hafiz saeed and his group 786.docx

7/28/2019 hafiz saeed and his group 786.docx

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TOPIC:

STUDY OF LANGUAGES

IN PERSPECTIVE

OF

PIDGIN AND CREOLE

PREPARED BY: PREPARED FOR:

HAFIZ SAEED AHMAD PROF.MUDASSAR MAHMOODHAFIZ NOUMAN ASGHAR SPECIALIST OF LANGUAGEHAFIZ ALAMGIR STUDIESMALIK KAMRANSALMA ZAMIRNEELAM AZHAR

(FASS)

UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB


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PREFACE

We often came to listen that human is a social animal because everyone is somehow

interconnected to another one in any mode of social life.Now, the question is which

thing is plays a basic role to bring them close or connected to each other?Definitely the answer is Language or Cade through which they communicate their

thoughts, expressions and motives.

Most probably to gain and explore knowledge about that is called

SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY.

The motive of this research work is because of our last semester ofMSISwhich is

consists of a sociolinguistic subject that is duly need an assignment in order to fulfill this

purpose this kind of topic for research was chosen.

In fact, this is a group study which is done under the supervision of

Prof.MudassarMehmood a Lecturer of Sociolinguistic study at UCP.

The group consists of six members as under:

1. HAFIZ SAEED AHMAD (G.R)

2. MUFTI NOUMAN ASGHAR

3. HAFIZ ALAMGIR

4. MALIK KAMRAN

5. SALMA ZAMIR

6. NEELAM RAFIQUE


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO.1

Introduction to the topic

Historical analysis And Hurdles in the study

Origin of the terms

Theories of originDevelopment of the terms

CHAPTER NO.2

Introduction to the pidgin and creole

Definition of pidginEtymology

Terminology

Development

Common traits


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CHAPTER NO.3

i. West African pidgin

Introduction to the language

History of the language

John mettews research

Formation of language and Structure

Language areas and Map of West Africa

Historical Impacts

Examples

CHAPTER NO.4

ii. Thai-English pidgin


Characteristics and Structure

Examples and phrases

Particles

Pronunciation


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CHAPTER NO.5

iii. HAWAIIN PIDGIN ENGLISH

History and origin

Development in recent years

Formation and pronunciation

Grammar and composition

Common greetings

CHAPTER NO.6

iv. JUBA ARABIC


History and originDevelopment in recent years

Formation and pronunciation

Grammar and composition

Examples


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INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH WORK

In this assignment we will present a research study about languages which are

being spoken in the various parts of the world.

Our main goal is to produce a comprehensive research about selected languages

which are being spoken as code in terms of pidgins and creoles.

Here is the quick look on our targeted languages which are respectively as

under:

West African Pidgin language

Thai-English language

Hawaiian Pidgin language

Juba Arabic language

Now, the time we will introduce the readers with the distribution ofcontents in respect of group members which were participating in this research

work accordingly:

Introductory portion, back ground and historical analysis of whole this

research work goes to

HAFIZ SAEED

Comprehensive research on Pidgins and Creoles including

definitions, terminologies, etymologies and development with the

references of various examples this portion belongs to

SALMA ZAMIR

A productive and informative research about WEST AFRICANPIDGIN ENGLISH including language formulation, language structure

and language development with explanation of map through

examples this work is done by

NEELAM AZHAR

Anothermarginal language THAI-ENGLISH PIDGIN includingits all accessories is remained under the research observation of

HAFIZ ALAMGIR

An instructive and constructive research work on another

variety of pidgin

HAWAIIN PIDGIN ENGLISH with syntax, structure and easy tounderstand examples was by

MUFTI NOUMAN ASGHAR

At the end reader could study about a Arabic based pidgin

variety JUBA ARABIC language which is easy to catch through

handy examples by

MALIK KAMRAN


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CHAPTER NO.1:

i. INTODUCTION TO THE TOPIC

Most of the languages which are right now being spoken in various

areas of the world, most probably many of them were emerged as an

pidgin languages after this first stage with the passage of time these

languages become creole or native language.

In the term of language formulation we must considerably knew

that any language could not been formulate until unless it except the

effects of the culture which occupy the spoken community of that

language, because every culture give the space to the words or shut the

door for many other words, thats why it is admitted fact that nolanguage can develop or survive without acceptance of cultural impacts.

It was the time when all the varieties of languages like Lingua

Franca, Pidgin and creole were considered as marginal languages.

On the other side many fully fledged languages are exist but we have

very limited knowledge about them, infect the serious study of these

languages consists of only few decades.

In addition, at the time of using these languages circumstances

were also not favorable, the tendency of no-interest toward these

languages was dominant, even speaking communities of these languageswere also facing troubles and tortures, especially the researchers of

these languages were threatened to destroy their careers.

(Ronald Warthaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Blackwell publishing 350 main street, Malden, MA02148-5020, USA

9600 Garsington Road, OxfordOX4 2DQ, UK

550 Swanton Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia)

Pg. NO.66/426, edition 5th, Pidgins and creoles


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ii. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

Hyms (p.3) says pidgins and creoles were largely ignored by the linguiststill 1930 and these languages were considered as marginal languages

even some of them were advised to keep away from these languages

otherwise their careers could be demolished.

Infect, Hyms narrates the circumstances at the time of origin, in addition

the attitude of language speaking communities was also not appreciated

and knowledge about these languages was also very rare.

Although these languages are central point of our studyandcentralpoint of the lives of millions of people too, because these communities

are origin of these languages but, unfortunately these languages were

associated with backward, poor and dark communities.

He also argues that interest or information about these languages

weather based on scholarly tone or general tone, all was prejudges.

