H388 Presentations 11/28/06

H388 Presentations 11/28/06Catie BroussardKris Van VoorhisJessica BrunoElizabeth SchlossbergAmanda GrahamMelissa TeixeiraBrian KellyYuehong Lei (no slides)

Michael FranklinManisha ThapaSusan Krissel (absent with illness)Ashlyn Murphy

REFUGEESCatie Broussard, 28 November 2006

Dependent, Un-Free, Homeless, Unequal

What is a Refugee?International Law and Normative Practice dictates that a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside of the country of his nationality, and is unable to, or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that county. ( UN Conventoin,1951)

By concentrating on the large refugee populations in Africathose refugees that have being displaced within their home region and are hosted by a neighboring statewe can target the greatest unequal and dependent populations to determine how their living.

Policy Questions for Hosts and International Community: Integration vs. Segregation and Repatriation vs. AssimilationDecisions based on the situations of Refugee creationHost or contracting countrys government acceptance of the international treaties and norms vs. indigenous acceptance of new and inherently needy populations

Source : UN Statistics Report 2005: Global Refugee Trends

Refugee Status is by nature UNEQUAL to nationals of host countries.Uprooted to another countryPersecutedHomelessDependent on Host and International Community

Obtained from ReliefWebRefugees in Africa

DEPENDENCE OF REFUGEES

QUESTIONS GET COMPLICATED

Who is the Refugee?

Do only the poor become refugees?

How does the extreme poverty of refugee populations compare to the state of indigenous populations?

How can we understand and combat the problems of these dependent, homeless, unequal, un-free populations, that is only further complicated by the difficulty of obtaining statistics and measures of their plight?

Understanding The Affordable Housing CrisisKris Van VoorhisHistory 388Hunger, Poverty and Market EconomyProfessor LuddenNovember 28, 2006

The Problem The American Planning Association has dubbed the affordable housing crisis as a silent killer, likening it to high blood pressure acute, growing, deadly, and yet largely unknown for most Americans

According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, more than 11 million households fall within HUDs "worst-case" category, forced to pay more than one-half their incomes for housing, endure overcrowded conditions and/or live in structures with severe physical deficiencies.

More than 3.5 million Americans are considered homeless, 1.35 million of them being children

Homelessness is a Poverty Issue

The Homeless Population

Demographic Factors:

Race

Demographic Factors:

Geography

An Underlying Cause:

The Lack of Affordable Housing


The Lack of Government Spending


The Lack of Public Awareness and Support

Assessment and Analysis of Nutritional Status in BangladeshJessica BrunoHistory 388November 28th, 2006

FindingsComparisons of food intake vs. education level, location (urban/rural), gender, occupation, NGO (benefited/non-benefited) Improvements in intake with primary education completed, urban location, female gender, and cultivators

Example

Chart1

710

721

746

731

749

807

Total Food (gm)

Educational Status

Daily Food Intake per capita (gm)

Education v Total Daily Food Intake per capita

Sheet1

IncomeFood Intake of Rural PopulationFood Intake of Urban Population

100 deci790

Cultivator

The Double Burden of MalnutritionExploring the link between obesity and poverty and why the correlation exists

Elizabeth Schlossberg

The EvidenceNHANES Survey 1971-2004 revealed a 50% increased chance of becoming overweight in poor versus non poor families (Miech et al 2006)

The prevalence of obesity is significantly higher in poor communities than in affluent communities (Journal of Youth and Adolescence)Variables include age and race

Why the Link?Focus: Availability of healthy foodHealthcareAdequate education about nutrition and a healthy lifestyleA safe environment for physical activity

Case Study: Washington DCResidents in Wards 7 & 8 where poverty is high and grocery stores are scarce are more likely to suffer from diet-related diseases than residents of the Districts other wards (Hunger Solutions).

Obesity prevalence in Wards 7 & 8 is about four times higher than in Wards 2 and 3, which have the most grocery stores and many of the highest community food security rankings in the District. (Hunger Solutions)

Focus on the Availability of Fresh Food

Grocery Stores and PovertyThe darker colors represent higher rates of povertyThe dots represent grocery stores that sell fresh food

Availability and RaceRatio of grocery stores to residents revealed a ratio of 1:3,816 in chiefly white neighborhoods as opposed to 1:23,582 in chiefly African American neighborhoods (Journal for Preventative Medicine 2002)

Why?Similar problems occur in Philadelphia, Chicago and New York, but why?

The RISK is greater than the REWARDCost is too great to maintain security and to train reliable employees in lower income areasSmaller profit margin due to sales of cheaper goods

First Obesity, Then Diabetes

Upper East Side grocery stores were three times as likely to stock diet soda, low-fat or fat-free milk, high fiber bread, fresh fruit and fresh vegetablesThose living in East Harlem die of diabetes at twice the rate of people in the city as a whole (New York Times 2006)Sub par health care available in East Harlem leaves residents unable to afford medication for diabetesThe Upper East Side vs. East Harlem

No Such Thing as an Easy SolutionWhile the availability of fresh, healthy food in lower income areas is one contributing factor to the problem, other factors include education, healthcare and a safe environment. Until all of these factors, along with government support come together, the problem can not be fixed.

Dynamics of Poverty Among the Indigenous Population of BoliviaAmanda GrahamNovember 28, 2006

Introduction72% of population below poverty lineSame proportion of those people are indigenous60% of population indigenousSocial ladder whitens in accordance with class privilegeWhy? Social Exclusion-denied access to resources

What defines indigenous?36 Indian tribes recognized by government2 Main GroupsAymara (20-25%)Quechua (35-40%)

Historical FactorsSpanish ConquistadorsExploitation and SlaveryLiberalism (19th Century)Biological Category of SlavesPoverty dates from hereSerfdom until 1950sCant escapeContinue to live in rural highlands

Geo-Economic FactorsRural/Western ProvincesHome to Indigenous populationEastern ProvincesLocal white/foreign business controlControl of natural gas resources/GDP

Mobility FactorsGeographic landscape creates obstacles for adequate constructionLack of adequate roads that link Eastern and Western provinces

Discrimination FactorsWhite Persona v. Indigenous PersonaDeprivation of basic human rights by GovernmentLow Paying Jobs

Educational FactorsLow investment in educationIndians dont realize situationDropout rateAttendance disparity between rich and poor

Educational Factors (Cont.)School attendances relationship with child labor

Health FactorsVulnerable to communicable diseases like cholera and tuberculosis Diseases preventable by vaccines lower in rural populationRisks to women during child birth

ImprovementsIncrease in educationPolitical activismNew government leadershipGovernment recognition of demands of indigenous populationImprovement slow-needs continued activism

I n e q u a l i t y in B r a z i lMelissa TeixeiraNational Statistics:Population: 188,078,227Infant Mortality: 28.6 deaths/1000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth: 71.97 yearsLiteracy rate: 86.4%GDP per capita (PPP): $8,300Percentage below the Poverty Line: 22%Gini Index: 0.59

North Roraima Amap Amazonas Par Tocantins Acre Rondnia Northeast Maranho Piau Cear Rio Grande do Norte Paraba Pernambuco Alagoas Sergipe Bahia Centre-West Mato Grosso Gois Distrito Federal (Braslia) Mato Grosso do Sul

