H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

61
1 Themes in the Western Humanities Late Middle Ages to the Modern Age

description

Western Humanities 202 Lecture 1

Transcript of H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

Page 1: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

1

Themes in the Western Humanities

Late Middle Ages

to the

Modern Age

Page 2: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

2

Three Fundamental Themes

Growth of a tradition of rational, scientific inquiry

Persistent tension between Judeo-Christian religious ideals and social realities

Emergence of constitutional forms of government

Page 3: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

3

Page 4: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

4

Page 5: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

Why Do They Hate Us?

5

Bin Laden’s BeliefsFor this and other acts of aggression and injustice, we have declared jihad against the US … in our religion it is our duty to make jihad so that God's word is the one exalted to the heights and so that we drive the Americans away from all Muslim countries… The country of the Two Holy Places has in our religion a peculiarity of its own over the other Muslim countries. In our religion, it is not permissible for any non-Muslim to stay in our country.

Page 6: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

6

Large Sets of QuestionsGrowth of a tradition of rational, scientific inquiry

Classical legacies of study, education, and critical thinking; social, economic, political, and intellectual pluralism

Liberalism/tolerance and discernment concerning non-tolerance

Ethics/morality not directly tied to religion, tradition, or authority

Individualism

Technology used to improve the material standard of living across the social spectrum

Human realism in art, music, architecture, sculpture

Study and use of both deductive and inductive reasoning

Page 7: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

7

Large Sets of QuestionsTension between Judeo-Christian religious ideals and social realities

Nathan vs. David (II Samuel 12)

City of God vs. City of Man

Ambrose vs. Emperor Theodosius

Investiture Conflict to the First Amendment

Relationship between faith and reason

Separation of religious and secular life in government

Guarantees of individual rights

Academic freedom from Abelard onward

Page 8: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

8

Large Sets of Questions

Emergence of constitutional forms of government

Democracy /Republic /Oligarchy /Constitutional Absolutism

Rule of law

Equality before the law

Concept of citizen rather than a subject

Freedom of citizens/individual liberty

Concepts of human rights

Politics as a shared endeavor

Free market/enterprise concepts

Limits on arbitrary power (Becket

and Magna Carta)

Page 9: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

9

Areas of Intersection

How did the West grow rich?

Where did the Western sense of “self” come from?

What happened to the Western soul?

Page 10: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

10

How the West Grew Rich

Transformative mechanisms present in West, but…

Real story of move from poverty to wealth starts in 14th century, with breakdown of feudalism…

Page 11: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

11

How Did Distinctive Institutions Arise?

Free markets

Private property

Money and banking

Insurance/risk calculation and management

Freedom to organize economic enterprises

Page 12: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

12

How Did System for Generating Growth and Wealth Arise?

Non-economic factorsDemographics

Urbanization

Political approaches• Government involvements

Legal systems/protections Subsidies/tariffs Currency Education Transport systems

• Laissez-faire

Page 13: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

13

How Did System for Generating Growth and Wealth Arise?

Organizational factorsHierarchical

Market/non-hierarchical

Manorial

Science

Page 14: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

14

Are Western Economic Systems “Capitalist”?

Dominant features:Pragmatism

Lack of ideological commitment to principles other than efficiency/survivability

Capitalism is a term of convenience

Page 15: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

From Poverty to Wealth

From:

Death

Famine/malnutrition

Plague/disease

Illiteracy, ignorance, and superstition

Limited horizons

Crowding

Limited choices

To:

Longer life expectancy

Improved nutrition

Better health and living conditions

Literacy and education

Variety of experience

Privacy

Personal choice

15

Page 16: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

16

Possible Mechanisms

Science and invention

Natural resources

Psychology

Luck

Misconduct

Inequalities of income and wealth

Exploitation

Imperialism

Slavery

Page 17: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

17

Deep Mechanism

Institutional mechanism built deep into structure of Western economies, continuously seeking out and adopting growth-inducing changes.

