbPklg lzIfs cfjZostf k/]sf]n] c:yfoL ;dfwfgsf nflu ;/sf/n] /fxt, k|ltljBfyL{ km08 -kL;LPkm_ lghL ;|f]t nufotsf lzIfssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . vf;u/L bftfx?sf] bjfadf ;/sf/n] o:tf ljleGg vfn] lzIfssf] Joj:yf u/]/ b/aGbL eg] yk]g . h;sf sf/0f clxn] lzIfs Joj:yfkg ug{] ufF7f] v':sfpg cfof]unfO{ lgs} xDd] kl//x]sf] 5 . clxn] lzIfs dfq} !$ yl/sf 5g\ .

o:tf c:yfoL pkfosf lzIfs sf]6fdf lzIfsnfO{ k]G;g lbg gkg]{ sf/0f /fHosf] cfly{s ef/ xn'sf] x'Fg] eGb} lzIff If]qdf nufgL ug]{ bftfx?sf] nxnx}df nfu]/ ;/sf/n] nfdf] ;do :yfoL b/aGbL gvf]n]sf] xf] . t/ of] pkfo cfly{s ef/ sd ug]{ t k/} hfcf];\ lzIfsx?sf] Joj:yfkgd} 7"nf] tuf/f] ag]sf] 5 .

cGof}ns} aLr gof“ b/aGbL ylkb}l/kf]6{


emfkfsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?df ;dofg's"n lzIffsf] dfunfO{ Wofg lbFb} sDKo'6/ lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug{] nx/ g} rn]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf ljleGg ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ cefj eO/x]sf a]nfdf sDKo'6/ Nofasf] Joj:yf u/]/ lghL;/x lzIff lbg yflnPsf] xf] . h;n] ubf{ ;fd'bflos ljBfno 5f8]/ lghLtkm{ hfg]qmd ;d]t 36\g yfn]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ljBfnodf sDKo'6/ lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/]kl5 lghL ljBfnodf hfg]qmd 36]sf] jL/ cd/l;+x pRr dflj rf/kfg]sf k|frfo{ ob'gfy clwsf/L atfpF5g\ . æljBfyL{ e6fe6\ lghLtkm{ hfGy],Æ b'O{ jif{b]lv ljBfnodf sDKo'6/ /fv]/ k9fpg yfn]sf] ljBfnosf k|frfo{ clwsf/L eG5g\, æclxn] Tof] b/ lgs} sd eO;s]sf] 5 .Æ

emfkfsf] latf{df]8 gu/kflnsfdf cjl:yt ;f] ljBfnodf g;{/L sIffb]lv ! sIff;Dd c+u|]hL dfWodaf6 k7gkf7g ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . s]xL jif{ cl3af6 $ j6f sDKo'6/af6 lzIff lbFb} cfPsf] ;f] ljBfnodf ljBfnosf e"k" ljBfyL{ s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{n] ut c;f]hdf !^ yfg sDKo'6/ lbPsf lyP . xfn cd]l/sfdf a:b} cfPsf e§/fO{n] k9fO{sf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ b]lvPdf k'gM sDKo'6/ ylklbg] atfPsf 5g\ .

ljBfnon] u/La / lk5l8Psf ju{sf

;d'bfosf ljBfyL{nfO{ lghL ljBfnosf] vr{ wfGg ufx|f] kg]{ ePsfn] ljBfnodf bftfx?sf] vf]hL u/L sDKo'6/ Nofasf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] k|frfo{ clwsf/L atfpF5g\ . ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k|fljlws lzIff lj:tf/ ug{ /fHon] dfq geO{ ;dfhsf x/]s JolQm cu|;/ x'g'kg]{ k"j{ ;|f]t JolQm 8Da/axfb'/ a:g]t atfpF5g\ . ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf z}lIfs ;'wf/ ug{ /fHon] ljz]if lsl;dsf] k|fljlws lzIff sfo{qmd Nofpg cfjZos /x]sf] emfkfsf ;xfos lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L o'j/fh kf08] atfpF5g\ .

emfkf If]q g+= % sf ^ j6f ;fd'bflos ljBfnonfO{ g]skf Pdfn]sf g]tf PnkL ;fFjfn] Ps÷Ps yfg sDKo'6/ lbPsf 5g\ . Dofgkfj/ Joj;foL ;fFjfn] klg

ljBfnosf] k9fOsf] :t/ ;'wfl/Pdf k'gM yk ub}{ hfg] cfZjf;g lbPsf lyP . ;fFjfn] lzju~hsf] ;/:jtL k|flj, ;fdflhs cfbz{ k|flj, afn;]jf lgdflj, ;tf;Lwfdsf] c?0ff]bo k|flj, 8'8fdf/Lsf] eujtL k|fljnfO{ sDKo'6/ k|bfg u/]sf x'g\ .

;fd'bflos ljBfnonfO{ ef}lts / k|fljlws ?kdf ;DkGg agfpg ;s]dfq ljBfnon] b]z ljsf;sf nflu bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{;Sg] jL/ cd/l;+x pRr dfljsf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf dxfjL/ rf}w/Lsf] wf/0ff 5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k|fljlws lzIff lbg lzIfsnfO{ klg k|fljlws tflnd k|fKt agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] lzIfs x]d pk|]tLn] atfP .

;tf;Lwfds} 6]qmfdf /x]sf] bLk]Gb| k|fljn] klg sDKo'6/ k|ljlw / c+u|]hL dfWodaf6 sIff ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljBfnosf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cWoIf s'df/l;+x ;fjfFsf cg';f/ rfF8} afnd}qL l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{ yflng] atfP . ljBfnosf] lghL ;DklQ gePsfn] c?sf] e/ kg'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf]n] ;f]r] cg'?k cfjZos lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ g;s]sf] k|c ;Ltf/fd Gof}kfg] atfpF5g\ .

¨¨¨

;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sDKo'6/ lzIffsf] nx/

Dofgkfj/ Jofj;foL tyf Pdfn] g]tf PnkL ;fFjf emfkfdf Ps ljBfnonfO{ sDKo'6/ x:tfGt/0f ub}{ .

;xfos k|d'v lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L o'j/fh kf08] jL/ cd/l;+x pRr dflj rf/kfg]df sDKo'6/ sIffsf] cjnf]sgdf

• uf]kLrGb| ld>÷emfkf

l/kf]6{


c:6]lnofsf] ;]G6 leG;]G6 c:ktfndf cg;Gwfg/t g]kfnL d"nsf 8f= s'd'b lwtfn;lxtsf] lrlsT;f 6f]nLn] cfw'lgs lrlsT;f If]qdf sdfnsf] k|ult ug{ ;kmn /x\of], d[t dflg;sf] d'6' ;kmn k|Tof/f]k0f u/]/ . d'Vo ;xof]uL 8f= Dofs 8f]gfN8 nufot 6f]lnn] dfgj d[t d'6'nfO{ k|Tof/f]k0f u/L lrlsT;f lj1fgdf gofF xnrn dRrfO{ lbPsf 5g\ .

lrlsT;f lj1fgsf] nfdf] km8\sf] dflgPsf] pQm k|Tof/f]k0fsf] sfo{ 8f= lwtfns} g]t[Tjdf ePsf] lyof] . nfdf] cg';Gwfg kl5 pQm 6f]lnn] lrlsT;f hutdf gofF cfofd yk]sf x'g\ . pQm 6f]lnn] tLg dlxgfdf tLj6f ;kmn d'6' k|Tof/f]k0f ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

l;8\gLsf] ;]G6 le;]G6 c:ktfn / leS6/ rfË sfl8{ofs l/;r{ OlG:6Ro'6df sfo{/t lrlsT;sLo 6f]nLn] d[t dflg;sf] w8\sg aGb ePsf] d'6' a9Ldf #) ldg]6leqdf Pp6f afs;df /fVg ;lsg] / pQm d'6'n] k'gM sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 tLg 306fleq csf]{ dflg;df k|Tof/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ kQf] nufPsf] xf] . o;cl3 lbdfu dl/;s]sf] -a|]g 8]y_ JolQmsf] dfq d'6' k|Tof/f]k0f x'g] uYof]{ . g]kfnL d"nsf lrlsT;sLo 6f]nLn] ljZj d]l8sn If]qdf u/]sf] of] gofF pkrf/ ljlwn] g]kfnLx?n] 7"nf] ;kmntfsf] g]t[Tj ;d]t ug{ ;Sbf/x]5g\ eg]/ k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 .