Southeast Minas Gerais Esprito Santo Rio de Janeiro So Paulo South Paran Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sul

I n e q u a l i t yThe top ten percent of theBrazilian population controlfifty percent of salaried income andthe bottom fifty percent account fora mere twelve percent of income.Inequalities in power and wealth translate into unequal opportunities, leading to wasted productive potential and to an inefficient allocation of resources [World Bank 2006]

Chart1

101.671869396395.3483038079105.3969190124

102.346155151696.6281974325107.0363334508

102.444181494296.0863670247107.0248518963

102.907734248899.9549469199106.1870925678

96.785908044194.844972422698.9080638016

98.552934544795.1901254896100.8564120506

98.537448891597.0878861538100.3876909963

91.589159139289.503531506392.704400042

94.33654617995.417829966593.0552640831

100100100

Brazil

Northeast Brazil

Southeast Brazil

Year

Indexed Salary

Indexed Average Mothly Salary 1995-2005 (Base: 2005=100)

Sheet1

AnoNmero-ndice do rendimento mdio mensal real das pessoas de 10 anos oumais de idade (Base: 2005 = 100) (1)

Brasil(2)Grandes Regies

Norte urbanaNordesteSudesteSulCentro-Oeste

Total

1995101.7110.495.3105.496.590.7

1996102.3105.496.6107.096.793.9

1997102.4104.896.1107.095.598.8

1998102.9102.0100.0106.296.4100.1

199996.896.394.898.993.392.6

200198.697.995.2100.995.395.5

200298.597.597.1100.494.199.4

200391.687.089.592.792.689.6

200494.395.495.493.196.595.8

2005100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

Chart2

772.1001633279392.41354454851011.7905986467

816.7223181094435.5852363251057.0452071163

807.6117737673413.69868143981061.2270523891

800.2813315524420.19128737291053.0935169013

740.2730474683394.8122919831959.0648592755

752.7825130676406.8351304504962.6521396574

733.8624718281396.1058007858933.3978275942

680.4973901432363.7720657646861.0384675897

686.6595363801380.0776027058846.2501319914

716393886

Brazil

Northeast Brazil

Southeast Brazil

Year

Average Montlhy Monthly Salary ($Real)

Figure 1: Monthly Average Salary for Brazil, and Southeastern and Northeastern Brazil ($Real) 1995-2004

Chart3

750.8886203793392.4135445485789.06939768671011.7905986467799.675169161772.1001633279

767.9067312799435.585236325820.47736325011057.0452071163865.5379049389816.7223181094

735.6641769952413.6986814398818.40391328311061.2270523891884.9554402973807.6117737673

713.1047159149420.1912873729810.7425254291053.0935169013878.7402856262800.2813315524

662.9556402882394.8122919831771.5290205836959.0648592755806.0750961321740.2730474683

680.446080859406.8351304504762.0996105621962.6521396574845.1856583301752.7825130676

656.2544950312396.1058007858745.1495262306933.3978275942869.3411139358733.8624718281

577.3630034613363.7720657646725.3192259283861.0384675897797.628657961680.4973901432

617.3636198647380.0776027058749.6558241214846.2501319914820.0016787659686.6595363801

634393777886858716

Northern Brazil

Northeastern Brazil

Southern Brazil

Southeastern Brazil

Central-Western Brazil

Brazilian Average

Year

Average Monthly Salary (Real$)

Average Monthly Salary by Region in Brazil 1995-2004 (Real$)

Sheet2

AnoRendimento mdio mensal real de todos os trabalhos das pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de referncia (R$) (1)



Total

199577275139210127898001995

199681776843610578208661996

199780873641410618188851997

199880071342010538118791998

19997406633959597728061999

20017536804079637628452000

20027346563969337458692001

20036805773648617257982002

20046876173808467508202003

20057166343938867778582004

Sheet3

Chart1

0.5960.5610.5670.5570.5810.585

0.6030.5540.5640.5510.5850.58

0.6010.5520.5680.5430.5920.58

0.590.5460.5640.5450.5840.575

0.5870.5370.5470.5430.5730.567

0.5760.5460.5370.5270.5720.566

0.5740.5410.5450.5210.5780.563

0.5640.5350.5180.5220.5480.554

0.5690.5230.5120.5150.5560.547

0.5570.5260.5010.5070.5510.544

Northeastern Brazil

Southeastern Brazil

Northern Brazil

Southern Brazil


Brazilian Average

Year

Gini Index

Gini Index, Regional Comparison 1995-2005

Chart2

0.5670.5960.5570.5610.5810.585

0.5640.6030.5510.5540.5850.58

0.5680.6010.5430.5520.5920.58

0.5640.590.5450.5460.5840.575

0.5470.5870.5430.5370.5730.567

0.5370.5760.5270.5460.5720.566

0.5450.5740.5210.5410.5780.563

0.5180.5640.5220.5350.5480.554

0.5120.5690.5150.5230.5560.547

0.5010.5570.5070.5260.5510.544

Northern Brazil

Northeastern Brazil

Southern Brazil

Southeastern Brazil


Brazilian Average

Year

Gini Index

Gini Index by Region in Brazil 1995-2004

Sheet1

Anondice de Gini da distribuio do rendimento mensal de todos os trabalhos das pessoas de10 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de referncia, com rendimento de trabalho



Totalyear

19950.5850.5670.5960.5610.5570.5811995

19960.580.5640.6030.5540.5510.5851996

19970.580.5680.6010.5520.5430.5921997

19980.5750.5640.590.5460.5450.5841998

19990.5670.5470.5870.5370.5430.5731999

20010.5660.5370.5760.5460.5270.5722000

20020.5630.5450.5740.5410.5210.5782001

20030.5540.5180.5640.5350.5220.5482002

20040.5470.5120.5690.5230.5150.5562003

20050.5440.5010.5570.5260.5070.5512004

Tab1.2.4

Tabela 1.2.4 - ndice de Gini da distribuio do rendimento mensal de todos os trabalhos das pessoas de

10 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de referncia, com rendimento de trabalho,

por Grandes Regies e sexo - 1995/2005

Anondice de Gini da distribuio do rendimento mensal de todos os trabalhos das pessoas de10 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de referncia, com rendimento de trabalho



Total

19950.5850.5670.5960.5610.5570.581

19960.580.5640.6030.5540.5510.585

19970.580.5680.6010.5520.5430.592

19980.5750.5640.590.5460.5450.584

19990.5670.5470.5870.5370.5430.573

20010.5660.5370.5760.5460.5270.572

20020.5630.5450.5740.5410.5210.578

20030.5540.5180.5640.5350.5220.548

20040.5470.5120.5690.5230.5150.556

20050.5440.5010.5570.5260.5070.551

Homens

19950.5830.5550.5880.5570.5580.572

19960.5780.5500.5960.550.5520.581

19970.5790.5680.5970.5480.5420.587

19980.5760.5620.5910.5430.5470.578

19990.5650.5420.5830.5330.5390.567

20010.5670.5320.5780.5430.5290.569

20020.5640.5390.5710.5380.5190.576

20030.5570.5080.5630.5350.5240.539

20040.5480.5060.5680.520.5160.548

20050.5450.4960.5560.5230.5090.545

Mulheres

19950.5630.5720.5970.5320.520.578

19960.5640.5770.6060.5350.520.575

19970.5610.5510.5960.5330.5140.581

19980.5530.5490.5790.5250.5130.578

19990.5530.5390.5830.5230.5250.566

20010.5470.5270.5640.530.4980.559

20020.5470.5410.5750.5270.4970.564

20030.5330.5210.5590.5140.4870.553

20040.5270.5070.5650.5040.4820.553

20050.5260.4940.5550.510.4790.546

Fonte: IBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenao de Trabalho e Rendimento, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domiclios 1995/2005.

