Haema

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Foha Microbiol. 31, 44--49 (1986) Identification of Sterols and lcohols Produced by Green lgae of the Genera hlorella and Scenedesmus by Means of Gas Chromatography M ass Spectrometry T. I~]~ZA~KA, O. VY~XLEK and M. 1)ODOJIL Institute of Microbiology Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences 142 20 Prague 4 Receiv ed A ovember Y 19~4 ABSTIIACT. Sterols and alcohols isolated from a collection of industrially important fresh-water green algae Chlorella kessleri Scenedesmus aruminc~tus S. acutns and' S. aeut~ls var. Ton~ xdti cultivated heterotrophically or autotrophieally under pilot plant conditions, were identifio~l and quantified by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Previsously demonstrated sterols with double bonds in position 5 and 7 were detected. In addition, cholesta-5,7,22-trien-3, ol that had not yet been described in green algae was found in S. acut~s. Alcohols were fouml o~dy i n C. kessleri cultivated under heterotrophic conditions. Some saturated and unsaturated ah-ollolu were detected for the first time in green algae. The sterol content of algae was discussed in several review articles Patter- son 1971; Goodwin 1974). Major sterols produced by the genera Chlorel7~ and Scenedesmus have 28 and 29 carbon atoms and contain methyl or ethyl groups on carbon C ~4) fungisterol, chondrillasterol, schotenol). Using gas chromatography--mass spectrometry GC--MS) ergosterol, ergostadienol, corbisterol, 7-ergosterol, 5-ergosterol, poriferosterol and clionasterol were gradually detected as minor components Bdlanger et al. 1973; Paoletti et ~t. 1976; Milkova et al. 1977). Paoletti et al. 1976) described three aliphatie alcohols in Scenedes~s quadricauda and ~qpirulina platensis that have not been characterized in more detail. Volkman et al. 1981) described alcohols ith an even number carbon atom s C14--C20) in wax of marine algae. Alcohols with an even number of carbon atoms C14--C22) were detected in photosynthetic microorganisms of the genera Euglena and Chroomonas Hilenski et al. 1976; Nichols et al. 19s3 . In this work we studied the occurrence of sterols and aliph~tic alcohols in two industrially important genera of green algae Chlorella and Scene- desmus). In addition, in the genus Chlorella we compared the production of these compounds under heterotrophic and autotrophic cultivation conditions.

description

alga

Transcript of Haema

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F o h a M i c r o b i o l. 3 1 , 4 4 - - 4 9 ( 1 98 6 )

Iden t if icat ion of Stero ls and lcohols P rod uc ed

by G reen lgae of the G enera h l o r e l l a

a n d Scenedesmus by Means of Gas

Chromatography M a ss Spec trometry

T . I~ ]~ ZA ~ K A, O . V Y ~ X L E K a n d M . 1 )O D O JIL

Inst itut e o f Microbiology Czechoslovak Acad emy o f Sciences

142 20 Prague 4

Received A ovember Y 19~4

A B S T I I A C T . S t e r o l s a n d a l c o h o l s i s o la t e d f r o m a c o l le c t io n o f i n d u s t r i a l l y i m p o r t a n t f r e s h - w a t e r

g r e e n a l g a e Chlorella kessleri Scene desmus aruminc~tus S. acu tns a n d ' S. aeut~ls v a r . Ton~ xdti

c u l t i v a t e d h e t e r o t r o p h i c a l l y o r a u t o t r o p h i e a l l y u n d e r p i l o t p l a n t c o n d i t i o n s , w e r e id e nt if io ~ l

a n d q u a n t i f i e d b y g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y - - m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y . P r e v i s o u s l y d e m o n s t r a t e d s t e r o l s

w i t h d o u b l e b o n d s in p o s i t i o n 5 a n d 7 w e r e d e t e c t e d . I n a d d i t i o n , c h o l e s t a - 5 ,7 , 2 2 - t ri e n - 3 , o l

t h a t h a d n o t y e t b e e n d e s c r i b e d in g r e e n a l g ae w a s f o u n d in S. acut~s. A l c o h o l s w e r e f o u m l o ~ d y

i n C. kessleri c u l t i v a t e d u n d e r h e t e r o t r o p h i c c o n d i t i o n s . S o m e s a t u r a t e d a n d u n s a t u r a t e d a h- ol lo lu

w e r e d e t e c t e d f o r t h e f ir s t t i m e i n g r e e n a l g a e .