of] ;kmntf xft kfg{ cg';Gwfgstf{x?n] @) jif{b]lv sfd ul//x]sf lyP . clxn];Dd tLghgf lj/fdLsf] d'6' k|Tof/f]k0f ul/Psf]df b'O{ hgfsf] k|Tof/f]lkt d'6'n] /fd|f];Fu sfd ug{ yfn]sf] cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg lrlsT;sx?nfO{ p4[t ub}{ a]nfotsf] lb OlG8k]G8]G6 klqsfn] cfkm\gf] cgnfO{g ;+:s/0fdf n]v]sf] 5 .

of] gofF ljlwaf6 pkrf/ kfpg] efUodfgL JolQmx? eg] c:6«]lnog gful/s g} /x]sf 5g\ . l;8\gLsL %& jifL{of dlxnf ld;]n lu|lanf; / l;8\gLs} $) jif]{ hfg 8]dgsf] d'6' k|Tof/f]k0f ePsf] 5 . pgLx? clxn] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . æpkrf/ u/fpg'eGbf cl3 d Psbd} lj/fdL lyPF . d clxn] Tof] cj:yfeGbf Psbd} km/s 5' . dnfO{rflxF clxn] d

;fFRr} $) jif{s} 5' h:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 . d lgs} efUodfgL /x]5',Æ hfgn] eg]sf 5g\ . pgn] b'O{ dlxgf cl3dfq} of] ljlwaf6 pkrf/ u/fPsf lyP .

8f= lwtfnn] c:6«]lnof k'Ug'eGbf klxn] a]nfotsf] SoflDa|h ljZjljBfnodf d'6', kmf]S;f];DalGw /f]usf] sG;N6]G6sf ?kdf !# jif{ latfPsf lyP . s'd'bn] j]nfotdf d'6' k|Tof/f]k0fsf] zNolqmofdf w]/} jif{ cg;Gwfgsf sfd u/]sf lyP . 8f= lwtfnsf ;xkf7L ;d]t /x]sf 8f= 8f]gfN8n] klg @) jif{b]lv oxL ljifodf cg';Gwfg ul//x]sf lyP .

:jf:Yo If]qdf gofF k/LIf0f ubf{ l;w}

dflg;df ul/b}g . o;df klg ;?df ;'Fu'F/df kl/If0f u/]/ dfq} dflg;df k|Tof/f]k0f ul/Psf] lyof] . dx+uf] pkrf/ k4lt ePsf]n] ljZjd} txNsf dRrfP klg of] pkrf/ ljlwn] tTsfn} g]kfn k|j]z ug{ eg] ;Defjgf 5}g . k"jf{wf/ ;d]t gePsf]n] g]kfnL 8fS6/n] g} ;+;f/e/L rrf{ kfpg] pkrf/ k4lt cfljisf/ u/]sf] ePklg g]kfnd} To;sf] pkrf/ kfpg eg] cem} lgs} nfdf] ;do s'g'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] ljZn]ifsx? atfpF5g\ .

æ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f of] Hofb} dx+uf] 5,Æ 8f= lwtfn eG5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ k|Tof/f]k0fdf k|of]u ul/g] of] cd]l/sg d]l;g #% xhf/ 8n/;Dd k5{ . of] d]l;g Pp6f

lrlsT;f lj1fgdf g]kfnLsf] sdfn æpkrf/ u/fpg'eGbf cl3 d Psbd} lj/fdL lyPF . d clxn] Tof] cj:yfeGbf Psbd} km/s 5' . dnfO{rflxF clxn] d ;fFRr} $) jif{s} 5' h:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 . d lgs} efUodfgL /x]5'Æ – Ps la/fdLsf] egfO{ .

8fo:kf]/f


d'6' k|Tof/f]k0f u/]kl5 km]l/ k|of]udf Nofpg ;ls+b}g . o;sf] pkrf/ k4lt clxn] klg o'/f]k cd]l/sfsf lgs} wgf9\ox?n] dfq ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

g]kfndf d'6'sf] 5'§} c:ktfn / ljz]if1 8fS6/ klg /fd|} ePsf]n] of] pkrf/ k4lt g]kfn leq\ofpg kxn eg] ug{ ;lsg] 8f= lwtfn atfpF5g\ . æ;a} k|sf/sf] Aoj:yf ldNg] xf] eg] cfkm\gf] cg'ejnfO{ klg z]o/ ug{ ;lsGYof],Æ pgn] eg] .

o;/L x'G5 k|Tof/f]k0f

z'?df d[t 3f]lift JolQmsf] k"/} z/L/ d/]sf] a9Ldf #) ldg]6leq Pp6f ;'/lIft d]l;gdf /flvG5 . of] d]l;g afs;h:t} x'G5 . hxfF lk|h/e]zg km\n8 x'G5 . To;df /flv;s]kl5 pQm d'6'df cfjZos clS;hg, /ut / kf]if0f lbP/ d'6'nfO{ k'gM hufpg] sfd ul/G5 . of] k|lqmof k"/f ePkl5 #) ldg]6leq d'6'nfO{ csf]{ ;'/lIft d]l;gdf /flvG5 . ToxfF d'6'n] /fd|/L sfd ug{ ;Sg] ePkl5 To;nfO{ tLg b]lv kfFr 306fleq csf]{ lj/fdLdf k|Tof/f]k0f ul/G5 . of] sfo{sf] nflu d'6'g} 8]y ePsf] eg] x'Fb}g . t/ dflg; dl/;s]sf x'G5g\ . d'6' k|Tof/f]k0f ug]{ kl/kf6L ;g\ !(%) tL/af6} z'? ePsf] xf] . o;eGbf klxnf a|]g 8]y ePsf d'6' bftfsf dfq d'6' k|Tof/f]k0f ug{ ;lsGYof] .

oL x'g\ uf]/vfnL s'd'b

8f= lwtfn O6nLdf hlGdPsf x'g\ .

pgsf] k'vf}{nL 3/ eg] uf]/vf xf] . %$ jifL{of lwtfn k"j{ s[lif ;lrj lji0f'k|;fb lwtfnsf 5f]/f x'g\ . lji0f'k|;fb /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif sfo{qmdsf nflu kTgL;lxt O6fnL uPsf a]nf s'd'b ToxLF hlGdPsf x'g\ . tLg jif{sf] 5Fbf s'd'b g]kfn afcfdf;Fu} kmls{Psf lyP . ;ft jif{;Dd hfpnfv]nsf] ;]G6h]leo;{ :s'n k9]sf lwtfn To;kl5 eg] O6fnL k'u]/ cWoog u/] .

s'd'bsf Ps 5f]/f / Ps 5f]/L 5g\ . pgn] ;g\ @))) df a]nfotsf] n08g o'lgel;{6Laf6 dl:tis g;fsf] ljifodf

kLPr8L u/]sf x'g\ . d'6'sf] zNolqmofsf] yk cWoogsf nflu pgn] SoflDa|h ljZjljBfnoaf6 6«fG:KnfG6 km]lnl;k ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . o'lge;{l;l6 ckm Go" ;fpy j]N;sf P;f]l;o6\; k|f]km];/ ;d]t x'g\ . pgL ;fF9] % jif{cl3 c:6«]lnof cfPsf lyP . dflg;n] rfXof] eg] l9nf eGg] s'/f x'Fb}g . c? 8fS6/ ljz]if1 x'g] cj:yfdf pgL #! jif{sf] pd]/df aNn d]l8sn cEof; ug{ yfn]sf lyP . To;kl5 of] cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ug @# jif{ nfu]sf] lyof], pgnfO{ .