Nota: Exclusive as informaes das pessoas sem declarao de rendimento de todos os trabalhos.

(1) Exclusive o rendimento das pessoas da rea rural de Rondnia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Par e Amap.

Brasil (1)

Sexo

Grfico 7.13 - ndice de Gini da distribuio do rendimento mensal de todos os trabalhos das pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de referncia, com rendimento de trabaho, por Grandes Regies - 1993/2004

Fonte: IBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenao de Trabalho e Rendimento, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domiclios 1993/2003.Nota: Anos de 1994 e 2000 obtidos por interpolao linear.(1) - Exclusive o rendimento das pessoas da rea rural de Rondnia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Par e Amap.

Tab1.2.4

1

#REF!

Brasil (1)

1

#REF!

Norte urbana

1

#REF!

Nordeste

1

#REF!

Sudeste

1

#REF!

Sul

1

#REF!

Centro-Oeste

E d u c a t i o n

Chart1

5.95.37.37.16.86.6

North

Northeast

Southeast

South

Central-West

Brazil

Region

Average Years

Average Years of Education by Region in Brazil, 2004

Tab3.3 - a

Tabela 3.3 - Nmero mdio de anos de estudo das pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade,

por Grandes Regies, segundo o sexo e os grupos de idade - 2004-2005

(continua)

Sexo e grupos de idadeNmero mdio de anos de estudo das pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade

BrasilGrandes Regies

NorteNordesteSudesteSulCentro-Oeste

2004

Total (1)6.65.95.37.37.16.8

10 a 14 anos4.13.53.64.44.54.3

15 anos ou mais6.96.35.57.67.47.1

15 a 17 anos7.16.36.17.87.97.3

18 anos ou mais6.96.35.57.67.47.1

18 ou 19 anos8.47.47.19.29.38.7

20 anos ou mais6.86.25.47.57.27.0

20 a 24 anos8.77.87.39.69.68.9

25 anos ou mais6.45.95.07.26.96.6

25 a 29 anos8.27.46.79.09.08.3

30 a 39 anos7.57.06.08.38.27.7

40 a 49 anos6.86.05.37.67.26.9

50 a 59 anos5.64.64.06.36.05.5

60 anos ou mais3.52.52.34.33.93.3

Homens (1)6.45.64.97.27.06.6

10 a 14 anos3.93.33.34.34.44.2

15 anos ou mais6.76.05.27.67.46.9

15 a 17 anos6.85.95.67.67.77.0

18 anos ou mais6.76.05.17.67.36.9

18 ou 19 anos8.07.06.59.09.18.4

20 anos ou mais6.75.95.07.57.26.8

20 a 24 anos8.47.56.89.39.38.6

25 anos ou mais6.35.64.67.26.96.4

25 a 29 anos7.87.06.18.88.87.9

30 a 39 anos7.26.55.48.18.07.3

40 a 49 anos6.75.74.97.57.16.8

50 a 59 anos5.64.53.86.56.15.4

60 anos ou mais3.82.62.24.84.23.5

Mulheres (1)6.76.25.67.37.17.0

10 a 14 anos4.33.73.94.54.64.5

15 anos ou mais7.06.65.97.67.47.3

15 a 17 anos7.46.76.57.98.17.6

18 anos ou mais7.06.65.87.67.47.3

18 ou 19 anos8.77.97.79.49.59.0

20 anos ou mais6.96.55.77.57.37.2

20 a 24 anos9.18.07.99.89.99.3

25 anos ou mais6.56.25.37.16.96.8

25 a 29 anos8.57.87.29.39.28.7

30 a 39 anos7.87.46.68.58.48.1

40 a 49 anos7.06.35.77.77.37.1

50 a 59 anos5.54.74.16.25.95.6

60 anos ou mais3.32.42.33.93.73.1

Tab3.3 - b

Tabela 3.3 - Nmero mdio de anos de estudo das pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade,

por Grandes Regies, segundo o sexo e os grupos de idade - 2004-2005

(concluso)

Sexo e grupos de idadeNmero mdio de anos de estudo das pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade

BrasilGrandes Regies

NorteNordesteSudesteSulCentro-Oeste

2005

Total (1)6.76.15.47.47.26.9

10 a 14 anos4.13.73.74.44.64.4

15 anos ou mais7.06.55.77.77.57.3

15 a 17 anos7.26.46.27.87.97.4

18 anos ou mais7.06.55.67.77.57.3

18 ou 19 anos8.57.77.39.39.48.8

20 anos ou mais6.96.45.57.67.47.2

20 a 24 anos8.98.07.69.89.79.2

25 anos ou mais6.66.15.17.37.06.8

25 a 29 anos8.57.86.99.39.28.7

30 a 39 anos7.67.16.18.48.27.8

40 a 49 anos6.96.25.47.77.37.0

50 a 59 anos5.74.74.06.56.15.7

60 anos ou mais3.72.72.34.44.13.3

Homens (1)6.55.85.07.47.16.7

10 a 14 anos3.93.43.44.34.44.2

15 anos ou mais6.96.25.37.77.57.0

15 a 17 anos6.96.25.87.67.77.2

18 anos ou mais6.96.25.37.77.57.0

18 ou 19 anos8.17.36.79.09.28.5

20 anos ou mais6.86.15.17.67.46.9

20 a 24 anos8.67.77.19.59.48.9

25 anos ou mais6.55.84.77.37.06.6

25 a 29 anos8.17.46.49.09.08.3

30 a 39 anos7.36.65.58.18.07.4

40 a 49 anos6.85.75.07.77.46.8

50 a 59 anos5.74.53.86.66.25.9

60 anos ou mais3.92.82.34.94.33.4

Mulheres (1)6.86.45.87.47.27.1

10 a 14 anos4.33.93.94.54.74.5

15 anos ou mais7.16.86.07.77.57.5

15 a 17 anos7.56.76.78.08.07.6

18 anos ou mais7.16.85.97.77.57.5

18 ou 19 anos8.98.17.99.69.79.1

20 anos ou mais7.06.85.87.67.47.4

20 a 24 anos9.38.38.110.110.09.5

25 anos ou mais6.66.45.47.27.07.0

25 a 29 anos8.88.17.49.69.59.1

30 a 39 anos8.07.56.78.68.48.2

40 a 49 anos7.16.65.87.77.37.3

50 a 59 anos5.74.94.26.45.95.6

60 anos ou mais3.52.72.44.04.03.2

Fonte: IBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenao de Trabalho e Rendimento, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domiclios 2004-2005.

Nota: Exclusive as informaes das pessoas com anos de estudo no-determinados ou sem declarao.

(1) Inclusive as pessoas com idade ignorada.

