• What is ideology? Explain using examples from last week’s cartoon and song.

• How does the notion of the “panopticon” illustrate the complexity of power issues?

• Explain the two key issues of gender studies using examples from specific religions.

• In terms of gender what do universities, symphony orchestras, and the Dalai Lama have in common?

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HALLOWE’EN!1. Celtic (Irish) festival Oct 31

➡ Harvest, end of Autumn

➡ Physical and spiritual worlds come close

➡ Light bonfires to stay safe

➡ “Pagan”

HALLOWE’EN!2. “All Saints’ Day” (or “All Hallows’ Day”)

➡ Catholic ritual (5th C?); originally in May

➡ Honour saints, pray for souls in purgatory

➡ Move to Nov 1 (8th C?) to replace the Celtic harvest festival

➡ All Hallows Even = Oct 31 (replace Celtic ritual)

HALLOWE’EN!3. “Souling” (ca. 1400s?)

➡ Medieval Catholic ritual (England, Ireland)

➡ All Hallows’ Eve / All Saints’ Day

➡ Turnip lanterns! (=souls)

➡ Asking neighbours for prayers

➡ Asking for “soul cakes,” bread, charity

HALLOWE’EN!• Connections to course:

➡ Rituals (symbolism, society, etc., etc.)

➡ Power / colonialism

➡ Gender?

➡ Hybridity

➡ Religions change over time and place

➡ No direct link to sacred texts

8. Power

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Today

• Finish: Power!➡ Marx

➡ Gramsci

➡ Althusser

➡ Foucault

• No break? (finish 6:50pm)

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Office Hours

• All TAs: next Tuesday, 3-5pm

➡ Oscar Peterson Hall (dining area)

• Ian: next Wednesday, 12-2pm

➡ Erindale Hall room 208

• Me: regular (Tues + Thurs)

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December 5

Power

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Power

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• Not so useful theories for assignment:

➡ Althusser: interpellation (66-67)

➡ Weber: economics (69-70)

Power

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• Possibly useful theories for assignment:

➡ Marx: religion as ideology (58-60)

➡ Gramsci: hegemony and counter-hegemony (60-65)

➡ Althusser: repressive and ideological state apparatuses (65-66)

➡ Foucault: panopticon (71-73) and power, knowledge, discourse (74-76)

Marx

• What is “ideology”?

• Ideology: “makes the rule by one group over another appear ‘natural’ and unquestionable” (p. 59)

• Theories of ideology: critique/expose it

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Song!

• “Everything is Everything” by Lauryn Hill (1998)

“Everything is Everything”

I wrote these words for everyoneWho struggles in their youth

Who won’t accept deceptionInstead of what is truth

It seems we lose the game,Before we even start to playWho made these rules?

We’re so confusedEasily led astray

“Everything is Everything”

And the ones on top, won’t make it stopSo convinced that they might fall

Now hear this mixtureWhere hip hop meets scripture

Develop a negative into a positive picture

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Instructors

• Human

➡ Introverted

➡ Anxieties

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Instructors

• What to call them?

• Professor may tell you

➡ “Ken” or “Prof. Derry” or “Dr. Derry”

• If not: default = formal

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Marx

• Marx and Engels, On Religion

• Religion CAN be an ideology (p. 59)

• Leads us to accept (unjust) system:

1. Comfort / illusion

2. Teachings

• Need to critique / remove religion before we can change the unjust system

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1. Comfort / Illusion

• Religion as “opium” / “imaginary flowers”

• Comforts us, masks suffering

• Reward after death (vs. conditions of life)

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Religion as opiate of the people

2. Teachings• Support the (unjust) system

• New Testament (Christianity):

➡ Turn the other cheek (Matthew 5:39)

➡ “Let every person be subject to the governing authorities; for there is no authority except from God and those authorities that exist have been instituted by God.” (Romans 13:1)

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Not Marx

• Religion: may oppose the (unjust) system (not Marx’s view!)

• Christianity:

➡ Martin Luther King (USA)

➡ Desmond Tutu (South Africa)

➡ Stan McKay (Canada)

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Gramsci (“gram-shee”)

• Hegemony (p. 60-65)

• Those who are ruled over feel they have a stake in powers that control/exploit them

• Aware of being controlled and/or exploited

• Examples?

• Counter-hegemony

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Hegemony

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Counter-Hegemony

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Mean Girls (2004)

Hegemony + Counter-Hegemony

Althusser (“altu-sair”)1. Repressive state apparatus (p. 65-66)

➡ Force, violence, or threat of violence

➡ Police, army, etc.

2. Ideological state apparatus (p. 65-66)

➡ Education, media, religion, etc.

➡ Make existing power structure appear natural / obvious

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• Interpellation: unknowingly participate in own exploitation (p. 66-67)

➡ “Trick” or “brainwash”

➡ Illusion of choice

➡ Critique by Nye: cannot know someone’s state of mind

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Althusser (“altu-sair”)

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Interpellation

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Foucault (“foo-coe”)

• Power, knowledge, discourse (p. 74-76)(all three terms are interconnected)

• Who talks? Who appears knowledgeable?Who seems to be in charge?

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Foucault (“foo-coe”)

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• Panopticon (p. 71-3)

➡ Know you are being watched (but can’t see watcher)

➡ Internalize surveillance +modify behaviour

➡ Examples?

➡ Link to ideology?

➡ RLG101?50

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Futurama clip?

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