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HISTORY

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History

It gives the knowledge of past. The development of Human civilization is divided into three parts.

1. Pre Historic Age: - The age, when script was not discovered. It is divided into three parts.

(a) Paleolithic (b) Mesolithic (c) Neolithic

2. Proto History Age: The age, when script was there but can’t be used as they either are not readable or they are

not decodable. For example Indus valley civilization.

3. Historic: The age, when script exists and can be used for reading and writing history. For Example: ‘Maurya

Period’, ‘Gupta Period ’ etc:

Ancient Indian History

Veda - There are four Vedas :-

Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda. The meaning of Veda is Knowledge . It is

called Apaurusheya i.e. not created by man but God gifted.

It is presumed that the Rigveda was composed while the Aryans were still in the Punjab

region.

Brahman

Rules and procedure of ‘Yajna’ and Karmakanda. It is known also as‘Braham

Sahitya’. Each Veda has its own Brahman.

Veda Brahman

Rigveda Yajur Veda Samaveda Atharvaveda

Aitrey and Koushitaki Shatpath or Vajasneyi Panchvisha or Tandava Gopath

The Aranayakas These are Description of philosophical and mysterious subject. These are seven in total.

The Upanishadas

Its literal meaning is ‘to Sit near’. This means to sit near the teacher for gaining the

the knowledge of ‘Brahma Vidya’. It is called ‘Brahma vidya’ also. It is called Vedant

because it is the last part of Vedic literature.

Important Upanishadas are :-

Ish, Kena, Katha, Mandukaya etc.

Vedang

To understand the Vedas in better way. Total number of Vedang is six :-

Shiksha (Education), Vyakarana, Nirukta (origin of words), Kalpa, Chhanda and Jyotisha

(Astrology).

Smritis

It is also called Dharmashastra. It describes many activities and rules, regulations regarding

Upvedas

Associated with

(i) Ayurveda (Medicine)

(ii) Gandharvaveda (Music)

(iii) Dhanurveda (Archery) (iv) Shilpveda/Arthaveda (Science of craft)

Rig Veda

Sama Veda

Yajur Veda

Atharva veda

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the whole life of human.

Manu Smriti (Pre gupta Period) and Yajnvakya Smriti (Pre gupta Period) are the oldest.

B. Mahakavya (Epics):-

The Ramayana

It was written by Valmiki in Sanskrit during the 1st and 2nd Century. At present it has

24000 shlokas. It was divided into seven kands. Bhushundi Ramayan is called ‘Aadi

Ramayana’ Initially there were 12000 shlokas.

The Mahabharata

Written by Maharsi vedvyas. 24000 shlokas contained initially and at the that time, it was

called Jaya Samhita, At present there are 100000 shlokas and called shtasahastri Samhita/

Mahabharata. It is divided into 18 parvas.

The first knowledge of Mahabharata gets in ‘Aswalayan Grihsutra’.

C. Purana

Purana literary means ‘old’ description ancient story. Its total number is 18.Matsya Puran

is most authentic one, ancient one. Purana came into existence since 5th to 4th BC itself.

D. Buddhist Literature

Tripitaka is related to Buddhist Literaure. It is a collection of Buddhist Councils which

were organised after the death of Mahatma Buddha.

It is assumed as the oldest religion book. Its total number is three.

(a) Sutta Pitaka

It is divided into five nikayas. Collection of religious thoughts and sayings of Buddha.

(b) Vinay Pitaka

Monastic code / Rules regarding the discipline of Mathas person.

It is divided into three sections.

(c) Abhidhamma Pitaka

Philosophical Explanation of Buddh opinions.

Milindpanho gives the knowledge about the discuss in between indoGreek king Menandar

and Buddhist Nagsen.

E. Jain Literature

In Prakrit language Jain Literature is called, ‘Aagam’. It was written by Svetambar Community.

We get information of day to day life of Jain Monks from Acharang Sutra.

Bhagwati Sutra gives the knowledge of life and education of Mahavir Swamy.

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F. Loukik Sahitya

Historical and current literature.

Arthashastra :- Written by Koutilya

First political book of India.

Divided into 15 parts, 6000 shlokas

It is the most important literary sources for the Mauryas.

Mudrarakshash :- Written by Vishakadutta.

Gives ample Information about Mauryan age.

Astadhyayee

Written by Panini.

First book of Grammar

Indus Vally civilization Harappan civilization was an urbanised civilization

Mr. Alexender canighem is known as founder of Indian archeology.

The department of Indian archeology was established during Lord curzon.

Harappa

It is situated at the bank of Ravi, Punjab Province of current Pakistan.

The largest number of seals with articles found here.

This is the second largest site of harappan civilization.

A grainery stone, circular stages to clean foodgrains and laboures residence found here.

Mohanjodaro This site is situated in sindh province of Pakistan at the bank of river Indus.

This was the biggest site of harappan civilization.

The meaning of its name is ------------ “ Mound of dead”

Great bath is most important structure found here.

Kalibanga (Rajasthan) ‘It means black Colour Bangles (Name of this place)

A burial found from this site is in East - West direction in stead of whole civilizations North

to south.

Some proof of fire alters also found here.

Dual crop pattern is also proved from this harappan site.

Lothal (Gujrat) We found evidance of rice from this site.

Proof of Rectangular and circular Agnikuads ( fire alters ) from this site

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This was a port city of harappan civilization

We found a pottery marked story of Parch-tantra ( eg.thirsty crow and clever The fox).

Chanhudaro We found circular bricks from here.

A workshop making toys, also found here.

Banavli (Haryana) We found Lots of barley from here.

Proof of bullock cart is also found here.

This site does not show any better drainge system.

Amri From this site we found first proof of early harappan phase.

Evidance of Barahsingha ( stag ) also found here.

Ropar (Punjab) We found a burial of a man with a dog.

Dholaveera, (Gujrat)

The evidence of a sing board, pond & a stadium is found from here.

Rojdi :- (Guj) We found a design of chess board here.

Surkotda (Gujrat) We found some bones of horses from this site. This is the only harappan site which have it.

FACTS-

First evidence of rice found by koldihava (Neolithic)

First evidence of creamation of master with the dog is found in Burzaham.

Harrapan civilization is the most appropriate name because Harappa was the first site discovered

Raibahadur Dayaram Sahni is known as the discoverer of Indus Valley Civilization.

The Shape of Harappa civilization is Triangular

First Bronze used by Harappan people.

Harappan people produce cotton firstly in the world.

Prime crops of Harappan civilization are Wheat and Barley.

Important Town Discoverer

Harappa Dayaram Sahni

Mohanjodaro Rakhal Das Bannerjee

Lothal Rangnath Rao

Kalibanga B.B. Lal and B.K. Thapar

Chanhuduro Gopal Majumdar

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Alamgirpur Yag Dutt sharma

Ropar J.D. Sharma

Rangpur Rangnath Rao

Dhaulavira R.S. vist

Banawali Ravindra Singh vist

Surkotada Jagpati Joshi

Rangpur Rangnath Rao

Important Town River

Harappa Ravi Mohanjodaro Indus

Lothal Bhogva

Kalibanga Ghaggar

Alamgirpur Hindan

Ropar Satluj Manda Chenab

Sutkangedor Dask

Rangpur Madar Chanhudaro Sindu (Indus) Banvali Saraswati Surkotda Shadiko

Seals were made by stearite (Selkhadi ) Maximum No. of seals were found in Mohanjodaro on which ‘Unicorn’ is marked. Male God Pashupati Mohadeva Female God Matri Devi (Earth) Script Pictographic Joint burial Lothal, kalibanga Agnikuadas Kalibanga, Lothal Units of Measurement was in multiple of 16 Silver firstly used by Harappan People in India. Harappan people didn’t know about IRON Remains of lypistic was found from Chanhudaro. Harappa is situated in Mantgomri district in Pakistan Samadhi - R- 37- Harappa (Mound) Dackyard - Lothal Introduced pottery Black and Red Pottery. Most important public place was “Snanagar”

(Great Bath) in Mohanjodaro

Evidence of five terrace was found from Kalibanga. Largest building. Granery in Mohanjodaro Dhaulavira was divided in to three parts Bronze sculpture of a dancing girl found in Mohanjodaro Harappan civilisation is related to the word “MELUHA” in Mesopotamian scripts

No Temple has been found in Harappan culture The sign of Unicorn has been founded in Most of the Harappan seals. “Agnikunda” ( Hearth) was found in Lothal & Kalibanga Evidence of horse has been found in Surkotada & Lothal The first evidence of rice has been found in Lothal Dual (Yugma) Samadhi has been found in Lothal & Kalibanga Maximum uses of Raw bricks - Kalibanga Sign board , Pond, Stadium – Dhaulavira

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Important Town Current State Mohanjodaro Sindh, (kotdiji, Amri, Chanhudro) Harrapa Punjab (Pakistan) Ropar Punjab (India), (Sanghol) Manda Jammu kashmir Kalibanga Rajasthan Lothal,Rangpur Hariyana

Gujrat Banwali, Rakhigadhi, Mittathal

VEDIC CIVILIZATIONS

Vedic Civilizations

RIGVEDIC CIVILIZATION LATER VEDIC CIVILIZATION

(1500 - 1000 B.C) (1000 - 600 B.C)

Vedic Literature Rigveda Yajurveda Samveda Atharvaveda

Rigveda Based on slokes

Indra is the most important god in Rigveda

Mandal Mandal - 10, Sukta - 1028

Must Ancient - 2 nd and 7th Mandal 8th Mandal is called “Khill” ?

‘Amazu’ - Whole life unmarried women

The most important kabila was “Bharat” ctribal group

Ist and tenth Mandal newer than others. It was used at the time of worship of God

Samveda Total - 1549 slokes. All are taken by Rigveda except 75. Collection of Songs (Slokes)

Yajurveda Procedure to complete the yagya. Divided in five branches. Four is related with Krishna Yajurveda and one with shukla

Yajurveda. It is written in both prose and verse

Athrvaveda Written by Atharva Rishi Total 40 Chapter and 71 sukta

Important subject Brahma Knowledge, use of Medicine, Solution of disease, magic etc.

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Rigvedic Period Rigveda is only one source of Rigvedic period. Aryans came from Central Asia

Aryans first Setteled in Saptsindhu region. - Slavery existed in Rigvedic -Era

- Most important River – Sindhu - Most holy River – Saraswati

- 5 Aryans Kabilas

1. Puru

2. Yadu

3. Turvas

4. Druty

5. Anu

Puru kabila was called “Tras Dasue”

The language of Aryans was Sanskrit Aryans firstly started to Reside in Panjab Region in India

Most Important animal was horse

Aryans used to drink “SOMRASH” on Religious occasion. Books Related with Vedas

Rigveda - Aitraye Brahman

Samveda- Chandogya Upnisada

Yajur veda- Sathapath Brahman

Athravaveda-Mundkopnisada

River Present Name

Parusni Ravi Vipash Beas

Vitasta Jhelam

Askni Chenab

Shartudri Satlaj Sadanira Gandak Description of ‘Dashragya War’ is mention in seventh mandal. This war was fought on the

bank of Parusni River.

Shudras are mentioned in Purush Sukta Tenth mandal of Rigeda.

Sati Pratha & childhood marriage were not done during Rigvaidic period.

Widdow remarriage is found in this period.

The sign of Rigvaidic education system can be seen in Mardak Sukta of Rigveda.

Four varnas society is mentioned in Purush Sukta

‘Gavisti’ Word was used for ‘War’ and its meaning is Discovery of cows.

Cow is called Aghanya (not to be killed)

Agni (fire) is accepted as a Intermediator between human and God.

Twin daughter of Prazapati were Sabha & Samiti (Athravaveda)

Later - Vedic Period We put Yajurveda, Samveda, Athraveda in this period.

Total Number of Upanishads - 108

Total number of puranas - 18

Arya Famous

Important God Indra

Important River Indus

Holly River Saraswati Language Sanaskrit Occupation Cattle

Word Mean

Urwara Fertile land

Langal Plough

Vrik Ox

Karish Fertiliser Parjanaya Cloud

Dhanwa Desert

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Total number of Vedangs - 6

Rebirth theory is mentioned firstly in Shathapath brahman.

Total No of Ratnin - 12 (king’s official)

Yagvalkya & Gargi Argument is mentioned in Brihadaranyaka upnishad

Veda Preast

Rigveda Hotra

Samveda Udgatra

Yajurveda Adhvaryu

Athvarveda Brahma

Philosophy Founder

Charvaka Charvaka

Yoga Patanjali Sankhya Kapila

Nyaya Gautama Vaishesika Kanada

Gotra has taken place in later vedic period

‘Satyamevjyate’ is described in Mundakopanishada

Discuss of ‘Yam-nachiketa’ is mention in Kathopanishada.

The biggest store of Iron hoards is found from Atranjikhera.

Mahakavya:-

There are two Mahakavyas.

Mahabharat and Ramayana

The old Name of Mahabharata is ‘Jay Samhita’

Aryan’s Invented the ‘IRON’ Metal

Nishka & Satman were the currency unit in later vedic period.

Mahajanpada and Religion Mahajanpada rised in Sixth Century B.C. Mahajanpada is mentioned in Anguttar Nikay of Buddha religion and Bhagwati sutra of Jain religion. Vajji and Malla were republic

Vartashashtrop jeevin said to Gandhar and kamboj people.

.The biggest and poweful republic was Licchhavi.

Jain Religion Jain Darshan is most close to “Sankhya darshan”

The foundar & first Tirthankar of Jain religion was - Rishabhdev. Twentithird Tirthankar was - Parshwanth. Twentifourth and last Tirthankar was - Mahaveer. He is known as real founder of Jainism. According to Jainism there are three sources of Knowledge.

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1. Pratyaksha (Direct)

2. Anuman (Guess)

3. Sayings of Tirthankars. Jain religion belived in rebirth and Action (karma)

The books of jain religion wrote in prakrita. During the period of Rashtrakoot kings the jain religion was grown in south India. First female jain follower saint was Chandana. First Jain Saint follower was son-in-low of Mahaveer – Jamali

Tirthanker Symbol Adinath Ox Shantinath Dear Parswanath Serpent Mahavir Lion

Mahavir Birth kundagram (Vaishali), 540 A.D. Father Sidhartha Mother Trishala Wife Yashoda Daughter Anojja / Priyadarshana Family Gyatraka Childhood Name Vardhamana

Jain Councils First

Time 322 BC

Place Pataliputra

Speaker Sthulabhadra

Ruler Chandragupta Mourya

Second Time 512 A.D Place Vallabhi Speaker Dewardhigan Kshmasramana

Mahavir got the knowledge on the bank on Rijupalika River under the tree of ‘Saal’(Village - Jumbhik) After then he called Jina (Victored), Arhant, Nigrantha. Jain Religion believes in Rebirth & Action. Sallekhana means - Release of body through fast (Starvation). Five mahavrat of Jain religion Satya, Ahinsa, Asteya, Aprigraha, Brahmacharya. Four were continuing to earlier. Mahavir added ‘Brahmcharya’ . Syadwad and Anekantwad are the other names of saptbhangi knowledge of jain religion. Shvetambara - who Wore white clad. They were followers of Sthulabhadra. Digambara - Who did not wore any clad. They were followers of Bhadra Bahu. The Parents of Mahaveera were followers of Parshwanth. Jain matha was called ‘Vasadi’ Rishabhdev & Arishinemi (Jain Tirthankar) is mentioned in Rigveda. Two important North Indian centers of Jain Religion Ujjain and Mathura. Some important kings who supported the Jain Religion - Udyan, Bimbisar, Ajatshatru, Kharvel Chandragupta Maurya. Mahavir got the death in Pawapuri. It is called Nirvan. This place was under the control of malla Janapada.

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Jain Religion doesn’t believe in God but believes in Soul. Mahavira given his first sermons in “Rajgir”. The Biography of Jain Tirthankara is mentioned in kalpasutra written by Bhadrabahu. Kalinga ruler Kharwel was the supporter of Jain religion. Three sources of knowldge according to Jainism

(a) Direct (b) Assumption (c) Precept of Tirthankars

Buddhism Gauttam Budha was the founder of Buddhisma

The Ultimate amibition of Buddha religion is ‘Nirvan’

Ashtangika Marg is the way to get the Nirvan in Buddha religion. Triratna of Buddhisma is Buddha, Sandha and Dhanna. Budha got Mahaparinirwan (death) in Kaushinara (Malla Janapada). Buddha’s son’s name was Rahul Buddha religion divided into two parts - Hinayana and Mahayana

Buddha Belongs to Shakya clan

Buddha Councils

Councils Time Place Chairman Ruler First 483 B.C Rajgir Mahakashyapa Ajatshatru Second 383.B.C Vaishali Sabbakami Kalashoka Third 255 B.C Patliputra Mogaliputta Tissa Ashoka

Fourth 1st Century A.D Kundalvan (kashmir)

(a)Vasumitra/ (b) Ahsvaghosa

Kaniska

The Contents of Buddha’s lecture is ‘Pratitya Samutpada’. Buddha was first who worshiped as a man statue. Maitreya is known as Buddha to be in future. Four Arya Satyas - Dukh, Dukh Samuday, Dukh Nidan, Dukh Nidan Marg Jatak katha is mentioned in Sutta pitak. Sutta pitaka is know as Encyclopedia of Bauddism. Shankaracharya is know as ‘Prachhanna Buddha’. The founder of “Shunyavad” was Nagarjuna. “Madhymika” has been written by Nagarjuna. Maitrayanath was the founder of “vigyanwad”. Panchsil Sidhanta of Buddha is mentioned in Chandyogya Upnisad. Emperors who supported the Buddh Religion - Ashok, Minander, Kanishka, Harshvardhan.

4 Aryan truths -

1. Sorrow

2. Reason of sorrow

3. End of sorrow

4. Solution of End of sorrow

1. Sutta pitak - Collection of Buddha’s religious opinion & precept 2. Abhidhamma pitak - Philosphy of Buddhism. 3. Vinya Pitak - Rules of Buddhist ‘Sangha’.

The Maximum buddha Sculptures made in ‘Gandhar Art’

Buddha given his precept in Pali language

Yoga teacher of Buddha was Alar kalam. Veda & Upnisada was taught by Rudrak to Buddha. The First Sevak of Buddha religion were Tappasu & Malik

The pooja sthala (Worship place) of Buddha Dharm is called chaitya mondap

Maximum No - of Buddha’s Statue was built in Gandhar Art. But 1st statue of Buddha

Buddh Religion

(a) Don’t believe in God

(b) Don’t believe in Soul

(c) Belive in Rebirth

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was built in Mathura Art. Nagargura is known as Einsteen of India. The Source of Astangik Mark is Taittiriya Upnisad. Mahayan Sampradays evolved in Andhrapradesh. Nagarjuna was the follower of Mahayana.