Ph]G;Lx?sf] ;xof]udf

d[t d'6' k|Tof/f]k0f u/L hLjg arfPsf la/fdL;Fu 8f= s'd'b lwtfn -bfofF_


clxn] rln/x]sf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] g]kfnh:tf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / k|d'v k];f sl/a tLg rf}yfO s[lifdf cfwfl/t hgzlQmnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g . xfd|f ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf dfkg ug]{ dfWod # 306fsf] ;}4flGts k|Zg s07:y u/]sf] cfwf/df lbOg] pQ/ g} xf] . o:tf] k/LIffn] pTkflbt hgzlQm sfl/Gbf clg 6]andf sfd ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQm dfq aGg] xf] . cem csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] k'Vof{}nL k]zfnfO{ ltnf~hnL lbg] / cfkm\g} j/k/ ePsf k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] klxrfg u/]/ pkof]u ug{ g;Sg] hgzlQm xf] . ljBfno jf ljZjljBfnodf cWoog ul/;s]kl5 cfhsfn sd} dfq dflg; k'Vof{}nL k]zfdf kms]{sf 5g\ . jf 5Fb} 5}gg\ . kmsf]{;\ klg s;/L < !* jif{;Dd g;{/Lb]lv sIff !@ ;Dd k9\of] . ;a} afa' cfdfn] k'Vof}{nL k]zf wfg]s} 5g\ . cleefjs klg cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/L lstfa skL emf]nfdf af]s]/ ljBfno uPsf]df ;aeGbf pknlAw 7fG5g\ . /, jif{sf] cGTodf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] sIff pQL0f{ u/]sf] glthf xft kf/]sf]df uf}/jflGjt aG5g\ . k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg ug]{ lbg ljBfno k'Ug] Tof] Ps lbgsf] ;do klg afa' cfdfn] d'l:snn] lgsfN5g\ . oxL qmdn] dflg; hjfg x'g] cj:yfdf k9fOsf] Pp6f >[ªvnf ;lsG5 . clxn]s} tYofª\snfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] klg !# nfv ljBfyL{ sIff ! df egf{ xF'bf !) jif{ kl5 sl/a $ nfv ljBfyL{ sIff !) df k'U5g\ . To;dWo] klg ul0ft, lj1fg / c+u|]hLdf # 306fsf] ;}4flGts k/LIffdf #@ cÍ Nofpg g;s]/ sl/a @ nfv ljBfyL{

cg'QL0f{ ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/G5 . pgLx? cg'QL0f{ ePsf] ul0ft jf lj1fg jf c+u|]hL jf ul0ft b'O{ jf tLgj6} ljifodf xf] . t/ ;a} ljifo g} cg'QL0f{ ePsf] h:tf] k|df0fkq lbOG5 . aLr/f cNnf/] pd]/sf o'jfn] ul0ft, lj1fg / c+u|]hLdf km]n x'g] lalQs} k9fOsf] >[ª\vnf ;lsPsf] dxz'; u5{g\ . cfly{s cj:yf, pd]/ jf ;fdflhs cj:yfn] klg km]n ePsfx?nfO{ sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] cj:yfdf kmsf{pFb}g\ . pgLx? k'Vof}{nL k]zfdf kms{g klg ;Sb}gg\ . kms'{g\ klg s;/L < xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnL / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] To;f] ug{ slxNo} l;sfPg . k'Vof}{nL k]zfsf] 1fg cleefjsn] klg lbPsf x'Fb}gg\ . ljBfnodf To; ;DaGwL cWoog g} x'Fb}g . afaf cfdf;Fu lxF8]/ l;Sg] a]nfdf lxF8\g} kfPgg\ . l;Sg] ;dodf ljBfnodf ;do latfP . o;/L xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLn] k':tf}gL 1fg klg l;sfPg eg] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] To:tf] 1fg afF8]g . clg xfdLn] xfd|f ;GtltnfO{ P;Pn;Ldf km]n x'g;fy} hLjgdf k|ult ug{ ;Sg] ;a} ljsNk Wj:t ePh:t}sf] cj:yf agfO/x]sf 5f}+ . k/LIffdf c;kmn ePklg ;kmn hLjg afFRg ;Sg] alnof] ljsNksf k'Vof}{nL 1fg pgLx?nfO{ lbPgf}+ . a? tL sfd ;Gtltn] ug}{ gk/f];\ egL lad'v kfl//x]sf 5f}+ . h;sf] glthf k/LIffdf km]n x'g;fy} Tof] hjfg hgzlQm, h;sf] Ifdtf ckf/ x'G5 t/ klxrfgsf] af6f] xfdL cfkm}Fn] aGb ul/lbPsf 5f}+, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] gfddf ljb]zL e"lddf k'Ug afWo 5 . tL hgzlQm klxn] ef/tdf b/af+u aGg hfGy] eg] clxn] vf8L d'n'sdf kl;gf aufpg hfg]

xf]8 g} rn]sf] 5 . sIff !) pQL0f{ u/]sfx?dWo] klg pRr lzIff k9\gsf nflu sltkosf] cWoog /fd|f] gePsf], sltkosf] cflYf{s ;d:ofn] cufl8 k9\g g;s]sf cflb sf/0fn] ;fgf] c+z dfq pRr lzIffdf k'u]sf] 5 . of] !) jif{sf] vr{ hDdf u/]sf] eP gofF sfd ug{ ;lsGYof] eGg] ;f]rfOdf k'U5g\ . t/ of] ;dodf ;a} lalu|;s]sf] x'G5 . To;nfO{ ;DxfNg g} pgLx?nfO{ cK7\of/f] k5{ . bzjif{ cl3 ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf !# nfv ljBfyL{dWo] ( nfvn] ( sIff;Dd k9\bf lar}df ljljw sf/0fn] k9fO 5f]8]sf x'G5g\ . k9fO 5f8\g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f cfly{s cefjn] g} k9fO{ cw'/f] /xG5 . ltgLx? dWo] ;fgf] c+zn] dfq k'Vof}{nL k]zf cjnDag u5{g\ . o;sf] 7"nf] lx:;fsf] clGtd uGtJo eg]sf] dfly pNn]v u/]em}+ klxn] ef/t dfq lyof] eg] clxn] vf8L /fi6« ag]sf] 5 . x]bf{ ;fdfGo b]lvP klg o;n] ;dfhdf / lzIff lng] ljifodf kfg]{ k|efj Hofb} vt/gfs b]lvG5 . klxnf] s'/f t sIff !) kf; u/]klg c/a /fi6« clGtd uGtJo ePkl5 casf] k':tfdf !) sIff;Dd g} klg lsg k9\g' k¥of] < eGg] efjgf alnof] aGb} hfg]5 . kmnfgf] k9]/ klg vf8L g} k'Uof] l9:sfgf gk9]/ klg ToxLF k'Uof] eg]/ 3/, kl/jf/, ;dfhn] klg To:t} dgl:ylt / efjsf] ;+/rgf a;fOlbG5 . ca t clxn]sf :s'n] ljBfyL{df gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ pd]/ dfq kv]{/ a:g] dgf]bzf al;;s]sf] 5 . Tof] klg ;s];Dd pd]/ a9fP/ gful/stf lnOg] k|j[lQ klg al9/x]sf] 5 . ljb]z p8\g rflxg] ToxL gful/stf kfpg] pd]/ s'g]{ dfWod ljBfnonfO{ aGb} uPsf] 5 .

k|:tfj

ca o;/L k9fcf}+

gLn]Gb| s'Fj/

casf] k':tfdf lsg k9\g' k¥of] < eGg] efjgf alnof] aGb} hfg]5 . kmnfgf] k9]/ klg vf8L g} k'Uof] l9:sfgf gk9]/ klg ToxL“ k'Uof] eg]/ 3/, kl/jf/, ;dfhn] klg To:t} dgl:ylt / efjsf] ;+/rgf a;fOlbG5 . h;n] ubf{ k9fOsf] efjgf sdhf]/ aGb} uPsf] 5, ljBfyL{df . a? slxn] pd]/ k'Unf / gful/stf agfP/ ljb]z hfg] eg]/ s'/]/ al;/x]sf 5g\, clxn]sf ljBfyL{ . of] dgf]bzf x6fp“g xfd|f /}yfg] ;Lk, ;|f]t klxNofp“g] 6]Sgf]qm\ofS6 hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ lzIff k|0ffnL xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf] 5 .