These languages were declared as degeneration rather creative

adaptation,

They attached them with inherited ignorance and indolence

instead of historical and social forces, because these languages could

easily ignore if these languages made separate from their political,

social, literature and cultural power.

Ref:Ronaldwarthaugh 66/426


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iii. ORIGION OF THE TERMS

THE TERMS PIDGIN AND CREOLE

There are a number of views on the origin of the term pidgin, none of

which has gained sole acceptance by the academic community.

1) Chinese corruption of the word business. As the word is used for any

action or occupation (cf. joss-pidgin religion and chow-chow-pidgin

cooking') it should not be surprising that it be used for a languagevariety which arose for trading purposes.

2) Portuguese ocupaao meaning trade, job, occupation. This

suggestion is interesting as the Portuguese were among the first traders

to travel to the third world and influence natives with their language.

Phonetically the shift from the original word to a form /pidgin/ is

difficult to explain.

3) A form from the South American language Yayo -pidian meaningpeople (claim put forward by Kleinecke, 1959). This form occurs intribal names like Mapidian, Tarapidian, etc. This claim rests on a

single occurrence of the word Pidians in a text from 1606. But as several authors have pointed out this might be a spelling error for

Indians seeing as how the author has other misspellings in the text inquestion.

4) Hancock (1972) suggested that the term is derived from

pequenoportugues which is used in Angola for the broken Portuguesespoken by the illiterate. This view is semantically justified seeing that

the word pequeno is often used to mean offspring, in this case alanguage derived from another. Phonetically, the shift to /pidgin/ is not

difficult to account for: /peke:no/ > /pege:n/ > /pigin/ > /pidgin/ (stages

not attested, however).

5) Hebrew word pidjom meaning barter. This suggestion isphonetically and semantically plausible, hinges however on the


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distribution of a Jewish word outside of Europe and its acceptance as a

general term for a trade language.

The term creole There is less controversy on this issue than on theprevious one. The term would seem to derive from French creole, it inits turn coming from Portuguese crioulo (rather than from Spanishcriollo') which goes back to an Iberian stem meaning to nurse, breed,bring up. The present meaning is native to a locality or country.Originally it was used (17th century) to refer to those from European

countries born in the colonies. The term then underwent a semantic

shift to refer to customs and language of those in the colonies and later

to any language derived from a pidgin based on a European language,

typically English, French, Portuguese, Spanish or Dutch. Now the term

refers to any language of this type, irrespective of what the input

language has been.


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iv. Theories of origin

There are various theories about the origin of pidgins which

have been proposed in the last hundred years or so. These can bepresented as a basic group of five theories which show a degree ofoverlap; note that a mixture of origins is also a possibility which

should also be considered.

1) The baby-talk theoryat the end of the last century Charles

Leland, when discussing China coast pidgin English, noted that therewere many similarities with the speech of children such as the

following features:

a) High percentage of content words with a correspondingly lownumber of function words

b) Little morphological markingc) Word classes more flexible than in adult language (free

conversion)d) Contrasts in area of pronouns greatly reduced

e) Number of inflections minimized

Later linguists, notably Jespersen and Bloomfield, maintained that

the characteristics of pidgins result from imperfect mastery of alanguage which in its initial stage, in the child with its first language

and in the grown-up with a second language learnt by imperfectmethods, leads to a superficial knowledge of the most indispensable

word, with total disregard of grammar (Jespersen 1922: 234). Theevaluative nature of such views would be rejected by linguists today.

2)Independent parallel development theoryThis view maintainsthat the obvious similarities between the worlds pidgins and creolesarose on independent but parallel lines due to the fact that they allare derived from languages of Indo-European stock and, in the case

of the Atlantic varieties, due to their sharing a common West Africansubstratum. Furthermore, scholars like Robert Hall specify that thesimilar social and physical conditions under which pidgins arosewere responsible for the development of similar linguistic structures.

3) Nautical jargon theoryAs early as 1938 the American linguistJohn Reinecke noted the possible influence of nautical jargon on

pidgins. It is obvious that on many of the original voyages ofdiscovery to the developing world many nationalities were


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represented among the crews of the ships. This fact led to the

development of a core vocabulary of nautical items and a simplifiedgrammar (at least as regards English). Later pidgins show many of

these lexical items irrespective of where the language varieties arespoken. Thus the word capsiseturns up with the meaning turn over

or spill in both West Atlantic and Pacific pidgins. So do thewords heave, hoist, hail, galley, cargo. One of the shortcomings of

this otherwise attractive theory is that it does not help to accountfor the many structural affinities between pidgins which arose fromdifferent European languages.

4) Monogenetic/relexification theoryAccording to this view all

pidgins can be traced back to a single proto-pidgin, a 15th centuryPortuguese pidgin which was itself probably a relic of the medieval

lingua franca (also known assabirfrom the Portuguese word forknow') which was the common means of communication among the

Crusaders and traders in the Mediterranean area. Lingua francasurvived longest on the North African coast and is attested from

Algeria and Tunisia as late as the 19th century.The theory maintains that when the Portuguese first sailed down

the west coast of Africa in the 15th century they would have usedtheir form of lingua franca (sabir). Afterwards in the 16th and 17th

centuries when the Portuguese influence in Africa declined, thevocabulary of the then established pidgins would have been replaced

by that of the new colonial language which was dominant in thearea, say English or French. As the Portuguese were among the first

traders in India and South East Asia a similar situation can beassumed to have obtained: the vocabulary of the original Portuguesepidgin was replaced by that of a later European language.