E d u c a t i o n

Chart1

UneducatedUneducated14.5840.8

33.5141.6755.3442.3

71.1363.417.974.05

70.968.0813.879.41

73.5272.868.223.4

&A

Page &P

Southeast Brazil [% more educated than father]

Northeast Brazil [% more educated than father]

Southeast Brazil [level attained]

Northeast Brazil [level attained]

Level of Education

Percentage (%)

Percentage of Population more Educated than their Father and Level of Education Attained, by Region

Sheet1

Tabela 3 - Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade, por nvel de instruo,

segundo o nvel de instruo do pai

Regio Sudeste

Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade

Nvel de instruo

10 grau incompleto

TOTAL18249265266116410098919288925572096641455414253055615013691843

NUNCA FREQENTARAM

ESCOLA E 1SRIE

DO 1GRAU INCOMPLETA5612797162664233843401296536208780426859824952083697-

1GRAU INCOMPLETO7514087440256430543092902533764057666411357326643710724

1 A 3 SRIES COMPLETAS399385133644426718657201921951673314849489712180619362


percentage

1GRAU COMPLETO Eone level above father

2GRAU INCOMPLETO567943116861337841446711931777238187267157968-southeast

0-112superior

2GRAU COMPLETO E0.3351190360.71130207620.70897976570.7352030047

SUPERIOR INCOMPLETO593310514476521106366588552572240637218436-0.14582307840.55338771180.07975192430.13866618740.0822701079

SUPERIOR COMPLETO (2)49384829493914559223322329009131901290844-

northeast

NO SABIAM INFORMAR (3)34672805744872159699632669152703026135636390510671411190-112superior

0.41671056670.63414662540.68084377540.72860

0.40802677790.4230804970.04048305120.09408703990.034047734



Regio Nordeste14.5855.347.9713.878.22

40.842.34.059.413.4

33.5171.1370.973.52

41.6763.4168.0872.86

Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade14.5855.347.9713.878.22

Nvel de instruo40.842.34.059.413.4

10 grau incompleto

TOTAL1061113243296264489363201728424720794295719983703612852917

NUNCA FREQENTARAM

ESCOLA E 1SRIE

DO 1GRAU INCOMPLETA501433528805091870765101445385631294233139787279231118

1GRAU INCOMPLETO25909974737451327912478640849272178178466352143856954



1GRAU COMPLETO E

2GRAU INCOMPLETO179894456541019449236527237477359536968-

2GRAU COMPLETO E

SUPERIOR INCOMPLETO175725106122875243420441160768122954484-

SUPERIOR COMPLETO (2)1171377498967758820981224060258486211

NO SABIAM INFORMAR (3)2533044968997121782551650770131810921519680539568634

Total

Nunca freqentaram escola e 1a srie do 1a grau incompleta

Total

1a a 3asriescompletas

40 a 70sriescompletas

10 graucompletoe 20 grauincompleto

20 graucompletoe superiorincompleto

Superiorcompleto(1)

Nodetermina-do e sem declarao

Nvel de instruodo pai

Total


Total





Superiorcompleto(1)



educacao por pai



Regio Sudeste


Nvel de instruo

10 grau incompleto

TOTAL18249265266116410098919288925572096641455414253055615013691843

NUNCA FREQENTARAM

ESCOLA E 1SRIE

DO 1GRAU INCOMPLETA5612797162664233843401296536208780426859824952083697-

1GRAU INCOMPLETO7514087440256430543092902533764057666411357326643710724



1GRAU COMPLETO E

2GRAU INCOMPLETO567943116861337841446711931777238187267157968-

2GRAU COMPLETO E

SUPERIOR INCOMPLETO593310514476521106366588552572240637218436-

SUPERIOR COMPLETO (2)49384829493914559223322329009131901290844-

NO SABIAM INFORMAR (3)3467280574487215969963266915270302613563639051067141119

Fonte: IBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Departamento de Emprego e Rendimento, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domiclios.

(1) Inclusive as pessoas com mestrado ou doutorado. (2) Inclusive as pessoas cujo pai tinha mestrado ou doutorado completo.

(3) Inclusive as pessoas que no declararam o nvel de instruo do pai.

Total


Total





Superiorcompleto(1)



Chart1

20.5871.318.29

6125.5513.47

33.7356.829.44

70.9117.711.83

Illiterate Father

Literate Father

Literacy of Father Unknown

Literacy and Region

Percentage (%)

Literacy Rate, by Literacy of Father and Region

Sheet1

Tabela 1 - Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade, por alfabetizao,

segundo a alfabetizao do pai e da me

Regio Nordeste

Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idadenordeste

paisimnao

nao0.33731062070.7091563507

Alfabetizaosim0.56827019120.1770033918

other0.09441918810.1138402575

total0.61783153770.3820645149

AlfabetizadasNo-alfabetizada

sudestenordeste

simnaosimnao

TOTAL1061113265558924054137nao20.586133.7370.91

sudestesim71.3125.5556.8217.7

paisimnaoother8.2913.479.4411.83

ALFABETIZAO DO PAInao0.2058204090.6098868406

sim0.71131663870.2554596328

other0.08286295230.1346535267

total0.88672573940.1132742606

ALFABETIZADO44436443725518717596

NO ALFABETIZADO508696222113722875017sudeste88.670011.320061.7838.2

nordeste61.780038.2000

NO SABIAM INFORMAR1077348617307460041

SEM DECLARAO317816951483

ALFABETIZAO DA ME

ALFABETIZADA39249803408678516302

NO ALFABETIZADA590532627169113187312





Regio Sudeste


Alfabetizao


TOTAL18249265161820932067172

ALFABETIZAO DO PAI

ALFABETIZADO1203867111510592528079

NO ALFABETIZADO459134633306051260741


SEM DECLARAO71877187-

ALFABETIZAO DA ME

ALFABETIZADA102586929959334299358

NO ALFABETIZADA676675052295101537240



Alfabetizao do paie da me

Total(1)


Total(1)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart1

20.5871.318.29

6125.5513.47

33.7356.829.44

70.9117.711.83

Illiterate Father

Literate Father

Literacy of Father Unknown

Literacy and Region

Percentage (%)

Literacy Rate, by Literacy of Father and Region

Chart2

88.67

11.32

61.78

38.2

Literacy and Region

Literacy Rate (%)

Literacy Rates for Brazil by Region

38.20%

61.78%

11.32%

88.67%

Sheet1



Regio Nordeste

Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idadenordeste

paisimnao

nao0.33731062070.7091563507

Alfabetizaosim0.56827019120.1770033918

other0.09441918810.1138402575

total0.61783153770.3820645149


sudestenordeste

simnaosimnao

TOTAL1061113265558924054137nao20.586133.7370.91

sudestesim71.3125.5556.8217.7

paisimnaoother8.2913.479.4411.83

ALFABETIZAO DO PAInao0.2058204090.6098868406

sim0.71131663870.2554596328

other0.08286295230.1346535267

total0.88672573940.1132742606

ALFABETIZADO44436443725518717596

NO ALFABETIZADO508696222113722875017sudeste88.6711.3261.7838.20

nordeste61.780038.2000



ALFABETIZAO DA ME

ALFABETIZADA39249803408678516302

NO ALFABETIZADA590532627169113187312





Regio Sudeste


Alfabetizao


TOTAL18249265161820932067172

ALFABETIZAO DO PAI

ALFABETIZADO1203867111510592528079

NO ALFABETIZADO459134633306051260741



ALFABETIZAO DA ME

ALFABETIZADA102586929959334299358

NO ALFABETIZADA676675052295101537240




Total(1)