Other Community related to Religon. Community (Sampradaya) Founder

Aajiwaka Makkhaliputra Goshal

Ghor Akriyavada Puran Kaushap

(Uchhedvadi/Bhautikvadi) Acharya Ajit

Nityawadi Pakudh kachayan

Anishchayavada Sanjay Vethliputra

Sampradaya Opinon Founder

Vaisnava Visistadvet Ramanuja

Brahma Dvet Anand Tirth/Madhwa

Rudra Shuddaddvet Vallabhacharya/ Vishnu Swami

Sanak Dvetadvet Nimbarka

Sampradaya founder Book Parmartha Ramdas Dasbodh Vaishnava Ramanuj Brahm sutra Barkari Namdev --- Rambhakta Ramanand Adhyatuv Ramayan

Mahajanpad Capital Panchal Ahichhatra, Kampilya Chedi Shaktimati (Yamuna River ) Kuru Indarprastha Matsya Virat Nagar Kamboja Hataka Shursena Mathura Ashmaka Patana (Godavari River) Gandhar Taxila Anga Champa Magadh Rajgrih Kashi Varanasi Vatsa Kaushambi Vajji Mithila / Vaishali Kaushal Sravasti (Saryu River) Avanti Ujjain Malla Kushawati

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MAGADH EMPIRE HARYAK DYNASTY (545BC-412BC) Real Founder of Mahadh Empire was Bimbisara. Its capital was Rajgrih. Bimbisara was killed by his son Ajatashatru.Bimbisar was named as “Shronika”.Ajatashatru was killed by his son Udayin. Ajatshatru was known as “Kunika”. Udayin established Patliputra and made the capital of his Empire. The last Emperor of Haryak dynasty was Nagdasak. SHISHUNAGA DYNASTY(412BC-345BC) Shishunaga was the founder of Shishunaga Family. He conquered avanti. The last king of Shishunag dynastym was Nandivardhan. NANDA DYNASTY(344BC-144BC) Mahapadam Nand was the founder of Nanda family. The last Ruler of Nand family was Dhananand. He was defeated by Chandragupta Maurya and Chandragupta Maurya Established the Maurya Empire. MOURYA DYNASTY (322 BC - 185 BC) Chandragupta Maurya (322 BC - 298 BC) Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of Maurya Empire. Chankya was the Prime Minister of Chandragupta Maurya. Indika was written by Megasthniz Chandragupta Maurya established Maurya Empire in Patliputra after defeating Ghannanand. Chandragupta Maurya was the follower of Jain religion. Chandragupta died in 298 B.C during the fasting (Upawas) in Sravanbelagola. Megasthenese was the Ambassdor of Selecus. Bhadrabahu taught jain Religion to Chandragutpa. Chandragupta defeated Selecus in 305 B.C. Selecus given 4 regions to Chandragupta. (1) Kabul (2) Kandhar (Ariyana) (3) Herat (4) Makran Bindusara (298 BC-269BC) Bindusara became the successor of Chandragupta maurya. It is called ‘Amitraghat’. Its meaning is the person who destroys the enemy. Bindusar was the follower of Brahmin Religion Ashoka (269 BC-232 BC) Ashoka is named as Ashoka Vardhan in Puran.Upgupta was the teacher of Ashoka. Ring wells found firstly in Maurya period. According to Megasthenese there were six committees who govern the city Administration:-

Committee Work

First Inspection of Industry & Architect

Second Inspection of Foreigners

Third Account of Death & Birth

Forth Trade & Commerce

Fifth Inspection of selling of manufactured goods

Sixth Collect Sales tax

The name of Ashoka is found ‘Ashoka’ in Maski and Gurjara inscription. Ashoka attacked on Kalinga in 261 B.C and captured it. Ashoka expressed the faith in Tri Sangh (Budh,Sangha, Dhamma) in Bhabru inscription. First census in India was done by Ashoka. Ashok’s other famous names- Devnampriya & Priyadarshi Successor of Ashokas 1.Kunala 2.Dashrath 3.Samprati 4.Shalishnk 5.Devawarman 6.Shatadhanus 7.Brihdrath —Last Mauryan ruler Brihdrath was killed by Pushyamitra Shunga. � Subhadrangi - Ashoka’s mother. � Guha temple of Nagarjuni was built by Ashoka.Ashoka got to made four caves in Barabar (Gaya) for Ajeevaka. Ashoka first introduced inscription in India. � Four Scripts are used in the inscription of Ahoka - Brahmi, Kharosthi - Greek and Arameik. � Brahmi :- Left to right Kharosthi :- Right to left

Described Subjects in inscriptions of Ashoka:- First Criticise of Animal hunting Second Medicine facility for man and Animal

Fifth Appointment of Dharma Mahamatra

Seventh Description of ‘Tirth yatra’

Eighth Description of kalingawar and changing heart of

Thirteenth Ashoka.

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� Koushambi inscription is called Queen’s inscription. � Prayaag as pillar inscription was situated in kaushambi. Akbar got it established in Allahabad fort. � Delhi - Merrut pillar inscription was brought from Meerut to Delhi by Firozshah Tughlak. � Delhi - Topara pillar inscritpion was brought from Topara to Delhi by Firozshah Tughlak. � Majority of inscriptions of Ashoka are in Bramhi script. � Shar - e- Kuna’s (Kandhar) inscription is bilingual - Greek and Aramaic. � Spy (Guptachara) is called ‘Gudh Purush’ in Arthashastra of Kautilya. � Two types of Investigator were in Maurya government. (a) Sanstha:- Working at a fixed place. (b) Sanchar:- Movable Investigator. Smallest edicts – Rummandei Longest edicts - Bhabru � Koutilya explained first time the Saptangtheory of state. These are Raja (King) amatya (The Secretary), Janapda (Territory), Durga (fort), Kosh (The Treasure), Dand (Punish), Mitra (Friend), � Arthasharta describes ‘Tirtha’ as a senior officer. It was called ‘Mahamtra’ also. Its total number were 18. Samaharta :- Senior officer of Revenue department Sannidhata :- Chair person of fund. Antapal :- The persons who defended the boundaries forts. Purohit, Mahamantri and Senapati (Military Chief) got the payment 48000 Pana (Currency) annually. Vaidehak - Traders & shopkeepers Sudras were called Arya in Arthashastra Arthashatra describes 28 chair persons who worked below the ministry in several department. Greek writers called them ‘Magistrate’.

Mauryan Currency (coins) Metal Karshapan/Pana/Dharan Silver Suvarna Gold Bhasak Copper Kakani Copper � Lakshnadhyaksha and sourvarnika had right to launch these currencies. � Bali was a religion tax. � Bhag was called the shares of king in Land tax � Junagarh inscription describes that the governor of Chandragupta Maurya Pushyagupta was got to make the Sudarsan Lake in Sourastra Province. � Mageasthenese divided Indian Society into seven parts (casts). � Koutilya described nine type of slaves. � In Maurya period :- Land tax was 1/6 or 1/4 part. � Ist time ‘Sudra’ were involved in Agriculture. � Courts which are mentioned in Arthashastra-(1) Dharmsthiya (Diwani) (2) Kantakshodhan (faujdari) � Pranaya - Emergency Tax (war Tax) � Hiranya - Grain Tax � Irrigation tax :- 1/5 to 1/3 (Udayabhag) � According to Koutilya ‘Sanyanpath’ was the name of sea routes. � ‘Re Marriage’ and ‘Niyoga System’ were introduced in Maurya period. � Not any evidence was of ‘Sati System’ � Rupajeeva was that female who accepted the prostitution freely. � Sopara was very important dockyard which was situated on western part.

Sunadhyaksh Chairperson of Abattoir Aakrakhyakash Chairperson of Mines Potvadhyaksh Chairperson of weight

and measure. Ganikadhyaksh Inspector of prostitution

Sitadhyaksh

Chairperson of Agriculture department

Mudradhyaksh Passport department

Officers of Maurya Empire Rajjuka As like block development officer at present .

Pradeshika As similar to present district Magistrate

Mahamatra Senior officer of Urban Administration

Yukta Assistant of Revenue officers.

Dandpal Police officer

Vyavharik Chief justice of city

Samaharta Chief of Revenue Department

Prativedaka Person who gave all information to king.

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� Aratni - Instrument for measurment of rain � Peacock, mountains and half moon were on Aahat silver currency. � Tax free villages were called pariharik � Warta - Agriculture � Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka Five Provinces of Maurya Empire Maurya Empire Capital 1. Avanti Rastra Ujjain 2. Kalinga Toshali

3. Dakshinapatha Suvarngiri 4. Prachi Patliputra 5. Uttarapatha Taxila

� Government land is called Sita land. Mauryottar Period � Widisha was the capital of Shungas. � Pushayamitra Shunga defeated indo Greek ruler Menander. � Bharahuta stupa was made by Pushaymitra Shunga. � Pratisthan was the capital of Satvahanas. � Gathasaptasati has been written by “Hala”. � Satavahanas introduced the coins of lead. � Cave of Ajanta & Elora was built in Satavahanas period. � Language of Satavahanas was Prakrit & script was Brahmi. � Satavahanas society was Maternal. . Indo -Greek � First Indo-Greek attack takes place in Pushyamitra Sunga’s Period. (According to Gargi Samhita) � Menander was known as Milind in Milindpanho. � Menander was the famous Indo-Greek ruler. � ‘Sakal’ was the capital (Menander Period). � Milindpanho describes the discuss between Menander and Nagsena. � Indo-Greek launched Gold Coins in India firstly. � Demetrias was the first attacker on India Shakas � In India shakas Kings called themselves ‘KSHTRAPA’ � Shaka was related to Central Asia. � Rudradaman & Nahpan were the famous Shakas Rulers. � Vikram Samvat was introduced after the victory of the local king on Shakas. � Rudra shingh III was the last ruler of shakas. Kushana � Kujul kadphises was the founder of Kushan Dynasty. � Kujul kadphises took the reward of “MAHARAJIDHIRAJ” � Kanishka was the famous ruler of Kushana Dynasty. � Capital of Kanishka was Puruspur/Peshawar. � Kushan’s second capital was Mathura. � Kanishka launched Shaka Samwat in 78 A.D � Nagarjuna and Ashwaghosha were contemporary to Kaniska. Nagarjuna is called the Einstien of India. � Nagarujuna described ‘Theory of Relativity’ in the book ‘Madhyamika Sutra’ � Firstly Vim kadphises launched pure Gold coins in India.

Brahmana Dynesty Founder

Shunga Pushyamitra shunga

Kanva Vasudev Kanva (Susharma Last Ruler)

Andhra Satavahana Simuk

Vakatak vindhya Shakti

Foreigner Attacks in Later Maurya Period Foreigner Name

Indian Name

Bacterian Yavan/Greek

Parthian Pahalav

Sithian Shaka

Yu - chi Kushan

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� Scholars in Kanishaka’s period. 1. Aswaghosha (Writer of Buddhacharitra, Saunadranand & Sutravalankar) 2. Vasumitra 3. Parswa 4. Charak (Scholar of Ayurveda & writer of Charaksanhita) 5. Nagarjun 6. Mahachet 7. Sanghraksh � Mahayana (branch of Buddha religion) evolved in Kanishka period. � Gandhar & Mathura Art has been developed in Kanishka period. � The last ruler of Kushan’s dynasty was Vashudev. � The Encyclopedia of Buddha’s religion was ‘Mahavibhasa Sutra’. � Peshawar’s Stupa which is also called Kanishks Chaitya, was built by Kanishaka. GUPTA EMPIRE Shree Gupta -Founder Chandragupta-I (319AD-335AD) �He has provived gupta dynasty fame. �He took a little of ‘Maharajadhiraj’. �First great ruler was Chandragupta I. He introduced Gupta Era in 319 A.D. �He started a new calendar - ‘Gupta Era Gupta Ear is having 241 years gap form Shake samvata. Samudragupta (335AD-375 AD) �He was son of chandragupta I. �Gupta dynasty expanded most during his period. �Vinsent Smith titled him as “Napoleon of India” �The details of his victories described in ‘Prayaga Prashashti’written by Harishen. �He was a triumphant as well as a poet & Lyricist cum conservator of education. �He has marked playing lute (veena) on the coins. �He has also titled as ‘Dharma Prachar Bandhu’ in Allahabad piller inscription. �Buddhist Saint - Vasubandhu has given shelter him. �Samudragupta is called the ‘Nepoleon of India’ because of his India’s victory. �Samundragupta is called the ‘Kaviraj’ Chandragupta-II (380AD-412AD) �Udayagiri cave edict tells about his victories. �Patliputra and Ujjaini rised as centres of education and culture. �Ujjaini was his second capital. �Fahien (Chinese Traveller) came to India during his period. He says Madhyapradesh as ‘Nation of Brahmins’. �This period was peak for Brahmins. Kumargupta (415AD-454 AD) �Maximum edicts during Gupta period found of this king. �Nalanda University established during his period. �Vilsad edict gives list of Gupta’s family Succession up to Kumargupta. �Silver coins were came in use in middle Inida during his period. �He has takes titles like - Mahendraditya . Skandgupta (455AD-467AD) �Hun’s were attacked during his rule. �He has repaired lake Sudarshana which was established on Mt. Girnar. �He transferred his capital to Ayodhya. �Gupta period was called the golden phase due to cultural progress. �Chandragupta II launched the coins of silver after getting the victory on Shaka. �Kumaragupta reconstructed Sudarasan Lake �Huna’s attack started at the time of Skandagupta. �Ujjain was the most important trade center in Gupta’s period �Bhanugupta was the last Gupta ruler. �Gupta ruler launched more gold coins than others �Gold coins were called Dinara. �Erana inscription describes Sati System in 510 A.D (first time). This inscription is of Bhanugupta. �Most land grant given in gupta period

OFFICER POST

1. Mahabaladhikari Force captain

2. Mahadandnayak Chief justice

3. Sandhivigrahak Defence minister/ war minister 4. Dandpashik Police officer

5. Mahakshapattalika Chief of account department

6. Sarthwah Trade chief

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ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

OFFICER

1. Desh Gopta

2. Bhukti Uprika

3. Vishaya Vishaypati

4. Petha Pethapati

5. Gram Grampathi / Mahatar

Taxation 1. Bhag 1/6 of the total production 2. Bhog Gift which given to king in the form of fruits, flowers & vegetables 3. Udrang Land Tax from permanent Farmers. 4. Uprikara Land tax levied on all Temporary Farmers. Taxes were in the form of either in cash or in the form of Grain. Forms of Lands 1. Kshetra Farming land

2. Vastu Land for Residence

3. Khila Land which were not cultivated

4. Aprahata Non-cultivated forest land.

Kalidas- 1.Meghaduta 2.Ritu Samhar 3.Kumar sambhavam 4.Raghuvansha 5.Malvikagnimitram Vishakhadutta- 1.Mudra Rakshasha 2.Devi Chandragupta Aryabhatta- 1. Aryabhattiyam 2.Surya Sidhanta Temple Place Dasavatara Temple Deograh Bhitargaon Temple Kanpur Shiv mandir Bhumra (M.P)

Laxhman temple Sirpur (M.P)

Dhammekh stupa Sarnath

Parvati temple Nanchana Kuthar (M.P)

� Kalidas was contemporary of Chandragupta II. � Dhanwantri was related to Ayurveda. � Ramayana & Mahabharat lastly composed in Gupta Period � Gupta rulers were the follower of vaishnav religion. � Navratna of Chandragupta Vikramaditya - Kalidas, Varahmihir, Brahmgupta, Dhanvantri, � Gupta age is called Golden Age. � Temple formation started in Gupta Age. � Zero & Decimal system has been developed in Gupta period. Pusybhuti Dynasty � Thaneshwar was starting place of this family � Narvardhan was the founder of Pusyabhuti dynasty � Harsavardhan was the famous ruler. He made his capital Kannauj. � Banbhatta was contemporary to Harshavardhan. � Hiuen- Tsang came India in his period. � Harshavardhan was also called Shiladitya Dynassty Founder Capital Pallava Sinhvishnu Kanchi Rastrakuta Dantidurga Manyakheta

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Chalukya (kalyani) Taillap II Manyakheta Chalukya (Vatapi) Jayasimha Vatapi

Chalukya (vengi) Vishnu vardhan Vengi

Chola Vijayalaya Tanjore

Pal Gopal Munger Sena Vansha Samantsen Nadiya Pratihar Nagbhatta I Kannouj

Chahmana/Chauhana Vasudeva Ajmer

Gohadwala Chandradeva Koshi/Varanasi

� Cave temples of Elora and Eliphenta were built in the period of Rastrakuta. � Chandela got to made Khajuraho Temple. � Kailash Temple (Kanchipure) made by Narsingh varman II pallave king. � Temple of Mahabalipuram bult by Narsingh varman (Pallava) II. � Upendraraj was the founder of Parmar dynasty. � Rajraja I got to made Shiva Temple of Rajrajeshwar in Tanjore. � ‘Local self government’ was the main characteristics of Chola Administration. � Dharmapal (Pal Family) got to made ‘Vikramshila University’ in Bihar. � Raja Bhoja was related to Parmar dynasty. � Kalhna was the Contemporary of Harsa. � Kailash temple of allora was built by Krishan I (Rashtrakuta) � Kajuraho was the capital of chandel Book Author Astadhyayi Panini

Arthashastra Kautilya/Chanakya

Indica Megasthenese

Mahabhasya Patanjali

Budh Charita Ashwaghosa

Mrichh katikam Shudrak

Raj Tarangni Vishnu Sharma

Panchatantra Vatsyayan

Kamsutra Amoghvarsha (Rashtrakut ruler)

Kavirajmarg Jinsen

Adipuran, Kiratarjunium

Bharvi

Nyayavatar Sidhsen

Mudra Rakshasha, Devichandraguptam

Vishakhadata

Brahm Sidhant Brahm Gupta

Mat Vilas Prahasan Mahendra Verman

Malti Madghav Bhavbhuti

Book Author

Vikrama - Dev - Charit Vilhan

Git Govind Jaydeva

Yogachar Asang

Prithvi Raj Raso Chandabardai

Prithvi Raj Vijay Jaynak

Raj Tarangni Kalhan

Vrahata Samhita, Panchshidhantika

Varahmihir

Harshacharita Banbhatta

Astang Hriday Wagbhattav

Naganand, Ratnavali, Priyadrshika

Harshwardhan

Dash kumar charit, kavya Darshan

Dandin

Important Foreigner Travellers Court Megasthenese (Greek) Chandragupta Maurya Dionesis (Egypt) Bindusara Fa - Hien Chandragupta II Hiuen-Tsang Harshvardhan

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THE DELHI SULTANAT

SLAVE DYNASTY (1206 AD - 1290 AD)

KHILJI DYNASTY (1290AD -1320AD)

TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320AD - 1414AD)

Islamic system. Implemented Jajiya tax on Brahman. He lauched the coin named “Shasgani” Irrigation tax - 10% Maximum slaves in saltanate period found in Firoj - Tughlaq Period He made heridatory post for Army. Firoj Tughlag looted Jwalamukhi temple in Nagarkot Dalal - e- Firojsahi - 300 Sanskrit granthas translated in parsi. He ended all the 24 taxes except kharaj, Jakat, jajia, khums Town made by ruler Hisar, Firozabad, Fatehabad, Firozpur, Jaunpur Dewan - i- Khairat Grant / Charity Dewan - i – Bandgan Slave Dewan - i- Ishtehak Pension He wrote about his life story ‘Futuhat - i - Firozshahi’ He launched a currency mixed by Gold and Copper. Which was called ‘Addha’ and ‘Bikh’ 1st muslim ruler who separated Jajia tax from Kharaj. He constructed a fort in Delhi - ‘Kotala - i - Firozshahi’

LODHI DYNASTY (1415AD - 1526AD)

1.QUTUBUDDIN AIBAK Founder Capital – Lahore Persian was the Official Language Qutubuddin known as lakh bakhsa Aibak died in 1210 A.D. When he was playing chaugan / polo

1.JALALUDDIN KHILJI Founder He made a capital to ‘Kilokhari’. Jalaluddin Khilji was killed byAlauddin Khilji The first attack on South India was held in the region of Jalaluddin on devgiri

1.GHAJI MALIK Founder (Gyasuddin Tughlaq) First ruler to make a canal. Tughalakbad Town (Near Delhi) was established Its other name is ‘Chhapan Court’ The statement “Delhi is far” given by Nijamudin Auliya regarding Gyasudding Tughlaq. Varangal was the 1st south Indian state merged in Delhi sultanat in Gyasuddin period.

BAHLOL LODHI Founder Bahlol Lodhi was the Governer of Sarhind. Bahlol Lodhi was the founder of first Afghan state.

Sikandar Lodhi script was also called “Gulrukhi” Sikandar Lodhi established Agra town and made it his capital. Sikandar Lodhi merged Jaunpur in his region. He introduced Gaz - i - Sikandari Lodi’s scale. Farhang - i - Sikanderi Translated version of an Aurvedic Granhe in Persian. The last ruler of Lodhi Dynasty was Ibrahim Lodhi. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in first war of Panipat (1526). Diwan - i-Wizarat Department of Finance Diwan -i- Ariz Military Department Diwan - i - Insha Department of Correspondence Diwan - i - Risalat Department of Appeal / Foreign Department Diwan - i - Sudar Religiousv Department Mushrif -i –Mumalik Accountant General Kazi - ul- KazatChief Justice Wakil - i- dar Manage for the Personal things of sultan

2.ALAUDDIN KHILIJI Childhoods Name - Ali Gursasp Issued four ordinaces to stop the revolt Began the Market control system Each market was under the control of ‘Shahna - i-Mandi’. Malik Kafur went for south victory. Amir Khusaro was the court writer of Alauddin He discovered Sitar and Tabla. Amir Khusaro is known as Tuti-E-Hind (Parrot of India). Alauddin khiliji started the cash payment system to the Army. The foundation of Permanent Army was established byAlauddin Khiliji Diwan -E- Riyasat - Control the traders Shahna - i Mandi - Market inspector Most Mangola’s attack were held in Alauddin Khiliji’s region. Barni describes the trade policy of Aluddin in “Tarikh-i-firojshahi” Alauddin took the reward of Sikandar - i - Sani. Alauddin started the PDS (Public distribution scheme). “Biswa” was the main measurment unit inAlauddin Khiliji region Diwan -E - Musthakhraj - Revenue department

2.ILTUTMISH IItutmish changed his capital to Delhi. IItutmish introduced pure Arabi Coins Tanka of silver and Jital of copper. IItutmish implemented lgta system. Feared of Mangol attacks Iltutmish organised Turkan-E-Chihalgani’ (organisation of 40 slave sardars)

2.MOMMAD BIN TUGLAQ Other Name - Jauna Khan He is known as ‘Mad Ruler’ Maximum revolt took place in Md. bin Tughalq period He changed the capital from Delhi to Daultabad. He provided Takabi (Agriculture loan) to farmers He established a new department for development of Agriculture ‘Dewan - E- kohi’. Introduced Token currency (Bronze Currency) Introduced Adli (Silver coin) Ibnbatuta came India. He was appointed Kaji of Delhi. ‘Rehla’ - was written by Ibnbatuta. Devgiri is also known as kutubul - islam “King got free from public and public got free from king” - This statement is related with ‘Mohammad - bin - Tughlaq’. He used to participate in holi festival of hindus He died in Thatta (Sindh) in 1351 BC He established Majlish -i - khalbat which was the council of ministers for helping the sultan

4.BALBAN The most powerful king of slave dynasty. Balban destroyed ‘Turkan - i - Chihalgani’ Balban Started ‘Iron and Bood policy’. The system Sijda and Paibos were started by Balban. Balban established a new military department for defence to Mongoles. It was called ‘Diwan- i-Arz’ Balban began ‘Nauraoj ’ festival based on persian custom. He governed on the Kuran’s rule.