clxn]sf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] lzIff kfpg csf]{ If]q klg 5'6\ofPsf] 5, h;nfO{ lghL If]q elgG5 . of] If]qnfO{ ;Eo dflg;x?n] ;:yfut gfds/0f u/] klg o;leqsf w]/} ljifox? ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . vf;u/L lghL ljBfno rnfpg]x? b'O{ j6f lbzfaf6 k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . klxnf] lagfs/ cJojl:yt pBf]usf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{sf] hdft / bf];|f] s]xL k9]n]v]sf dflg;n] csf]{ uGtJo ge]6]kl5 o;nfO{ ;~rfng u/L lbg latfpg] . oL dWo]df klxnf] ;d"x ;'lgof]lht tl/sfn] o;nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg rfFxb}g . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt agfof] eg] /fd|f] k|ltkmn kfpg ;lsFb}g eGg] pgLx?nfO{ yfxf 5 . To;sf/0f cNdNofP/ g} ;~rfng ub}{ kmfObf dfq p7fpg vf]H5 . csf]{ ;d"x Jojl:yt ug{ rfxG5 t/ cfly{s / of]hgfa4 sfo{sf] cefjn] klxnf] ;d"xeGbf klg lg/Lx ?kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . ;dli6ut?kdf sIff !) sf] pQL0f{ k|ltzt dfq of] If]qsf] nIo xf], c? ljBfYfL{nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ . lghL lzIffnoaf6 pQL0f{ ljBfyL{sf] c+u|]hL efiffdf bVvn x'G5 . pgLx?sf] klg k|d'v uGtJo ljb]z g} xf] . o;/L pQL0f{ / cg'QL0f{ ljBfyL{ ;a}sf] ;femf / clGtd uGtJo ljb]z g} ePkl5 clxn]sf] lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ ljb]z k}7f/Lsf nflu hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ lzIff lsg geGg] < ?kdf km/s ePtf klg ;f/df t dft[e"ldnfO{ 5f]8\g' g} xf] . km/s olt xf], c+u|]hLdf pQL0f{ x'g]n] pt} gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ / cfˆgf] ;DklQ klg a]r]/ ljb]zdf g} 3/hd u/]sf 5g\ . c+u|]hLdf cg'QL0f{ x'g]n] tftf] /ut / hjfgL ljb]zL e"lddf bfg u/L abnfdf s]xL /sd lnP/ cfpF5g . of] ;a}sf] bf]ifL xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnL xf] . xfdLn] /}yfg] 1fg, ;LknfO{ l;sfO{sf] dfWod g} 7fg]gf}+ . emf]nf af]s]/ ljBfno hfg'nfO{ g} clGtd pknlAw dfGof}+ . ljBfnodf /}yfg] ;Lk / 1fg l;sfpg] kf7\oqmd xfdLn] agfPs} 5}gf}+ . of] ;a}sf] kmn:j?k xfd|f ljBfno ljb]z hfg] pd]/ geP;Ddsf nflu ;do s6fpg] / al;laofFnf] ug]{ dfWod dfq} ag]sf 5g\ . ljb]z hgzlQm ;KnfO{ ug]{ 6«flGh6 laGb'df kl/0ft eO/x]sf 5g\, oxfFsf ljBfnox? . casf] lzIffM eljiosf] lzIff hn, hldg, vlgh, hl8a'6L, hËn, lxdfn, h}ljs ljljwtf cflb k|fs[lts

;|f]tx? cfo cfh{g ug{sf] nflu a/bfg x'g\, xfd|f . oL dfly pNn]lvt ljifosf] cWoog / logLx?sf] af/]df k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf l;sfpg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{, xfd|f] lzIff .

cfˆgf] b]zdf ePsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] lzIffdfq clxn]sf] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] g]kfnsf] lzIff x'g'k5{ . ;}4flGts 1fg dfq ePsf] lzIffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;lsPg . Jojxf/df ptfg{ g;s]sf] lzIff sf]/f 1fg dfq xf] . sf]/f 1fg dfq ePsf] lzIffn] k|df0f–kq xft kf5{ t/ ;a}n] sfd kfpg ;Sb}gg\ . ;a}n] sfd kfpg] xf]Og ca ;a}n] sfd ug]{ lzIff lbg'k5{ . s'g} ;do lyof] pTkfbg sfo{df ;/sf/n] nufgL uYof]{ . ToxfF sfl/Gbfsf] cfjZostf kYof]{ . cyjf, k|fljlwsx?sf] cfjZostf kYof]{ . ;/sf/L nufgLdf g} k9\g k7fOGYof] . casf] ;/sf/ b]zdf zflGt, ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ dfq xf] . lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf ljifox?nfO{ klg lghL If]qnfO{ lhDdf nufpg rfxG5 . To;}n] casf] k9fO{ /f]huf/ kfpg ;Sg] xf]OgÙ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] k|sf/sf] x'g'k5{ . To;sf] nflu af6f] b]vfpg] sfd xfd|f lzIffnox?n] ug'{k5{ . cyfx k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;fwgn] el/k"0f{ b]zdf ltgLx?sf] af/]df cWoog ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ clxn]sf] lzIffsf] uGtJo x'g'k5{ . vf;u/L sIff % ;Dd ;fwf/0f ljifosf] hfgsf/L u/fO{ sIff ^ b]lv sIff * ;Dd h'g If]qdf h:tf] k|sf/sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg kfOG5 ToxL 7fpFdf ;f]xL ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ ;}4flGts tyf Jojxfl/s 1fg lbg'k5{ . h:tf]M g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]qdf cn}+rLsf] pTkfbg a9L x'G5 eg] pQm If]qdf ;f]xL ljifosf] 1fg lbg] k9fO x'g'k5{ eg] d':tfªdf cn}+rL xf]Og\Ù :ofp pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf 7"nf] ePsfn] ToxfF :ofp ;DaGwL lzIffnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' k5{ . hxfF h]sf] ;Defjgf x'G5 ;f]xL cWoog x'g'k5{ . To;kl5 cGo pTkfbgsf] vf]hL ;d]t ;Fu} ug'{k5{ . o:tf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] k'Vof}{nL k]zfnfO klg gofF tl/sfaf6 Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;s'g\ / cWoog eg]sf] sfof{nosf] sfd dfq xf]Og, lkmN8sf] klg sfd xf] eGg] efjgf ljsf; xf];\ . 1fg / k9fO{ eg]sf] sf]/f lstfaL ls/f] aGg' dfq xf]Og\ afaf–cfdf, bfh'–efph'nfO{ klg k'Vof}{nL k]zfdf ;3fpg' xf] eGg] 1fg x'g' k¥of] .

To;kl5sf dfWolds txsf] lzIffdf Pp6f d"n ljifodf k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos ljifo 5gf]6 u/L Ps efu ;}4flGts 1fg / tLg efu Jojxfl/s 1fg lbg] lsl;dsf ljBfno tof/ kfg'{k5{ . clxn] s]xL dfqfdf o:tf] k|sf/sf] lzIff ;L6LO{eL6Ln] klg lbg] u/]sf] 5 . t/ ToxfF hfg] ljBfyL{ of t s'g} tx cfly{s sf/0fn] k"/f ug{ g;s]sf jf k9\g gkfPsf cyjf s'g} txsf] cWoog ljljw sf/0fn] k"/f ug{ g;s]sfsf] nflu nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . cyf{t\ ;fwf/0f ljifo cWoog ug{ g;s]/ otf cfPsf] xf] eGg] k/]sf] 5 . …;L6LO{eL6Lsf] k9fO{ cGo k9fO{df c;kmnx?sf] xf]Ú eGg] h:tf] u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] 1fg lng]sf] dgf]bzf g} sdhf]/ kfl/lbPsf] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ l;sfOdf pT;fx kfOFb}g . of] dgf]efj x6fpg' h?/L 5 . casf] lzIff To:tf] k|sf/sf] gagfO{ sIff !@ pQL0f{ ubf{ s'g} Ps ljifodf cfkm}F /f]huf/sf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk ePsf] o'jf tof/ x'g'k5{ . Tof] o'jfn] clxn] h:tf] cGo ljifo gk9\g] eg]sf] xf]Og\ . ul0ft, lj1fg, ;fdflhs, efiff cflb ljifo klg k9\bf–k9\b} Pp6f d"n k|fljlws ljifosf] uxg cWoog u/L cfkm}F /f]huf/ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] o'jf hdft tof/ kfg'{k5{ . h;n] cGo ;fwf/0f ljifodf cWoog ug{ rfxG5 ltgLx?n] klg sIff !@ ;Dddf xfd|f] b]zdf ePsf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] cWoog u/L k|To]s o'jfnfO{ 6]Sgf]qm]zLo'Qm lzIff lbg'k5{ . o;af6 ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ljifodf cg'QL0f{ eP/ k9\fO{df g} cj/f]w l;h{gf eof] eGg] klg x'Fb}g\ . ;fy}, cfkm\g} 7fpFdf ePsf rL/kl/lrt Joj;flos ljifoaf/]df ;xh} cWoog ug{ ;S5 . /, l;s]sf] ;LknfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;S5g\ . s'g} Pp6f ;Lk gePsf] o'jf casf] ;/sf/sf] nflu cle;fk xf] eGg] efj hufOlbg'k5{ . ;/sf/sf] sfd eg]sf] o;/L pTkflbt j:t'sf] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf ahf/ vf]lhlbg] xf] . k9\bf–k9\b} jf kl9;s]kl5 cfˆgf] ;Lksf] k|of]u u/L :j/f]huf/ aGg] k|sf/sf] lzIff k|fKt ug'{ cfhsf o'jfsf] clwsf/ klg xf] . To;}n] ca xfdLn] 6]Sgf]qm\ofS6 hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ lzIffsf] ;+/rgf agfpg l9nfO{ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