Total(1)

Sheet2

Sheet3

M i g r a t i o n

Chart1

0.9709738957

0.0005057253

0.0199155297

0.0086048494

Demographics of Northeastern Brazil

Native of Northeastern Brazil97%

Foreign-born Immigrants to Northeastern Brazil0.05%

Immigrants from Southeastern Brazil2%

Immigrants from other regions of Brazil1%

Sheet1

Lugar de nascimentoPopulao residente

TotalHomensMulheresUrbanaRural

TotalHomensMulheresTotalHomensMulheres%mesmo%estrangeiro%sudeste

Total5106527524990010260752653612649117278906188475851493878477111047227680495830491016992

Rondnia10527522952988077327248052450195749397.10%0.05%1.99%0.86%

Acre34224163006292941625134930.0493

Amazonas240569480145762159180011359024651479986

Roraima36390.0363928360.028368030.0803

Par11311052481606299647443299531751663691827454

Amap261811281490217568514904434430.0

Tocantins412212180619415324161603516381880557713034

Maranho56702092805738286447136442051761243188296220260041044495981509

Piau30162181448768156745018524588536649987941163760595104568656

Cear8045707387978641659216061317288077531805421984390999011985379

Rio Grande do

Norte28479741382800146517420342249642741069950813750418526395224

Paraba365919617800751879121281700813493351467673842188430740411448

Pernambuco82951894046842424834763232583025606329765219719311021236950695

Alagoas310472615013151603411204666894131711053511058058559998498060

Sergipe18816909195669621241504836729578775258376854189988186866

Bahia1306214064877786574362861730741732104444097444483323145682130265

Minas Gerais17203781017910201439856552078465280521549712555

Esprito Santo333301595617374234841039413090984655624284

Rio de Janeiro214217110990103227201470103271981991274777195028

So Paulo5974083111302862784713052463082249971261036482261281

Paran5204723489285584007817720223581196957696200

Santa Catarina5995310928865577269128864184180.0

Rio Grande do

Sul352601725318007324381582616612282214271395

Mato Grosso do

Sul84484474397456462173347328022301501

Mato Grosso9968591440548091500430871877910967

Gois579282386234066501112075429357781731084709

Distrito Federal6861834934336845007025280247901854896548894

Pas estrangeiro2582513966118592440513047113581420919501

Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart1

0.7111741697

0.0062855168

0.0911314325

0.191408881

Native of Southeastern Brazil

Demographic Composition of Southeastern Brazil

Native of Southeastern Brazil71%

Foreign-born Immigrants to Southeastern Brazil1%

Immigrants from Northeastern Brazil9%

Immigrants from other regions in Brazil19%

Sheet1

2 - MigraoTabela 2.1 - Populao residente, por situao do domiclio e sexo, segundo o lugar de nascimento - Regio Sudeste- gravado em: 13/07/2006 06:13:23 pm

Lugar de nascimentoPopulao residente2 - MigraoTabela 2.1 - Populao residente, por situao do domiclio e sexo, segundo o lugar de nascimento - Regio Nordeste

TotalHomensMulheresUrbanaRuralLugar de nascimentoPopulao residente

TotalHomensMulheresTotalHomensMulheresTotalHomensMulheresUrbanaRural

Total785572643803297040524294721357203465899237476728642154433739783047566TotalHomensMulheresTotalHomensMulheres

Rondnia32070157621630830437145981583916331164469Total51 065 27524 990 01026 075 26536 126 49117 278 90618 847 58514 938 7847 711 1047 227 680

Acre5080296921115080296921110.00.00.0Rondnia10 5275 2295 2988 0773 2724 8052 4501 957493

Amazonas2689811125157732631610543157735825820.0Acre3 4224163 0062 9294162 513493-493

Roraima15230.0152315230.015230.00.00.0Amazonas24 0569 48014 57621 5918 00113 5902 4651 479986

Par99173369666220796235369665926929380.02938Roraima3 639-3 6392 836-2 836803-803

Amap19091281628190912816280.00.00.0Par113 11052 48160 62996 47443 29953 17516 6369 1827 454

Tocantins18968105248444183861052478625820.0582Amap2 6181 1281 4902 1756851 490443443-

Maranho2223769814912422721274292932119810963452174417Tocantins41 22121 80619 41532 41616 03516 3818 8055 7713 034

Piau286694124281162413277771118044159727892362372686Maranho5 670 2092 805 7382 864 4713 644 2051 761 2431 882 9622 026 0041 044 495981 509

Cear7795423884323911107635803796373839431596287957167Piau3 016 2181 448 7681 567 4501 852 458853 664998 7941 163 760595 104568 656

Rio Grande doCear8 045 7073 879 7864 165 9216 061 3172 880 7753 180 5421 984 390999 011985 379

Norte2469891267431202462348821201141147681210766295478Rio Grande do

Paraba81645637244144401579545736332143213620999912011879Norte2 847 9741 382 8001 465 1742 034 224964 2741 069 950813 750418 526395 224

Pernambuco15177557061628115931430564661531769033871914463142560Paraba3 659 1961 780 0751 879 1212 817 0081 349 3351 467 673842 188430 740411 448

Alagoas49252320957728294647264820096827168019875860911266Pernambuco8 295 1894 046 8424 248 3476 323 2583 025 6063 297 6521 971 9311 021 236950 695

Sergipe2497441182941314502392211112571279641052370373486Alagoas3 104 7261 501 3151 603 4112 046 668941 3171 105 3511 058 058559 998498 060

Bahia2546957118677813601792387995110703412809611589627974479218Sergipe1 881 690919 566962 1241 504 836729 578775 258376 854189 988186 866

Minas Gerais2088723210121558107656741787453185312179343314301270115903411422360Bahia13 062 1406 487 7786 574 3628 617 3074 173 2104 444 0974 444 8332 314 5682 130 265

Esprito Santo315026715332551617012259928012415901357690550987291665259322Minas Gerais172 03781 01791 020143 98565 52078 46528 05215 49712 555

Rio de Janeiro13300646642539968752471278603961616226624417514607263777250830Esprito Santo33 33015 95617 37423 48410 39413 0909 8465 5624 284

So Paulo3133662515285939160506862947162914307466151641631864996978473886523Rio de Janeiro214 217110 990103 227201 470103 27198 19912 7477 7195 028

Paran12997326223716773611219650581593638057800824077839304So Paulo597 408311 130286 278471 305246 308224 997126 10364 82261 281

Santa Catarina911334497746156846374065943978649643182178Paran52 04723 48928 55840 07817 72022 35811 9695 7696 200

Rio Grande doSanta Catarina5 9953 1092 8865 5772 6912 886418418-

Sul1277816528662495123430617996163143513487864Rio Grande do

Mato Grosso doSul35 26017 25318 00732 43815 82616 6122 8221 4271 395

Sul145531685737695813222760500717271330480735231Mato Grosso do

Mato Grosso893544554943805823624148040882699240692923Sul8 4484 4743 9745 6462 1733 4732 8022 301501