T h e s t e ro l c o n t e n t o f a l g a e w a s d i s cu s s e d i n s e v e r a l r e v i e w a r ti c le s P a t t e r -

s o n 1 9 71 ; G o o d w i n 1 9 74 ). M a j o r st e ro l s p r o d u c e d b y t h e g e n e r a Chlorel7~

a n d S c e n e d e s m u s h a v e 2 8 a n d 2 9 c a r b o n a t o m s a n d c o n t a in m e t h y l o r e t h y l

g r o u p s o n c a r b o n C ~ 4) f u n g i s te r o l , c h o n d r i ll a s t e r o l, s c h o t e n o l ) . U s i n g g a s

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y - - m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y G C - - M S ) e r go s te r ol , e r g o st a di e n o l,

c o r b i s t e r o l , 7 - e r g o s t e r o l , 5 - e r g o s t e r o l , p o r i f e r o s t e r o l a n d c l i o n a s t e r o l w e r e

g r a d u a l l y d e t e c t e d a s m i n o r c o m p o n e n t s B d l a ng e r et al . 1 9 7 3 ; P a o l e t t i et ~t.

1 9 7 6 ; M i l k o v a et al. 1977) .

P a o l e t t i et al. 1 9 76 ) d e s c r i b e d t h r e e a l i p h a t i e a l c o h o l s i n S c e n e d e s ~ s

q u a d r i c a u d a a n d ~ q p i r u li n a p l a t e n s i s t h a t h a v e n o t b e e n c h a r a c t er iz e d i n m o r e

d e t a i l . V o l k m a n et al. 1 9 81 ) d e s c r ib e d a lc o h o ls i t h a n e v e n n u m b e r c a r b o n

a t o m s C 14 --C 20 ) i n w a x o f m a r i n e a lg a e . A l c o h o l s w i t h a n e v e n n u m b e r o f

c a r b o n a t o m s C 14 --C 22 ) w e r e d e t e c t e d i n p h o t o s y n t h e t i c m i c r o o r g a n i s m s

o f t h e g e n e r a E u g l e n a a n d C h r o o m o n a s H i l e n s k i et al. 1 9 7 6 ; N i c h o l s et al .

19s3 .

I n t h i s w o r k w e s t u d i e d t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f st e ro l s a n d a l ip h ~ t ic a l c o h o ls

i n t w o i n d u s t r i a ll y i m p o r t a n t g e n e r a o f g r e e n a l g a e

Chlore l la

a n d

S c e n e -

d e s m u s ) . I n a d d i t i o n , i n t h e g e n u s Chlorel la w e c o m p a r e d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

t h e s e c o m p o u n d s u n d e r h e t e r o t r o p h i c a n d a u t o t r o p h i c c u l t iv a t io n c o n d it io n s .

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1 98 6 S T E R O L S A N D A L C O H O L S I N G R E E N A L G A E 4 S

T A BL E I . C o n d i ti o n s o f g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y - - m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e s t e ro l s a n d

a l c o h o l s

A p p a r a t u s a n d a n a l y z e d H P 5 99 5 B

c o m p o u n d s s te ro l. ~ a l c o h o l s

C o l u m n t y p e W C O T ~ V CO T

S t a t i o n a r y p h a ~ e S E - 3 0 S E - 3 0

L e n g t h , m 1 2 .5 2 5

I D , m m 0 . 25 0 . 25

T h i c k n e s s o f s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e , ~ m 0 . 25 0 . 25