Nasirudin Muhammad Shah The last ruler of Tughlaq Dynasty. Taimur Lang attacked on India in his time.

SAYYID DYNASTY (1414AD - 1526AD)

1.KHIZRA KHAN Founder Khizra Khan was the captain of Taimur lang. ‘Yahiya - Bin - Ahmad Sarhindi’ was the court writer of Mubarkshah. ALAUDDIN ALAMSHAH was the last ruler of this Dynasty

3.KUTUBUDIN MUBARAK KHILIJI He announced Khalipha to himself. (Only sultan)

3.FIROZ SHAH TUGLAQ He finished all the tax except four taxes which were based on

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The Sangam Dynasty (1336 - 1485) Founder Harihar and Bukka - 1336 A.D Capital - Hampi

Harihar & Bukka were working as a minister under Kakatiya rular Pratap Rudradev

Bukka I got the Name ‘Vedamarga Pratisthapak’.

Harihar II got the name ‘Maharajadhiraj’ firstly.

Devrai II has been rewarded “Gajbetkar” (Eliphant’s hunter)

Nicolo de Conti came in the period of Deva Raya I.

Vidyaranaya was the teacher of Harihar & Bukka

Abdur Razzak came in the period of Devaraya II

Telugu was the official language of Vijaynagar

The Saluva Dynasty ( 1485 - 1505 AD) Founder Saluva Narsimha. The Tuluva Dynasty (1505 - 70 AD)

Domingo Pais came in the period of Krishnadev Raya.

Eight scholar (Ashtadiggaja) of Telugu literature lived in the court of Krishnadev Raya.

Krishnadev Raya wrote Amuktamalyada in Telugu and Jambavati Kalyanam in Sanskrit.

The last ruler of Tuluv Dynasty was Sadashiva.

The war of Rakshsi -Tangdi / Talikota/Banihatti held between Vijaynagar and the Union of South state. Military department - Kadachar.

Virpanjai - Skilled traders.

Besbag - Sell purchase of human beings.

Pagoda - Coin in Vijaynagar period. Aravidu Dynasty (1570-1650 AD)

Founder - Tirumala Last ruler - Rang III Vijay Nagar Empire -Descending order of Administrative Unit

Srirang III was the last rular of Vijaynagar .

Bahmani State Founder - Hasan Gangu in 1347 Capital - Gulbarga Mahmud Gawan was made prime minister in the period of Muhammad III.

Mahmud Gawan established a college in Bidar.

Russian travelor Nikitin came India in the period of Tajudin Firoz. Kalimullah was the last ruler of Bahmani Dynasty. After then this Empire divided into five parts. Official language - Marathi

Shihabuddin Ahamad - I changed his capital from “Gulbarga” to “Bidar”

Bidar was also named as Muhammdabad

Mahmud Gawan was rewarded “Kwaja Jahan”

VIJAYA NAGAR EMPIRE

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MUGHAL EMPIRE

Babar (1526 - 1530)

Babar was the founder of Mughal Empire.

Complete name was Jahiruddin Muhammad Babar.

Babar became the ruler of faragana in 1494.

Kalandar and Badshah - Sur Name of Babur.

Babar Attacked on India five times.

He complied Anthologies of poems — Mumbaiyan.

Babar took the reward of “Padsah”

Babar describes 7 states of India in his book Babur nama

1. Bengal 2. Delhi 3. Malwa 4. Gujrat 5. Bahmani 6. Mewar 7. Vijaynagar

Babur’s Sons

(a) Humayun (b) Kamran (c) Askari (d) Hindal

Babar used “Tughluma war system” in the Ist battle of Panipat

War Ruler Time

First war of Panipat Babar and Ibrahim Lodi 1526

Khanwa War Babar and Rana Sanga 1527

Chanderi War Babar and Medini Rai 1528

Ghaghra War Babar and Afgans 1529

Babur got the Sur Name of ‘Gaji’ After victory in Khanwa.

Gaz - i - Babri used for the measurment of Roads. Babur wrote his life story ‘Babur Nama’ or Tuzuk - i - Babari. It was written in Turki language.

Abdur Rahim Khanekhana Translated Babur-nama in Persian language.

Babur’s Tomb is situated in Kabul

Humayun (1530 - 1540) & (1555 - 1556)

He established a city DinPanah in 1533.

Sher Khan defeated him in Chausa War in 1539

Sher Khan defeated him in Bilgram/ Kannauj war in 1540

After Bilgram war Humayun Went to Sindh.

Gulbadan Begum wrote Humayu nama.

Humayun used to wear 7 different clothes in a week.

Reconquest of India by defeating the Afghans (1555)

SURI EMPIRE (1540 - 55)

Sher Shah Suri (1540- 45)

Shershah was the founder of Suri Empire.

Childhood name - Farid Khan

Surname ‘Sher khan’ (Given by Bahar khan lohani)

Construction of Grand Trunk Road

He introduced Rupya of Silver 178 Grain and Dam of Copper 380 Grain.

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He Constructed Rohtas Garh fort and kila - i- Kuhna Mosque.

Sasaram is related with Shershah. (His tomb is situated in sasaram)

SherShah divided his whole Empire in 47 sarkars

Last king of Suri dynasty was Adilshahsur.

Akbar (1556-4605) Birth 15 Oct. 1542, In Amarkot

Mother Hamida Banu Begam

Become king on 14 Feb 1556 (kalanore, punjab)

Teacher Abdul Latif.

Bairam khan was the Regent during 1556 to 1560.

1560 - 62 - Petticoat Government.

Second war of Panipat held between Akbar and Hemu in 1556.

Hemu was the 14th Indian ruler who took the reward of Vikrama ditya.

War of Haldighati fought between Akbar and Maharana Pratap (Ruler of Mewar) in 1576.

First and last victory of Akbar were Malwa and Asirgarh.

Work done by Akbar

1. End of Slave System 1562

2. End of Pilgrim Tax 1563

3. End of Jaziya Tax 1564

4. Establishment of Fatehpur Sikari 1571 (Second Capital of Akbar)

5. Establishment of Ibadat Khana 1575

6. Announcement of Mazahar 1579

7. Announcement of Din - i - Elahi 1582

Mansingh was the Commander of Akbar.

Akbar meeted to Portugese during Gujrat victory. He watched sea first time.

Akbar started a new religion Din-i-Elahi.

Akbar was the chief of Din - i-Elahi.

First and last person, Who accepted Din - i - Elahi Religion was Birbal.

Akabar gave a title ‘Jagat Guru’ to Harivijay Suri.

Akbar defeated Daud khan and finished the Afgan rule from North India (1576)

Akbar’s phase was the golden phase for hindi Literature

Tulsidas was his contemporary.

Akbar introduced Zabti system.

Akbar began ManSabdari system.

Salim Chisti was contemporary of Akbar.

Ruler Makbara (Tomb)

Babur Kabul

Humayun Delhi

Sher Shah Sasaram (Bihar)

Akbar Sikandara (Agra)

Jahangir Lahore

Shahjahan Agra

Aurangjeb Aurangabad

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Akbar established translation department.

Nine jewels (Nava Ratna) were in court of Akbar Birbal, Abulfazal, Todarmal, Tansen, Bhagwandas etc.

Akbar gave the title Kaviypriya to Birbal and Mahapatra to Narhari.

Buland - Darwaza was built by Akbar after victory of Gujarat.

The official language in Mugal Empire was Persian.

Maheshdas was the childhood name of Birbal.

Akbar started Jharokha darshan & Tuladan

Jahangir Childhood Name - Salim

Father Akbar

Jahangir published 12 announcements which was called Ain -e-Jahangiri.

Mehrunnisha was the name of Nurjahan in child hood.

Jahangir hanged 5th Sikh Guru Arjundev.

First Marriage Manbai, the daughter of Bhagwandas

Jahangir killed to Abulfazal by Bir Singh Bundela.

Abulfajal killed by bundelas on the support of Jahangir.

Mugal painting was in best condition at the time of Jahangir.

Famous painter Mansur, Abul Hasan, Bishandas, Manohar, Farukhbeg.

Captain Hawkings and Sir Thomas Roe came in the court of Jahangir.

Shahjahan

Father Jahangir

Mother Jagat Gosai

Birth Place Lahore

Child’s Name Khurram

Marriage Arjumanad Bano Began (Mumtaj Mahal)

Shahjahan started the Hizari Era at the place of ilahi era.

Shahjahan’s period golden age in architecture.

He built Mayur Sinhasan (Peacock - throne).

Dara Shikoh written the book “Majma - UL - Baharain”

Shahjahan changed his capital from Delhi to Agra.

Important painter Muhammad fakir and Mir Hasim.

Shahjahan’s son Darashikoh translated many books in Persian - Bhagwadgita, Yogavashistha Upnisada and

Ramayana.

Shahjahan gave the reward of ‘khan - i- khana’ to Mahawat khan

Dara Shikoh was called the king of lofty fortune & Shah - Buland – Ekbal

Aurangzeb

Father - Shahjahan

Mother - Mumtaj Mahal

Stopped the Nauroj festival

Aurangzeb Ended Jharokha darshan, banned on music.

A mughal king who knows to play lute (Veena).

Ban on public song commemoration.

Banned to inscription of kalma on coins.

Aurangzeb wanted to make Darul - Islam to India.

Re-imposed the Jiziya in 1679

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Work done by Aurangzeb Work Time

Ban on Sati Custom 1663

Implemented the tax at Hindu pilgrims 1663

Ban on Jharokha 1670

Ban on Tuladan system 1671

Re-introduction of Jaziya 1679

Revolts leader

Jat Gokula, Rajaram, Churaman

Satnami Follower of Satnami Sect

Afgan Bhagu, Akmal khan

Bundela Champat rai, Chhatrasal

Maximum Hindu officers were in the period of Aurangzeb.

Aurangzeb was the follower of Sunni religion. He was called ‘Jindapir’

Aurangzeb ordered to destroy the temples in 1699 A.D.

Aurangzeb victored Bijapur and Golkunda.

Shershah’s administration Officer

Central administration

Diwan-e vijarat,

Diwan-e Ariz,

Diwan-e Rasalat,

Diwan-e -insha

Munsif -e- Munsifan

State Administration Shikdar

Sarkar (District) Shikdar -e- shikdaran

Pargana Shikdar, Munsif, fotdar

Village Chaukidar, Patwari, Pradhan

Rai - List of grain (by shershah)

The Lagan system of Shershah was mainly Raiyatwari because he directly contacted the

farmers.

Purana kila (Delhi) was built by Shershah.

Coin Metal Emperor

01. Muhar Gold Akbar

02. Sanshab Gold Akbar

03. Ilahi(circle shape ) Gold Akbar

04. Jallali Silver Akbar

05. Rupya Silver Shersah

06. Dam Copper Shersaha

07. Nishar Copper Jahangir

Mansabdari System

Zat - Denotes the salary & status of a person

Sawar - Denotes the No. of horseriders

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Mansabdari system was based on Mangolas decimal system.

Officers and works of Mughal Period

Post Work

Subedar Law and order in provinces

Diwan Supreme of provincial Revenue

Bakhsi Provincial military supreme

Amil Revenue officer of district

Kotawal Supreme of Urban

Council of Minister was called ‘Vijarat’

Mir Saman was the Supreme of domestic departments of ruler.

Post of Amin came in Sahjahan period

Karori - Revenue officer (came in Akbar period)

Division of Empire

Officers of Mugal Period

Mir- e- bahar Navy chief

Mir - e- barr Forest inspector

Wakya - e- navis News writer

Khufia - navis Secret letter writer who provided important information to center

Witakchi Writer

Amil Revenue officer

Musaddi Port administrator

Khut, Mukddam & Chaudhri were the village chief

Akbar began a new tax system ‘Dahsala’ in 1580. It is called a Todaramal Bandobast also.

Grant land was called sayurgal and Madad - i - Mas.

‘Ana coins started by Shahjahan’

Introduced coins of gold called ‘Ilahi’

The base of Mugal economy was the Rupya of Silver.

Jahangir began ‘Du - Aspa - Sinh - Aspa’ in Mansabadari system.

There were 15 subas in Akbar period

“Chakla” - Administrative unit between Pargana & Sarkar in Shahjahan period.

Book Writer

Baburnama Babur

Humayun Nama

Tohafa - i - Akbarshai

Akbarnama

Gulbadan Begum

Abbas khan Serwani

Abul Fazal

Mazma - UI- Baharin Dara Shikoh

Futuhat - i- Alamgiri Iswardas Nagar

Ain-i-Akbari Abul Fazal

Moulana Sheri translated Raj tarngini in Persian.

Haji Ibrahim translated Atharvaveda in Persian.

Badayuni, Nakib khan and Abdul kadir translated Mahabharata in Persian.

Nakib khan and Abdul Kadir Badayuni translated Ramayana in Persian.

Todarmal translated Bhagwat Purana in Persian.

Mughal Revenue System

Mughal Land divided into three parts.

1. Khalsa Land :- It was under the control of king. It was twenty percent of whole empire.

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The expenditures of this taxes were in many sectors of life - individual expenditure ruler,Body

guard of ruler, Private Military preparation of war etc.

2. Jagir land: - Maximum land of empire was under this land. It was given to officers of

empire as a payment.

Galla bakshi was most popular taxation system which was also called Batai or Bhaol;

Akbar started Ilahi gaz at the place of Sikandri gaz for the measurment of land.

Sayurgal and Madad - i - Mas — It was granted land. It was called Milk also.

Kankut sysem is the Revenue system in which revenue was collected after the measurement of land through feet.

Rupees (Rupya) of silver was the based of Mughal economy. It was of 175.5 grain. Akbar began a new Rupya

‘Jalali’

Dam/Paisa/Phalus of copper was 323.5 grain.

Ilahi was introduced (Gold). The larger coin of gold was ‘Shansab’.

Jahangir made his figure on coins and mentioned the name of Nurjahan.

At the time of Aurangjeb, the weight of Rupya was 180 grain.

Aurangjeb stopped to write kalma on coins

Shahjahan introduced a new Ana coins.

Mughal Art and Architecture

First time used the diversity of Design and shape.

Used plaster as well as stone.

Marble in decoration.

Pietra Dura was also the characteristics of this age.

Mughal era was called the second classical age of Indian history due to cultural progress.

Babur Babur built a garden in Agra based on geometrical method (Aaram Bagh or Ram Bagh).

Babur was the follower of Nakshbandi silsila.

Humayun

Humayun established a city Dinpanah in 1533. It is called ‘old fort’ also.

Sher Shah Suri

Transition period in Architecture.

Built a ‘Sheragarh’ or Delhi ‘Shershahi’ in Delhi.

Shershaha build ‘old fort’ after demolon of ‘Din Panah’, He built a kila - i - kuhana Mosque under this fort.

He built also Sasaram Tomb in Bihar (Sasaram).

Akbar

Fort of Agra

It was built by kasim khan the architect of Akbar in 1566.

Fatehpur Sikari

By Akbar

After the birth of Saleem in respect of Sheikh Salim Chisti in 1571.

Panch mahal was built by Akbar

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Buland door

By Akbar, after Gujrat Victory.

Tomb of Akbar -

Akbar started in Sikandra. Planned made by Akbar but Jahangir completed it.

Tomb of Jahangir:-

Shahadara (Lahore), Situated on the bank of Ravi River. It was made by Nurjahan the wife of Jahangir.

Tomb of Etmadudoula

It was built by Nurajahan in 1626.

Used white Marble first time at whole.

Used Pietra - Dura Art.

Shahjahan

Supreme age of using the white Marble

Jama Mosque

Situated at Agra fort

Built by Jahanara begam, the daughter of Shahjahan.

Jama Mosque

Situated in Delhi

Shahjahan built in 1648.

Tajmahal

Situated in Agra, on the bank of Yamuna River.

By Ustad Isa Khan under the control of Shahjahan.

Plan of tomb - Ustad Ahamad Lohori.

Shahjahan gave the title Ustad - UI- Asar to Lahori.

Aurangzeb

Badsahi mosque , Lahore

Rabbia - ud- daura’s Tomb (Aurangabad)

Motimasjid in Red Fort Delhi.

Painting

Behjad is called the Rapheal of East. He was the painter of Babur’s court.

Mir Syaid Ali and Khwaja Abdus Samad were the painter of Humayun. The painting made by Abdus Samad is

collected in Gulashan painting of Jahangir.

Hamjanama:- is the first collection of mughal painting. It is called ‘Dustan.

Amir hamja also. It is the collection of 1200 paintings.

Ain-i- Akabari described 15 painters in which the important were of the court of Akbar Daswant, Basawan,

keshawlal etc.

Basawan was the supreme painter of Akbar’s period.

Jahangir established a painting house in Agra, Important painters of Jahangir’s period - Farukh Beg, Daulot,

Manohar, Bisandas, Mansur, Abul Hasan.

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Muhammad Fakir and Mir Hasim were the important painter of Shahjahan.

Daswant committed suicide.

Mughal Music

Introduced Dhrupad Skill and Veena in the time of Akbar. Tansen was in court of Akbar.

Baiju Bakhs, Gopal, Haridas, Tansen were the important Dhrupad singer.

Akbar gave the title ‘Kanthabharanavanee vilasa’ to Tansen.

Important Lyrics of Tansen - Miyan’s Tadi, Miyan’s Malhar, Miyan’s Sarang, Darbari kanhar etc. Bilas khan,

Chattar khan and Hamjan were in the court of Jahangir.

Jahangir gave the title Anand khan to Shouki.

Shahjahan gave the title ‘Guna - Samandar’ to Vilas khan.

Fakirullah translated ‘Man kutuhal’as a ‘Rag Darpan’ in the period of Aurangzeb.

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MODERN INDIA

LATER MUGHAL PERIOD

Bahadur Shah I (1707 - 1712)

Titles of Shah Alam I and Shahe Bekhabar.

Guru Gobind Singh supported him for the war of Successor.

Jahandar Shah (1712- 1713)

Become king with help of Julphikar khan.

Gave the reward of “MIRJA” to Sawaijai singh

Titles - Lampat Murkha

End of Jaziya Tax

There was the interference of Lal kumari (prostitute) in his period

Farrukhshiyar (1713 - 19)

Made the king with the help of sayyid Brothers - Abddulla khan and Hussain Ali.

Gave trade facility to East India Company in 1717.

Gave sentence to Banda Bahadur (Sikh guru) .

Titles hated person (Ghrinit kayar).

Sayyid brother are called as “kingmakers”.

Muhammad Shah (1719-48)

Become king with help of sayyed brothers

Real Name - Raushan Akhtar

Title Rangila Badshah

Nijam - Ul - Mulk established Hyderabad in 1724 at this time. Attack of Nadir Shah (1739) Md. Shah was the last rular who sat on Takhta - e - Taus / Peacock Throne.

Ahmad Shah (1748 - 54) 1748 - Attack of Ahmadshah Abdali

Alamgir II (1754 - 59) War of plassey - 1757

Shah Alam II (1759 - 1806) War of Buxar - 1764 Third War of Panipat - 1761 Treaty of Allahabad - 1765 British captured Delhi in his period (1803)

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Akbar II (1806-1837) He gave title to Raja to Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Ist depended king of Mughal empire.

Bahadur Shah II (1837 - 1862) Last Mughal Ruler Title — Jafar Participated in 1857 Sepoy mutiny and died in Rangun.