¨¨¨


:jf:Yo lzIff

gfs, sfg, 3f“6L /f]u / o;sf] pkrf/-ca hf8f] df}ifdsf] ;'?jft x'Fb}5 . of] df}ifddf gfs, sfg, 3fF6L /f]un] w]/} g} ;tfpg] u5{ . xfdLn] o; c+sdf

gfs, sfg, 3fF6L /f]u ljz]if1 8f= ld/f lai6 ->]i7_ nfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ – ;Dkfbs_

gfs, sfg, 3f“6L /f]ueg]sf] s] xf] <

gfs, sfg, 3fF6L /f]u af/] s'/f ug'{ kbf{

xfdL gfs, sfg, 3fF6LnfO{ leGg–leGg ?kdf

l8n u5f}{ . oL /f]ux? Ps csf{ ;Fu lgs6

/xg] ePklg Pp6} eg] xf]Ogg\ . gfsdf

?3f nfUbf To;n] sfgdf c;/ k'¥ofpg

;S5 t/ gfsdf nfUg] /f]u, sfgdf nfUg]

/f]u / 3fF6Ldf nfUg] /f]ux? / o;sf] pkrf/

ljlw km/s–km/s x'G5g\ . oxfF xfdL qmd;

JofVof ug]{5f}+ . z'? u/f}+ sfgdf nfUg]

/f]uaf6M–

sfgdf nfUg] /f]ux?dfM

sfg b'Vg], sfg kfSg] -sfgaf6 lkk

cfpg]_ /sfg g;'Gg] d'Vou/L oL ltgj6f

g} xf] . sfg b'Vg'sf w]/} sf/0fx? x'G5 .

h:t} xfdLnfO{ w]/} ?3fnfu]df, sfgdf

s'g} OGkm]Szg eP/ 9'F;L nfu]dfjfsfgdf

rf]6k6s nfu]sf sfg b'Vg ;S5 .

csf]{ sfgaf6 kfgL cfpg] /f]u–sfgsf]

hfnL km'6]df sfgaf6 kfgL cfpFg ;S5 .

/ sfgsf] hfnLdf -sfgsf] dflyNnf]

efu_ Ps k|sf/sf] x•Lvfg] /f]u x'G5 .

To;nfO{ xfdL d]l8snsf] efifdf …cg;]e

l8l8hÚ eG5f}+ . xf] Tof] /f]u nfUof] eg] klg

sfgaf6 lkk cfpg ;S5 . sfgaf6 lkk

cfof] eg] of] a|]gdfhfg ;S5 . sfgaf6

ugfpg] lkkcfof] eg] t'?Gt 8fS6/sf]df

hfg'k5{ . sfgaflx/L sfg, dWodsfg /

leqL sfgul/ tLg efudf afFl8Psf] x'G5 .

aflx/L sfgsf] /f]ux?df–sfgb'Vg], sfgdf

3fpF cfpg] -sfg dflknf] cfpg]_, sfgdf

9'F;L nfUg] /f]ux? x'G5g\ . dWosfgsf]

/f]ux?df–sfgsf] hfnL km'6\g], x•Lvfg]

/f]ux? x'G5g\ . leqLsfgsf] /f]ux?df–

g;fsdhf]/ x'g], rSs/ nfUg], a'9];sfn

nfUb} uP kl5 sfg g;'Gg] x'g] /f]ux?

x'G5g\ .

gfssf] /f]ux?dfM

gfsaGbx'g], w]/} l5pF cfpg], gfy|L

km'6\g], gfsaf6 /ut cfpFg], gfsdf df;'

knfpg], ;f; km]g{ uf/f] x'Fg], uGw yfxf

gkfpg] /f]u x'G5 .

3f“6Lsf] /f]ux?dfM

3fF6Ldf 6G;Ln x'G5 . of] eof] eg] 3fF6L

b'V5 . y'slgNg uf/f] x'G5 . h/f] cfpF5 .

slxn] sfxLF af]Ng] glndf ;fgfltgfkmf]sfx?

cfpFg ;S5 . o;nfO{ xfdL gf]8'jn eG5f}+ .

of] eof] eg] :j/ Wjqf] x'G5 . tLgrf/

xKtf;Dd :j/ Wjqf] ePdf t'?Gt 8fS6/sf]

df hfg'k5{ . cem /S;L, r'/f]7, v}gLvfg]

dfG5] 5 eg]t emg} rfF8f] 8fS6/sf] dfhfg'

kb{5 . slxn] sfFxLNof/]G; eP/ 3fF6Lsf]

SofG;/ klg ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

/f]unfO{ x]nr]qmfO{ ubf{ s] x'G5 <

sfgsf] /f]udf sfg} g;'Gg] x'g ;S5 .

sfgaf6 dfly Okm]Szg eP/ a|]gdf klg

hfg ;S5 . d]g]GhfOl6; a|]gdf lkk hDdf

x'g] x'g ;S5 .

gfssf] /f]udf w]/} /ut hfg] x'g ;S5 .

gfsdf df;' knfPsf] cj:yfdf gfssf]

glhs} cfFvf, a|]g x'G5 Tof] Totfhfg ;S5 .

3fF6Lsf] /f]udf6G;Lnx? eO/x]df

la/fdLnfO{ Psbd} b'Vg] uf/f] x'g] x'G5 .

sltko 6G;Lnn] d'6'df klg c;/ k'¥ofpg

;S5 . tLg xKtfeGbf al9 :j/ a;]df, vf]Sbf

/ut cfPdf, r'/f]t, v}gLvfg] dfG5] 5 eg]

leqL 3fF6Ldf SofG;/ e};s]sf] x'g ;S5 .

To;}n] gfs, sfg, 3fF6Lsf] /f]unfO{

;fdfGo 7fg]/ x]nrqmfO{ ug'{ x'b}g . t'?Gt

lrlsT;ssf] ;Dks{df uOxfNg' kb{5 .

oL /f]ux?af6 aRg s] ug'{ kb{5 <

/f]unfUg' eGbf o;af6 aRg' w]/} /fd|f]

s'/f xf] . xfdLn] yf]/} ;fjwfgL ckgpFbf

w]/} 7'nf 7"nf /f]u nfUgaf6 aRg ;S5f}+ .

gfs, sfg, 3fF6L /f]uaf6 aRg lgDg

pkfPx? ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

8f=ld/f lai6


sfg /f]uaf6 aRgM

!= sfgdf kfgL gkfg]{ .

@= sfgdf t]n g/fVg] .

#= :jLldË ubf{ jf g'xfpbf Wofg lbg] .

$= sfg gsf]6\ofpg] jf g3f]Rg] .

%= sfg b'v]df x]nrqmfO{ gug]{ 8fS6/nfO{

b]vfOxfNg] .

gfs /f]uaf6 aRg

!= lr;f] af6 aRg], kfgLttfP/ vfg] .