Note that with this theory the grammatical structure of pidginswould not have been affected by the switch in vocabulary (this is

what is meant by the term relexification). Thus the obvioussimilarity in structure of all pidgins would go back to the grammar of

the proto-pidgin coming from the Mediterranean area. What thistheory does not explain is why the structure (analytic) should be of

the type it is. Furthermore there are a number of marginal pidgins(Russenorsk, Eskimo Trade Jargon) which cannot conceivably be

connected with Portuguese and which are nonetheless analytic instructure just as the pidgins based on the main European colonial

languages are.

5) Universalist theorythis is the most recent view on the origin of

pidgins and has elements in common with the other theories.However, the distinguishing mark of this theory is that it sees the


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similarities as due to universal tendencies among humans to create

languages of a similar type, i.e. an analytic language with a simplephonology, an SVO syntax with little or no subordination or other

sentence complexities, and with a lexicon which makes maximumuse of polysemy (and devices such as reduplication) operating from

a limited core vocabulary. To put it in technical terms, a creole willbe expected to have unmarked values for linguistic parameters, e.g.

with the parameter pro-drop, whereby the personal pronoun is notobligatory with verb forms (cf. Italian capiscoI understand'), theunmarked setting is for no pro-drop to be allowed and indeed this isthe situation in all pidgins and creoles, a positive value being

something which may appear later with the rise of a rich

morphology.


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v. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERMS

Pidgins and Creoles


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A pidgin is a restricted language which arises for the purposesof communication between two social groups of which one is in a

more dominant position than the other. The less dominant group isthe one which develops the pidgin. Historically, pidgins arose in

colonial situations where the representatives of the particularcolonial power, officials, tradesmen, sailors, etc., came in contact

with natives. The latter developed a jargon when communicatingwith the former. This resulted in a language on the basis of the

colonial language in question and the language or languages of thenatives. Such a language was restricted in its range as it served a

definite purpose, namely basic communication with the colonists. In


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the course of several generations such a reduced form of language

can becomemore complex, especially if it develops into the mothertongue of a group of speakers. This latter stage is that of

creolization. Creoles are much expanded versions of pidgins andhave arisen in situations in which there was a break in the natural

linguistic continuity of a community, for instance on slaveplantations in their early years.

The interest of linguists in these languages has increased greatly in

the last few decades. The main reason for this is that pidgins andcreoles are young languages. In retracing their development it may

be possible to see how new languages can arise. Furthermore, the

large number of shared features among widely dispersed pidginsand creoles leads to the conclusion that creoles at least show

characteristics which are typical of language in the most generalsense, the features of older languages, such as complex morphology

or intricate phonology, arising due to the action of various forcesover a long period of time after the birth of these languages. In type,

creoles are all analytic and generally lack complexity in their soundsystems.

Developmental stages of pidgins/creoles

Social situation Linguistic correlate

1) Marginal contact Restricted pidgin

2) Nativisation Extended pidgin

3) Mother tongue development Creole

4) Movement towards standard language

(not necessarily input language)

Decreolization

Pidgins are generally characterized as restrictedand extended. Inthe life-cycle of pidgins one can note that they start off as restrictedlanguage varieties used in marginal contact situations for minimal

trading purposes. From this original modest outset a pidgin may,

assuming that there are social reasons for it to do so, develop intoan extended type. The latter is characterized by the extension of the

social functions of a pidgin. One very frequent scenario in the later


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development of a pidgin is where it is used as a means of

communication not just among black and white speakers but amongnative speakers themselves who however have very different native

languages. This is the major reason for the survival of Pidgin Englishin West Africa. The function of Pidgin English is thus as

a linguafranca, i.e. a common means of communication betweenspeakers who do not understand their respective native languages.

The process of pidginization is very common in any situation in

which a lingua franca is called for. Normally any such variety diesout very quickly once the situation which gave rise to it no longer

obtains. If the situation does continue to exist then the pidgin is

likely to survive. The steps from restricted to extended pidgin andfurther to creole are only taken by very few languages, particularly

the major restructuring typical of pidgins is not normally carried outby any but a very small number of input varieties.

Reasons for creole developmentCreoles may arise in one of two

basic situations. One is where speakers of pidgins are put in asituation in which they cannot use their respective mother tongues.

This has arisen in the course of the slave trade (in the Caribbean andthe southern United States) where speakers were deliberately kept

in separate groups to avoid their plotting rebellion. They were then

forced to maintain the pidgin which they had developed up to thenand pass it on to future generations as their mother tongue thus

forming the transition from a pidgin to a creole. A second situation is

where a pidgin is regarded by a social group as a higher languagevariety and deliberately cultivated; this is the kind of situation whichobtained in Cameroon and which does still to some extent on Papua

New Guinea. The outcome of this kind of situation is that thechildren of such speakers which use pidgin for prestige reasons may

end up using the pidgin as a first language, thus rendering it a creolewith the attendant relinquishing of the native language of their

parents and the expansion of all linguistic levels for the new creoleto act as a fully-fledged language.

Ref: http://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VARS_PidginsAndCreoles.htm
http://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VARS_PidginsAndCreoles.htmhttp://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VARS_PidginsAndCreoles.htm


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CHAPTER NO.2

Introduction to the pidgin and creole

i. Pidgin(Not to be confused with thePigeonbird. For the instant messaging client).

A pidgin orpidgin language, is a simplified language that develops as a means

of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in

common. It is most commonly employed in situations such astrade, or where

both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in

which they reside (but where there is no common language between the

groups). Fundamentally, a pidgin is a simplified means of linguisticcommunication, as it is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between

individuals or groups of people. A pidgin is not the native language of any

speech community, but is instead learned as a second language.

