HA2 – 26, 29 February
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Transcript of HA2 – 26, 29 February
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HA2 – 26/29 February1950s Topics, Post-war anxiety, Research projects
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Bellwork
PICK UP A SYLLABUS!You have 5 minutes to get with your group and finalize your mini-presentations. REMEMBER, you need:• 4 major points written on the board• Approximately 2 minutes to present• Everyone in the group participating in the
presentation
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The Interstate Highway System• Signed into action by
Eisenhower in 1956• 41000 miles of expressways• Made long-haul trucking
faster and feasible• Encouraged development of
more suburbs• Encouraged travel within
continental U.S.• Caused decline in reliance on
railways• Towns near highways
prospered; towns farther from highways languished
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Suburbs Attract Families• Cheap homes on a massive
scale in small communities outside of urban centers (suburbs)
• With the booming auto industry, more and more families owned cars and were lured to suburbs
• Suburbs promised affordable housing, congenial neighbors, fresh air and open spaces, good schools, and easy access to urban jobs and culture
• Predominantly inhabited by white, middle-class families
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Victory over Polio• Polio is a crippling and often
fatal disease, especially in children
• Dr. Jonas Salk developed a vaccine against polio in early 1950s
• U.S. government sponsored a free inoculation program for children shortly thereafter
• By 1974, only seven new cases of polio were reported in the U.S.
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Computers for Businesses• Computers were originally
developed for research and military purposes
• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) were adapted for business purposes as well
• First business-oriented computers developed in UK (1951), but US researchers rapidly overtook the market
• Massively increased productivity and efficiency in business
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Rock ‘n’ Roll• Musicians in the 1950s added
electronic instruments to traditional blues music, creating rhythm and blues
• 1951: Alan Freed starts playing this music; dubs it rock ‘n’ roll
• Culture of music that was “black and white,” something “American”
• Themes of love, cars, and problems of youth
• Controversial among older generations, who saw the music as a gateway to delinquency
• Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash
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U.S. Satellites Launched• 1958 – US launches its
first successful satellite Explorer 1 (pictured) less than one year after Sputnik• Follows with series of
satellites, including communications satellite (Telstar, 1961)
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Integration of Public Schools
• 1954: SCOTUS rules in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that schools must racially integrate• Overturned Plessy v.
Ferguson “separate but equal” policy
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Art: The New York School• Known for abstract
expressionist painting, as well as poetry, music, dance, and theatre• Drew upon
surrealism, action painting, jazz, and improvisational theatre as well
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Eisenhower for President• First elected in 1952; re-
elected 1956• Championed American
values; Republicans argued Democrats plundered at home and blundered abroad
• Dynamic conservativism / Modern republicanism: conservative on finances; liberal on “human beings”
• Pushed for balanced budget
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Cold War Anxieties
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Red Scare
• Red Scare = fear the communists both inside and outside the US were working to destroy American life
Supported by the Long Telegram from Moscow, George Kennan
• Attorney General J. Howard McGrath:• Communists “ are everywhere – in factories, offices,
butcher shops, on street corners, and private businesses.”
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Red Scare
• Truman – created the Federal Employee Loyalty Program• FBI + other security agencies can
investigate federal employees• ~ 3000 people are dismissed or
resign from government service1940 – Smith Act – makes it unlawful to teach / advocate the violent overthrow of the US government• NY jails 11 communists under the
Smith Act
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HUAC
• House (of Reps) Un-American Activities Committee• Investigates alleged
facsists, Nazis, or communists
• Investigates government, armed forces, unions, news papers, education, movie industry, etc.
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Red Scare – Hollywood Ten• Hollywood Ten = left wing writers, directors, and
producers that refused to answer questions about possible communist connections • Plead the 5th amendment, held in contempt of
court• Blacklisted from Hollywood – killed their careers
and their reputations
• 1957 – Watkins v. US = Supreme Court rules that witnesses cannot be forced to name political radicals they know
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Oppenheimer• Creator of the atomic bomb• Works for Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC)• Denied access to
confidential information because his wife was a communist
• No evidence that he was ever disloyal to the US
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Spy Cases – Alger Hiss
• Government worker• New Deal programs• Helped organize the UN• Named by a former
communist party memberDenies the charge• Charged with perjury and
sentenced to 5 years in jail
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Spy Cases – Rosenbergs
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg• Poor Jewish couple from
NYC• Charged with conspiring to
share info about atomic science with a Soviet agent
• Sentenced to death and executed• Too harsh?Evidence in 1990s – Julius was a spy, no evidence against Ethel
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McCarthyism• Joseph McCarthy – senator• Claims he has a list of 205
government workers who are security threats, 57 communists *never produces actual list*
• Accused government workers lose jobs and reputations
• George Marshall• Caught in lies, but covered it
up
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McCarthyism• 1954 – Goes after the US
Army• Army accuses McCarthy of
personal motivations behind attacks
• Televised trials (badgering of witnesses, twisting of truth, laughing at the suffering of the questioned)
• McCarthy loses power and support
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Fear of Nuclear War
• 1949 – Communists get atomic bomb
• Constant fear
• Education
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Duck and Cover• Who created this video?• What is Bert the mascot of?• How will students know if a nuclear attack
comes?• Where and when might a nuclear attack happen?• What is the job of the civil defense worker?• How will you know when the danger is over?• Post-Movie Questions• If you had been shown this video in elementary
school, how do you think you would have felt?
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Red Scare effects pop culture
• Page 738-739 (orange textbook)• Look at the infographic and answer the “Thinking
Critically” questions
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What is an Infographic?• Infographics = information graphics = visual representations of
information, data, or knowledge• Used to explain complex information quickly, clearly, and
visually.
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Present Data Meaningfully• Information with narrative
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