I n j e c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e , ~ 3 0 0 2 5 0

h f i t i a l c o l u m n t e m p e r a t u r e , ~ 2 4 0 1 00

T e m p e r a t u r e i n c re a s e , K / l n i n 1 5

~ i n a l c o h n n n t e m p e r a t u r e , ~ 2 80 2 80

H e l i u m f lo w , m L / r a i n 0 . 54 0 . 54

S p l i t 1 : 4 7 1 : 4 7

I o n i z a t i o n e n e r g y , a J 11 1 1

M a s s r a n g e , m u 4 0 - - 6 0 0 4 0 - - 6 0 0

S w e e p r a t e ,

m z

X l / s 6 8 0 6 8 0

M A T E R I A L A N D M E T H O D S

Cultures. Chlorella kessleri ( c u l t i v a t e d b o t h a u t o t r o p h i c a l l y a n d h e t e r o -

t r o p h i c a l l y ) , ~Scenedesmus acum inatus ( c u l t i v a t e d a u t o t r o p h i c a l l y ) a n d Sce-

nedesmus acutus ( c u l t i v a t e d a u t o t r o p h i c a l l y ) w e r e p r e p a r e d i n t h e Depar tmen t

of Autotrophic Microorganisn~ts o f t h e In st i tu te of Microbiology Czechoslovak

Academy o f Sc iences ( T ~ e b o f i , C z e c h o s l o v a k i a ) i n t h e f o r m o f d r i e d a l g a l

b i o m a s s ( a b o u t 5 m o i s t u r e ) . Scenedesmus acutus v a r . Tomasse l i ( c u l t i v a t e d

a u t o t r o p h i c a l l y ) w a s a g i ft o f t h e Ins t i tu t e o f A lgo logy Bu lga r ian Aca dem y

of S ciences Sof ia .

Pre pa ration of the sterol an d aliph atic alcohol fraction. A l g a l b i o m a s s ( 1 0 g )

w a s s a p o n i f i e d b y 2 - h b o i l in g w i t h 3 00 m L 2 ~I N a O H i n 5 0 e t h a n o l . T h e

r e a c t io n m i x t u r e w a s d i l u te d w i t h 1 L w a t e r a n d e x t r a c t e d w i t h t h r e e 5 0 0 - m L

p o r t i o n s o f d i e t h y l e t h e r. C o m b i n e d o r g a n i c e x t r a c t s w e r e w a s h e d w i t h

t h r e e 3 0 0 -m L v o l u m e s o f w a t e r , d r i e d w i t h s o d i u m s u lf a te a n d e v a p o r a t e d

t o d r y n e s s . P r e p a r a t i v e T L C ( p l a t e s 2 0 0 • 2 00 r a m , S ilic a. g e l H , Merck

s y s t e m l i g h t p e t r o l e u m - - d i e t h y l e t h e r , 3 : 1 ) y i e ld e d t h e s t e ro l f r a c t io n

( R F 0 . 3 5 - - 0 . 5 0 ) . I n C. kessleri c u l t i v a t e d u n d e r h e t e r o t r o p h i c c o n d i t i o n s t h e

a l c o h o l f r a c t i o n w a s a ls o i so l a t e d ( R r 0 . 5 - - 0 . 6 ) .

Identi f icat ion of s terols and alcohols. A n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s u s e d f o r t h e d e -

t e r m i n a t i o n o f s te r ol s a n d a lc o ho ls b y G C - - M S m e t h o d a r e s u m m a r i z e d

i n T a b l e I . S t e r o l s w e r e a n a l y z e d a s t r i m e t h y l s i l y l d e r i v a t i v e s ( B r o o k s et al.

1973). A l i p h a t i e a l c oh o l s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d a s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t r i m e t h y l -

s il y l e t h e r s ( O d h a m a n d S t e n h a g e n 1972). U V s p e c t r a w e r e m e a s u r e d i n t h e

C a r y 118 (V a r i a n ) a p p a r a t u s i n e t h a n o l w i t h i n th e r a n g e o f 2 0 0 - - 3 5 0 r im .