New Independence State Founder

Awadh Sadat Khan (Burhan - UL- Mulk)

Hyderabad Nijam - UL- Mulk (Chin - Kilich Khan)

Rohel khand

Veer Daud and Ali Muhammad

Bengal Murshid Quli Khan

Karnataka Sadutulla Khan

Bharatupur (State) Chudaman and Badan Singh

MARATHA EMPIRE

Shivaji DynastyBhonsle Father-Shahji Bhonsle Mother-Jeejabai Teacher -Ramdas Born-1627, Shivaner Death -1680 Protector-Konddeya 1659 ; Murder of Afjal Khan 1665 : Treaty of Purander 1667 : Title of Raja by Aurangzeb Biography - “khabar” (Writer - Sabhasad) Annaji Dutto did land survey in 1679

Sambhaji (1680 - 89) Rise of maratha Group (Mandal) Gave the protection to Aurangzeb’s revolted son (Akbar)

Tarabai (1700 - 1707) Protection of Shivaji II Khera war took place between sahu & Tarabai in 1707.

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Shahu (1707 - 1713 ) ADMINISTRATION OF SHIVAJI Peshwa Prime Minister

Majumder/ Finance Minister

Amatya Military Sar - i - Naubat Commonder Sumant/Dabir Foreign Minister

Waqenavis Home Minister

Pandit Rao Religion Minister Nyayadish Chief Justice Sura - navis Secretary

PESHWA

Balaji Vishwanath (1713 - 20)

Peshwa Post became heriditary.

Sahu gave him the reward of “Sena karte” (Marker of the army)

Bajirao (1720 - 1740)

Accepted Gurilla War System.

Love affair with a girl ‘Mastani’.

Balaji Bajirao (1740 - 61)

Introduced the other name Nana Saheb.

The capital of maratha Union made Puna.

Shivaji Taxation system was based on Raiyatwari system of Malik Ambar.

Chauth 1/4th of the production of defeated state.

Sardesmukhi - 10% of the income.

Sangola treaty (1750)

1. Between Rajaram & Peswa

2. Peswa became the actual leaders of Maratha. Third war of Panipat

14 January 1761 Between Maratha and Afghans (Ahmad Shah Abdali) Sadasiv Rao Viswas Rao Result Maratha got defeted

Madhav Rao (1761 - 1772) Mahadji Sindhia (1771) establish Sahalam on Delhi.

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Madhav Narayan Rao (1774 - 1796) Maratha Union were divided in many parts.

Nagpur Bhonsle Baroda Gaekwad Indore Holkar Gwalior Scindia Poona Peshwa Barahbhaisabha (Twelve brothers) were the protector of Madhav Narayan Rao.

EUROPEAN TRADER COMPANIES IN INDIA Company Establishment Year Portugese 1498 English 1600 Dutch 1602 Denish 1616 French 1664

PORTUGESE Portugese traveller (Voscode Gama) came India in 1498 at Calicut, Zamorin was the ruler of Calicut at

that time.

Francisco de Almeda was the first Portugese Governor.

Second Governor Alfonso di Albuquerque established Portugese State in India as a Regional Power.

Portugese won Goa in 1510 AD which was under the control of Bijapur ruler Aadilshaha.

Portugese Empire is known as Estado - the - India.

Portugese Began the production of Tobaco, ship building and printing press.

Portugese established their 1st fort in “Kochin”

The actual founder of Portuges empire was Albuquerque.

Albuquerque encourged portuges people to marry Indian women.

British got Bombay as a dowery on the occassion of Marriage of Catherine (Portugese princes) and

Charls II

East India Company

English East India company Established on 31 Dec. 1600 at the time of Queen Elizabeth I.

English established their first factory in Surat.(1611 AD)

English built Fort Williams in Kolkata and Fort Sent George in Madras.

Jahangir gave the reward of “Khan” to Capt. Hawkins.

Lord Clive is known as the founder of British Empire in India

East India Company established their1st factory in south India in Masulipattnam (1613)

DUTCH Karnelis - D- Hastman was the first Dutch Citizen. Who came India.

Dutch estabished their 1st factory in Masulipattanam (1605)

Dutch started to Launch their gold coin “Pagoda” in Pulikat

Bedera war - Dutch & English (1759)

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FRENCH

First factory opened in Surat.

Frenk Martin was the founder of Pandichery.

The war of Wandiwash held between the English and the French.

Colbert was the founder of french East india company (1664)

1st Anglo - French war (1746 - 48) Treaty – Aix - La - Chapelle

2nd Anglo - French war (1749 - 54) Treaty – Pondicherry

3rd Anglo - French war (1757 - 63) Treaty – Paris

IMPORTANT URBAN AND TRIBAL REVOLTS IN INDIA Revolt Time Place Leadership and Reason

Sanyasi 1763- 1780 Bengal By Jamindar, Agriculture

Chuar 1766 Midanpur, Bengal Raja Jaggananath, Land Tax

Ramosi

1822-1829

Puna

Chittar & Umaji

Kittur 1824-1829 Kittur (Karnattaka) Chinappa & Rajappa

Raju 1827-1830 Vishakhapattnam Virbhadra Raju

Fareji 1804-1807 Bengal Dadu Mir

Vahabi 1830-60 Patna Sayyid Ahmad

Pagalpanthi

1813 - 1831

Karamshah and Tipu

Khasi 1828- 1833 Assam, Meghalaya Tirat Singh

Kola 1829- 1848 Chhotanagpur Budho Bhagat

Rampa 1879 Andhra-pradesh Raju Rampa

Santhal 1855 - 1856 Rajmahal Sidhu and Kanhu

Munda 1895-1901 Chhotanagpur Birsa Munda

Fakir 1776-77 Bengal Majnum Sah

REVOLT OF 1857

Disraely told that Revolt of 1857 is a National Revolt.

Began – Meerut in May 1857

Governor – Lord Canning

Leadership Centre British Bahadur Shah Zafar and Bakht khan Rani Laxmibai Kuer Singh

Delhi Jhansi & Gwalior Bihar, Jagdishpur

Nicholson and Hudson Huge rose William Taylor

Begum Hazarat Mahal Lucknow Campbell Nana Sahib and Tantiya Tope Kanpur Compwell

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Khan Bahadur Bareily Vincent Eyre Maulvi Ahmaddulla Faizabad General Campbell

Peasant Movement

Revolt Time Area Leadership Indigo 1859 Bengal Digambar and Bishnu Biswas Moplah 1920 Kerala Saiyyad Ali Tebhaga 1946 Bengal Kampa Ram Singh Champaran 1917 Bihar Mahatma Gandhi Kheda 1918 Gujrat Gandhi and Patel Bardoli 1928 Gujrat Sardar Patel

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS-

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1905-1916) • The important extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905) • Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal. Swadeshi Movement (1905) • Against the bengal partition. • This made the British reverse the partition of Bengal and unite it in 1911. Formation of Muslim League (1906) • Founded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan III, Khwaja Salimullah Surat Session (1907) • The INC split into two groups -The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907. MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS (1909) • Introduced separate electorates for the Muslims. Annulment of Bengal Partition (1911) Ghadar Party of India in (1913) • Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna. • HQ was at San Francisco. Komagata Maru Incident (1914) • Komagata Maru was the name of a ship which was carrying 370 passengers, mainly Sikh and Punjabi Muslim would-be immigrants, from Singapore to Vancouver. • The ship finally reached at Calcutta in September 1914 but the inmates refused to board the Punjabbound train. • In the ensuing with the police near Calcutta, 22 persons died.

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Lucknow Session (1916) • Moderates and Extremists were united again • In this session the Congress and the Muslim League came closer to each other and they signed the historic Lucknow Pact. Home Rule League Movement 1916 • Annie Besant, the Irish theosophist, had decided of a movement for Home Rule on the lines of the Irish Home Rule Leagues

THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1917-1947) Emergence of Gandhi in India • M K Gandhi returned from South Africa (where he had lived for more than 20 years) to India in 1915. Champaran Satyagraha (1917) • The first civil disobedience movement by Gandhi in the freedom struggle. • Persuaded by Rajkumar Shukla, an indigo cultivator, Gandhi went to Champaran in Bihar to investigate the conditions of the farmers there. Kheda Satyagraha (1918) • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, under Gandhi’s guidance, led the farmers in protest against the collection of taxes in the wake of the famine. Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) Rowlatt Act (1919) • As per this Act, any person could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. • No appeal or petition could be filed against such arrests. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April, 1919) • On 13 th April, the Baisakhi day (harvest festival), a public meeting was organized at the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) • General Dyer marched in and without any warning opened fire on the crowd. Khilafat Movement (1920) • The chief cause of the Khilafat Movement was the defeat of Turkey in the First World War. • The whole movement was based on the Muslim belief that the Caliph (the Sultan of Turkey) was the religious head of the Muslims all over the world • The Khilafat Movement merged with the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920: Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) • It was approved by the INC at the Nagpur session in December, 1920. • But the whole movement was abruptly called off on 11th February 1922 by Gandhi following the Churi Chaura incident Swaraj Party • The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to a split within Congress in the Gaya session of the Congress in December 1922. • Leaders like Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das formed a separate group within the Congress known as the Swaraj Party on 1 January 1923. Simon Commission (1927) • In November 1927 the British Government appointed the Simon Commission to look into the working of the Government of India Act of 1919 and to suggest changes. • The Commission consisted of Englishmen without a single Indian representative. Nehru Report (1928) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) • In lahore session 1929 presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru the Congress passed the Poorna Swaraj resolution • Moreover, as the government failed to accept the Nehru Report, the Congress gave a call to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Dandi March (1930) • On 12th March 1930, Gandhi began his famous March to Dandi with his chosen 79 followers to break the salt laws. • On 6 April formally launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt laws. Round Table Conferences The first Round Table Conference (1930)

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• Held in November 1930 at London and it was boycotted it by the Congress. The second Round Table Conference (1931) • The government lifted the ban on the Congress Party and released its leaders from prison. • On 8 March 1931 the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed. • As per this pact, Mahatma Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil-Disobedience Movement and participate in the Second Round Table Conference. Communal Awards • The Communal Award was announced by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, in August 1932.

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS Establishment Year - 28 Dec. 1885

Place - Bombay (Gokul Das Tejapal Sanskrit College)

Founder - A.O. Hume

Speaker - W.C. Banarjee

Total Member - 72

Viceroy - Lord Dufferin

The main session of Congress 1885 Bombay

W.C. Bannerji Established with 72 members.

1886 Calcutta D.B. Nauroji members become 436

1887 Madras Badruddin Taiyebji First Muslim President of Congress

1888 Allahabad George Yule First British President

1896 Calcutta Md. Rahumtullah Sayani Vande Matram Sang First

1905 Banaras G.K. Gokhle ‘Sawadeshi & Bahishkar’ approved‘Swaraj’ used first time

1906 Calcutta D.B. Nauroji ‘Swaraj’ become official aim of the congress

1907 Surat R.B. Bose Division of congress

1908 Madras R.B. Bose Constitution was accepted forcongress

1911 Calcutta B.N. Dar ‘Jan - Gan- Man’ Sang first

1916 Lucknow A.C. Majumadar unite of congress with Muslim league

1917 Calcutta

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Ms. Annie Bassent First woman President

1918 Delhi Madan Mohan Malviya Demand of Fundamental rights

1924 Belgaum M.K. Gandhi The only session of which Gandhiji was president

1925 Kanpur Sarojni Naidu First Indian woman President

1929 Lahore J.L.Nehru Full self governece approved National Flag flawn

1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad Congress Socialist Party established (J.P.Narayan, Narendra Dev, Meenu Masani)

1936 Lucknow J.L.Nehru Focused to Socialism

1937 Faijpur J.L. Nehru First session in a village

1938 Haripura S.C. Bose National planning commttee was established

1939 Tripuri S.C. Bose Sitarammaiya (Supported by - Rajendra Prasad. Gandhi) was defeated - S.C.Bose - established Forward block after resign

1941-45 M.Adbul kalam Longest period presidentAzad

1946 Meerut J.B. Kripalani President during Independence

1947 Delhi Dr. Rajendra P.d First President after Independence

GOVERNOR GENERAL AND VICEROY

Waren Hestings (1772 - 1785) First Governor of Bengal 1773 regulating Act came in this time. Code of gentoo Laws (Sanskrit) He faced the impeachment End of Dual System/ Diarchy system in Bengal. Asiatic Society of Bengal was established by Sir William Jones in 1784. He established diwani & fauzdari court in every district He established a Supreme Court in Calcutta 1774

Lord Cornwalis (1786 - 1793)

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Father of Indian Civil Service Cornwallis stopped the personal trade of employees Implemented Permanent System. 4 circuit court-(a) 1 in Bihar (b) 3 in Bangal

Lord Wellesley (1798 - 1805) Started - Subsidiary Alliance System Hyderabad was the first State where this system implemented. 4th Anglo mysore war (1799) Establishment of Fort William College in Kolkata. He called himself the Tiger of Bangal.

Lord Minto I (1807 - 1813) 1809 Amritsar treaty

Lord Hestings (1813 - 1823) Raiyatwadi system started by Reed in Baramahal (1792) Bangal Tenency act - 1822 Anglo - Nepal War (1814 - 16) Treaty of Sangoli (1816) Finished of Pindaris Revolt Third Anglo - Maratha war

Lord William Bentick (1828 - 1936) Stopped Satipratha (1829) First Governor General of India 1835 - English education system by Macaulay 1806 - Sainik revot (Vellur, Madras) - when he was the governer of Madras 1835 - Calcutta medical college

Lord Metcoff (1835 - 1836) Press became free

Lord Dalhousie, (1848 - 1856) Merging of lower Berma (Pegu)- 1852 Maximum expansion of Empire Became Gov - General at the age of 36 years Implemented Doctrine of lapse policy Ist region - Sattara 1848 Awadh was controlled(1856) Organised Wood Dispatch Commission Began Indian Railway (Bombay to Thane - 1853) First rail moved in India from Bombay to Thana - Wood dispatch (1854) Start - Postal System.

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2nd Anglo - Sikh war & merger of Panjab in 1849 Military headquarters was established in Shimla

Lord Canning (1856 - 1862) Began the revolt of 1857 First viceroy of India

Indian Penal Code - 1860 Indigo Revolt He started portfolio system in 1861 Widow re - marriage Act Passed in 1856. Ended the Doctrine of Lapse policy

Lord Lytton 1876 - 1880 Commemoration of Delhi Court (Darbar) - 1877

Vernacular Press Act Passed (1878)

Indian Army Act Passed

He decreased the age in civil services from 21 to 19 years

Lord Rippon (1880 - 1884) End of Vernacular Press Act (1882)

First Factory Act Passed (1881) Local Self Government (1882) Organised Hunter Commission (Education) (1882) Elbert - bill Controversy - 1883 - 84 Regular census – 1881

Lord Dufferin (1884 - 1888) Establishment of Congress (1885)

Lord Curzon (1899 - 1905) Maximum Railway line Indian University act passed in 1904 Bengal Division and Swadeshi Movement in 1905 Indian Archeological Act passed Police commission (1902) - Andrew fraser Irrigation commission (1901) - Moncrieff Rupee made by paper – started

Lord Minto Second (1905 - 1910) Establishment of Muslim League in 1906

Surat Session and Congress Division in 1907

Marely - Minto reform in 1909. Muslim got separate electoral area

Lord Hardinge II (1910 - 1915) King George V came India

Commemoration of Delhi Court in 1911.

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Capital Changed Delhi in 1912. First World War Started in 1914.

Lord Chelmsford (1916 - 1921) Lucknow Session of Congress (1916), Congress Reunified , Alliance between Congress

and Muslim League. Organised Sadler Commission on Education in 1917. Rowlatt Act Passed in 1919. JalianWala bagh Event - 13 April 1919. Began Khilafat and Non - Co - Operation Movement. Third Anglo - Afgan war

Lord Reading (1921 - 1926) Chouri - Choura Event - 5 Feb 1922. Establishment of Swaraj party in 1923 by C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru. Prince of wales came India in 1921. Mopala Revolt 1921. Kakori Loot (1925)

Lord Irwin (1926 - 1931) Simon Commission came to India 1928. Bombared in Central Assembly 1929. Demand of complete Independence in 1929 Lahore Session (President Jawahar lal Nehru). First Round table Conference - 1930. Butler Commission (1927) - Indian States

Lord Willingdon (1931 - 1936) Second Round table conference 1931. Sapru Commission - 1935 (Unemployment)

Announcement of Communal Award 1932 . Poona Act between Gandhi and Ambedakar. Indian Government Act 1935 Passed. By this Act established Federal Court. Formation of

Union in India. Accountable Government in province. Burma was separated from India in 1935

Lord Linlithgow (1936 - 1944) First Election in Province Started Second World War August proposal announced. Cripps Mission came India (1942) Quit India Movement Started. Demand of Pakistan by Muslim League in Karachi Session (1940) Welby Commission - Drain of Wealth Flood commission - 1940 (Tenancy) in Bangal

Lord Wavell (1944 - 1947) Shimla Conference (1945)

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Cabinet Mission came in India (March 1946) Direct Action Day by Muslim League Interim Govt formed (1946) End of 2nd world war

Lord Mountbatten (1947 - 1948) Announcement Partiation and India (3Jun. 1947) Organised Radicliffe Commission India Got Independence on 15 August 1947. Lord Mountbatten appointed first Governor General of Indpendence India.

Important Book Author Discovery of India J.L. Nehru India Divided Rajendra Prasad Indian Struggle S.C. Bore Satyarth Prakash Dayanand Sarswati War of Indian Independence V.D. Sawarkar Geeta Rahasya Bal Gangadhar Tilak My Experiment with Truth Mahatama Gandhi Economic History of India R.C. Dutt The Philosophy of Bomb Bhagwati Charan Vohra Yugantar Barindra Kumar Gosh and Bhupender Nath Dutt Indian Sociologist Shyamjee Krishna Verma Life Imprisonment (Bandi Jeevan) Sachindrnath Sanyal Indian Mirror Keshavchandra Sen Kesari,Maratha Bal gangadhar Tilak Bangal Gadget Jemes Augustas Hikki Hindu Patriot Harishchandra Mukharjee Som Prakash Iswar chand Vidyasagar Amrit Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar ghosh & Motilal ghosh mportant Reward Person Giver 01. Gurudev Revindranath Tagore M.K. Gandhi 02. Mahatma M.K. Gandhi Ravindranath Tagore 03. Rashtrapita M.K. Gandhi Subhash Chandra Bose

04. Sardar V.B. Patel Women of Bardoli 05. Desratna Dr. Rajendra Prasad M.K. Gandhi 06. Kaida ajam Md. Ali Jinna M.K. Gandhi 07. Raja Rammohan Rai Akbar - II 08. Vivekanand Narendranath Maharaja of Khetdi 09. Neta Ji Subhash chandra Bosh Hitler

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Slogan Person 01. Inqlab Jindabad Bhagat Singh 02. Delhi Chalo Subhash Chandra Bose 03. Purna Swarajay J.L. Nehru 04. Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Lal Bahadur Shastri 05. Hindi, Hindu, Hindustan Bhartendu Harischandra 06. Maro firangi Ko Mangal Pandey 07. Jai Jagat Vinoba Bhabe 08. No taxation Vallabh Bhai Patel

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IMPORTANT FACTS :—

01. The Indus Civilization belongs to Proto Historic period (chalcolithic age/Bronze Age).

02. Port cities of Indus Civilization : Lothal, Sutkagendor, Balakot, kuntasi.

03. Mohenjodaro -

The largest site of Indus Civilization.

04.Dholavira -The largest Indian site of Indus Civilization.

05.Indus people were the first to produce cotton in the world.

06.Iron was not known to the Indus Civilzation.

07.Iron was founded by Aryans.

08.For a very long time Atharva Vada was not included in the Category of the Vedas

09.Contemporary Civlization of Indus Civilization -Mesopotamia, Egypt & China.

10.It is presumed that the Rig veda was composed while the Aryans were sitll in the Punjab.

11.There are 108 Upanishadas. Vrihadaranyaka is the oldest Upanishada.

12.There are six famous smritis : (i) Manu Smriti (ii) Yajnvalkya Smriti (iii) Narad Smriti

(iv) Parashara Smirit (v) Brihaspati Smriti (vi) Katyayana Smriti.