A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from

multiple other languages and cultures. Pidgins allow people or a group of

people to communicate with each other without having any similarities in

language and do not have any rules, as long as both parties are able to

understand each other. Pidgins can be changed and do not follow a specific

order. Pidgins usually have lowprestigewith respect to other languages.

Not all simplified or "broken" forms of a language are pidgins. Each

pidgin has its own norms of usage which must be learned for proficiency in

the pidgin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_%28sociolinguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_%28sociolinguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_%28sociolinguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_%28sociolinguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon


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ii. Etymology

The origin of the word pidginis uncertain. Pidginfirst appeared in print in

1850. The most widely accepted etymology is from theChinesepronunciation

of the English word business.

Another etymology that has been proposed is Englishpigeon, a bird

sometimes used forcarrying brief written messages, especially in times prior

to modern telecommunications.

iii. Terminology

The wordpidgin, formerly also spelled pigion, originally used to refer to

Chinese Pidgin English, was later generalized to refer to any pidgin.

Pidginmay also be used as the specific name for local pidgins orcreoles,

in places where they are spoken. For example, the name of the creole language

Tok Pisinderives from the English words talk pidgin. Its speakers usually

refer to it simply as "pidgin" when speaking English. Likewise,Hawaiian

Creole Englishis commonly referred to by its speakers as "Pidgin".

The termjargonhas also been used to refer to pidgins, and is found in

the names of some pidgins, such asChinook Jargon. In this context, linguists

today usejargonto denote a particularly rudimentary type of pidgin;however, this usage is rather rare, and the termjargonmost often refers to the

words particular to a given profession.

Pidgins may start out as or become trade languages, such asTok Pisin. Trade

languages are often full blown languages in their own right such asSwahili.

Trade languages tend to be "vehicular languages", while pidgins can evolve

into thevernacular.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Language


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iv. Pidgindevelopment

The creation of a pidgin usually requires:

Prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities

A need to communicate between them

An absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible

interlanguage

Also, Keith Whinnom (inHymes (1971)) suggests that pidgins need three

languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the

others.

It is often posited that pidgins becomecreole languageswhen a generation ofchildren learn a pidgin as their first language, a process that regularizes

speaker-dependent variation in grammar. Creoles can then replace the

existing mix of languages to become the native language of a community (such

as theChavacano languagein thePhilippines,KrioinSierra Leone, andTok

PisininPapua New Guinea). However, not all pidgins become creole

languages; a pidgin may die out before this phase would occur (e.g. the

Mediterranean Lingua Franca).

Other scholars, such asSalikoko Mufwene, argue that pidgins and creoles

arise independently under different circumstances, and that a pidgin need not

always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according

to Mufwene, emerged among trade colonies among "users who preserved

their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions". Creoles,

meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European

language, oftenindentured servantswhose language would be far from the

standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-Europeanslaves,

absorbing certain words and features from the slaves' non-European native

languages, resulting in a heavilybasilectalizedversion of the original

language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as aneveryday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a

speaker of the superstrate was necessary.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlanguagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin#CITEREFHymes1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin#CITEREFHymes1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin#CITEREFHymes1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salikoko_Mufwenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salikoko_Mufwenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salikoko_Mufwenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salikoko_Mufwenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin#CITEREFHymes1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlanguage


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v. Common traits

among pidgin

languages

Since a pidgin language is a fundamentally simpler form of

communication, thegrammarandphonologyare usually as simple

as possible, and usually consist of:

Uncomplicatedclausalstructure (e.g., noembeddedclauses, etc.)

Reduction or elimination ofsyllable codas

Reduction of consonant clusters or breaking them withepenthesis

Basic vowels, such as [a, e, i, o, u]

Notones, such as those found in West African and Asian languages Use of separate words to indicatetense, usually preceding theverb

Use ofreduplicationto representplurals,superlatives, and other parts of

speech that represent the concept being increased

A lack ofmorphophonemic variation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin

citation time:10:55 p.m dated:4th june.2013,Tuesday

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subordinate_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subordinate_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subordinate_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_codahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_codahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_codahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_%28linguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_%28linguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_%28linguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_%28linguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_codahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subordinate_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar


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CHAPTER NO.3

West African Pidgin English

i. INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE

West African Pidgin English, also called Guinea Coast Creole English, was

thelingua franca, or language of commerce, spoken along the West African coast

during the period of theAtlantic slave trade. British slave merchants and local

African traders developed this language in the coastal areas in order to facilitate

their commercial exchanges, but it quickly spread up the river systems into the

West African interior because of its value as a trade language among Africans of

different tribes. Later in its history, this useful trading language was adopted as a

native language by new communities of Africans and mixed-race people living in

coastal slave trading bases such asJames Island,Bunce Island,Elmina

Castle,Cape Coast CastleandAnomabu. At that point, it became acreole

language.

Some scholars call this language "West African Pidgin English" to emphasize its

role as a lingua francapidginused for trading. Others call it "Guinea Coast Creole

English" to emphasize its role as acreolenative language spoken in and around

the coastal slave castles and slave trading centers by people permanently based

there.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Island_(The_Gambia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Island_(The_Gambia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Island_(The_Gambia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunce_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunce_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunce_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomabuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomabuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomabuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomabuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunce_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Island_(The_Gambia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca


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ii. HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE

West African Pidgin English arose during the period when the British

dominated the Atlantic slave trade in the late 17th and 18th centuries, ultimately

exporting more slaves to the Americas than all the other European nationscombined. During this period, English-speaking sailors and slave traders were in

constant contact with African villagers and long-distance traders along

thousands of miles of West African coastline. Africans who picked up elements of

pidgin English for purposes of trade with Europeans along the coast probably

took the language up the river systems along the trade routes into the interior

where other Africans who may never have seen a white man adopted it as a

useful device for trade along the rivers.