Deep is operative word…many (Malthus, Spengler) could not imagine continued growth.

Page 18: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

18

The Beginning:The Late Middle Ages

Periods of Economic GrowthRoman Empire

Early Middle Ages

1400s

Page 19: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

19

The Country:Key Features of Manorial System

Unified Political/Economic SpheresFertile Crescent

Egypt

Family/Clan/Tribal leadership

Widespread use of servile laborAncient solution to contract issues

High degree of self-sufficiencyBarter/lack of adaptability

They

Page 20: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

20

Uncertainty and Risk

Uncertainties hugeAgriculture

Warfare/ransom/expropriation

Markets

Role of calculation minorDid same things/same ways

“Security” enforced by law, custom, political control, claims of justice; actually reduced security

Page 21: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

21

Towns and Political Rights

Some autonomy through purchase of charters (city-states)

Central monarchies (France, England, Spain)

But nowhere is desire found to end political control of trade and taxation..simply to transfer control

Page 22: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

22

Medieval Technology

Metallurgy

Chemistry

Ceramics/glassmaking

Textiles

Architecture

Clock

Optics

Page 23: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

23

Decline of Feudalism

100 Years’ WarShift from chivalry to professional army

Introduction of siege cannon, rendering castles obsolete

Decay of barter economyInheritable interest in land

Saleable interest in land

Disasters

Page 24: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

24

The Result

Change

The

System!

Page 25: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

25

The Collapse of the High Middle Ages

The “calamitous” 14th Century

Famine and plague

Warring European states

New weapons and tactics/decline of chivalry and feudal system

Page 26: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

26

The Collapse of the High Middle Ages

The “calamitous” 14th Century

New ideas drive a wedge between philosophy and theology

Balanced High Gothic style gives way to florid Late Gothic style in architecture and art

Page 27: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

27

Hard Times Come to Europe

Ordeal by Famine, Plague, and War

1. Climate ShiftModest cooling

Higher rainfall

Soil exhaustion

EpizooticsFrom the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum , created around the time of the Great Famine of 1315–1317. Death "(Mors") sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame. Famine points to her mouth.

Page 28: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

28

Hard Times Come to Europe

Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War

2. The Black Death

Page 29: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

29

Page 30: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

30

Hard Times Come to Europe

Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War

3. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)

Romantic painting of Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans.

Page 31: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

31

Hard Times Come to Europe

Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War

4. Depopulation and the Crisis in the Towns

Page 32: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

32

Hard Times Come to Europe

Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War

5. Peasant Uprisings in France (1358) and England (1381)

Richard II meeting with the rebels of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.

Page 33: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

33

Hard Times Come to Europe

Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War

5. Urban Rebellions

Statue of Cola Di Rienzo by Girolamo Masini, located near the Campidoglio, where he was killed.

Page 34: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

34

Decline of Feudalism

100 Years’ WarShift from chivalry to professional army

Introduction of siege cannon, rendering castles obsolete

Decay of barter economyInheritable interest in land

Saleable interest in land

Page 35: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

35

Hard Times Come to Europe

The Secular MonarchiesFrance

England

The Papal MonarchyAvignon papacy (1309-1377)

Great Schism (1378-1417)

Conciliar movement

Restoration of Papal power

Page 36: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

36

Hard Times Come to Europe

TechnologyThe Rise of Industries

Wool trade, multiple spinning bobbins, Isaac Claes Swanenburgh, 1614-1638, London History Museum

Page 37: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

37

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Political, social economic events reflected in breakdown of cultural synthesis of High Middle Ages

Secular voices challenge traditional viewsInterests of bourgeoise have impact on art and architecture

Emergence of “individual”

Page 38: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

38

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

ReligionAbsence of monastic reform

Lay piety • The devotio moderna • The flagellants

Heresies • John Wycliffe • Jan Hus

The Inquisition

Witchcraft

Page 39: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

39

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Theology and PhilosophyThe Via Antiqua vs. the Via Moderna