@= ?3f nfu]df l;+–l;+ gug]{ l;+ l;+

ubf{ sfglt/ hfg ;S5 . hflndf

OGkm]S;g eP/ hfln km'6\g] 8/ x'G5 .

#= x]nrqmfO{ ubf{ sfgsf] hfnL km'6\g

;S5 .

$= gfsaf6 /ut au]df 8fS6/sf]

dfuOxfNg] .

3f“6L /f]uaf6 aRg

3fF6Ldf s]xL c8\of h:tf] nfu]df,

3fF6L v;v; u/]df, 3fF6L b'v]df ;fdfGo

?kdflng' xF'b}g 8fs6/nfO{ b]vfOxfNg'

kb{5 . ljz]if1 8fS6/sf] kx'Fr 5}g eg]

klg d]l8snd} ePklg b]vfOxfNg' kb{5 .

gfs, sfg, 3fF6Lsf] s'g} klg /f]unfO{

;dod} yfxfkfP /fd|f];Fu pkrf/ x'G5 .

t/ l9nf ePdf hf]lvd klg a9\5 / /f]u

lgsf] kfg{ klg uf¥of] x'G5 .

pkrf/ ljwL

gfs, sfg, 3fF6L /f]usf] pkrf/ ubf{

w]/} h;f] cf}iflwaf6} /f]u lgsf] x'G5 .

cf}iflwaf6 lgsf] gx'g] /f]u 5 eg] xfdL

;Nolqmofåf/f pkrf/ u5f}{ . oL /f]ux?sf]

(( k|ltzt;Dd g]kfnd} pkrf/ u5f}{+ . s'g}

s'g} /f]ux? h;nfO{ gofF k|ljlw / ;fdfu|L

k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 / xfdLdf To:tf]

;fdfu|L 5}g eg] dfq} aflx/ k7fpF5f}+ .

;Nolqmof u/]/ sfgsf] xsdf sfgsf] hfnL

agfOG5 . x•Lvfg] /f]u 5 eg] To;nfO{

klg ;Nolqmof u/]/ lgsflnG5 . gfssf]

xsdf gfs afª\uf] 5 eg] ;Nolqmof

u/]/ l;wf agfOG5 . df;' knfOsf] 5

eg] OG8f]:sf]kLaf6 df;' lgsflnlbG5f}+ .

3fF6Lsf] xsdf 6G;Ln 5 eg] jif{df !÷@

rf]6L cfpF5 eg] cf}iflw lbG5f}+ . Tof] eGbf

al9 rf]6L 6G;Ln x'G5 eg] ;Nolqmofåf/f

lgsfnL lbG5f}+ . o;/L lgsfNbf s'g}

;fO8 Okm]S6 ub}{g . 3fF6Ldf Go'8n 5

eg] klxnf xfdL EjfO; /]i6 lbG5f}+ .

To; kl5 EjfO; y]/fkL lbG5f}+ . TotLn]

klglgsf] gePdfTo;nfO ;Nolqmofåf/f

lgsflnlbG5f}+ . To;} u/L SofG;/nfO{

klg klxnf] :6]kd} yfxfkfP /]l8of] y]/fkL

lbG5f}+ . bf];|f] :6]kdf k'lu;s]sf] /x]5 eg]

;Nolqmof g} ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

g]kfndfgfs, sfg, 3fF6Lsf /f]uLx?

Psbd w]/} 5g\ . g]kfndfgfs, sfg,

3fF6Lsf ljz]if1 hDdf !%% 5g\ -gfs,

sfg, 3fF6L /f]u ljz]if1x?sf] ;+3df

btf{ ePsf] ;+Vof_ . of] ;+Vof la/fdLsf]

t'ngfdf Ps bd} yf]/} xf] . xfdLdf

hgr]tgfsf] klg Psbd} sdL 5 . gfs,

sfg, 3fF6L /f]unfO{ /f]u} xf]Og h:tf] 7flgG5 .

of] unt s'/f xf] . cGo /f]u h:t} oL

/f]ux?klg dfgj :jf:Yosf] nflu vt/fgfs}

/f]u xf] . x]bf{ ;fdfGo g} nfu] klg oL

/f]ux?af6 dfgj z/L/nfO{ xfgL k'¥ofO/x]sf]

5 . o;y{ gfs, sfd, 3fF6L /f]uaf6 arf}+ /

arfcf}+ .

-8f= lai6 sf7df8f}+ d]l8sn sn]h /

e/f];f xl:k6ndf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5_


cgfy afnaflnsfsf] kfNg] nf]6; lrN8«]g ;]G6/ d+uf]lnofsf] /fhwfgL pnfga6\6f/af6 6f9} 5 . /fhwfgLsf] kmf]xf]/ / sf]nfxnaf6 6f9} /x]sf] of] cgfynosf clwsf+z afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm"x? oxfF slxn];;Dd a:g'kg]{ xf] s]xL yfxf 5}g\ . sIffsf]7faflx/ lgofNbf b]lvg] b[Zon] dfq} klg of] b]zsf] u|fdL0f Onfsf / /fhwfgL pnfga6\6f/nfO{ cnUofpF5 .

cgfynodf cf8 lnO/x]sf & / !! jif{ aLrsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx?sf] pd]/ / slxn] cfPsf] < eg]/ ;f]Wof] eg] dfq} klg cfkm"x?nfO{ s]xL kQf] gePsf] hgfpF lbFb} d'G6f] xNnfpF5g\ . æd s]xL klg yfxf kfpFlbg,Æ & jifL{o afns cf]6ugafo/n] eg], ædnfO{ ;Demgf eP;Dd d oxfF w]/} ;dob]lv a:b} cfPsf] 5' . d]/f] kl/jf/nfO{ s] eof] < dnfO{ yfxf 5}g\ . d}n] d]/f] kl/jf/af/] s]xL klg rfn kfpFlbg .Æ

of] cgfynodf cfl>t *) hgf afnaflnsfdWo] ;a}sf] k[i7e"ldaf/] yf]/} dfq} hfgsf/L 5 . To;dWo] w]/} hGdg;fy} TofluPsf 5g\ . sf]xL c:ktfnaf6} TofluPsf 5g\ eg] clwsf+z a; :6];g jf ;8sdf TofluPsf afnaflnsf . sl/a !* afnaflnsf t nf]6;df gofF x'g\ . hf] To;cl3 Pshgf Sofyf]lns leIf'0fL ;~rfng u/]sf] csf]{ cgfynodf a:y] .

Tof] klg ;/sf/;Fu ljjfb a9]kl5 aGb eof] / pgLx? nf]6; cfOk'u]sf x'g\ .

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“Why the school children are getting lesser and lesser marks in mathematics?”, “Why the children dislike the subject mathematics among the subjects?”, “Why the children feels difficult to do mathematics assignments?”, “Why the children fear with mathematics?” etc. Generally a student allocate more time to do mathematics homework than other subjects, s/he gives more emphasis in mathematics and to solve mathematical problem, but still s/he cannot get satisfactory result in the examination. Contemporary major issue in school level education is that highest number of students who appeared SLC examination has been failed in comparison with the other subjects, in each grade as well. In high school level and university level, there seems to be less number of students enrolled in comparison with other subjects and streams. All these things compress me to think, to study and to investigate about it. As a result I have detected the main obstruction of the above issues is mathematics anxiety.

Math anxiety is commonly defined as a feeling of tension, uneasiness, or fear that interferes with math performance. In other words, Math anxiety is defined as negative emotions that interfere with the solving of mathematical problems. Math anxiety is a serious obstruction for many children across all grade levels. Math-anxious students learn fewer than their low-anxious peers because they take fewer math classes and get poorer grades in the math classes they do take. Symptoms of math anxiety can be categorized as i) Physical symptoms of math anxiety include increased heart rate, clammy hands, upset stomach, and light headedness.

Ii) Psychological symptoms include an inability to concentrate and feelings of helplessness, worry, and disgrace. And iii) Behavioral symptoms include avoidance of math classes, putting off math homework until the last minute, and not studying mathematics regularly. Research indicates that there is a strong negative relationship between math anxiety and test scores. In other words, as students’ math anxiety increases, their test scores decrease.