Gois21513310124011389320725397298109955788039423938Mato Grosso9 9685 9144 0548 0915 0043 0871 877910967

Distrito Federal708033845832345661683530130867463531571478Gois57 92823 86234 06650 11120 75429 3577 8173 1084 709

Pas estrangeiro49377326667022710348917126253722663446024133469Distrito Federal68 61834 93433 68450 07025 28024 79018 5489 6548 894

SemPas estrangeiro25 82513 96611 85924 40513 04711 3581 420919501

declarao45974211386459742113860.00.00.0Sem

declarao2 5527081 8442 0522081 844500500-

%mesmo regioe%Estrangeiro%Nordeste%mesmo%estrangeiro%sudeste%mesmo%estrangeiro%sudeste

558678974937737159036

71.1174%0.6286%9.1131%19.1409%97.10%5.00%1.99%

Sheet2

Sheet3

S o c i a l M o b i l i t y

Chart1

0.52916054720.6072722869

0.48832336950.6142115537

0.80373737370.8914772673

0.60748527980.6630346702

0.43850245010.4852714679

0.40518672310.526629014

0.51776365870.7158178492

Industry:1. Technicial/Scientific2. Administrative3. Agricultural4. Industrial/ Construction5. Commerce/Business6. Transportation/ Communication7. Service

Sao Paulo

La Bahia

Industry

Percentage Working in Same Industry (%)

Percentage of Employed Persons Over the Age of 15 Still Employed in the Industry in which They First Started: Comparison Between Sao Paulo and La Bahia

Sheet1

Tabela 11 - Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade e ocupadas na semana de referncia, que tiveram

pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses, por grupos de ocupao do trabalho principal da

semana de referncia, segundo os grupos de ocupao do primeiro trabalho em permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses

So Paulo

Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade e ocupadas na semana de

referncia, que tiveram pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses

Grupos de ocupao do trabalho principal da semana de referncia

tecniciaadminagropecuariaindustria/constructioncomerciotransporteservicios

% remain

TOTAL701154154674911269095445001991482860579576549425588939185

TCNICA, CIENTFICA,

ARTSTICA E ASSEME-

LHADA409858289318565711689174901144260991782254670.52916054720.48832336950.80373737370.60748527980.43850245010.40518672310.5177636587

ADMINISTRATIVA880085951715502966805443298283432449952458677

AGROPECURIA E

PRODUO EXTRATIVA

VEGETAL E ANIMAL14106081543810750143763536543810842711698693650165533

INDSTRIA DE TRANS-

FORMAO E CONSTRUO

CIVIL1806212354181396963993712097961111707267141884155640

COMRCIO E ATIVIDADES

AUXILIARES735843389371066031436288998377366364512082652300

TRANSPORTE E COMUNICAO359668347224163126733025728613233610605220828

PRESTAO DE SERVIOS4269801731322612135645131149350970422035442772

OUTRA OCUPAO, OCUPAO

MAL DEFINIDA OU NO

DECLARADA9822875168211946717835183863913776857931516417968

Total

Tcnica,cientfica,artitstica e assemelhada

Adminis-trativa

Agropecuriae produoextrativavegetal eanimal

Comrcio e atividades auxiliares

Transporteecomunicao

Prestaodeservios

Outraocupao,ocupao maldefinida ouno declarada

Grupos de ocupao doprimeiro trabalho emque permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses

Indstria detransformao e construo civil

Sheet2


pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses, por grupos de ocupao do trabalho principal da

semana de referncia, segundo os grupos de ocupao do primeiro trabalho em permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses

Bahia

Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade e ocupadas na semana de

referncia, que tiveram pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses

Grupos de ocupao do trabalho principal da semana de referncia

tecniciaadminagroindustriacomerciotransportprestacao

% same

TOTAL2231993107339234626844072389960237634112077103870202415

TCNICA, CIENTFICA,

ARTSTICA E ASSEME-

LHADA932166518412984119632415498102363734530.60727228690.61421155370.89147730.66303467020.48527146790.5266290140.7158178492

ADMINISTRATIVA20312814933144110538294521989141686374555

AGROPECURIA E

PRODUO EXTRATIVA

VEGETAL E ANIMAL9402384014200267524716497838120124231522032986

INDSTRIA DE TRANS-

FORMAO E CONSTRUO

CIVIL395381793112268404012585572608512945493732257

COMRCIO E ATIVIDADES

AUXILIARES205259719728412105901562511531712059455611503

TRANSPORTE E COMUNICAO819622125075499645165285590232122643

PRESTAO DE SERVIOS1186132892166188379552117901486743528043

OUTRA OCUPAO, OCUPAO

MAL DEFINIDA OU NO

DECLARADA19419649761009020199240391564889503319106975

Fonte: IBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Departamento de Emprego e Rendimento, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domiclios.

Total

Tcnica,cientfica,artitstica e assemelhada

Adminis-trativa

Agropecuriae produoextrativavegetal eanimal

Comrcio e atividades auxiliares

Transporteecomunicao

Prestaodeservios

Outraocupao,ocupao maldefinida ouno declarada

Grupos de ocupao doprimeiro trabalho emque permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses

Indstria detransformao e construo civil

Sheet3

Chart1

0.3979030311

0.0916244294

0.0796301504

0.1262783444

0.1197635273

0.0199190929

0.0453367609

0.05424846

0.0525711298

0.0127250739

Employment in Northeast by Sector

Chart2

0.1367667638

0.1954817535

0.1006435267

0.1272344101

0.1813644342

0.0446736766

0.0695009631

0.0664154672

0.0530018184

0.0249171863

Employment in Southeast by Sector

Sheet1


pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses, pelos ramos de atividade do trabalho principal da

semana de referncia, segundo os ramos de atividade do primeiro trabalho em que permaneceram pelos 6 meses

Regio Nordeste

(continua)

Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de referncia

e que tiveram pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses

Ramos de atividade do trabalho principal da semana de referncia

northeast

AgricultureIndustrial ProductionConstructionCommercial ServicesServicesEconomic ServicesTransportation and CommunicationSocial ServicesPublic AdministrationOther

0.39790303110.09162442940.07963015040.12627834440.11976352730.01991909290.04533676090.054248460.05257112980.0127250739


TOTAL8004983318520760159963743813185310108560.13676676380.19548175350.10064352670.12723441010.18136443420.0446740.06950096310.06641546720.05300181840.0249171863




Regio Nordeste

(concluso)




TOTAL958705159452362920434258420831101864

Tabela 13 - Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade e ocupadas na semana de referncia, que tiveramTabela 13 - Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade e ocupadas na semana de referncia, que tiveram

pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses, pelos ramos de atividade do trabalho principal dapelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses, pelos ramos de atividade do trabalho principal da

semana de referncia, segundo os ramos de atividade do primeiro trabalho em que permaneceram pelos 6 mesessemana de referncia, segundo os ramos de atividade do primeiro trabalho em que permaneceram pelos 6 meses

Regio SudesteRegio Sudeste

(concluso)(continua)

Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de refernciaPessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de referncia

e que tiveram pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 mesese que tiveram pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses

Ramos de atividade do trabalho principal da semana de refernciaRamos de atividade do trabalho principal da semana de referncia