13. There are 18 Purans.

14. The evidence of pit dwelling has been obtained from -Burzahom

15. Who is regarded as War - God in the Rigveda ?Indra

16. Which place is famous for Pre - Historic Paintings ?Bagh

17. In Sixth century B.C. Suktimati was the capital of -Chedi

18. The remains of which ancient city have been found at the Kumrahar site ?Pataliputra

19. Who had performed four Asvamedha sacrifices ?Samudragutpa

20. Which Caves is famous for Trimuriti ?Elephanta

21. Which Rath Temple is the smallest ?Draupadi Rath

22. Which kirti - Stambha at chittor was built by ?Rana Kumbha

23. Who Introduced Vaishnavism is Assam and Kuch Bihar ?Sankara deva

24. Which one the European Trading Company was the first to establish its factory at Surat?The

English

25. Who medieval Sultan has the credit of founded the City of Agra ?Sikandar Lodi

26. Who was the founder of Independent Kingdom of Hyderabad ?Chin Qilich Khan

27. The Tomb of Lord Cornwallis is situated at -Ghazipur

28. In which reign was English education introduced in India?Lord willian Bentick

29. Who Governor General had abolished slavery in India?Lord Ellenborough.

30. Subridiary alliance was implemented during the reign of -Lord Wellesley.

31. Who was the Governor - General at partition time of Bengal ?Curzon

32. Ibn Batuta visited India during the reign of -Mohammad - bin - Tughlaq

33. Who formulated and implemented the Doctrine of Lapse?Dalhousie

34. The Viceroy of India at the time of the foundation of Indian National Congress was -Lord

Dafferin.

35. In which Session of the Indian National Congress ‘pooran Swaraj’ was declared the goal

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of Congress? -Lahore - 1929

36. The first session of All India Trade Union Congress held at bombay in 1920 was presided

over by Lala Lajpat Rai

37. Who was the first to suggest the boycott of British goods in Bengal? -Krishan Kumar

Mitra

38. Lahore Session of Indian National Congress -1929

39. Gandhi Irwin Pact -5 March 1931

40. Karachi Session of Indian National Cogress -1931

41. Execution of Rajguru - Bhagat Singh and Sukhev 23 March 1931

42. Champaran Satyaraha was lauched against “Tinkathia ” system.

43. Dr. Rajendra Prasad and J.B. Kripalani Cooperated with M.K. Gandhi in

ChamparanSatyagraha.

44. Who had denounced the participation of Mahatma Gandhi in the Khilafat Movement ? -M.A.

Jinnah

45. Brahama Samaj was founded by -Raja Ram Mohan Roy

46. Arya Samaj was founded by -Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

47. Ram Krishana Mession was founded by -Vivekanand

48. In which session of Indian National Gongress Subhas Chandra Bose was elected as

president for the second time ?Tripuri Session

49. The Samadhis of Kasturba and Mahadev Desai are situated in the premis of -Agha Khan

Palace, Poona

50. Who was the founder chairman of ‘Harijan Sewak Sangh’ ? G.D. Birla

51. Gautama Buddha had attained Mahaparinibban in the state of -Malla (Kushinara)

52. Buddha had delivered maximum sermons at -Sravasti

53. The first Guptal ruler who issued Coins was -Chandragupta - I

54. Who was the earliest Sufi Saint to have settled at Ajmer ?Sheikh Mainuddin Chisti.

55. With which Mughal General did Shivaji Sign the famous ‘Treaty of Purandhar’ in 1665

A.D ?Jai Singh

56. The writer of Mahabhasya ‘Patanjali’ was a Contemporary of -Pushyamitra Sunga

57. Quuwal -al-Islam is Situated in Delhi

58. Atala Mosque is situated in Jaunpur

59. Jahaz Mahal is situated in malwa

60. Vikram Samvat begain in 58 BC.

61. Saka Samvat began in 78 AD

62. Gupta era began in 319 AD

63. The era of Muslim rule in India began in 1192 AD.

64. Which rulers established embassies in foreign countries on modern lines ?Tipu Sultan

65. Who attended all the three Round Table conferences ?B.R. Ambedkar

66. Which Sultan of Delhi imposed Jaziya on brahmins also ?Firoz Tughlaq

67. After returing from South Africa Gandhiji launched his first successful Satyagraha in -

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Champaran

68. The only session of the IndianNational Congress which was Addressed by Gandhiji was

held at -Belgaum

69. Who leader of the Revolution of 1857 had the real name of Ram Chardra Pandu rang ?Tatiya

Tope

70. Who leader escaped from the prison and organized underground activites during the

‘Quit India Movement’ ?Jai Prakash

71. The August offer -8 August 1940

72. The Cabibet Mission Plan -1946

73. The Cripps Mission Plan -1942

74. The wavell Plan -1942

75. Who had led the Swadeshi Movement in Delhi -Syed Haider Raza

76. Who had moved the Non- Co-operation resolution in the Nagpur session of The Indian

National Congress in 1920 -C.R. Das

77. Who had started ‘Mitra Mela’ Association ? Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

78. The author of the book “India Divided” was -Dr. Rajendra Prasad

79. The institution of local self Government got a fillip during the Viceroylity of -Lord Ripon

80. Which organistion supported the Suddhi movement ? -Arya Samaj

81. Who had composed the ‘Gita Govinda’ ? -Jayadeva

82. Which musical instrument was played by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ? -Veena

83. Which medieval king of India introduced the “Iqkta System”? -IItutmish

84. In which movement did Gandhi make the first use of hunger strike as a weapon?Ahmedabad

Strike

85. Formation of an interim Goverment -25 September 1946

86. Muslim League launches Direct Action -16 August 1946

87. Buddha is depicted on the Coins of -Kanishka

88. Kuki revolt -Tripura

89. Kuka revolt -Punjab

90. Pabna Peasant revolt -Bengal

91. Birsa Munda revolt -Bihar

92. Where was Mahatma Gandhi when a raid was made by Congress volunteers on Dharsana

Salt Depot ?Yervada Jail

93. Which movement was Aruna Asaf Ali associated ?Quit India Movement

94. Who made regular broadcast on Congress Radio operated during Quit India Movement?Ram

Manohar Lohia

95. The movement in India which became popular during the first world war was the ?Home

Rule Movement.

96. Kakori Conspiracy Case took place in the year -1925

97. In the Interim Goverment (1946) who held the Railway Portfolio ?Asaf Ali

98. The Transfer of capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi was effected during the

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period of -Lord Harding

99. Dadabhai Naoroji wrote a book ‘Poverty and Un British Rule in India’-

100. Which was directly related to the Poona Pact of 1932 ?Indian depressed class.

101. Subhas Chandra Bose had founded ‘Forward Block’ in the year -1939

102. Which Ashoka’s inscriptions is devoted to the principle of religious tolerance

competelyRock edict XII

103. The earliest evidence of Agriculture in India Sub - Continent comes from -Mehargarh

104. Which Sultan of Delhi assumed the little of Alexander the Great ?Alauddin Khalji

105. Who was given the tittle of ‘Shaika - ul-Hind’?Shaikh Salim Chishti

106. Who introduced silver coin called ‘Tanka’ ?IItutmish

107. ‘Permanent Settlement’ was introduced during the tenure of -Lord Cornwallis

108. Who was called as the ‘Akbar of Kashmir’ ?

Zainul abedin

109. The Bengali leader who opposed Socio - religious reforms and supported othodoxy

was ?Radhakant Deb

110. Varindra Ghosh was associated with -Anushilan Samiti

111. Who was the first Sultan of Delhi to have levied ‘Haqqi-i-Sharb’ or irrigation Tax ?Firoz

Shah Tughlaq

112. Which Sultan of Delhi has established a sparate agriculture department and planned a

roatation of corps ? -Mahammad - Bin - Tughlaq

113. The fourth Buddhist council which was held in Kashmir during the reign of ?Kanishka

114. Which site is loated in the vally of Gaggar and its associated rivers ?

Banwali

115. Land revenue during the Mauryan period was collected by -Sitadhayaksha

116. The ‘Ashta Diggaj’ were associated with -Krishnadeve Rai

117. Who was the famous author of kitab-ul-Hind ?Al - Baruni

118. ‘Ain - i - Dahsala’ system of land revenue assessment during the reign of Akbar was

intorduced by -Todar Mal

119. Who Mughal Emperor was coronated twice ?Auranzeb

120. Upnisheds were translated into Persian during the reign of -Shahjanhan

121. Who had presided over the annual session of Indian National Congress held at Luck

now in 1916 ?A.C. Majumdar

122. Who presided over the session of Indian National Congress when resolution of ‘Pooran

Swaraj’ was passed ?J.L.Nehru

123. The famous rack - cut temples of Elephanta are ascribed to the -Rashtrakutas

124. Which Sultan of Delhi is said to have followed the policy of ‘Blood and iron’?Balban

125. Which medieval ruler introduced the system of “patta” and “qabuliyat” to help the

peasants ?Sher Shah

126. Who had the longest tenure as the viceroy of India ?Lord curzon

127. Satya Shodhak Movement was launched by -Jyotiva Phule

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128. Under who Governor Generalship was Vernacular Act repealed ?Lord Ripon

129. Which King is credited to have issued gold coins for first time ?Vema Kadphisa

130. During which battle did Babar declare ‘Jehad’ ?Battle of Khanwa

131. The Mughal style of Painting was initiated by - Humayun

132. The statement, “We shell either free India or die in the attempt.” is associated with -Quit

India Movement.

133. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation was read out by Lord Conning on 1st November, 1858

at -Allahabad

134. Which Sultan of Delhi brought Ashoka’s Pillar to Delh ?Firozshas Tughlaq.

135. In which of the vedas, Sabha and Samiti are called as two daughters of Prajapati –

Atharvaveda

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Important Dates :—

I. ANCIENT

B.C.

2300 - 1750 : Indus velley civilization.

563 - 483 : Buddha’s life - span.

540 - 468 : Mahavir’s life - span.

327 - 326 : Alexanders invasion of India. It opened a land route between India and Eu

rope.

322 : Accession of chandragupta Maurya.

305 Defeat of Seleucus at the hands of chandragupta Maurya.

373 - 232 Ashoka’s reign.

145 - 101 Reign of elara, the Chola king of Sri Lanka.

A.D.

57 Beginning of Vikram era.

78 Beginning of Saka era.

78 - 101 Kanishka’s reign.

319 - 320 Commencement of Gupta era.

380 Accession of Chandragupta II ‘Vikramaditya’

405 - 411 Visit of Chinese traveller Fahien.

415 Accession of Kumaragupta I

455 Accession of Skandagupta.

606-647 Harshavardhan’s reign.

II. MEDIEVAL

712 First invasion in Sindh by Arabs (Mod. Bin Qasim)

836 Accession of King Bhoja of Kannauj.

985 Accession of Rajaraja, the Chola ruler. 998 Accession of Sultan Mahamood Ghazni.

1001 First invasion of India by Mahmud Ghazni who defeated Jaipal, ruler of Punjab.

1025 Destruction of Somnath Temple by Mahamood Ghazni.

1191 First Battle of Tarain.

1192 Second Battle of Tarain.

1206 Accession of Qutubuddin Aibak to the throne of Delhi.

1210 Death of Qutubuddin Aibak.

1221 Chengiz Khan invaded India (Mongol invasion)

1236 Accession of Razia Sultana to the throne of Delhi.

1240 Death of Razia Sultana.

1296 Accession of Alauddin Khilji.

1316 Death of Alauddin Khilji.

1325 Accession of Muhammad- bin- Tughlaq.

1327 Transfer of Capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in Deccan by the Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.

1336 Foundation of Vijayanagar empire in the South.

1351 Accession of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.

1398 Timur’s Invasion of India.

1469 Birth of Guru Nanak.

1494 Accession of Babur in Farghana.

1497-98 First voyage of Vasco da Gama to India (discovery of sea route to India via

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the Cape of Good Hope)

1526 First Battle of Panipat Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi foundation of Mughal dynasty

by Babur.

1527 Battle of Khanwa - Babur defeated Rana Sanga.

1530 Death of Babur and accession of Humayun.

1539 Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battle of chausa and became India’s emperor.

1555 Humayun recaptured the throne of Delhi.

1556 Second Battle of Panipat (Bairam Khan defeated Hemu)

1565 Battle of Talikota (Rakshasa-Tangadi)

1575 Din-i-IIahi founded by Akbar.

1600 English East India Company established.

1605 Death of Akbar and accession of Jahangir.

1606 Execution of guru Arjun Dev, the 5th Guru of Sikhs.

1611 Jahangir marries Nurjahan.

1627 Birth of Shivaji and death of Jahangir.

1628 Shahjahan becomes emperor of India.

1631 Death of Mumtazmahal.

1634 The English permitted to trade in India (in Bengal)

1659 Accession of Aurangzeb, Shahjahan imprisoned.

1665 Shivaji imprisoned by Aurangzeb.

1666 Death of Shanhjahan. 1657 Execution of Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of Sikhs. 1680 Deth of Shivaji 1707 Death of Aurangzeb. 1708 Death of Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs. 1739 Nadir Shah invades India. III. MODERN 1757 Battle of Plassey, establishment of British political rule in India at the hands of Lord Clive. 1761 Third Battle of Panipat. 1764 Battle of Buxar. 1765 Clive appointed Company’s Governor in India. 1767-69 first Anglo - Mysore War. 1780 Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 1784 Pitt’s India Act. 1790 - 92 Third Anglo - Mysore War. 1793 The Permanent Settlement of Bengal. 1799 Fourth Anglo - Mysore War - Death of Tipu Sultan. 1802 Treaty of Bassein. 1809 Treaty of Amritsar. 1829 Practice of Sati prohibited. 1830 Raja Rammohan Roy visits England. 1839 Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 1839-42 First Anglo - Afghan War. 1845- 46 First Anglo - Sikh War. 1852 Second Anglo - Burmese War.

1853 First Railway line opened between Bombay and Thane and a Telegraph line in Calcutta.

1857 The Sepoy Mutiny of First War of Independence.

1861 Birth of Rabindranath Tagore.

1869 Birth of Mahatma Gandhi.

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1885 Foundation of Indian National Congress.

1889 Birth of Jawaharlal Nehru.

1897 Birth of Subhash Chandra Bose.

1903 Tibbet Expedition (Young Husband delegation).

1905 Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon.

1906 Foundation of Muslim League.

1911 Delhi Darbar, King and Queen visited India; Delhi becomes the capital of India.

1914 World War I begins.

1916 Lucknow Pact signed by Muslim League.

1918 World War I ends.

1919 Montague Chelmsford Reforms introduced, Jallianwala Bagh massacre atAmritsar.

1920 Khilafat Movement launched.

1927 Boycott of Simon Commission, broadcasting started in India.

1928 Death of Lala Lajpt Rai.

1929 Resolution of ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (complete independence) passed at Lahore Session of INC.

1930 Civil disobedience movement launched, Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi(April 6,1930)

1931 Gandhi - Irwin Pact.

1937 Provincial Autonomy, Congress forms ministries.

1939 World War II begins (September 3)

1941 Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India and death of Rabindranath Tagore.

1942 Arrival of Cripps Mission in India, Quit India movement launched (August8).

1943- 44 S.C. Bose forms Provisional Government of Free India and Indian national

Army in Singapore ; Bengal famine.

1945 Trial of Indian National Army at Red Fort; Shimla Conference;World War II ends.

1946 British Cabinet Mission visits India; Interim government formed at the Centre.

1947 Division of India; India and Pakistan form separate independent dominions.

GEOGRAPHY

HEAD OFFICE : Near C.M. House, Civil Lines, Raipur (C.G.) Contact : 78 28 11 22 22, 8224 922 922 BILASPUR : Near Old High Court, Bilaspur (C.G.) Contact : 9111 922 922, 07752-404122


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INDIAN STATE

States 28 Union territory 9 (latest)

ON THE BASIS OF FORMATION

First State Andhra-pradesh 1 Oct 1953 Newest Telangana 2 June 2014

ON THE BASIS OF AREA

Biggest Rajasthan Smallest Goa

ON THE BASIS OF CENSUS

Biggest Uttar Pradesh Smallest Sikkim

UNION TERRITORY

No. Union Territory Headquarters High Court 1. National Capital Territory of Delhi Delhi Delhi

2. Pondicherry Pondicherry Chennai

3. Lakshadweep Kavaratti Ernakulum

4. Andaman Nicobar Islands Port Blair Kolkata 5. Daman and Diu Daman Mumbai

6. Dadar and Nagar Haveli Silvassa Mumbai

7. Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh

COURTS

Supreme court Delhi

Number of High Courts in India 24

First Supreme Court of India, Kolkata (1774)

First High Court of India, Kolkata (2 July 1862)

SUPREME COURTS

Place Tilak Marg (New Delhi)

Formed 26 January 1950

Number of judges 34 (33 + 1)

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CHHATTISGARH HIGH COURTS

Place Vill- Bodri

Formed 1 Nov 2000

Number of judges 18

Order of high court 19th

DISTRICT

Number of districts in India 719 districts highest districts State Uttar Pradesh 75 districts lowest districtsState Goa 2 districts highest districts Union Territory Delhi 11 Districts Lowest district Union Territory Chandigarh 1 district

Dadar and Nagar Haveli 1 district Target Island 1st District 1 district

INDIA: SOME IMPORTANT FACTS

Total Area 32,87,263 Sq. km

Latitude 8o 4’ N to 37o 6’ N

Longitude 68o 7’ E to 97o 25’ E

North to South 3,214 km

East to West 2,933 km

Main land Coastline

6,100 km

Total Coastline 7,516 km

Land Frontier 15,200 km

Territorial Sea 12 Nautical Mile

Contiguous Zone 24 Nautical Mile

Exclusive Economic Zone

200 Nautical Mile

Highest Altitude K2 (Godwin Austin)

Lowest Altitude Kuttanand (Kerala)

Northern-most Point Indra col, Siachen Glacier near Karakoram Pass

Southern-most Point (Main land)

Kanyakumari (Tamilnadu)

Southern-most Point Indira point, (Great Nicobar, Andaman and Nicobar Island)

Eastern-most Point Kibithu (Arunachal Pradesh)

Western-most Point Ghuar Mota/Guhar Moti (Gujarat)

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State with longest coastline length

1.Gujarat 2.Andhra Pradesh

India’s International Boundaries

Name of the Country

BANGLADESH

CHAINA

PAKISTAN

NEPAL

MYANMAR

BHUTAN

AFGANISTAN

Length of Border (km)

4,096.7

3,488

3,323

1,751

1,643

699

106

Borders on

Indian States

West Bengal Assam Meghalaya Tripura Mizoram

Laddakh Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand

, Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan Gujarat

Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim West Bengal

Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur Mizoram

West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh Assam

Laddakh, (Pakistan- Occupied Area)

No. of States

5

5

4

5

4

4

1

Border Name

Red Cliff line

McMahon line Red Cliff line

--- --- --- Durand line

S.no. State Coastline (in km) 1. Gujarat Kachch

2. Andhra Pradesh Sarkar

3. Tamil Nadu Koromandal

4. Maharashtra Kathiwar

5. Kerala Malabar

6. Odisha Utkal

7. Karnataka Kanara

8. West Bengal Venga

9. Goa Konkan

Note-Tropic of cancer23°30

Degree passes through 6 States

of India.

1. Gujarat,

2. Rajasthan,

3. Madhya Pradesh,

4. Chhattisgarh,

5. Jharkhand and

6. West Bengal

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PHYSICAL DIVISIONS

India can be divided into following physical divisions. 1. The Northern Mountains 2. The North Indian Plain 3. The Peninsular Plateau 4. Great Indian Desert 5. Islands

1. The Northern Mountains-The Himalayan Mountains can be further divided into following major ranges–

Trans Himalayas Middle Himalaya Greater Himalaya (Inner Himalaya) Outer Himalaya (Shivalik Range/ Himachals)

Immediate to the north of the Great Himalayan Range Most of the part of this Himalayan range lies in the Tibet and hence also called Tibetan Himalaya Ranges → Zaskar, K2 (Godwin Austin), Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram Range

Average height → 3500 – 4500 meters Most of the valleys & hill stations are located in this range e.g. Kashmir, Kathmandu , Nainital Ranges → Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar, Mahabharat Forests type → Broad leaved evergreen

Average height → 6000 meters Always covered with snow → Known as Himadri Core composed of granite Most continuous range Ranges → Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga Forests type → Needle leaved coniferous Core composed

Average height → 600 – 1200 meters Most of the Dun & Duars are located in this range Ex. Dehradun, Patlidun (longitudinal valleys) Forests type → Deciduous type forests

HIMALAYAN REGIONS FROM EAST TO WEST Punjab Himalayas

This part lies between the Indus and Sutlej – 560 km

From west to east, this is also known as Kashmir Himalaya and Himachal Himalaya; respectively.