The existence of this influential language during the slave trade era is attested bythe many descriptions of it recorded by early European travelers and slave

traders. They called it the "Coast English" or the "Coast Jargon."

iii. JOHN MATTHEWSs research (A British slave Trader insierra leone)

A British slave trader in Sierra Leone, named John Matthews, mentioned pidgin English

in a letter he later published in a book titled A Voyage to the River Sierra-Leone on the

Coast of Africa. Matthews refers to West African Pidgin English as a "jargon," and he

warns Europeans coming to Africa that they will fail to understand the Africans unless

they recognize that there are significant differences between English and the coastal

pidgin:

Those who visit Africa in a cursory manner...are very liable to be mistaken in the

meaning of the natives from want of knowledge in their language, or in the jargon

of such of them as reside upon the sea-coast and speak a little English; the

European affixing the same ideas to the words spoken by the African, as if they

were pronounced by one of his own nation. [This] is a specimen of the

conversation which generally passes...:

Well, my friend, you got trade today; you got plenty o f slaves?

No, we no got trade yet; by and by trade come. You cant go.

What you go fo r catch people, you g o for make war?

Yes, my brother gone for catch people; or they gone for make war."


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iv. Formation and Structure

Like otherpidginandcreolelanguages, West African Pidgin

English took the majority of its vocabulary from its target

language (English), and much of its sound system, grammar,

andsyntaxfrom the local substrate languages (West

AfricanNigerCongolanguages).

The English dialect that served as the target language (or

lexifier) for West African Pidgin English was not the speech of

Britain's educated classes, though, but the Nautical English

spoken by the British sailors who manned the slave ships that

sailed to Africa. Nautical speech contained words from British

regional dialects as well as specialized ship vocabulary.

Evidence of this early nautical speech can still be found in the

modern pidgin and creole languages derived from West African

Pidgin English. InSierra Leone Krio, for instance, words derived

from English regional dialects

include padi("friend"), krabi t("stingy"), and ber in("funeral").

Words from specialized ship vocabulary

include koht las("machete"), f log("beat," "punish"), eys[from"hoist"] ("to lift"), and dek("floor").
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin


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v. LANGUAGE AREAS AND

MAP OF WEST AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE


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Slave trade from Africa to the Americas, 1650-1860

This map shows the major slave trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

over a two-hundred-year period. With the rise of the plantation economy after 1650,established first in sugar and later (after 1800) cotton, slavery became a fundamentaleconomic institution in the Americas. The numbers in black rectangles indicate theapproximate number of slaves sent to each region; the vast majority were transported tothe West Indies and Brazil. Slaves from Western Africa formed the labor force for extractingprofitable colonial commodities sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco, rice, and precious metals providing the foundation for rapid growth in trade and productive economies in theEuropean transatlantic empires. The legend on the lower left indicates the principalindustries worked by slave labor in each region. Britain, which by the eighteenth centuryhad the largest slave trade, abolished it in 1807. While other countries followed suit inofficially banning the trade, illegal importation of slaves continued to flourish until the1860s.

http://www.unc.edu/wrc/maps.html

Citation time:04:05p.m Dated:5th

june,2013 wednesday
http://www.unc.edu/wrc/maps/08-Map.pnghttp://www.unc.edu/wrc/maps/08-Map.pnghttp://www.unc.edu/wrc/maps.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/wrc/maps.htmlhttp://www.slaverysite.com/slave%20trade.htmhttp://www.unc.edu/wrc/maps.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/wrc/maps/08-Map.png


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vi. Historical impact

The various pidgin and creole languages still spoken in West

Africa todaytheAku languageinThe Gambia,Sierra Leone

Krio,Nigerian Pidgin English,Ghanaian Pidgin

English,Cameroonian Pidgin English,Fernando Poo Creole

English, etc. -- are all derived from this early West African Pidgin

English. Indeed, these contemporary English-based pidgin and

creole languages are so similar that they are sometimes grouped

together under the name "West African Pidgin English," though

the term applies more properly to the trade language spoken on

the West African coast two hundred years ago.

Some scholars also argue that African slaves took West African

Pidgin English to the New World where it helped give rise to the

English-based creoles that developed there, including theGullah

languagein coastalSouth CarolinaandGeorgia,Bahamian

Dialect,Jamaican Creole,Belizean Kriol,Guyanese

Creole,Sranan Tongoin Suriname, etc. Since the slaves taken to

the Americas spoke many different African languages, they

would have found West African Pidgin English as useful as alingua franca on the plantations as they had found it back home

in West Africa as a trading language. Their enslaved children

born in the Americas would have adopted different versions of

West African Pidgin English as their "native" languages, thus

creating a series of New World English-based creoles.

The similarities among the many English-based pidgin and

creole languages spoken today on bothsides of the Atlantic are

due, at least in part, to their common derivation from the early

West African Pidgin English. Note the following examples:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Poo_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Poo_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Poo_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Poo_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizean_Kriol_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizean_Kriol_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizean_Kriol_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sranan_Tongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sranan_Tongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sranan_Tongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sranan_Tongohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanese_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizean_Kriol_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Poo_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Poo_Creole_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroonian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku_language


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vii. EXAMPLES

Sierra Leone Krio:

Dem dey go for go it res-- They are going there to eat rice

Nigerian Pidgin English:

Dem dey go chop rais-- They are going there to eat rice

Cameroonian Pidgin English:

Deydi go for go chop r ice-- They are going there to eat rice

Gullah:

Dem duh gw inefuh eat rice-- They are going there to eat rice

References:

1. ^Matthews, John (1788). A Voyage to th e River Sierra-Leone on the

Coast of Afr ica. Printed for B. White and Son.