TOTAL2441061601282935443893914713374335371TOTAL134594251840802239847113546042326011712502

Total

Agrcola

Indstria de transformao

Indstria da construo

Outrasatividadesindustriais

Comrcio demercadorias

Ramos de atividade do primeiro trabalho em que permaneceram pelomenos 6 meses

Servios auxi-liares da atividade econmica

Transporte e comunicao

Social

AdministraoPblica

Outras ativida-des, atividadesmal definidasou no declaradas


Prestaodeservios



Social

AdministraoPblica



Prestaodeservios

Total

Agrcola






Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart1

0.3979030311

0.0916244294

0.0796301504

0.1262783444

0.1197635273

0.0199190929

0.0453367609

0.05424846

0.0525711298

0.0127250739

Employment in Northeast by Sector

Chart2

0.1367667638

0.1954817535

0.1006435267

0.1272344101

0.1813644342

0.0446736766

0.0695009631

0.0664154672

0.0530018184

0.0249171863

Employment in Southeast by Sector

Sheet1




Regio Nordeste

(continua)




northeast


0.39790303110.09162442940.07963015040.12627834440.11976352730.01991909290.04533676090.054248460.05257112980.0127250739


TOTAL8004983318520760159963743813185310108560.13676676380.19548175350.10064352670.12723441010.18136443420.0446740.06950096310.06641546720.05300181840.0249171863




Regio Nordeste

(concluso)




TOTAL958705159452362920434258420831101864

Tabela 13 - Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade e ocupadas na semana de referncia, que tiveramTabela 13 - Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade e ocupadas na semana de referncia, que tiveram

pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses, pelos ramos de atividade do trabalho principal dapelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses, pelos ramos de atividade do trabalho principal da

semana de referncia, segundo os ramos de atividade do primeiro trabalho em que permaneceram pelos 6 mesessemana de referncia, segundo os ramos de atividade do primeiro trabalho em que permaneceram pelos 6 meses

Regio SudesteRegio Sudeste

(concluso)(continua)

Pessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de refernciaPessoas de referncia dos domiclios, de 15 anos ou mais de idade, ocupadas na semana de referncia

e que tiveram pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 mesese que tiveram pelo menos um trabalho em que permaneceram pelo menos 6 meses

Ramos de atividade do trabalho principal da semana de refernciaRamos de atividade do trabalho principal da semana de referncia

TOTAL2441061601282935443893914713374335371TOTAL134594251840802239847113546042326011712502

Total

Agrcola








Social

AdministraoPblica



Prestaodeservios



Social

AdministraoPblica



Prestaodeservios

Total

Agrcola






Sheet2

Sheet3

Poverty, Inequality, and Nigerias Oil Economy Questions:1Is oil wealth distributed unevenly in Nigeria? What agricultural, environmental, economic, and social effects has oil extraction had on the local communities of the Niger Delta? Brian Kelly

Contribution of Agriculture and Oil to Nigerias GDPBrian Kelly Nigeria and Oil, 2Source: Onyige, P.U. Energy and Social Development in Nigeria

Chart1

54.94.82

55.595.09

55.042.56

50.8317.31

42.5825.34

36.0133.13

31.9939.3

29.9543.38

24.7245.13

23.445.47

21.5151.61

18.7856.84

16.862.07

14.6167.29

12.0972.52

9.5477.75

7.3782.98

4.9288.2

Agriculture

Mining (including Crude Oil)

Year

Percent

Sheet1

YearAgricultureMining (including Crude Oil)

1965-196654.94.82

1966-196755.595.09

1967-196855.042.56

1968-196950.8317.31

1969-197042.5825.34

1970-197136.0133.13

1971-197231.9939.3

1972-197329.9543.38

1973-197424.7245.13

1974-197523.445.47

1975-197621.5151.61

1976-197718.7856.84

1977-197816.862.07

1978-197914.6167.29

1979-198012.0972.52

1980-19819.5477.75

1981-19827.3782.98

1982-19834.9288.2

Sheet2

YearCocoaCottonGroundnutsPalm kernelPalm oilRubber

1974-1975205,000140,026161,927250,00066,000

1975-1976225,00070,125100,050170,00035,250

1976-1977120,865212,37611,893153,72455,200

1977-1978187,848115,092140,000116,50247,000

1978-1979161,316117,222388239,82521,052

1979-1980144,309117,29918,281230,16221,140

1980-1981146,45480,90310,812193,78021,230

1981-1982173,85462,5135,724193,78024,040

1982-1983150,30956,268197,70826,710

1983-198495,59730,674153,5072,09112,218

Sheet3

Nigerias Principal Agricultural Export CommoditiesBrian Kelly Nigeria and Oil, 3Source: Onyige, P.U. Energy and Social Development in Nigeria

Chart1

205000140026161927250000660001974-1975

22500070125100050170000352501975-1976

12086521237611893153724552001976-1977

187848115092140000116502470001977-1978

1613161172223882398251978-197921052

144309117299182812301621979-198021140

14645480903108121937801980-198121230

1738546251357241937801981-198224040

150309562681982-19831977081982-198326710

95597306741983-1984153507209112218

Cocoa

Cotton

Groundnuts

Palm kernel

Palm oil

Rubber

Year

Exports (in tons)

Sheet1

YearCocoaCottonGroundnutsPalm kernelPalm oilRubber

1974-1975205,000140,026161,927250,00066,000

1975-1976225,00070,125100,050170,00035,250

1976-1977120,865212,37611,893153,72455,200

1977-1978187,848115,092140,000116,50247,000

1978-1979161,316117,222388239,82521,052

1979-1980144,309117,29918,281230,16221,140

1980-1981146,45480,90310,812193,78021,230

1981-1982173,85462,5135,724193,78024,040

1982-1983150,30956,268197,70826,710

1983-198495,59730,674153,5072,09112,218

Sheet2

Sheet3

Oil Revenue Distribution 1963Distribution of Mining Rents and Royalties, 1963

Distributable Pools Account Regional Allocations, 1963

Brian Kelly Nigeria and Oil, 4Source: Khan, Sarah Ahmad. Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil

Chart1

0.15

0.5

0.35

Chart2

0.42

0.3

0.2

0.08

Chart 8. Distributable Pools Account Regional Allocations, 1963

Chart3

0.55

0.35

0.1

Chart 9. Distribution of Mining Rents and Royalties, 1979

Chart4

0.3

0.02

0.015

0.015

Chart 10. Breakdown of Allocation to State Governments, 1979

Sheet1

1963 Constitution

Federal Government15%

Regions of Origin50%

Distributable Pools Account35%


North42%

East30%

West20%

Midwest8%

Revenue Sharing after Okigbo Commission, 1979


State Government35%

Local Government10%

35% to States

Directly to States30%

Derivation2%

Development of Mineral Producing Areas2%

Ecological Problems1.50%

Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart1

0.15

0.5

0.35

Chart2

0.42

0.3

0.2

0.08

Chart3

0.55

0.35

0.1

Chart 9. Distribution of Mining Rents and Royalties, 1979

Chart4

0.3

0.02

0.015

0.015


Sheet1

1963 Constitution





North42%

East30%

West20%

Midwest8%



State Government35%

Local Government10%

35% to States


Derivation2%



Sheet2

Sheet3

Oil Revenue Distribution1979Distribution of Mining Rents and Royalties, 1979

Breakdown of Allocation to State Governments, 1979

Brian Kelly Nigeria and Oil, 5Source: Khan, Sarah Ahmad. Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil

