Habitat Selection Fulvetta OSJ

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were estimated to the nearest meter, and dbh was esti-mated to the nearest centimeter. Plants were desig-nated into different categories dened by their struc-ture such as tree, bush, herb (grass, fern), vine, andepiphyte.

Chi-square tests (SAS Institute 1999) were per-formed to determine if there was any association be-tween plant structure or vegetation levels used andthe three types of behavior. Here, we grouped thestructure of plants into trees and non-trees in the chi-square test. The category of non-trees includedbushes, herbs, vines, and epiphytes. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukeys test (SAS Institute1999) was performed for each numerical variable todetermine if the three types of behavior took place indifferent microhabitats. The signicance level was setat 0.05 for all statistical tests, and all values reported

below are mean SE.

RESULTS

Fifteen Gray-cheeked Fulvetta nests were foundfrom mid March to mid June in 2002. Two of themwere built in sapling trees, and 13 in non-trees (in-cluding bushes and herbs). However, the Gray-cheeked Fulvetta foraged and sang mainly in trees(70.8%, N 147 and 78.3%, N 60, respectively). Asignicant association was found with plant structure(trees vs. non-trees) used and behavior type (nesting,

foraging, and singing) ( c 2 24.35, df 2, P 0.0001;Fig. 1).

All nests were found in the understory level (Fig.2), whereas singing was more frequently recorded inthe canopy than in the understory. Foraging took place to similar extents in both the canopy and theunderstory levels. Accordingly, the Gray-cheekedFulvetta exhibited a signicant association between

vegetation level used and nesting, foraging, andsinging behavior ( c 2 19.45, df 2, P 0.0001; Fig.2).

The Gray-cheeked Fulvetta showed signicant dif-ference (ANOVA, P 0.001) in means of all ve of the numerical habitat variables measured at nesting,foraging and singing sites (Table 1). In further multi-

Habitat selection of Gray-cheeked Fulvettas

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Fig. 1. Percentages of different plant structures (trees vs.non-trees) used by the Gray-cheeked Fulvetta as nesting,singing, and foraging sites in the Fushan Experimental Forest,northeastern Taiwan.

Fig. 2. Percentages of vegetation levels used by the Gray-cheeked Fulvetta as nesting, singing, and foraging sites in theFushan Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan.

Table 1. Comparison of habitat characteristics (mean SE) among nesting, foraging, and singing sites of the Gray-cheekedFulvetta in the Fushan Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan.

Habitat variables Nesting N Foraging N Singing N F a P

Vegetation density (%) b 74.0 5.3B 15 44.80 1.60A 147 37.60 2.70A 58 21.00 0.0001Relative vertical position 0.15 0.02B 14 0.34 0.02A 147 0.43 0.03A 59 10.10 0.0001Height (m) 1.05 0.11B 15 3.75 0.22A 147 5.30 0.52A 60 13.55 0.0001Plant height (m) 1.90 0.17B 13 7.11 0.33A 140 8.15 0.63A 57 12.80 0.0001Plant dbh (cm) 4.10 0.80B 13 18.10 1.10A 129 19.40 1.90A 55 8.24 0.001

a ANOVA.b Different letters indicate a signicant difference between means in Tukeys test. The letter A, appearing after the means of

Foraging and Singing, indicates that the two means are not signicantly different from each other. However, both meansare signicantly different from the mean of Nesting, which is labeled with a B.


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havior in totally different habitats (Ricklefs 1996).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by the National Science Councilof Taiwan under grant NSC91-2621-B-156-001. We thank theadministration of the Fushan Experimental Forest for its sup-port during the study. We are grateful to T. T. Lin and T. Y.Chen for assisting us with plant identication and indebted tovolunteers from the local wild bird society.

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