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English

3. CITATION TIME:03:30 p.m., dated:5th

june,2013, Wednesday

4. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English#cite_ref-1


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CHAPTER NO.4

ii. Thai-Englishpidgin

(Not to be confused wi thTanglishorTenglish, in terl anguages of English wi th Tamil

and Telugu, respectively).

i. I ntroduction to the languageTinglish is even widespread on official signs in Thailand.

Tinglish (US and Thailand[1]) or Thaiglish (UK) (also Thenglish, Thailish orThainglish) is the imperfect form of English produced by nativeThaispeakers

due tolanguage interferencefrom the first language.

Differences from 'native' English includedifferent pronunciation, unusual

word choices, and grammatical anomalies, as well as innovative vocabulary

items.

ii. Characteristics and structure

Characteristics and examples (direct translation) include.

omission of pronouns and of the verb be;

use ofpresent tense+ "already" instead ofpast tense

non-use or incorrect use ofarticles,declensionandconjugation.

addition of Thai finalparticles, e.g. I don' t know na

Frequent confusion between anyand every.

General misunderstanding of conditional constructions

pronunciation ofsilent lettersin a word Inability

[citati on needed]to speak consecutive consonants. E.g. "Sprite"

pronounced "Sa-pa-rite"

use ofdouble negatives

lallationof the H and S pronunciation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglish#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglish#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English#Thaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English#Thaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English#Thaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lallationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lallationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lallationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English#Thaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglish#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglish


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iii. Examples of words and phrases

Examples (direct translation) include:

same same(similar, as usual) and same same but different(seems similar but

different in some ways);

I li ' you well ywelly mutt(I like you very much)

My frien' you(You are my friend)

My fri end you(your friend -- this construction is mostly correct in Thai)

My name (My name is )

Him boxing you(He will punch you)

Up to you(It's your decision) [this is also perfectly good British English]

open/close the li ght(means "To turn on/off the light");

no have ... (means "there is no ..." or "I do not have a ...");

I send you to air port(means "I will take you to the airport");

I love you too much; (indicating confusion between "too" and "very")

I 'm not pretty sure(means "I don't know");

This trousers are fi t(means "this trousers are a little too small to wear");

I have ever been to L ondon; I always go to London

I 'm interesting in football(means "I am interested in watching/playing football");

wash the film(means "develop the film");

I very li ke it(means "I really like it");

I 'm sad when my mother angry me(means is angry with me);

I used to go Phuket(means "I have been to Phuket before");

take a bathreferring to taking a shower;

Ar e you spicy?(means "Does your food taste spicy?")

Are you boring?Do you feel bored?

Do you know how to eat thi s?referring to food with taste that may be unfamiliar, orfood requiring special eating method (such as wrapping it in lettuce) that may not be

known to the listener;

I play in ternet(I go on/use the internet);

Check bil l(means I want to get a check in a restaurant);

This is suck!means "This sucks!";

I very enjoy!means "I'm enjoying myself/I enjoyed myself";

Linkkey(erroneous pronunciation ofLinksys)

F ill up the oil(fill up the gas/petrol)

Piki Wiki or Picky Wicky(erroneous pronunciation of the USA grocery chainPiggly

Wiggly)

Run me nut(meaning "drive me nuts") Kids go bad Burger King(meaning "The kids were misbehaving at Burger King")

Cup-a-hole(erroneous pronunciation of Cul-de-sac)

You sahtoopid by yourself(meaning you made an error that was completely your

fault)

"I cook at here sticky rice" (meaning, "I plan to cook some sticky rice here")
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggly_Wigglyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggly_Wigglyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggly_Wigglyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggly_Wigglyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggly_Wigglyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggly_Wigglyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_translation


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iv. Particles

The words of Thai prefix particles and their implied meanings:

khun(literally mister, miss, or mrs.) or k. = mister or miss (e.g.KhunSomchai will have a meeting on Friday.)

Following is the list of Thai final particles and their implied meanings:

la= to give suggestion (e.g. Why don't you ask her la?), to inform the

listener of something (e.g. I'm going to bed la.), or to ask if the subject

would do something that the subject of the previous sentence does (e.g.

I'm going to have dinner now, how about you la?)

na= to give a suggestion (e.g. You must do your homework first na.), to

inform the listener of something (e.g. I'll be right back na.), or to softena statement about something that the speaker thinks should have been

done but have not yet been done (e.g. Why don't you ask her na?)

cha/ja= to add informality to the conversation (e.g. Hello ja.)

khrap/krab(or, alternatively, krub) (for male speaker only) = add at end

of sentence to make the conversation polite/formal; also as confirmation

(Yes!) (e.g. Hello krab.)

kha(or ka) (for female speaker only) = same as krab (e.g. Hello kha.)

Some less common particles:

mang/mung= a qualifier indicating uncertainty, sometimes translated

as "maybe" (e.g. The shop already closed, mung. / I think he's 25 years

old, mung.)

loei/leoy= totally or immediately (e.g. I don't understand leoy la. / See

you there leoyna)

laeo/laew= already or done (e.g. I have to go laew la.)

na= to give suggestion (it's likely to be used with someone who's close to

you and of equal status, such as your close friend, considered very rude

otherwise) (e.g. I don't know at all na, why don't you come with me na?)