Karakoram, Ladakh, Pir Panjal, Zaskar and Dhaola Dhar are the main ranges of this section

Kumaon Himalayas

This part lies between Sutlej and Kali rivers – 320 km

Its western part is called Garhwal Himalaya while the eastern part is known as Kumaon Himalaya

The general elevation is higher as compared to Panjab Himalayas

Nanda Devi, Kamet, Trisul, Badrinath, Kedamath, Gangotri are important peaks.

The sources of sacred rivers like the Ganga and the Yamuna are located in the Kumaon Himalayas

Nainital and Bhimtal are important lakes Nepal Himalayas

This part lies between the Kali and Tista rivers – 800 km

This is the tallest section of the Himalayas and is crowned by several peaks of perpetual snow

Importantpeaks include Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Dhaula Giri and Annapurna

Kathmandu is a famous valley in this region

Assam Himalayas

This part lies between the Tista and Dihang rivers – 750 km

Has elevation much lesser than that of the Nepal Himalayas

The southern slopes are very steep but the northern slopes are gentle

Important peaks of this region are Namcha Barwa, Kula Kangri and Chomo Lhari

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MOUNTAIN PASSES IN INDIA

Name State Between/ Separating

Banihal Pass Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir)

Jammu & Kashmir

Bara-lacha-la Himachal Pradesh Bomdila Arunachal Pradesh Changla Pass Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Leh & Changthang Chanshal Pass Himachal Pradesh Dehra Compass

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

Debsa Pass Himachal Pradesh Diphu Pass Arunachal Pradesh Dongkhala Sikkim Dhumdhar Kandi Pass

Uttarakhand

Fotu La Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Goecha La Sikkim Haldighati Pass

Rajasthan

Indrahar Pass Himachal Pradesh Jelep La Sikkim Khardung La Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Leh & Nubra Kongka Pass Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Ladakh & Aksai

Chin Lanak Pass Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Ladakh & Tibet Kunzum Pass Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul

and Spiti) Lahaul & Spiti

Karakoram Pass

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Ladakh & Xinjiang

Lipulekh Pass Uttarakhand Lungalacha La Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Lamkhaga Pass

Himachal Pradesh

Marsimik La Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

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Mayali Pass Uttarakhand Nama Pass Uttarakhand Namika La Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Nathu La Sikkim Sikkim & Tibet Palakkad Gap Kerala Kerala & Tamil

Nadu Thamarassery Pass

Wayanad Kerala Malabar & Mysore

Shenkottai pass

Kollam Kerala Travancore & Tamil Nadu

Pensi La Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Rezang La Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Rohtang Pass Himachal Pradesh Manali & Lahaul Sasser la Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Nubra & Siachen

Glacier Sela Pass Arunachal Pradesh Shipki La Himachal Pradesh Sia La Jammu and Kashmir (Siachen

Glacier)

Shingo La Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Spangur Gap Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Gyong La Jammu and Kashmir (Siachen

Glacier)

Bilafond La Jammu and Kashmir (Siachen Glacier)

Sin La Uttarakhand Tanglang La Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh) Traill's Pass Uttarakhand Zojila Pass Jammu and

Kashmir (Kashmir, Ladakh) Kashmir & Ladakh

2. The North Indian Plain Punjab Plains Form the western part of the northern plain & formed by the Indus and its tributaries with

major portion of this plains in Pakistan Ganga Plains Extends between Ghaggar and Tista rivers. The northern states, Haryana, Delhi, UP, Bihar,

part of Jharkhand and West Bengal lie in the Ganga plains. Brahmaputra

Plains This plain forms the eastern part of the northern plain and lies in Assam.

Based on the relief features; the northern plain can be divided into Four Regions: Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar And

Khadar.

Bhabar

After descending from the mountains, the rivers deposit pebbles in a narrow belt. The width of this belt is about 8 to 16 km; lies parallel to the Shiwaliks. All the streams disappear in this region

Terai The Terai region lies towards south of the bhabar belt. In this region, the streams reappear and make a wet, swampy and marshy region

Bhangar

Bhangar is the largest part of the northern plain and is composed of the oldest alluvial soil. They lie above the flood plains & resemble terraces. The soil of this region is locally known as kankar and is composed of calcareous deposits

Khadar The floodplains formed by younger alluvium are called khadar. The soil in this region is renewed every year and is thus highly fertile.

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3. Division of Peninsular Plateau:

THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS

The Central Highlands lies to the north of the Narmada River & covers the major portion of

the Malwa plateau.

The rivers in this region flow from southwest to northeast; which indicates the slope of this

region.

It is wider in the west and narrower in the east.

Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand mark the eastward extension of this plateau.

The plateau further extends eastwards into the Chhotanagpur plateau

THE DECCAN PLATEAU

Largest plateau in India, making up most of the southern part of the country, lies to the

south of the Naramada River & shaped as downward-pointing triangle.

It is located between two mountain ranges, the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.

Each rises from its respective nearby coastal plain almost meet at the southern tip of India.

The average elevation of Western Ghats is 900 – 1600 metres; compared to 600 metres in

case of Eastern Ghats.

It is separated from the Gangetic plain to the north by the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges,

which form its northern boundary

Home of thick dark soil (called regur), suitable for cotton cultivation

Peninsular Plateau

The Central Highlands The Deccan Plateau

1. The Malwa Plateau

2. The Bundelkhand

3. The Baghelkhand

4. The Chota Nagpur

Plateau

1. The Deccan Trap 2. The Western Ghat 3. The Eastern Ghat 4. The North-East

Extension

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4. The Great Indian Desert The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. This region gets scanty rainfall which is less than 150 mm in a year, Hence they climate is

arid and vegetation is scanty. Luni is the only prominent river but some streams appear during rainy season.

5. THE ISLANDS

Total 247 islands in India → 204 islands in Bay of Bengal and 43 in the Arabian Sea

Few coral islands in the Gulf of Mannar also

Andaman and Nicobar Islands in Bay of Bengal consist of hard volcanic rocks

The middle Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the largest islands of India

Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian Sea are formed by corals

The southern – most point of India is in Nicobar Island, known as Indira Point

Formerly Indira point was called Pygmalion Point, it is submerged now, after 2004 Tsunami

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RIVER SYSTEM OF INDIA Prime Watershed of River

Origin in India

a) Himalayas and Karakoram ranges b) Vindhya, Satpura ranges and Chota Nagpur Plateau c) Western Ghats

River categories on the basis

of their origin

1) Himalayan Rivers 2) Deccan Rivers 3) Coastal Rivers 4) Rivers of the inland Drainage basin

Top 5 largest rivers of India Ganga > Godavari > Krishna > Yamuna > Brahmaputra

INDUS RIVER SYSTEM

LAKSHADWEEP ISLANDS

A union of coral islands, entirely different from A & N islands

Comprises of large number of dead corals, fringing, barrier and atoll coral reefs

Have calcium rich soils filled with organic limestone

Have scattered vegetation of palm species

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS

Volcanic islands representing submarine volcanism

Represent the surfaces of submerged folds viz. extension of Himalaya, precisely Arakan yoma fold

mountains of Myanmar

Formed of Granite rocks & have high hills &l peaks for ex. Saddle peak

Equatorial climate with tropical rain-forests

Volcanic islands representing submarine volcanism

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GANGA RIVER SYSTEM & BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER SYSTEM

PENINSULAR RIVERS INDIA

Peninsular Rivers flowing in Arabian Sea (East → West)

Peninsular Rivers flowing in Bay of Bengal (West → East)

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Climatic Seasons of India

Winter December to February

Summer March to May

Monsoons or Rainy season June to September

Retreating monsoons October and November

DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL

Very low rainfall region Less than 30 cms annually

Regions → Karakoram Ranges, Northern Kashmir, Western Kutch & Rajasthan Region

(Thar Region)

Low rainfall region 30 cms to 60 cms annually

Regions → Zaskar range, parts of Punjab and Haryana, Central Rajasthan, Western

Gujarat and the rain-shadow areas of the Western Ghats

Moderate rainfall region

60 cms to 100 cms annually

Found over greatest part of India

Most of the rain is from the South-West Monsoon winds

Heavy rainfall region 100 cms to 200 cms annually

Regions → Western coast, Eastern coastal belt, Foothills of the Himalayas &

a part of north-east India

Very heavy rainfall

Over 200 cms annually

Regions → Western side of the Western Ghats, foothills of Himalayas, Meghalaya

plateau (Shillong plateau) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Mawsynram in Meghalaya plateau gets the heaviest rainfall in the world

RESERVE AREAS OF INDIA

Sanctuary 544 National Park 104 Biosphere Reserve Area 18 Tiger Reserve 50 Elephant Reserve 32 Bird Reserve 58 Natural World Heritage 7 Cultural Heritage 27 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Area 107

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No. Facts Biosphere Reserve State

1. First Biosphere Neelgiri Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala

2. Second biosphere Nandadevi Uttarakhan

3. largest biosphere Kutch runs Rajasthan

4. smallest biosphere Dibrusicoba Assam

5. Largest Tiger Reserve Nagarjuna Sagar Andhra Pradesh (Shree Salem)

6. The smallest Tiger Reserve bore Maharashtra

7. Largest Elephant Reserve Mysore Karnataka

8. Smallest Elephant Reserve Itachi Nagaland

LIST OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN INDIA

1 Cold Desert Himachal Pradesh

2 Nanda Devi Uttarakhand

3 Great Rann of Kutch Gujarat

4 Sunderbans West Bengal

5 Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh

6 Panna Madhya Pradesh

7 Achanakamar – Amarkantak Madhya Pradesh and Chhattishgarh

8 Simlipal Orissa

9 Seshachalam Hills Andhra Pradesh

10 Nilgiri Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka

11 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu

12 Agasthyamalai Kerala and Tamil Nadu

13 Dibru-Saikhowa Assam

14 Manas Assam

15 Dehang-Dibang Arunachal Pradesh

16 Nokrek Meghalaya

17 Khangchendzonga Sikkim

18 Great Nicobar Andaman And Nicobar Islands

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Agricultural Facts –

India is the largest producer of Millet in the world and second largest producer of Wheat and Rice/Paddy. India is the largest producer of Chickpea and Pulses in the world. India is the largest producer of Ginger and Okra in the world and second for Dry Bean, Onion, Cabbage and other

brassicas. India is third largest producer of Cauliflowers and Broccoli and Lettuce and chicory. India is the largest producer of Wood fuel and forest products. India is the largest producer of Buffalo Milk and Cow Milk in the world. Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of Tobacco in India, followed by Assam, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. Maharashtra is the largest producer of Sugar in India as well as Cashew Nuts, grapes and onion. Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of cassava in India as well as largest producer of bananas, followed by Gujarat

and Maharashtra.

States Crops Soil Used Punjab Wheat, Rice, Maize, Barley,

Pulses, Rapeseed and Mustard, Sunflower, Oil Seeds,

Sugarcane, Cotton, Fruits, Vegetables

Flood plain soil, Loamy soil, Sandy soil, Desert soil,

Kandi Soil, Sierozems, Sodic and Saline soil

Haryana Sugarcane, Barley, Jowar, Bajra, Gram, Rice, Wheat,

Mustard, Cotton

Salt Affected soil, Alkali Soil, Saline soil

Rajasthan Wheat, Sugarcane, Bajra,

Baley, Jowar, Maize, Chili, Cotton, Mango, Rice,

Vegetables, Groundnut, Oil seeds, Pulses

Sandy soil, Saline soil, Alkaline soil, Chalky soil,

Clay soil, Loamy soil, Black Lava soil, Nitrogenous soil

Uttar Pradesh Fruits, Vegetables, Spices, Floriculture,

Medicinal/aromatic plants, others like Betel vine,

Mushroom, Honey production

Alluvium soil, Sandy soil, Clayey Soil, Red & Black

soil

Bihar Rice, Wheat, Maize, Pulses, Vegetables, Fruits, Sugarcane,

Jute

Sandy Loam soil, Loam soil, Clay soil, Clay Loam soil

Gujarat Rice, Wheat, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, tur, Gram, Cotton,

Groundnuts, Dates, Sugarcane

Black soil, Alluvial soil, Hill soil, Desert soil

Madhya Pradesh Wheat, Maize, Jowar, Gram, Tur, Urad, Moong, Soybean,

Groundnuts, Mustard, Cotton, Sugarcane

Black soil, Red & Yellow soil, Alluvial soil, Laterite

soil, Mixed soil

Maharashtra Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Wheat, Pulses, Cotton, Sugarcane,

Several Oil Seeds, Sunflower, Groundnuts & Soybean

Black-Cotton soil, Kali soil, Morad soil, Pather soil,

Chhattisgarh Rice, Maize, Wheat, Niger, Groundnut, Pulses

Red & Yellow soil, Red Sandy soil, Red Loam soil, Black Cotton soil, Laterite

soil, Jharkhand Rice, Ragi, Maize, Wheat,

Redgram, Niger, Fruits Red soil, Micacious soil, Sandy soil, Black soil,

Laterite soil Himachal Pradesh Off-season vegetables, Sedimentary soil, Brown

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vegetables seeds, potato & ginger besides soybean, oilseeds, pulses, fruits

soil, Brownish soil

Jammu & Kashmir Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Barley, Bajra, Jowar, Gram, Apple,

Walnuts

Brown Forest soil, Grey Brown Podzolic soil, Red & Yellow Podzolic soil, Hills

Forest soil, Mountain Meadow soil, Saline Alkali

soil, Alluvial soil West Bengal Rice, Jute, Tea, Potatoes,

Oilseeds, Betel, Vine, Tobacco, Wheat, Barley, Maize

Laterite soil, Red soil, Alluvial soil, Coastal soil, Terai soil, Colluvial soil

Karnataka Paddy, Jowar, Ragi, Maize, Sunflower, sugarcane, Cotton,

Tobacco

Red soil, Lateritic soil, Black soil, Alluvio-

Colluvial soil, Forest soil, Coastal soil

Crop Rank of States Rice (1) West Bengal

(2) U.P. (3) Andhra Pradesh

Wheat (1) U.P. (2) Punjab (3) Haryana

Bajra (1) Rajasthan (2) Gujarat (3) Maharashtra

Jowar (1) Maharashtra (2)Karnataka (3)Madhya Pradesh (M.P.)

Maize (1) Andhra Pradesh (2) Karnataka (3) Rajasthan

Pulses (1) M.P. (2) U.P. (3) Andhra Pradesh

Overall total food grains (1) U.P. (2)Punjab (3) Madhya Pradesh

Crop Rank of States Sugarcane (1) U.P.

(2)Maharashtra (3) Karnataka

Cotton (1) Gujarat (2) Maharashtra (3) Andhra Pradesh

Coffee (1) Karnataka (2) Kerala (3)Tamilnadu

Tea (1) Assam (2) West Bengal (3) Himachal Pradesh

Silk (1) Karnataka (2) Andhra Pradesh

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(3) West Bengal Rubber (1) Kerala

(2) Tamilnadu (3) Karnataka

Tobacco (1) Andhra Pradesh (2) Karnataka (3)Gujarat

Crop Rank of State Groundnut (1) Gujarat

(2) Andhra Pradesh (3) Tamilnadu

Soya bean (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Maharashtra (3) Rajasthan

Mustard (1) Rajasthan (2) U.P. (3) Haryana

Sunflower (1) Karnataka (2) Andhra Pradesh (3) Maharashtra

Overall total oil seeds (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Maharashtra (3) Rajasthan

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Before 1947, India was divided into two main entities – The British India which consisted of 11 provinces and the Princely states ruled by Indian princes under subsidiary alliance policy. The two entities merged together to form the Indian Union, but many of the legacy systems in British India is followed even now. The historical underpinnings and evolution of the India Constitution can

be traced to many regulations and acts passed before Indian Independence.

Indian System of Administration Indian democracy is a Parliamentary form of democracy where the executive is responsible to the Parliament. The Parliament has two houses – Loksabha and Rajyasabha. Also, the type of governance is Federal, ie there is separate executive and legislature at Center and States. We also have self-governance at local government levels. All these systems owe their legacy to the British administration. Let us see the historical background of Indian Constitution and its development through years.

Regulating Act of 1773 The first step was taken by the British Parliament to control and regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India. It designated the Governor of Bengal (Fort William) as the Governor-General (of Bengal). Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of Bengal. Executive Council of the Governor-General was established (Four members). There was no separate legislative council. It subordinated the Governors of Bombay and Madras to the Governor-General of Bengal. The Supreme Court was established at Fort William (Calcutta) as the Apex Court in 1774. It prohibited servants of the company from engaging in any private trade or accepting bribes from the natives. Court of Directors ( the governing body of the company) should report its revenue.

Pitt’s India Act of 1784 Distinguished between commercial and political functions of the company. Court of Directors for Commercial functions and Board of Control for political affairs. Reduced the strength of the Governor General’s council to three members. Placed the Indian affairs under the direct control of the British Government. The companies territories in India were called “the British possession in India”. Governor’s councils were established in Madras and Bombay.

Charter Act of 1813 The Company’s monopoly over Indian trade terminated; Trade with India open to all British subjects.

Charter Act of 1833 Governor-General (of Bengal) became as the Governor-General of India. First Governor-General of India was Lord William Bentick. This was the final step towards centralization in the British India. Beginning of a Central legislature for India as the act also took away legislative powers of Bombay and Madras provinces. The Act ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body and it became a purely administrative body.

Charter Act of 1853 The legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s Council were separated. 6 members in Central legislative council. Four out of six members were appointed by the provisional governments of Madras,

Bombay, Bengal and Agra. It introduced a system of open competition as the basis for the recruitment of civil servants of the Company (Indian Civil Service

opened for all).

Government of India Act of 1858 The rule of Company was replaced by the rule of the Crown in India. The powers of the British Crown were to be exercised by the Secretary of State for India He was assisted by the Council of India, having 15 members He was vested with complete authority and control over the Indian administration through the Viceroy as his agent The Governor-General was made the Viceroy of India.

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Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India. Abolished Board of Control and Court of Directors.

Indian Councils Act of 1861 It introduced for the first time Indian representation in the institutions like Viceroy’s executive+legislative council (non-official). 3

Indians entered Legislative council. Legislative councils were established in Center and provinces. It provided that the Viceroy’s Executive Council should have some Indians as the non-official members while transacting the

legislative businesses. It accorded statutory recognition to the portfolio system. Initiated the process of decentralisation by restoring the legislative powers to the Bombay and the Madras Provinces.

India Council Act of 1892 Introduced indirect elections (nomination). Enlarged the size of the legislative councils. Enlarged the functions of the Legislative Councils and gave them the power of discussing the Budget and addressing questions to the

Executive.

Indian Councils Act of 1909 This Act is also known as the Morley- Minto Reforms. Direct elections to legislative councils; first attempt at introducing a representative and popular element. It changed the name of the Central Legislative Council to the Imperial Legislative Council. The member of Central Legislative Council was increased to 60 from 16. Introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. Indians for the first time in Viceroys executive council. (Satyendra Prasad Sinha, as the law member)

Government of India Act of 1919 This Act is also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. The Central subjects were demarcated and separated from those of the Provincial subjects. The scheme of dual governance, ‘Dyarchy’, was introduced in the Provincial subjects. Under dyarchy system, the provincial subjects were divided into two parts – transferred and reserved. On reserved subjects,

Governor was not responsible to the Legislative council. The Act introduced, for the first time, bicameralism at center. Legislative Assembly with 140 members and Legislative council with 60 members. Direct elections. The Act also required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council (other than Commander-in-Chief) were

to be Indians. Provided for the establishment of Public Service Commission.

Government of India Act of 1935 The Act provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation consisting of the Provinces and the Princely States as units,

though the envisaged federation never came into being. Three Lists: The Act divided the powers between the Centre and the units into items of three lists, namely the Federal List, the

Provincial List and the Concurrent List. The Federal List for the Centre consisted of 59 items, the Provincial List for the provinces consisted of 54 items and the Concurrent

List for both consisted of 36 items The residuary powers were vested with the Governor-General. The Act abolished the Dyarchy in the Provinces and introduced ‘Provincial Autonomy’. It provided for the adoption of Dyarchy at the Centre. Introduced bicameralism in 6 out of 11 Provinces. These six Provinces were Assam, Bengal, Bombay, Bihar, Madras and the United Province. Provided for the establishment of Federal Court.

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Abolished the Council of India.

Indian Independence Act of 1947 It declared India as an Independent and Sovereign State. Established responsible Governments at both the Centre and the Provinces. Designated the Viceroy India and the provincial Governors as the Constitutional (normal heads). It assigned dual functions (Constituent and Legislative) to the Constituent Assembly and declared this dominion legislature as

a sovereign body.