R E S U L T S N D D I S C U S S I O N

S t e ro l s w e r e i d e n t i fi e d o n th e b a s is o f f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f t h e i r m a s s s p e c t r a

a c c o r d i n g t o B r o o k s et al. ( 1 9 7 3 ) a n d K n i g h t s ( 1 9 6 7 ) . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

s t e r o ls ( T a b l e I I ) i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d h e r e p r i m a r i l l y b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f 7 - er g o-

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4 6 T I ~ E Z A N K A et al

Vol ~ I

9 .

2

5

9

Y2~Z

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1986 STEROL S AND ALCOHOLS IN GREEN ALGAE 7

s te n 0 1 2 3 - - 5 7 ~ o) a n d 7 - c h o n d r i l l a s t e n o l 6 - - 5 5 ~ o). S m a l l q u a n t i t i e s o f

o t h e r s t e r o l s a r e p r e s e n t i n C . k e s s l e r i , a m o n g t h e m t h r e e u n u s u a l s t e r o l s ,

2 4 - m e t h y l - a n d 2 4 - e t h y l - 5 ~ - c h o l e s t- 8 1 4 ) - e n - 3 ~ - o l a n d 4 - m e t h y l c h o n d r i l l a -

s t e ro l . T h e s e s t e r o l s a r e u s u a l l y f o u n d p r i m a r i l y i n a l g a e c u l t i v a t e d i n t h e

p r e s e n c e o f i n h i b i to r s o f s t er o l b i o s y n t h e s i s P a t t e r s o n e t a l . 1 9 7 3 ; o u r u n -

p u b l i s h e d r e s u l t s ) .

TABLE I I I . Alcohol con ten t in C. t essleri cu l t iva ted u~der he te ro t ro -

phie condi t io ns (mass )

Alc oho l RR T a M + ~

( t r imethy ls i l y l e ther )

Previously described (in photosynthetic microorganisms) :

1-Tetradecanol b 0.63 4 286 3.02

1-Hexadeeanolb 0.821 314 9.94

l - O k t a d e c a n o lb 0.958 342 1.60

Ph yt ol c 1.000 368 73.07

Not yet described (in photosynthetic microorganisms):

Deeen - 1~ 0.265 228 1.90

l-D eca nol 0.273 230 1.56

2-Un deca nol 0.297 244 0.22

2 -Trid ecano l 0.388 272 0.24

1-Do dee anol 0.452 258 1.94

1-Tetr adeca nol d 0.577 286 0.43

1-Pe ntad eca nol 0.717 300 0.80

Hexa dec en- l-o l 0 .774 312 0.62

Eiko sen - 1-old 0.866 368 0.38

Eik osa die n- 1-ol 1.007 366 2.46

Eik ose n- 1-ol d 1.043 368 0.17

Eik os en- 1-ol 1.072 368 1.08

_Vot identified 1.179 456 e 0.37

~ ot identified 1.201 143 e 0.20

a Rel at i ve retent io n t ime relate d to phytol (28.90 rain).

b Volkman et (d. (]981); Nichols et al. {1983).

c Pao le t t i et ~d. {1976).

d Branch ing of the cha in no t de te rmined .

e Highest ion detected.

T h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f e h o l e s t a - 5 ,7 , 2 2 - t ri e n - 3 ~ - o l t h a t h a s n o t y e t b e e n

d e s c r i b e d i n g re e n a l g a e is o f p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e . I t h a s b e e n f o u n d o n l y i n

t h e r e d a l g a P o r p h y r i d i u m c r u e n t u m B e a s t a l l e t a l . 1 9 7 1 ) a n d a ls o i n

m a r i n e a n i m a l s , s u c h a s m o l l u s c s C a c o s p o n g i a m o l l i o r - - C a f ie r i a n d D e N a p o l i

1976 ; A x i n e l l a c a n n a b i n a - - Caf ie r i e t a l . 1975; T e r ~ o s z e te k i - - D e l s e t h e t a l .

] 9 7 9 a ; B i e m n a f o r t i s - - D e l s e t h e t a l . 1 9 7 9 b ) .