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v. Pronunciation

As some sounds in English just simply don't exist in Thai language, this affects

the way native Thai speakerspronounceEnglish words[citati on needed]

:

shifts the stress to the last syllable of the word

omits consonant clusters

final consonants are often omitted or converted according to the rules of

Thai pronunciation: land rbecome n, while sbecomes t

"sh" and "ch" sounds can be indistinguishable as the Thai language

does not have the "sh" sound, e.g. ship/chip, sheep/cheap

"v" sound is almost always replaced by "w" sound, e.g. vow -> wow,

ville -> will

"g" and "z" sounds are usually devoiced, e.g. dog -> dock, zoo -> sue

"th" sound is often replaced by "t" or "d" sound, e.g. thin -> tin,

through -> true, then -> den

ambiguity between the short "e", as in "bled", and a long "a", as in

"blade"

"e(vowel) " such as cherry is pronounced shireri, error is pronounced

err-rer

In Thai, consonants generally cannot be blended together (exceptions to this

rule are /r/, /l/ and /w/.) A short "a" (ah) sound is automatically added

between any other two consonants.

start - sahtat

stupid - sahtupid

sleep - sahleep

speak - sahpeak

snore - sahnore

swim - sahwim

stay - sahtay

school - sahkoon

album - alabum schedule - sahketdual

in trend- in train
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation


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References

1. ^Kong Rithdee(2012-03-10). "Davos, Tokyo and clueless Tinglish".Bangkok Post(in English). p. 7. "Seriously, watching that clip, I rooted for

her to pull it off, to show thatSuvarnabhumi English, our Tinglish, is asgood as any as long as what she meant to say came off."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglish

citation time:10:35 p.m dated:4th

june,2013,Tuesday

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglish#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglish#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglish#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suvarnabhumi_English&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suvarnabhumi_English&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suvarnabhumi_English&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suvarnabhumi_English&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglish#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglish#cite_ref-1


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CHAPTER NO.5

Hawaiian Pidgin

I. Introduction:

Hawaiian Pidgin is an English Based Pidgin Language used by many residents

ofHawaii.

Although English and Hawaiian are the co-official languages of the state of

Hawaii, Pidgin is used by many Hawaiian residents in everyday conversation and

is often used in advertising toward Hawaiians.

ii.History and Formulation

Pidgin originated as a form of communication used between English

speaking residents and non-English speaking immigrants in Hawaii. It has been

influenced by many languages, including Portuguese, Hawaiian, and Cantonese.

As people of other language backgrounds were brought in to work on the

plantations, such as Japanese, Filipinos, and Koreans, Pidgin acquired words

from these languages.In the 19th and 20th centuries, Pidgin started to be used outside the plantation

between ethnic groups. Public school children learned Pidgin from their

classmates, and eventually it became the primary language of most people in

Hawaii, replacing the original languages. For this reason, linguists generally

consider Hawaii Pidgin to be a creole language.

In recent years, writers from Hawaii such as Lois-Ann Yamanaka and Lee

Tonouchi have written poems, short stories, and other works in Pidgin. A Pidgin

translation of the New Testament (calledDa Jesus B ook) has also been created,

as has an adaptation ofWilliam Shakespeare'sTwelf th Night, or What You Wil l,

titled in Pidgin "twelfnite o' WATEVA!"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Japanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois-Ann_Yamanakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tonouchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tonouchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Jesus_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Jesus_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Jesus_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night,_or_What_You_Willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night,_or_What_You_Willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night,_or_What_You_Willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night,_or_What_You_Willhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Jesus_Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tonouchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tonouchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois-Ann_Yamanakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Japanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii


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iii. Some

Common

greetings:

Shoots = Bye/Okay; positive affirmation of statement

Aloha = Hello, Goodbye, Love

A HuiHou = Until we meet again

MalamaPono = Take Care

Make = Dead

iv.Pronunci

ation

Pidgin has distinct pronunciation differences from standard American English

(SAE). Some key differences include the following:

1. The voiced and unvoiced thsounds are replaced by dortrespectivelythat

is, changed from a fricative to a plosive (stop). For instance, that(voiced th)

becomes dat, and think(unvoiced th) becomes t ink.

2. The sound lat the end of a word is often pronounced ooro l. For

instance, mentalis often pronounced mento; peopleispronouncedpeepo.

3. Pidgin is non-rhotic. That is, rafter a vowel is often omitted, similar to manydialects, such as Eastern New England, Australian English, and English

English variants. For instance, caris often pronounced cah, and letterispronounced letta. Intrusive ris also used. The number of Hawaii

Pidgin speakers with rhotic English has also been increasing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unvoicedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_New_England_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusive_Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusive_Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_New_England_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unvoicedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced


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v.Grammaticalfeatures

Fo rtense-mark ing ofverb,auxi l iary verbsare emplo yed:

1. To express past tense, Pidgin uses wen (went) in front of the verb.

Jesus w en cry. (DJB, John 11:35)

Jesus cried.

To express future tense, Pidgin uses g oin (going) in front of the verb, adeclaratory

wordorverbum dicendi, common in m any fo rms ofslangAmerican English.

God goin do plenny go od kine stuff fo h im. (DJB, Mark 11:9)

God is going to do a lot of good th ings for h im.

To express p ast tense negative, Pidgin u ses neva (never). Neva can also m ean "n ever"

as in norm al English u sage; context sometimes, but not always, makes the meaningclear.

He neva like dat.

He didn't w ant that. (or) He never wanted that. (or) He did n't like that.

Use of fo (for) in place of the inf in i t ive part ic le "to" . Cf. dialectal form " Going for to carry

me home."

I try infot ink. (or) I try fot ink.