Duns Scotus and William of Ockham

Page 40: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

40

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

ScienceHigh Gothic forerunners

• Robert Grosseteste

• Roger Bacon

Nicholas Oresme

This fresco shows the life of a late medieval hospital . Di Bartolo, Hospital of Santa Maria deall Scala,\ Siena

Page 41: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

41

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

LiteratureNorthern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccaccio

English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer

French Literature: Christine de Pizan

Page 42: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

42

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Late Gothic ArchitectureLate Gothic style more ornate

Virtuosity is main aesthetic goal

In architecture, basic forms pushed to stylistic limits

Page 43: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

43

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

The ornate exterior of the church of St. Maclou in Rouen, France, illustrates the Late Gothic Style. Note how the facade fans out to form a semicircular entrance, the number of portals (5), and the intricately designed arches.

Page 44: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

44

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

The choir of of Gloucester Cathedral illoustrates the Perpendicular Gothic style; note how the thin pier, attached to the walls, lace together on the ceiling, creating elaborate patterns that complement the glass.

Page 45: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

45

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

This view of the south cloister of Gloucester Cathedral with its fan vaulting and rich, delicate decoration, further illustrates the Late Gothic Style.

Page 46: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

46

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

While Italian Gothic architecture has much in common with the Romanesque style, the cathedral in Siena is a key example of Late Italin Gothic design.

Page 47: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

47

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

While built in the Late Middle Ages, Giotto’s Tower in Florence anticipates the Classical ideal that was revived in the Renaissance.

Page 48: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

48

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Late Gothic Sculpture

In Italy (Siena and Pisano family), sculptural forms foreshadow Classical themes and values of Renaissance

In Burgundy, sculpture become highly “personal”

Page 49: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

49

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Giovanni Pisano, Pulpit in the Pisa Cathedral. The inscription on the piece -- in which he takes responsibility for the work -- shows the emergence of a new breed of artists in the 14th century

Page 50: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

50

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Pisano’s nativity scene in the Pisa Cathedral reveals a Classic sense of balance in a fundamentally Gothic piece – again foreshadowing the Renaissance.

Page 51: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

51

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Claus Sluter’s Moses has a sense of drama and personal emotion that make the statue nearly an individual portrait, though rooted firmly in the allegorical tradition.

Page 52: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

52

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends

• Illuminated manuscripts become more secular

• The Print (woodcuts, engravings, drypoint)

• New Trends in Italy: Giotto

• Flemish Painting: Jan Van Eyck and Hans Memling

Page 53: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

53

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Limbourg Brothers,Month of January, from Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. This mionaiature painting provides a wealth of detail about social history in the Late Middle Ages.

Page 54: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

54

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Housebook Master. Leisure Time at the Bath. This Chaucerian-like scene, with its frank sensuality, shows that the Late Middle Ages were becoming increasingly secualr and even sensual.

Page 55: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

55

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Page 56: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

56

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

In his Pieta, which revives the realistic Classical tradition, Giotto creates three-dimensional space in a way even the Greeks and Romans had not used .

Page 57: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

57

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

In the Ghent Altarpiece, van Eyck sought reality through the accumulation or precise and often symbolic details

Page 58: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

58

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

van Eyck, The Arnolfini Wedding.

Page 59: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

59

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Hans Memling, Madonna and Child with Angels. Memling introduced some Italian elements into this painting (putti, stringed musical instruments) suggesting awareness of developments in Italy.

Page 60: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

60

The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages

Music

This painting surveys the state of music in the Late Middle Ages – partiiculalry how sacred music began to be overshadowed by secualr music .

Page 61: H202 1 Themes And Late Middle Ages

61

The Legacy of the Late Middle Ages

Release of powerful secular spiritGreatest impact was separation of painting and sculpture from service of architecture

Emergence of new breed of secular ruler

Growth of middle class as dominant force in society

First stirrings of industrialism