I t s i d e n t if i c a ti o n w a s fu r t h e r c o n f i rm e d b y it s U V s p e c t r u m w h i c h e x h i b i t s

a p r o n o u n c e d a b s o r p t i o n a t 2 9 3, 2 82 .5 a n d 2 7 2 n m , i n d i c a t i n g t h e p r e s e n c e

o f a c o n j u g a t e d h o m o a n n u l a r d ie n e, a s m e a s u r e d i n t h e m o d e l U V s p e c t r u m

o f e r g o s t e r o l . C a f i e ri

e t a l .

1 9 75 ) a n d C a f i er i a n d D e N a p o l i 1 9 76 ) d e s c r i b e d

a v e r y l o w i n t e n s i t y o f t h e m o l e c u l a r i o n o f c h o le s t a - 5 ,7 , 2 2 - tr i e n -3 ~ - o l . T h i s

i o n w a s a l so n o t d e t e c t e d i n t h is w o r k b u t i ts c h a r a c t e r i s ti c f r a g m e n t a t i o n

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4 5 T . I ~ E Z A N K A

e t a l .

V e ] . . 2 1

a n d p r e s e n c e o f i o n s m / z 3 64 a n d 2 53 a r e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e p r o p o s e d

s t r u c t u r e .

I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e m a s s s p e c t r a o f t r im e t h y l s i l y l e th e r s 0 d h a m a n d

S t e n h a g e n 1 97 2) a n d r e t e n t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t ic s o f t h e a l c o h o l f r a c t i o n i s o l a t e d

f r o m C. lcessleri, a n d m a s s s p e c t r a a n d r e t e n t i o n c h a r a c t e ri s ti c s o f s t a n d a r d s

o f a l c oh o l s C 12 --C 29 e v e n s a t u r a t e d a n d C ~ a n d C i s m o n o e n e ) a t o t a l o f

f i f te e n a lc o h o l s w e r e i d e n t if i e d , a m o n g t h e m p h y t o l a s t h e m a j o r o n e . I~ i s

a p p a r e n t l y f o r m e d b y d e g r a d a t i o n o f c h l o ro p h y l l P a o l e tf i et al. 1 9 7 6 ) . A m o n g

o t h e r a l ip h a t ic a lc o h ol s, f iv e s a t u r a t e d a l c o h ol s w i t h a n e v e n n u m b e r c a r b o n

a t o m s , t h r e e w i th a n o d d n u m b e r c a r b o n a to m s , t h r e e m o n o e n e a n d o n e

d i e n e a l co h o l w e re d e t e c t e d . T h e h y d r o x y l g r o u p is a l w a y s i n p o s it i o n 1 o f

t h e c h a in , o n l y t w o u n s a t u r a t e d a lc o h o ls h a v e h y d r o x y l g r o u p in p o s it i o n 2 .

T w o 1 - t e t r a d e c a n o l s a n d t h r e e e i k o s e n e - l - o l s d i ff e r in g i n b r a n c h i n g w e r e

d e s c r ib e d b u t c o u ld n o t b e a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e G C - - M S m e t h o d .

A l c o h o l s d e t e c t e d i n C. ]cessleri a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e I I I . I n g r e e n a lg ~ ~

C h l o r o p h y c e a e ) a l i p h a ti c a l c oh o l s w e re n o t d e s c r i b e d , o n l y t h r e e i n c o m p l e t e l y

c h a r a c t e r i z e d a l c oh o ls w e r e b r ie f ly m e n t i o n e d b y P a o l e t t i et al. 1 9 7 6 ) . I n

n a t u r e a l ip h a t ic a l c o h o ls a r e p r e s e n t p r i m a r i l l y i n t h e f o r m o f w a x e s a n d

a r e a s s u m e d t o p l a y a p h y s i o l o g i c a l r o le , s e r v i n g a s e n e r g y r e s e r v e s o f t h e

c e ll W i t h e r s a n d N e v e n z e l 1 9 77 ).