I 'm try in g to think.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_dicendihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_dicendihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_dicendihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_dicendihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense


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CHAPTER NO.6

iv. JUBA ARABIC

i. Concepts:

Juba Arabic is the name given to an Arabic-based variety spoken

mainly in the southern part of the Sudan and more precisely in

Juba, the capital city of the Equatoria region. There are indications

that the Arabic varieties spoken in the other southern regions (Bahr

al Ghazal and Upper Nile) are dialectally distinctive.1

ii. Introduction:

Juba Arabic is a lingua franca spoken mainly in Equatoria

Province in South Sudan, and derives its name from the

town of Juba, South Sudan. It is also spoken among

communities of people from South Sudan living in towns in

Sudan. The pidgin developed in the 19th century, amongdescendants of Sudanese soldiers, many of whom were

forcibly recruited from southern Sudan. Residents of other

large towns in South Sudan, notably Malakal and Wau, do

not generally speak Juba Arabic, tending towards the use of


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Arabic closer to Sudanese Arabic, in addition to local

languages.2

Juba Arabic is a lingua franca spoken mainly in Equatoria

Province in Southern Sudan, and derives its name from the town ofJuba, Sudan. It is also spoken among communities of people from

south Sudan living in towns in Northern Sudan. The pidgin

developed in the 19th century, among descendants of Sudanese

soldiers, many of whom were forcibly recruited from southern

Sudan. Residents of other large towns in southern Sudan, notably

Malakal and Wau, Sudan, do not generally speak Juba Arabic,

tending towards the use of Arabic closer to Sudanese Arabic, inaddition to local languages.

3

The relation between language and ethnic identity have been

the focus ofhundreds of sociolinguistics studies. While a trend tends

to emphasize the major roleof language in maintaining distinctive

collective entity, another trend tends to qualify the role of language

accordingto historical and social context. Giles & al. (1977)have

defined the concept of Ethnolinguistic Vitality (E.V.) as the

sociostructuralfactors (i.e. demography, status and institutional

support) that affect a group's ability tobehave and survive as a

distinct linguistic entity.4


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iii. Juba Arabic Verbs and Phrases.5

Akider Able/canIta bi akiderruwa You can go

Aannaakiderligodukan de We were able to find the shop.

Jon bi akidersaiduita John can help you

Ana ma bi akidersaiduita I cannot help you

Amulu Do

Itagiamulusunubukura? What are you doing tomorrow?

Itakun bi amulusunu, hasa? Now, what will you do?

Mata amuluayihaja le uwo. Do not do anything to him/her/it.Ana bi amulusunu? What can I do?

Ita bi amulusunu le umon? What will you do to them?

Ana ma bi amuluiyihaja le ita? I wont do anything to you.

Aannaamulu be dur We did it purposely

Asalu Ask

Aannaasaluumonashankedeja. We asked them to come.

Ana bi asaluuwobaadsuwiya. I will ask him after awhile.

Jon asalusunu min ita.? What did Peter ask from you?Ana giruwaasaluumon ma kalam de. I am going to ask

themaboutthis.

Ana der asaluitasual? I want to ask you a question.

Itagiruwaasalumunu? Who are you going to ask

Asurubu Drink


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Aannaasurubuleben We drank some milk

Ana giasurubumoyo. I am drinking some water.

Uwo ma giasurubumerisa. He does not drink alchohol.

Juba Arabic Verbs and Phrases. 5

iv. Conclusion;

Juba-Arabic is now considered as part of the cultural heritage of the

South. It has been localized, vernacularized and

consideredappropriate to symbolize a 'Southern identity'. However,

Juba Arabic is not spoken inisolation. It has links with both African

vernaculars and Colloquial Arabic. All these languages are part of

the linguistic environment of the Southern communities. The

'literary' use of Juba Arabic in drama and songs is a new

development in the culturalarena of Khartoum. It does not indicate

necessarily that Juba Arabic will remain themain Arabic variety

spoken by Southerners. In fact daily speeches are far

moreinfluenced by Colloquial Arabic.

v. References;

Catherine Miller; Catherine Miller."Juba Arabic."Encyclopedia of Arabic

Language and Linguistics. Managing Editors Online Edition: Lutz Edzard,

Rudolf de Jong. Brill Online, 2013.Reference. 22 May 2013

http://brillonline.nl/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-

linguistics/juba-arabic-COM.[citrdon May 22, 2013]
http://brillonline.nl/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/juba-arabic-COM.%5bcitrdhttp://brillonline.nl/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/juba-arabic-COM.%5bcitrdhttp://brillonline.nl/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/juba-arabic-COM.%5bcitrdhttp://brillonline.nl/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/juba-arabic-COM.%5bcitrdhttp://brillonline.nl/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/juba-arabic-COM.%5bcitrd


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Available at; URL:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_Arabic[citedon May

21, 2013]

Available at; URL;

http://pernille.typepad.com/uganda/2007/05/i_learned_some_.html.[citedonMay 20, 2013]

Giles, H. ;Bourhis, R.Y.; and Taylor, D.M., 1977. Towards a theory of

language in ethnic group relations.In Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup

Relations, edited by H. Giles. New York: Academic Press.

Available at; URL.http://www.scribd.com/doc/3751607/Juba-Arabic-Verbs-

and-Phrases. [citrd on May 20,2013]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_Arabic%5bcitedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_Arabic%5bcitedhttp://pernille.typepad.com/uganda/2007/05/i_learned_some_.html.%5bcitedhttp://pernille.typepad.com/uganda/2007/05/i_learned_some_.html.%5bcitedhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/3751607/Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phraseshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/3751607/Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phraseshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/3751607/Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phraseshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/3751607/Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phraseshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/3751607/Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phraseshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/3751607/Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phraseshttp://pernille.typepad.com/uganda/2007/05/i_learned_some_.html.%5bcitedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_Arabic%5bcited

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