In the context of our society math is considered as the tough subject in school education since starting of school education. Thus learner (children) fears with mathematics and mathematics teacher throughout getting inside school and gets tension with the mathematics. Elder’s wrong perception such as mathematics is full of symbol and formula, a student is intelligent in mathematics who can remember formula and able to use properly while solving mathematics problem, main tasks in mathematics is to rote and recite formula as per the teacher’s direction leads his younger in tension of mathematics. Most of the math teacher feels solving any mathematics problem to get its correct answer is successful mathematics learning. These kinds of belief and perception help to develop a wrong propensity towards mathematics and vacuously interferes math performance are also called math anxiety. As well as the math myths may contribute to students’ feelings that they will never be good at math because of conditions that they cannot control and cannot overcome.

1. Myth One: – You have to born with a mathematical brain

People who are successful in mathematics aren’t usually born that way. Learning math, like learning in general, takes knowledgeable teachers, willing students, and, most importantly, a great deal of time and practice. Learning math is, in fact, much like learning a language. The symbols and notation make up the rules of grammar and the terminology is the vocabulary. Doing math homework is like

practicing the conversation of math. Becoming fluent (and staying fluent) in math requires years of practice and continuous use.

2. Myth Two: – You can’t be creative and be good at math

Can you be an artist, writer, or musician and be good at math too? Yes! Math is found throughout literature, art, music, film, philosophy, and is essential to many “creative” fields. Leonardo Da Vinci, Mozart, M.C. Escher, and Lewis Carroll are just a few of the artists who used math extensively in their works. Here are a few interesting quotes about math in the arts. A man should be learned in several sciences, and should have a reasonable, philosophical and in some measure a mathematical head, to be a complete and excellent poet.

According to a poet John Dryden

“Geometry is the right foundation of all painting.”

According to an artist Albrecht Durer

“I am interested in mathematics only as a creative art.”

According to a mathematician Godfrey Harold Hardy

“A mathematician, like a painter or a poet, is a maker of patterns. If his patterns are more permanent than theirs, it is because they are made with ideas.”

According to Jack Black in School of Rock (rocker/teacher)

“Math is a wonderful thing Math is a really cool thing So, get off your “ath” let's do some math Math, math, math, math, math….”

3. Myth Three:– Women are not as good at math as men

The world still keeps women out of the field of mathematics. Even today, very young girls may not be encouraged to investigate the world in the same way that boys are. Boys are given blocks, science kits, and construction tools and are encouraged to explore their world in a more mathematical way than are girls. If more girls were given the same support and opportunities that boys have to excel at mathematics

Math Anxiety and Strategies to Reduce Math Anxiety

Madan Kumar Shrestha

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perhaps there would be many more high-achieving girls and women in mathematics.

A research conducted in USA has found that approximately 93 percent of Americans indicate that they experience some level of math anxiety. Math anxiety can develop at any age. For many children, negative attitudes toward math begin early in life, sometimes even before they enter kindergarten. In fact, studies have found a negative relationship between math anxiety and math achievement across all grade levels. Some researchers have found that math anxiety is most likely to begin around fourth grade and peak in middle and senior high school (Geist, 2010; Legg & Locker, 2009; Sun & Pyzdrowski, 2009; Scarpello, 2007; Woodard, 2004).

Studies carried out by Plaisance and Pyzdrowski indicate that the origin of math anxiety is complex and that anxiety forms as a result of personality, intellectual, and environmental factors. Personality factors include low self-esteem, inability to handle frustration, shyness, and intimidation. The intellectual factor that most strongly contributes to math anxiety is the inability to understand mathematical concepts. Environmental factors include overly demanding parents and negative classroom experiences, such as unintelligible textbooks, an emphasis on drill without understanding, avoidance of new innovations and technologies in teaching and learning process and a poor math teacher. Researchers agree that math teachers who are unable to adequately explain concepts, lack patience with students, make threatening comments, and/or have little enthusiasm for the subject matter frequently produce math-anxious students.

Math anxiety has been universally recognized as a non-intellectual factor that hampers student’s math achievement. Some students who perform poorly on math assessments may have a full understanding of the mathematical concepts being tested; however, their anxiety interferes with their ability to solve mathematical problems. A number of researchers have hypothesized that math anxiety disrupts performance

because it reduces students’ working memory, leaving them unable to block out distractions and irrelevant information or to retain information while working on tasks. Math anxiety is a serious and pervasive problem, especially in the school education. Students may experience math anxiety in many forms and degrees. Mathematics anxiety may lead students to delay or stop taking math courses which often limits their educational opportunities. In today’s increasingly technical society, it is more important than ever for students to have knowledge of math.

Nowadays, researchers believe that implementation of strategies to prevent or reduce math anxiety will improve math achievement for the students. Essentially, every problem seems to be presented in its existence along its possible solution. Thus it is assumed that there is help available for students with math anxiety. There are, of course, many more strategies that can help with math anxiety. Here I have mentioned 11 self-help techniques to the students for combating math anxiety along with some recommendations however it may not be sufficient:1. Learn stress management and

relaxation techniques.

Techniques such as deep breathing and meditation that help you to relax in any stressful situation can also be helpful when dealing with the nervousness and tension that affect students with math anxiety. Nowadays publications about stress management are available in the market, of course, these materials are more helpful as well.

2. Avoid negative thinking.

It is said that self confidence in any kind of act is partially done. Lack of confidence can be a major obstacle for students with math anxiety. Replace those negative thoughts (“I can’t do this”, “I’ve never been good at math”, “I won’t finish in time” , “ I’ve no idea”, “I cannot remember formula”) with confidence building assertions (“I know this”, “I’m prepared”, “I can do this”).

3. Visualize yourself succeeding.

Athletes use the technique of visualization to prepare for major competitions. Imagine yourself being relaxed doing math and during

a test and confidently solving the problems. Take yourself in good position among peer groups since there may be some portion of class are in your back on the behalf of mathematics performance.

4. Do “easiest” problems first.Learning from simple to complex is universally accepted technique in any learning theory. Build up your confidence by first doing those problems in an assignment or on a test that you know best. It is the best idea to be engaged in mathematics. It’ll help you becoming relaxed when you tackle with the harder bits and pieces.

5. Convert your stress into something else.

Free up your mind by relieving some of your physical responses to stress. Get up and run around the hall for a minute before the test or compress a stress ball like crazy during the test. Or divert your mind in listening music, watching TV, enjoying with gadget etc.

6. Start preparing early.

If you try to study the matter quickly, you are likely to forget it quickly too. If you practice the matter over a period of time, you will have a better understanding of it and are less likely to forget it when under stress. Practicing a matter 20 times in a day is less effective (short term memory) than practicing a matter at once regularly in 20 days (long term memory).

7. Take care of yourself.

Although it’s not easy when you’re in school, eating and sleeping well helps your body and mind function to their fullest potential.

8. Try to understand the “why” of math concepts rather than memorizing.

The first thing to go when you are under stress is your short-term memory. This is one reason it is so important to understand that math is not just a set of rules that you have to memorize but that each concept builds on what came before. If you understand the reason behind the rules, you will remember the concepts better and be able to apply them in many different types of problems (not just ones you’ve seen before). Try to generalize what


you learn in your practical life. It is possible only when you have detail and clear concept, skill and knowledge.

9. Find a support group.

A support group is especially helpful for students with math anxiety. Friends are not only to play together, to sit together, to walk together and to eat together, but discussing on a subject matter and sharing own problem and finding its solution among support group are also fruitful for the group members. Which enhance progression in gets rid of math anxiety.

10. Reward yourself for hard work.

After completing a difficult assignment or an exam or a mathematics test, it’s time to give you a break yourself. Have a chocolate…or a party or a short trip or be busy in a task which is the best interested for you!

11. Consult with the instructor and counselor

Students may also consult their instructors and counselors to get guidance on an individualized program of dealing with math anxiety. As a result students with math anxiety may get right track to become perfect dealt with the problem what s/he is facing.

Some of the researchers have suggested several strategies that students can use to overcome their math anxiety. They are as follows:• Practice math every day. Researchers recommend that students practice math problems daily. They emphasize that repetition is important in math and that with practice; students will develop the confidence needed to solve mathematical problems (Freedman, 2010; Cavanaugh, 2007; Haralson, 2002; Rispoli, n.d.).