D e t e r m i n a b l e a m o u n t s o f a l ip h a t i c a lc o h o l s 2 00 p p m , a s r e l a t e d t o d r y

m a s s ) w e r e d e t e c t e d o n l y in h e t e r o t r o p h i c a l l y c u l t i v a t e d C. kess ler i , w h e r e a s

i n a u t o t r o p h i c c u l t u r e s o f C. kess ler i , S . acu tus a n d S . a c u m i ~ a t u s t h e s e

c o m p o u n d s w e r e n o t d e t e c t e d i f t h e y a r e p re s e n t , t h e n o n l y i n q u a n t i t i e s

l o w e r t h e m 1 0 p p m a s r e l a t e d t o t h e d r y m a s s ) . T h e r e s u l t s r e f e r r e d t o h e r e

c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e t h e u t m o s t s i g ni fi c a n c e o f t h e w a y o f c u l t i v a t i o n o f al~::~e

h e t e ro - a n d a u t o t r o p h y ) f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a l c o h o ls a n d a r e i n a g r e e m e n ~

w i t h t h e d a t a o f A n t i a et al. 1 9 7 4 ) , w h o d e t e c t e d a n i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o t ~

o f w a x e s b y p h o t o s y n t h e t i c m i c r o o rg a n i sm s c u l t iv a t e d u n d e r h e t e r o t r o p M c

c o n d i t i o n s .

R E F E R E N E S

A N T I A N . J . , L K E R . F . , N E V E X Z E L J . C . , C H F~ -O J . Y . : ~ V a • e s t e r p r o d u c t c , b y t h e m a r i n e c : ' y p t o -

m o n a d Chroomona8 sa l i r~c~ g r o w n p h o t o h e f e r o t r o p h i c a l l y o n g ]y c ~ ro l . J .P; 'o tozoo . 2 1 . 7 6 S

( 1 9 7 4 ) .

B E A S TA L L G . H . , R E E S H . H . , G OO D X~ IN T . XV . : S t c r o l s i n Po rp l*y ;'id iu m c;'tr Tetrc,12eri~'o,,

L e t t .

4 9 3 5 ( 1 9 7 1 ) .

BI~LA:N G~Lg P.,

Z IN TIiIL J . A . , V h ~ - D E N H Ig UV Ig L W . J . A . , S ~rIT .~ J . L . : I d e n t i f i c a t i o n b y c o m b i n , , d

g a s - l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y - - m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y o f s t e r o ls i s ol a te d f r o m SceJte~lesn~zs obU(t,,,.."

g r o w n i n l i g h t a n d h e a v y w a t e r .

C a n . J . C h e m .

5 1 , 3 2 9 4 ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

B R O OK S C . J . W . , I-[E N DE R SO ~r ~ V ., S T E E L G . : T h e u s e o f t r i m c t h y l s i l y l e t h e r s i n t h e c h ' ~ r a c tc i ' iz . a t io ~ l

o f n a t u r a l s t e r o ls a n d s t e r o id s d i ol s b y g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y - - m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y . Bio('7~;~,.

B i o p h y s . A c t a

2 9 6 , 4 3 1 ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

CAFIERs F . , FATTOnUSSO E . , FRIG]'~RIO A . , S*~T .~CEOCE

C.,

S m A D . : S t e r , l s o [

Axi~ ,ellc~ c,~n~c~5;,,r

a m a r i n e s p o n g e .

G a z z . C h i m . I t a l .

1 0 5 , 5 9 5 ( 1 9 7 5 ) .

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s t i g m a s t a - 5 , 7 , 2 4 ( 2 8 ) - t r i e n - 3 ~ - o l , t w o n e w m a r i n e s t e r o l s 5 ' o r e p a c if i c s p o n g e s Terpos zet~k~"

a n d

D y s i d e a h er ba ce a. H e l v . C h i m . A c t a

6 2 , 1 0 1 { 1 9 7 9 a ) .

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h o m o l o g , t w o n e w m a r i n e s t e r o l s f r o m t h e r e d s e a s p o n g e E i e m n a f o r t i s . H e l v . C h i m . A e t( * 6 2 ,

2 0 3 7 ( 1 9 7 9 b ) .

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B t a e k w o l l , O x f o r d 1 9 7 4 .

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