MAJOR SOURCES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION- SOURCES Provisions THE UNITED KINGDOM

President (Nominal Head) Cabinet System of Ministers Parliamentary type of Government Post of Prime Minister Bicameral Parliament Council of Ministers Provision of Speaker in Lok Sabha Legislation Citizenship Writs Rule of Law

THE UNITED STATES

Preamble Fundamental Rights Independent Judiciary Judicial Review Impeachment of President Removal of Judges (of Supreme Court & High Courts) Functions of Vice-President

CANADA Federal System (with strong Center) Residuary powers in the Center Appointment of Governors (in states) by the Center Advisory Jurisdiction of Supreme Court

AUSTRALIA Principle of co-operative federalism Freedom of Inter-State trade Trade and Commerce Concurrent List Joint siting of the two Houses of Parliament

IRELAND Directive Principles of State Policy Presidential Election Nominating the members of Rajya Sabha

FRANCE Republic Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble

RUSSIA Fundamental Duties Idea of Social, Economic, and Political Justice in Preamble

SOUTH AFRICA Procedure for amendment Election of Rajya Sabha members

GERMANY Emergency powers to be enjoyed by the Union Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency

JAPAN Procedure Established by Law GOVT. OF INDIA ACT 1935 The federal scheme

Role of federal judiciary

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Office of the Governor Emergency provisions Public Service Commissions Administrative details

INDIAN CONSTITUTION Parts Subject Matter Articles Covered I The Union and its territory 1 to 4 II Citizenship 5 to 11 III Fundamental Rights 12 to 35 IV Directive Principles of State Policy 36 to 51 IV-A Fundamental Duties 51-A V The Union Government 52 to 151 Chapter I - The Executive 52 to 78 Chapter II - Parliament 79 to 122 Chapter III - Legislative Powers of President 123 Chapter IV - The Union Judiciary 124 to 147 Chapter V - Comptroller and Auditor-General of India 148 to 151 VI The State Governments 152 to 237 Chapter I - General 152 Chapter II - The Executive 153 to 167 Chapter III - The State Legislature 168 to 212 Chapter IV - Legislative Powers of Governor 213 Chapter V - The High Courts 214 to 232 Chapter VI - Subordinate Courts 233 to 237 VIII The Union Territories 239 to 242 IX The Panchayats 243 to 243-O IX-A The Municipalities 243-P to 243-ZG IX-B The Co-operative Societies 243-ZH to 243-ZT X The Scheduled and Tribal Areas 244 to 244-A XI Relations between the Union and the States 245 to 263 Chapter I - Legislative Relations 245 to 255 Chapter II - Administrative Relations 256 to 263 XII Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits 264 to 300-A Chapter I - Finance 264 to 291 Chapter II - Borrowing 292 to 293

Chapter III - Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits

294 to 300

Cpapter IV - Right to Property 300-A

XIII Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India 301 to 307 XIV Services under the Union and the States 308 to 323 Chapter I - Services 308 to 314 Chapter II - Public Service Commissions 315 to 323

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XIV-A Tribunals 323-A to 323-B XV Elections 324 to 329-A XVI Special Provisions relating to Certain Classes 330 to 342 XVII Official Language 343 to 351 Chapter I - Language of the Union 343 to 344 Chapter II - Regional Languages 345 to 347 Chapter III-Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, and so on 348 to 349 Chapter IV-Special Directives 350 to 351 XVIII Emergency Provisions 352 to 360 XIX Miscellaneous 361 to 367 XX Amendment of the Constitution 368 XXI Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions 369 to 392 XXII Short title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals 393 to 395

SCHEDULE NUMBERS SUBJECT MATTER First Schedule

1. Names of the States and their territorial jurisdiction. 2. Names of the Union Territories and their extent.

Second Schedule

Provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of: 1. The President of India 2. The Governors of States 3. The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha 4. The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha 5. The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in the states 6. The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council in the states 7. The Judges of the Supreme Court 8. The Judges of the High Courts 9. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

Third Schedule

Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for: 1. The Union ministers 2. The candidates for election to the Parliament 3. The members of Parliament 4. The judges of the Supreme Court 5. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India 6. The state ministers 7. The candidates for election to the state legislature 8. The members of the state legislature 9. The judges of the High Courts

Fourth Schedule

Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and the union territories.

Fifth Schedule

Provisions relating to the administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes.

Sixth Schedule

Provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.

Seventh Schedule

Division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III (Concurrent List). Presently, the Union List contains 100 subjects (originally 97), the state list contains 61 subjects (originally 66) and the concurrent list contains 52 subjects (originally 47).

Eighth Schedule

Languages recognized by the Constitution. Originally, it had 14 languages but presently there are 22 languages. They are: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili (Maithili), Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Sindhi was added by the 21st Amendment Act of 1967; Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added by the 71 st Amendment Act of 1992; and Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali were added by the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003.

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Ninth Schedule

Acts and Regulations (originally 13 but presently 282) 19 of the state legislatures dealing with land reforms and abolition of the zamindari system and of the. Parliament dealing with other matters. This schedule was added by the 1st Amendment (1951) to protect the laws included in it from judicial scrutiny on the ground of violation of fundamental rights. However, in 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the laws included in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are now open to judicial review.

Tenth Schedule

Provisions relating to disqualification of the members of Parliament and State Legislatures on the ground of defection. This schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also known as Anti-defection Law.

Eleventh Schedule

Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities ofPanchayats. It has 29 matters. This schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.

Twelfth Schedule

Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters. This schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992.

IMPORTANT ARTICLES-

1 Name and territory of the Union. 3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. 5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. 9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens. 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. 17 Abolition of Untouchability. 21A Right to Education 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. 32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. 39A Equal justice and free legal aid. 40 Organisation of village panchayats 51A Fundamental duties. 53 Executive power of the Union 64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. 73 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise President. 76 Attorney-General for India. 78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc. 86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses. 108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases. 110 Definition of “Money Bills”. 111 Assent to Bills. 112 Annual financial statement. 117 Special provisions as to financial Bills. 123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament. 124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court. 129 Supreme Court to be a court of record. 148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India 163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor. 169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States. 200 Assent to Bills. 213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature. 214 High Courts for States. 226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.

https://www.clearias.com/ordinance-making-power-president/

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233 Appointment of district judges. 235 Control over subordinate courts. 239 A Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories. 243 Definitions- The Panchayats 245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. 248 Residuary powers of legislation. 249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest. 262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.

Co-ordination between States 263 - Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council. 267 Contingency Fund. 275 Grants from the Union to certain States. 280 Finance Commission. 300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law. 312 All-India services. 315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States. 324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission. 326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of

adult suffrage. 330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People. 331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People. 332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the

States. 338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes. 338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. 339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled

Tribes. 340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes. 343 Scheduled Castes. 347 Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State. 347 Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State. 351 Directive for development of the Hindi language 352 Proclamation of Emergency. 356 Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States. 365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union. 368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor. 394A A Authoritative text in the Hindi language. 395 Repeals.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS- S. Designation Arti

cle Article- Election

Appointment & Oath Resignation Tenure Maximum Age

Minimum Age

1 President 52 54 Chief Justice Of Supreme Court

Vice-President 5 Years - 35 Years

2 Vice-President 63 66 President President 5 Years - 35 Years 3 Prime Minister 75 President 5 Years 25 Years

4 Chief Justice Of

Supreme Court 124 124(1) President President 65 Years

5 Justice Of Supreme Court

124(1) President President 62 Years

6 Governor 153 155 Chief Justice Of High President 5 Years 35 Years

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Court 7 Speaker Loksabha 79 93 Appointment - by

Member of Loksabha Pledge - Already Oath as a member of Lok Sabha

Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

5 Years - 25 Years

8 Chief Election Commissioner

324(2) President President 6 Years 65 Years

9 Attorney General 76 76 President President 65 Years 10 Deputy Speaker of

Lok Sabha 93 Appointment - by

Member of Loksabha Pledge - Already Oath as a member of Lok Sabha

Speaker of Lok Sabha

25 Years

11 Member Of Rajyasabha

80 By members of state legislatures

Chairman and Deputy Chairman Rajya Sabha

6 Years 30 Years

12 Chief Minister 164 Governor Governor 5 Years 25 Years 13 Member of

Legislative Assembly 170 Appointment-Direct

Election Pledge - Governor

Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

5 Years 25 Years

14 Member of Legislative Council

173 Appointment- Indirect election Pledge -Governor

Legislative Council Chairman

6 Years 30 Years

15 Chairman- Public Service Commission

315 Appointment-President President 5 Years 65 Years

16 Chairman- Finance Commission

280 Appointment-President President 65 Years

17 Protem Speaker President

ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF INDIA Rank Persons 1 President (Ram Nath Kovind) 2 Vice President (Venkaiah Naidu) 3 Prime Minister (Narendra Modi) 4 Governors of states (within their respective states) 5 Former Presidents (Pratibha Patil, Pranab Mukherjee) 5A Deputy Prime Minister (vacant) 6 Chief Justice (Sharad Arvind Bobde)

Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Om Birla) 7 Cabinet ministers of the Government of India

Chief ministers of states (within their respective states) Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission (position no longer exists)[a] Former Prime Ministers (H. D. Deve Gowda, Manmohan Singh) Leaders of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha (Ghulam Nabi Azad) and the Lok Sabha (vacant)

7A[2] Holders of the Bharat Ratna (Amartya Sen, Lata Mangeshkar, C. N. R. Rao, Sachin Tendulkar) 8 Ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary and the high commissioners of Commonwealth

countries accredited to India Chief ministers of states (when outside their respective states) Governors of states (when outside their respective states)

9 Judges of the Supreme Court of India

9A[2] Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission (Arvind Saxena)[3] Chief Election Commissioner (Sunil Arora)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_states_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratibha_Patil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharad_Arvind_Bobde

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Birla

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Minister_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Planning_Commission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_order_of_precedence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Ratna

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._N._R._Rao

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador_Extraordinary_and_Plenipotentiary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Public_Service_Commission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Saxena


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Arora

POLITY



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Comptroller and Auditor General (Rajiv Mehrishi) 10 Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Harivansh Narayan Singh)

Deputy chief ministers of states Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha (M. Thambidurai) Members of the Planning Commission (position no longer exists)[a] Ministers of states of the Union

11 Lieutenant Governors of union territories (within their respective union territories) Attorney General (K. K. Venugopal) Cabinet Secretary (Rajiv Gauba)

12 Chiefs of staff holding the rank of full General or equivalent rank Chief of Defence Staff (General Bipin Rawat) Chief of the Army Staff (General Manoj Mukund Naravane) Chief of the Air Staff (Air Chief Marshal Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria) Chief of the Naval Staff (Admiral Karambir Singh)

13 Envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary accredited to India 14 Chief justices of high courts

Chairmen and speakers of state legislatures (within their respective states) 15 Chief ministers of union territories (within their respective union territories)

Cabinet ministers in states (within their respective states) Chief Executive Councillor of Delhi (within their respective union territories) (position no longer exists)[b] Deputy ministers of the union

16 Officiating chiefs of staff holding the rank of lieutenant general or equivalent rank 17 Judges of high courts

Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal Chairman, Minorities Commission Chairman, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission[2]

18 Cabinet ministers in states (outside their respective states) Chairmen and speakers of state legislatures (outside their respective states) Chairman of Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission (position no longer exists)[c] Deputy chairmen and deputy speakers of state legislatures (within their respective states) Ministers of state in states (within their respective states) Ministers of union territories and executive councillors of Delhi (within their respective union territories) Speakers of legislative assemblies in union territories Chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council (within their respective union territories) (position no longer exists)[b]

19 Chief commissioners of union territories not having a council of ministers (within their respective union territories) Deputy ministers in states (within their respective states) Deputy speakers of legislative assemblies in union territories Deputy chairman of Delhi Metropolitan Council (within their respective union territories)[b]

20 Deputy chairmen and deputy speakers of state legislatures (outside their respective states) Ministers of state in states (outside their respective state)

21 Members of Parliament

AMENDMENTS Enforced

since Objectives

7th 1 November 1956

Reorganisation of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union territories.

24th 5 November Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the constitution.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Mehrishi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Rajya_Sabha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harivansh_Narayan_Singh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Minister

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Thambidurai

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._K._Venugopal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gauba

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_General

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipin_Rawat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Mukund_Naravane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakesh_Kumar_Singh_Bhadauria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karambir_Singh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envoy_(title)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_justices

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_legislative_speakers



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_courts_in_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunals_in_India







https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

POLITY



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1971

42nd 2 November 1976

Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic. However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva Mills v. Union of India, quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as it was in contravention with the basic structure of the Constitution.

44th 6 September 1978

Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42.

52nd 15 February 1985

Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other. However, parts of the 10th Schedule to the Constitution of India was struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686, for being in contravention with Article 368 of the Constitution.

61st 28 March 1989

Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18.

69th 1 February 1990

To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for National Capital Territory of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory.

70th 21 December 1991

Include National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in Electoral College for Presidential election.

71st 31 August 1992

Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as official languages.

72nd 5 December 1992

Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly.

73rd 24 April 1992

Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as third level of administration in villages.


Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until the age of six.

89th 28 September 2003

The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

91st 1 January 2004

Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws.

92nd 7 January 2004

Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Mathili as official languages.

97th 12 January 2012

Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies. The amendment objective is to encourage economic activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the members and other stakeholders.[102]

100th 1 August 2015

Exchange of certain enclave territories with Bangladesh and conferment of citizenship rights to residents of enclaves consequent to signing of Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Treaty between India and Bangladesh.

101st 1 July 2017 Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.

102nd 11 August Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Mills_v._Union_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sixty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Territory_of_Delhi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Territory_of_Delhi

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventy-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventy-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninety-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithali_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninety-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Hundredth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Bangladesh_enclaves

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_and_First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(India)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Backward_Classes

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2018

103rd 12 January 2019

A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs) of citizens of classes other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Inserted Clause [6] under Article 15 as well as Inserted Clause [6] under Article 16.


To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from Seventy years to Eighty years and remove reserved seats for anglo indian community.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economically_Weaker_Section

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Hundred_and_Fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1

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Economic Terminology

Gross National Product (GNP) : Gross National product refers to the money value of total output or production of final goods and services produced by the Nationals of a country during a given period of time, generally a year.

Net National Product (NNP) : NNP is obtained by subtracting deprecing value from GNP.

NNP = GNP – Depreciation

National Income: National Income is calculated by subtracting net indirect taxes from NNP at market prices. When NNP is obtained at factor cost, it is known as National Income.

= NNPMP

– Indirect Taxes + Subsidy

Per Capita Income: Per capita income level is obtained from dividing national income by the total population of the country.

According to CSO per capita income has crossed Rs. 50,000 level and reached Rs. 52835 per annum in 2010-11.

Foreign Exchange Reserves: Foreign exchange reserves of a country includes foreign currency. Assets and interest bearing bonds held by it. In India it also includes SDR and value of gold.

Free Trade: It implies absence of any protective tariffs or trade barriers by any economy with respect to export and import.

Laissez – Faire: It is an economic doctrine which emphasizes superiority of ‘free trade’ and ‘free markets over state’s interference in economics affairs.

Budget Deficit: When the expenditure of the government exceeds the revenue, the balance between the two is budget deficit.

Bank Rate: It is official rate of interest charged by Reserved Bank of India on loans to otherbanks. It is the

rate at which RBI discounts first class securities including bills of exchange. Thus it is also known as discount rate.

Cash Reserve Rate (CRR): It refers to that portion of banker’s total cash reserves which they are

statutorily required to hold with RBI. The commercial banks are required to keep a certain amount of cash reserves at the Central Bank i.e., RBI. This percentage amount is called CRR. It influences the commercial bank’s volume of credit because variation in CRR affect the liquidity position of the banks and have their ability to lend.

Indirect Tax: Taxes levied on goods purchased by the consumer (and exported by the producer) for

which the tax payer’s liabilities varies in proportion to the quantity of particular goods purchased or sold.

Direct Tax: It is a tax whose burden cannot be shifted i.e., the burden of direct tax in borne by the

person on whom it is initially fixed. Personal Income Tax, social security tax paid by employees, death tax etc.

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Dividend: It is earning on sticks paid to shareholders.

Inflation: It is sustained increase in general price level over a particular period of time. It reduces the

purchasing power of money.

Deflation: It is opposite to inflation. Thus deflation is a fall in general price level over a particular period

of time.

Recession: Recession cycle characterised by a modest down truth in the level of economy activity means

fall of demand.

Reflation: It is an increase in the level of National Income & Output.

Reflation is often deliberately brought about by the authorities in oral to secure full employment and to increase the rate of economic growth.

Hot money: It is volatile money which comes easily but can also go out easily. E-portfolio investment

is the example of Hot money.

Money Market: It is a market engaged in short-term lending and borrowing of money linking together

the financial institution, companies and the government.

Plastic Money: It refers to use of instruments like ‘credit cards’ instead of cash in business

transactions. It is called so because credit cards are made of plastics. Plastic money also carries information about it holder in coded form which makes it theft proof. No

one, but the holder is able to use card. Cheap Money: It indicates a situation when bank – rate and other rates of interests are low.

Black Money: It is unaccounted money which is concealed from tax authorities. All illegal economics

activities are dealt with this black money. Howala market has deep roots with this black money. It puts an adverse pressure on equitable distribution of wealth and economic in the economy.

Capital Market: It is a market for long term loans. Capital market is the market which give medium term

and long term loans. It is different from money market which deals only in short- term loans.

Bear and Bull: These terms are used in stock – exchange.

‘Bears’ is an individual who sells shares in a hope that the stock price would fall. ‘Bull’ is an individual who buys shares in a hope that the stock’s price would rise.

Bill of Exchange: It is unconditional order in writing addressed by one person to another requiring the

addresses to pay on demand or at a fixed future time a certain sum of money to the order of the specified person or to the bearer.

Balance of Payment : It is the difference between country’ payments and receipts other countries during a

year. Balance of payment not only includes visible export and imports but also in Visible trades like:

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Shipping Banking Insurance Tourism Royalty Payments of interest on foreign debts.

Corporate Tax: It is a direct – tax levied on company’s profit. It is calculated on profit after interest and allowance (i.e., capital allowance) have been deducted.

Excise Tax: Tax imposed on the manufacture, sale or the consumption of various commodities. Ex-

taxes on textiles, cloth, liquor etc.

Custom Duty: It implies tax on imports.

Custom duty is a duty that is imposed on the product received from exporting nations of the world. It is also called ‘protective duty’ as it protects the home industries.

Devaluation: It is the reduction in the official rate of a currency in terms of a foreign currency Indian

rupee has been devalued thrice in 1949, 1966 & 1991.

Embargo: It means prohibition of entry of goods from certain countries into a particular Country.

Accession Tax: This is a tax which is levied on gifts and inherited property. This tax is not a liability

on the donor. This tax is levied on the recipient.

Actuary: It denotes the person who can wisely calculate risk. Actuary accesses risks for the purpose of

insurance. Insurance companies take the help of actuary while determining the premium on the basis of risk involved.

Autarchy: If a country is self-sufficient, it does not require the imports for the country.

Authorised Capital: It is the maximum capital which can be raised by a public limited company

through public subscription by sale of share.

Union Budget: Under Article 112 of the constitution, a statement of estimated receipts and

expenditure, called the ‘Annual Financial Statement’, has to be placed before Parliament for each financial year.

Blue Chip: It is concerned with such equity shares whose purchase is extremely safe. It is a safe

investment. It does not involve an risk.

Blue Collar Jobs: These jobs are concerned with factory. Persons who are unskilled and depend upon

manual jobs that require physical strain on human muscle are said to be engaged in Blue Collar Jobs.

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Brain-Darin: It means the drift of intellectuals of a country to another country. Scientists, doctors and technology experts generally go to other prominent countries of the world to better their lot and earn huge sums of money.

Call money: Call money is in the form of loans and advances which are payable on demands or within

the number of days specified for the purpose.

Cheap Money: It refers to that money which is made available to the borrowers at a low rate of

interest.

Commercial Bill: It is a bill of exchange drawn by the creditor on the debtor. When the debtor’s

acceptance is obtained the paper becomes the ‘Bill of Exchange’.

Cost-push Inflation: It arises due to an increase in production cost. Such type of inflation is caused by

three factors : (i) an increase in wages, (ii) an increase in the profit margin and (iii) imposition of heavy taxation.

Credit Rationing: Credit rationing takes place when the banks discriminates between the borrowers.

Credit rationing empowers the bank to lend to some and to refuse to lend to others.

Dear Money: Dear money is that money which can only be borrowed at a high rate of interest.

Devaluation: Devaluation is a process in which the government deliberately cheapens the exchange value of its own currency in terms of other currency by giving it a lower exchange value.