• Use good study techniques. Students should become familiar with good study techniques. For example, space out studying time to increase retention; study in a location with few distractions and don’t over-study because it can lead to information overload (Furner & Berman, 2003; Lauren, n.d.).

• Study according to one’s own learning style. To reduce math anxiety, students should study

according to their individual learning style. For example, visual learners learn by using pictures, diagrams, illustrated textbooks, and videos; auditory learners learn best through verbal lectures, discussions, and talking things through with others; and tactile/kinesthetic learners learn through a hands-on approach and active exploration within their environment (Freedman, 2010; Rispoli, n.d.).

• Don’t rely solely on memory. When students are nervous and have memorized a mathematical concept without truly understanding it, their memory may quickly fail them. When students understand a concept, they minimize the amount of material they must memorize and are better able to solve problems (Freedman, 2010; Rispoli, n.d.).

• Focus on past successes. Unsuccessful experiences with math may cause students to doubt their ability to do well in math, so researchers suggest that students focus on past successes rather than failures. Students can build their confidence in math through gradual, repeated success (Scarpello, 2007; Furner & Berman, 2003; Haralson, 2002).

• Ask for help. Students should immediately seek assistance when they don’t understand a math concept. If a student needs extra help, it is often better to be tutored by someone other than the classroom math teacher because other individuals may have different ways of explaining concepts that are easier for the student to comprehend (Freedman, 2010; Haralson, 2002; Rispoli, n.d.).

• Practice relaxation techniques. Some researchers recommend that students practice relaxation techniques to reduce math anxiety, such as deep breathing, visualization, positive messages, and frustration breaks (Furner & Berman, 2003).

Teacher Strategies for Reducing Students’ Math Anxiety

Following are the techniques that teachers can use to decrease their students’ math anxiety.

• Develop strong skills and a positive attitude toward math. Researchers have found that teachers with math anxiety or a negative view of math

contribute to the development of math anxiety in their students (Sparks, 2011; Beilock et al., 2010; Hellum-Alexander, 2010; Furner & Berman, 2004; Brown, n.d.). Studies highlight the need for more teachers training that develops educators’ math skills and positive attitudes toward math (Sparks, 2011; Beilock et al., 2010). Since most elementary school teachers are female, the researchers concluded that girls are more likely to be effected by their teachers’ negative attitudes towards mathematics than boys. Researchers also suggest that teachers attend workshops on new research-based best practices for teaching math and become more informed about the effects of math anxiety by reading related literature and attending conferences on the topic. Teachers should also be encouraged to network with each other about issues and ideas surrounding math anxiety (Cavanaugh, 2007; Furner & Berman, 2004; Woodard, 2004).

• Relate math to real life. Teachers should make math relevant to students’ lives and make connections to everyday applications, such as counting change and going grocery shopping, to help students realize that math is an important and useful tool.

• Encourage critical thinking. Teaching methods that emphasize memorization and rote repetition instead of understanding can increase students’ math anxiety. When students are taught with an emphasis on drill and practice and rote learning of formulas, they often don’t develop a meaningful understanding of math. Instead, teachers should present math as a thinking and decision-making tool and encourage students to think critically.

• Encourage active learning. Studies have found that students learn best when they are active rather than passive learners. Students must be engaged in exploring, thinking, practicing, and using knowledge, rather than listening to verbal descriptions of concepts. Researchers suggest that teachers incorporate games and activities into math lessons so that students can experience math in a hands-on fashion.


• Accommodate students’ varied learning styles. Teachers can help students overcome math anxiety by accommodating the diverse array of learning styles within their classroom and modifying their teaching practices to ensure that all students experience math success. For example, new math concepts can be taught through visual aids, discussions, play acting, hands-on activities, and technology.

• Place less emphasis on correct answers and computational speed. Researchers recommend that math instruction focus more on the computational process and less on results (Geist, 2010; Furner & Berman, 2003; Haralson, 2002). Woodard (2004) suggested that when grading tests and quizzes, teachers check the procedure instead of only checking the final answer to gain a better understanding of where students need help. Miller and colleagues (cited in Brown, n.d.) stated that unfortunately, “in the test environment, there is not only just one right answer, but often only one correct way to get it. Add to this the knowledge that a tiny mistake can result in the loss of all points and conditions can be quite stressful.” Studies have also found that some math anxiety is related to teaching techniques that emphasize the speed at which students arrive at correct answers (Geist, 2010; Jackson, 2008; Haralson, 2002).

• Organize students into cooperative learning groups. Math anxiety has been linked to teaching techniques that emphasize competition among students and require students to work in isolation. Researchers therefore recommend the use of cooperative group work. Cooperative groups provide students with opportunities to exchange ideas, ask questions freely, verbalize their thoughts, justify their answers, and debate processes (Geist, 2010; Hellum-Alexander, 2010; Woodard, 2004; Haralson, 2002; Curtain-Phillips, 2001).

• Provide support and encouragement. Teachers should provide encouragement to all students, emphasize that everyone makes mistakes, and refrain from tying self-esteem to success in

math (Geist, 2010; Plaisance, 2009; Cavanaugh, 2007; Furner & Berman, 2003; Curtain-Phillips, 2001). Jackson (2008) noted that students may believe it when a teacher tells them they can’t do math, and it takes only one teacher to create lasting math anxiety in a student.

• Avoid putting students in embarrassing situations. Teachers should create an atmosphere in which students don’t feel embarrassed in front of others or threatened when they are called on to give oral answers. Researchers recommend that teachers avoid forcing lower-performing students into intimidating circumstances, such as working problems on the board or being singled out to answer a question in class. They should instead provide these students with alternative ways of participating in class until their confidence level improves (Ashcraft & Krause, 2007; Woodard, 2004; Haralson, 2002).

• Never use math as a punishment. Furner and Berman (2003) stressed that assigning math problem as punishment for misbehavior can lead to math anxiety. So teacher should never use math as punishment.

• Use manipulatives. Studies indicate that most elementary school children show greater interest in math class and are better able to master mathematical concepts and skills when teachers teach with concrete materials, such as manipulative. Using manipulative to represent abstract ideas allows young learners to more easily understand the concepts they represent. In addition, students enjoy the change from lectures and books to hands-on learning (Plaisance, 2009; Woodard, 2004; Furner & Berman, 2003; Curtain-Phillips, 2001; Brown, n.d.).

• Use technology in the classroom. Studies have found that technology can be used as a helpful tool to reduce math anxiety in the classroom at all grade levels. For example, computer based assignments allow students to work at their own pace and receive instant feedback; the Internet gives students the opportunity to quickly access a wide variety of resources; and online bulletin boards provide students with a cooperative learning platform (Hellum-Alexander, 2010;

Sun & Pyzdrowski, 2009).

• Dismiss harmful but popular misconceptions. Once math anxiety is established, it is often supported by a variety of cultural attitudes that undermine math achievement. These misconceptions include: myths that I have mentioned at front part of this article, males are better at math than females; individuals are either good or not good at math no matter how hard they work; there is only one right way to solve a mathematical problem; and all mathematicians solve problems quickly and in their heads. Teachers need to help students realize that these commonly held beliefs are not true.

• Use a variety of assessments. Research suggests that teachers can prevent or reduce math anxiety by using alternative assessments. Alternative assessment techniques include oral questioning, observation, demonstration, discussion, learning logs, and retesting with a former test. Projects, performance tasks, and portfolios are also effective assessment tools.

Some more helpful websites and other resources for math anxiety and math study skills are

1. http://www.math-anxiety.com

2. http://www.mathacademy.com

3. http://homeworktips.about.com

4. http://www.math.ohio-state.edu/students/how_to_study.html

5. http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/SuccessinMath.html

6. http://mathforum.org/dr.math/ - the math forum Ask Dr. Math

7. http://www.mathpower.com/

8. http://www.math.com/students/advice/anxiety.html

9. http://www.awm-math.org/

10. http://drs.dadeschools.net.

Asst. Lecturer, Neelkantha Multiple Campus, Dhading Bensi.

Vice-Principal, CP College, Dhading Bensi.

Head of the Department, Children Park H.S.S., Dhading Bensi


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