Chart1

0.15

0.5

0.35

Chart2

0.42

0.3

0.2

0.08

Chart3

0.55

0.35

0.1

Chart4

0.3

0.02

0.015

0.015


Sheet1

1963 Constitution





North42%

East30%

West20%

Midwest8%



State Government35%

Local Government10%

35% to States


Derivation2%



Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart1

0.15

0.5

0.35

Chart2

0.42

0.3

0.2

0.08

Chart3

0.55

0.35

0.1

Chart4

0.3

0.02

0.015

0.015

Sheet1

1963 Constitution





North42%

East30%

West20%

Midwest8%



State Government35%

Local Government10%

35% to States


Derivation2%



Sheet2

Sheet3

Poverty in NigeriaNigerian GNP per Capita has steadily fallen since 1980.The percentage of Nigerias rural population living below the poverty line has risen since 1980.Brian Kelly Nigeria and Oil, 6Source: Anyanwu, John C. Rural Poverty in Nigeria: Profile, Determinants and Exit Paths Source: Khan, Sarah Ahmad. Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil

Chart1

1131

767

399

239

278

268

273

238

Year

GNP per Capita (USD)

Nigerian GNP per Capita Trends

Sheet1

YearGNP per Capita (USD)

19801131

1985767

1986399

1987239

1988278

1989268

1990273

1991238

Sheet2

Sheet3

Chart1

0.2829

0.5143

0.46

0.7173

Percentage of Rural Population Below the Poverty Line

Year

Percentage of Rural Population Below the Poverty Line

Sheet1

YearPercentage of Rural Population Below the Poverty Line

198028.29%

198551.43%

199246%

199671.73%

Sheet2

Sheet3

Yuehong LeiAIDS and TB in South Africa

No slides

Maternal Education and the Relationship to Childrens HealthMichael FranklinHIST 388

TopicEstablishing a link between a mothers education and the health of her childrenDifficult, many variables deal with childrens healthCommunity and maternal endowmentsHas research overstated the benefits of improved maternal education?

Personal FindingsData comes from the UN Stats website (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/7058)Took 42 countries and compared:GDP per capita in current US$ (1981-2000)Children under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 live births (1980-2000)Literacy rates in women 15-24 (1981-2004)

OutlineExamined data in three ways:Countries where GDP per capita declinedDoes a fall in GDP lead to deteriorating conditions and a rise in child mortality?CorrelationGDP per capita vs. Mortality RatesFemale literacy vs. Mortality RatesCountries with similar GDP per capitaHow do female literacy and child mortality rates compare?

Decline in GDP Per Capita17 countries experienced a fall in their GDP per capitaDecrease in GDP per capita indicates living standards did not improve, and potentially worsenedDespite drop in GDP per capita, child mortality rates decreased everywhere, except Zimbabwe (increased) and Liberia (did not change)Literacy rates among women improved in each country

GDP Per Capita and Female LiteracyGDP per capita vs. Mortality ratesR = 0.3822Female literacy v. Mortality ratesR = 0.749Stronger association between female literacy and child mortality than GDP per capita

GDP Per Capita

GDP Per CapitaVietnam has the lowest GDP per capita in 1980 yet one of the lowest rates of child mortality and highest of female literacy

ConclusionEducation = GoodImportance of maternal educationPresent inequality between men and womenImproving a mothers level education has been found to yield greater results than improving her husbands level of education

Manisha ThapaFemale Education and Child Health in Nepal

Variables in Womens education versus Child health relationshipUrban-Rural differences - access to health facilities-access to clean drinking water-transportation

Chart2

1.11.7

1.32.2

1.53

11.3

1.63.2

1.51.8

1.12.4

1.41.8

1.42

1.42.1

1.21.4

1.41.9

1.51.6

1.62.4

1.12.8

1.73.2

1.52.2

1.54.3

1.42.1

1.32.2

1.11.3

1.31.5

1.31.9

1.42

1.32

1.72.5

1.72.4

rural to urban

Uneducated to Educated Mothers

Countries

Ratio

Under 5 Child Mortality Rate Ratios (Rural : Urban and Uneducated : Educated Mothers)

Sheet1

Variables in Womens education versus Child health relationshipWealth as a variable -similar relation with child health as mothers education-stronger relation than rural-urban

Chart3

1.71.7

2.12.2

3.33

botswana1.3

33.2

1.41.8

burundi2.4

2.41.8

2.12

22.1

0.91.4

2.41.9

1.51.6

cote d'ivoire2.4

dominican republic2.8

equador3.2

2.92.2

el salvador4.3

1.52.1

1.12.2

1.71.3

1.51.5

21.9

1.72

1.52

3.12.5

1.92.4

wealth (lowest quintile to highest)

uneducated to educated mothers

countries

ratios

Under 5 Child Mortality Rates ratios for wealth (lowest to highest quintile) and education (uneducated to educated mothers)

Sheet1

Case for NepalWHO data for 2001Under-5 mortality rate (per 1 000 live births) - rural to urban ratio) - 1.7Under-5 mortality rate (per 1 000 live births) - lowest to highest wealth quintile ratio)- 1.9 Under-5 mortality rate (per 1 000 live births) - mother with no to higher education ratio -2.4 Why does the relationship between womens education and child health still hold for Nepal?Gradual UrbanizationIncreased per capita GDP undermined by inflationGovernment spending in education relatively higher than in health sector

Programs to improve maternal and child nutritional statusSusan Krissel

(absent due to illness)

Examples of InterventionsUNICEFFortification of food (ex. Iodization of salt)Supplemental micronutrient formula with RDIs for pregnant/lactating womenEducation for the empowerment of womenBaby-Friendly Hospital InitiativeInternational Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes

EarthwatchEducate women about nutrition and hygiene as related to disease preventionInvolve and train community members/leadersMake community self-sufficient

Canada Prenatal Nutrition ProgramSupplementationCommunity gardensGift certificates to buy healthy foodCooking demonstrations and shopping toursNutrition and Health Awareness EducationBudgeting workshopsBreastfeeding incentives

ConclusionsVarious types of organizations are taking action to improve maternal/child nutritionThese organizations are mainly focused on improving malnutrition through nutrients, rather than targeting its causes

Poverty & Female Mental HealthAshlyn MurphyFinal ProjectHist 388

Issue of CausationIs there a causal relationship between poverty and mental illness?Which came first: the poverty or the mental illness?

Selection HypothesisEmotional problems that are preexisting predispose a woman to poverty.Mental illness/emotional problems precede poverty.

Social Causation HypothesisStresses of poverty and the environment of poverty lead to mental illnesses. Poverty precedes mental illness.

Previous Findings & LinksThe following circumstances have been pre-established as common among clinically depressed women:Recent entry in welfare program.Dependent upon welfare.Inadequately employed: marked by unfavorable hours and/or wages.4. Nonunion employment position.

Residing in low-income neighborhoods.Residing in neighborhoods marked by drug trade. Having no health benefits. Spending large amount of income on child care.

H388 Presentations 11/28/06

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