Double option: It means granting of both rights of buying and selling of security or share to the

shareholder during a given period at given time.

FoB: FoB means ‘Free on Board’ Sellers bear all the cost of transport, shipping and insurance when the

FoB is quoted on the invoice.

GEM: GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) is a composite index measuring gender inequality in

three basic dimensions of empowerment-economic participation and decision making, political participation and decision making, and power over economic resources.

GDI: GDI (Gender Related Development Index) is a composite index measuring average achievement

in the three basic dimension captured in the human development index. Giffin Goods: Giffin goods have the positive relationship between price and quantity demanded and as

a result demand curve of Giffin goods slopes upward from left to right.

Gresham’s Law: “Bad money (if not limited in quantity) drives good money out of circulation”.

Hot money: That foreign money is termed as hot money which has the tendency to migrate towards more

profit-oriented places.

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Initial Public Offer (IPO): IPO is an initial issue of shares released by a company which invites share contribution from the public.

Laffer Curve: The curve is given by American economist Prof. Arthur Laffer. It represents

relationship between total tax revenue and corresponding tax rates.

Lorentz Curve: This curve shows the degree of inequalities of a frequency distribution in a graphical

manner.

Micro Finance: To provide credit facilities to rural poor, particularly to women without any

corresponding guarantee for operating productive activities is known as micro finance.

Money Multiplier: Ratio of broad money (M

3) to reserved money (M

0) is called money multiplier.

Money Multiplier = M3 / M

0

Okun’s Law: Arthur Okun presented an empirical relationship between cyclical movements in GNP and unemployment.

PQLI: PQLI is known as Physical Quality of Life Index which is used to assess the level of social

development.

Public Issue: Public issue refers to the direct offer of new shares by a company to the general public through newspaper advertisement on a pre-determined and published price.

Prime Lending Rate (PLR): Prime Lending Rate (PLR) is that rate of interest at which bank gives loan to

its most reliable customer.

Shadow Price: It is an imputed value for a good based on the opportunity costs of the resources used to

produce it such values are of particular significance in resolving problems of resource allocating with respect to the effect on welfare.

Single Tax system: It is a system in which all tax revenues are raised from one form of taxation.

Soft Currency: A currency with limited convertibility into gold and other currencies, either because it

is depreciating due to balance of payments difficulties or because controls have been placed on it to prevent the exchange rate falling.

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs): It is a reserve asset (known as ‘Paper Gold’) created within the

framework of the International Monetary Fund in an attempt to increase international liquidity, and now forming a part of countries official reserves along with gold, reserve positions in the IMF and convertible foreign currencies.

Trade Gap: It signifies the size of the deficit (or surplus) in the balance of trade i.e., the difference in value

between visible imports and exports.

Trickle Down Theory: This theory signifies the attempt of transferring the benefits of high growth rate

of national income to the lowest strata of the society.

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Webriz Curve: Webriz Curve represents the graphical relationship between level of unemployment and

level of employment avenues availability in the Country.

Zender Budgeting: Zender budgeting is an attempt to specify the attempts of women upliftment without

any sex-discrimination while formulating policies and making allocation of funds for these policies.

Zero Net Aid: When the economy becomes self-reliant and needs no foreign aid, it is referred to ‘Zero

Net Aid’.

INDIAN ECONOMY: SOME IMPORTANT FACTS

Indian economy is the mixed type, where elements of Socialism & Capitalism simultaneously

exits.

Since 1991, Indian economy is gradually shifting towards market based economy.

Indian is in the first position in production of milk.

The position of India is first in pulses production.

India is the third largest producer of Tobacco. The largest producer and consumer of tobacco is China.

The largest number of Co-operative Institutions are in India.

Export-Import Bank was set-up in 1982 for financing exports and imports.

Agriculture Income Insurance Scheme was announced in 2004 to provide insurance safeguards and economics security to farmers.

Seed Crop Insurance is operational since 1999-2000.

Urbanisation is highest in Goa in India.

The money order system in India was launched in 1880.

First postal stamp was launched in India in 1852.

Three cities of India have more than 1 crore population Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi.

First Hydel power plant in India was started in Darjeeling.

All, Sindri Fertilizer Factory, Chitaranjan locomotives, Indian Telephone Industry, Integral coach factory, Penciling factory were established during second five year plan.

Kerala has largest literacy rate in India.

Indian Tourism Corporation was established on 1 October, 1966.

The largest foreign trader of India – America.

Largest share of F.D.I. in India by Mauritious.

India is on fourth position in production of cotton.

Gujrat is largest producer of cotton.

‘Target Plus Plan’ is being started for growing exportation.

Orrisa has biggest percentage of poor people.

India is on 1st position in the world in production of Mango & Banana.

India’s first fully Computerised post office is situated in New Delhi.

The nature of unemployment in India is structural.

White revolution – Milk production

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Blue revolution – Fish production

Yellow revolution – Oil and Oils seeds

The mango research centre is situated in Vijaywada.

1st food park of Asia is situated near Kolkata in Dankuni.

In 1993 FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973) was replaced by FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act).

Which is the oldest stock exchange in the world? Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Taxation and the government’s expenditure policy are dealt under which policy? Fiscal Policy. If the price of an inferior good falls, what about its demand? Remains Constant. Which type of unemployment mostly found in India? Disguised Unemployment. Which is the largest Public Sector Bank in India? State Bank of India. What is the main source of revenue to meet different expenditures? Internal Borrowings Bouncing of cheques has become an offence. What is the punishment for the same? 6 months imprisonment Who wrote the book ‘Planned Economy for India’? M. Visvesvaraiya Which is the oldest Development Financial Institution of India? IFCI When was EXIM Bank set-up? 1982 Which is the ‘Slack Season’ in the Indian Economy? January-June To meet the need of whom, the concept of Land Development Bank has been developed? Farmers When was the Rolling plan designed? 1978-83 Which country is the largest debtor of UNO? U. S. Which was first Commercial Bank of India? Hindustan Bank Participatory Notes (PNs) are associated with which investors? Foreign Institutional Investments A new private bank is established under which act? Companies Act 1956 How many country are represented in International Monetary Fund (IMF)? 189 In which plan was the objective of self-reliance and zero net foreign aid was declared? Fourth 5 year plan On which date a Bank publishes its balance sheet? 31st march How many banks were nationalized in 1969? 14 In April 1980 how many banks were nationalized? Six When was decimal coinage introduced in India? 1957 One rupee notes contain the signature of__? Finance Secretary, GOI Which is treated as artificial currency? SDR Companies pay corporation tax on their__? Incomes What was the earlier name of the WTO? GATT If saving exceeds investment, what will be the effect on national income? Remains constant Which bank is the Banker of the Banks? RBI For international payments, to which currency is the Indian currency linked? American Dollars Temporary tax levied to obtain additional revenue is called__? Fee Which European country is the guarantor of Bank of Central African States? France When was Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) passed? 1986 The Money Order system in India was introduced in the year__? 1880 Investment in public works is known as__? Capital Expenditure Where are the headquarters of IMF and World Bank located? Both Washington DC Who appoints Banking Ombudsman? RBI In which year was Railway Budget in India separated from general budget? 1924 Which is the best measure of economic growth of a country? GNP Economic growth is usually coupled with__? Inflation CENVAT is associated with__? Rate of Indirect Tax Gilt-edged means__? Market of govt. securities What is the effect of Deficit financing? Inflation

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Who was the first Indian Governor of RBI? Shachindra Ray The principal sources of revenue to the State Government in India is__? Sales Tax Indias Economic Summit was held in December 1999, in__? New Delhi The main source of National Income in India is__? Agricultural Sector A crossed cheque is one, which can be encashed only at which bank? SBI The currency convertibility concept in its original form originated in? Bretton Woods Agreement States earn maximum revenue through? Commercial Taxes Short-term finance is usually for a period ranging up to? 12 months The philosophy of ‘Laissez-faire’ is associated with ? Industrial States Where in Indian are coins minted ? Mumbai, Calcutta & Hyderabad In India, in which year was the service tax first introduced? 1994 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS)came into force inwhich year? 2006 When did India become a member of international Monetary Fund (IMF)? 1947 The slogan of ‘Garibi Hatao’ (Remove Poverty) was launched in which FYP? 4th FYP ‘Golden Handshake Scheme’ is associated with__? Voluntary Retirement Who has presented the Union Budget of India maximum number of times? Morarji Desai Who is the chairman of 14th Finance Commission? Y. V. Reddy The second Five Year plan was based on_? Mahalanobis model The first devaluation of Indian currency took place in which year ? 1949 VAT has been introduced on the recommendation of which commission? L. K. Jha Commission In which year was Minimum inflation in post economic reform? 1999-2000 Who was the Chairman of the first Finance Commission? K. C. Niyogi Those goods which have positive relationship between price and quantitydemanded are called as?GiffenGoods On July 12, 1982, the ARDC was merged into__? NABARD Which Indian got Nobel Prize for Economics? Amartya Sen National Income estimates in India is prepared by __? Central Statistical Organization National Rural Development Institute is situated at__? Hyderabad Name the oldest insurance company of India? Oriental Life Insurancecompany Excise duty is a tax levied on the__? Production of goods Deficit financing means that the government borrows money from the__? RBI “Bad money (if not limited in quantity ) drives good money out ofcirculation.” is the law known as__? Gresham’s

law When was the Reserve Bank of India taken over by the Government? 1948 The difference between GNP & GDP is__? Capital Depreciation ‘Brent ‘ Index is associated with __? Crude oil prices The Foreign Exchange Management Act(FEMA) was passed in which year? 1999 Which plan is also known as ‘Gadgil Yojana’? 3rd FYP Who presented the first union budget of Independent India? RK Shanmukham Chetty Who is considered the guardian of the Public Purse? CAG In which year Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna came into being? 1st April 1999 Where is the headquarter of East African Development Bank? Uganda In which year Statutory Liquidity Ratio was first imposed on banks? 1949 The Unclaimed deposits are those deposits which haven’t been operatedfor how many years?10 years or more When a person has a saving account in the bank , the bank assumes theposition of ___?Debtor Which is the largest Private Sector Bank in India? HDFC Bank Which ministry formulates fiscal policy? Finance Ministry In which year SIDBI was established? 1990 What is the highest denomination of currency notes in circulation as legaltender in India at present?₹ 2000 Which is the oldest stock exchange in Asia? Bombay Stock Exchange

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PHYSICS

Q1) Blades of a windmill possess ________, hence they are turned by a fast wind. Ans -: Potential Energy

Q2) A dark-skinned man experiences ______, as compared to a fair skinned man. Ans -: Less heat & Less cold

Q3) What device is used to break/complete an electronic circuit? Ans -: Switch

Q4) What is the temperature at which both the Fahrenheit and the centigrade scales have the

same value? Ans -: -40°

Q5) Acceleration acts always in the direction of the ______. Ans -: Net force

Q6) The principle used in working of an atom bomb is ______. Ans -: Nuclear Fission

Q7) What is the unit used to measure the depth of sea? Ans -: Fathom

Q8) Astigmatism can be corrected by ______. Ans -: Cylindrical lenses

Q9) Lambert’s Law is related to ______. Ans -: Illumination

Q10) In a Battery, which energy is converted into Electrical energy? Ans -: Chemical Energy

Q11) The longitudinal mechanical waves of less than 20Hz are called _____. Ans -: Infrasonic

Q12) Distance of stars are measured in ________? Ans -: Light Years

Q13) Albert Einstein was awarded the Noble prize for ______. Ans -: Photoelectric Effect

Q14) Electric Motor converts the Electric energy into _____. Ans -: Electric energy to Mechanical energy

Q15) Robert Koch has invented the ______. Ans -: Electron microscope

Q16) Force of attraction between the molecules of different substances is called ______. Ans -: Adhesive Force

Q17) Electrons in Good conductors are ______. Ans -: loosely bound

Q18) One barrel of oil = _______ litres. (approximately) Ans -: 159

Q19) If a bar magnet is cut length wise into 3 parts, what will the total number of poles be? Ans -: 6

Q20) If the body is hollow, then its centre of gravity lies? Ans -: Outside the material

Q21) If the temperature inside a room is increased, the relative humidity will ________. Ans -: Decrease

Q22) In summer, the mirages are seen due to the phenomenon of ______. Ans -: Total Internal Reflection

Q23) In the visible spectrum which colour has the longest wavelength? Ans -: Red

Q24) In which medium sound travels faster? Ans -: Solid

Q25) Insects can move on the surface of water without sinking due to ______. Ans -: Surface tension of water

Q26) The Laws of Electrolysis were proposed by – Ans -: M Faraday

Q27) Light travels in a ______. Ans -: Straight line

Q28) What is used as a cooling agent in most of the world’s commercial nuclear power plants? Ans -: Water

Q29) Nature of sound wave is ________? Ans -: Longitudinal

Q30) 1 fermi unit is equal to – Ans -: 10⁻¹⁵m

Q31) How many basic S.I. units are there? Ans -: Seven

Q32) What is the principle on which a transformer works? Ans -: Mutual Induction

Q33) The distance between Earth and Sun is termed as – Ans -: 1 Astronomical unit

Q34) Potential energy of your body is minimum when you ______. Ans -: Lie down on ground

Q35) What is the freezing point (temperature) of Pure water? Ans -: 32 F

Q36) What is the unit of measurement of an Angle? Ans -: Radian

Q37) Radio waves of constant amplitude can be generated with an ______. Ans -: Oscillator

Q38) Hooke’s law is related to Ans -: Elasticity

Q39) Sudden fall in barometer is indication of ______. Ans -: Storm

Q40) Water moving up a straw is an example of ________. Ans -: Capillary Action

Q41) The blue colour of the clear sky is due to ______. Ans -: Dispersion of Light

Q42) What is a magnetic field’s direction within a magnet? Ans -: From South to North

Q43) The experiment demonstrating the existence of electromagnetic wave was first conducted by Ans -: Heinrich

Hertz

Q44) The filament string in an electric bulb is made of which metal? Ans -: Tungsten

Q45) Drag is the ________ force exerted by fluids. Ans -: Friction

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Q46) The hydraulic brake used in automobiles is a direct application of ______. Ans -: Pascal’s Law

Q47) The image formed by convex lens in a simple microscope is ______. Ans -: Virtual & Erect

Q48) What kind of mirror is used in motor vehicles near the driver’s seat?Ans -: Convex Mirror

Q49) ________ & ________ are present in the nucleus of an atom.Ans -: Neutrons and protons

Q50) The size of atomic nucleus is of the order of ______.Ans -: 10⁻¹⁵ m

Q51) From the moon’s surface, Astronauts see a Black Sky. This is because of ______.Ans -: Absence of Atmosphere

on Moon

Q52) The specific resistance of a wire varies with its ______.Ans -: Material

Q53) The speed of light will be decreased with the rise in the temperature of the medium. True orFalse.Ans -: False.

(It remains unchanged)

Q54) Which is the strongest force in the nature?Ans -: Nuclear Force

Q55) Which device is used to measure the temperature of the sun?Ans -: Pyrometer

Q56) Which phenomenon occurs when light passes from a denser to rarer medium?Ans -: Total Internal reflection

Q57) Which substances do not allow flow of charge through them?Ans -: Insulators

Q58) The value of which quantity remains same in all system of units?Ans -: Specific Gravity

Q59) What is the speed of sound in air?Ans -: 332m/sec

Q60) The working of the quartz crystal in the watch is based on which effect?Ans -: Piezoelectric Effect

Q61) Permanent magnets are made of _______.Ans -: Steel

Q62) During a fog, the visibility is reduced. This is because of which phenomenon?Ans -: Scattering of light

Q63) Weightlessness experienced in a spaceship is due to ______.Ans -: Absence of Gravity

Q64) Which device is used to find submerged objects?Ans -: SONAR

Q65) What converts the alternating current into direct current?Ans -: Rectifier

Q66) Which element is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors?Ans -: Graphite

Q67) Which device converts light energy into electric energy?Ans -: Photoelectric cell

Q68) The unit of power of lens is called ______.Ans -: Dioptre

Q69) What is the unit of Radioactivity?Ans -: Curie

Q70) An object has to attain the velocity of _________ to escape from earth’s atmosphere?Ans -: 11.2 km/sec

Q71) What is the measuring unit of length of light waves?Ans -: Angstrom

Q72) A short duration wave is known as –Ans -: Pulse

Q73) When did Einstein propose that matter can be converted into energy?Ans -: 1905

Q74) What is the SI unit of luminous intensity?Ans -: Candela

Q75) What is the unit of magnetic flux?Ans -: Maxwell

Q76) What is the unit of specific resistance?Ans -: Ohm-metre

Q77) The wavelength of visible spectrum ranges from ________.Ans -: 390-700 nanometres

Q78) A Washing machine works on the principle of –Ans -: Centrifugation

Q79) When a ball is thrown upward, what happens to its Acceleration?Ans -: It remains Constant

Q80) Magnifying glass is made of which type of lens?Ans -: Convex lens

Q81) What colour will a red glass appear if it is heated in dark room?Ans -: Green

Q82) What happens to the surface tension of the water when a detergent is added to it?Ans -: Decreases

Q83) The value of ‘g’ (acceleration due to gravity) is maximum at ________?Ans -: at poles

Q84) Which instrument is used to measure altitudes in aircrafts?Ans -: Altimeter

Q85) Which instrument is used to measure change in volume of substances ?Ans -: Dilatometer

Q86) Which instrument is used to measure depth of ocean ?Ans -: Fathometer

Q87) The power of electric circuit is measured with a ________.Ans -: Wattmeter

Q88) Which instrument is used to measure the scattering of light by particles suspended in a liquid ?Ans -:

Nephelometer

Q89) Which is more elastic – Steel or Rubber?Ans -: Steel

Q90) Which is the only natural magnet?Ans -: Magnetite

Q91) What Principle is used in the designing of ships and submarines?Ans -: Archimedes Principle

Q92) Nuclear Fissions are initiated by ________.Ans -: Neutrons

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Q93) The wire in an electric heater is made up of _________. Ans -: Nichrome

Q94) During Sonography which types of Waves are used? Ans -: Ultrasonic waves

Q95) Diode Bulb was discovered by ________. Ans -: Sir J. S. Fleming

Q96) Who gave the first experimental value of G? Ans -: Cavendish

Q97) Who had showed that the electric and magnetic waves are equal in vacuum? Ans -: James Clerk Maxwell

Q98) What is the escape velocity of Moon? Ans -: 2.38 Km/s

Q99) Why does a liquid drop tend to assume a spherical shape? Ans -: To minimize surface tension

Q100) Resistance of a Conductor is inversely proportional to it’s _________. Ans -: Cross Sectional Area

CHEMISTRY

Q1) What is used in nuclear reactor as a moderator. It is also known as Heavy Water? Ans -: Deuterium Oxide (D2O)

Q2) Which Metal is in liquid state at room temperature? Ans -: Gallium

Q3) _________ elements are non-metal. Ans -: Electro-negative

Q4) What is known as Artificial Silk. Ans -: Rayon

Q5) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is also known as – Ans -: Laughing Gas

Q6) Which compound is used to prepare water proof clothes? Ans -: Calcium hydride

Q7) Which Nobel Gas is also known as ‘Stranger Gas’? Ans -: Xenon

Q8) Which Acid is know as ‘Oil of Vitriol’? Ans -: Sulphuric acid

Q9) For making of parachute, which polymeric substance used? Ans -: Viscose

Q10) Acid rain is caused when the air is polluted by ____________ Gases. Ans -: Nitrous Oxide & Sulphur dioxide

Q11) All noble gases are ________ & ________. Ans -: Colourless and Odourless

Q12) ________ is used as a Water Purifier. Ans -: Alum

Q13) Aluminium is extracted from which ore? Ans -: Bauxite

Q14) The ________ Process is used to synthesized Ammonia (NH3)? Ans -: Haber’s Process

Q15) Which compound/acid commonly known as Aspirin? Ans -: Acetylsalicylic Acid

Q16) _______ gas used to fill Balloons. Ans -: Helium

Q17) ________ is also known as Baryta Water? Ans -: Barium Hydroxide

Q18) Best sources for Vitamin D are – Ans -: Sunlight & Fish liver

Q19) Which gas is the chief component of Bio-gas? Ans -: Methane

Q20) _______ is the purest form of Carbon found in Nature. Ans -: Diamond

Q21) The Chemical name of ‘Washing Soda’ is – Ans -: Sodium Carbonate

Q22) What is the Chemical name of Chromic Acid? Ans -: Chromium trioxide

Q23) Chemical name of Picric Acid is – Ans -: Tri Nitro Phenol

Q24) In Photography, which chemical used as a fixer. Ans -: Sodium thiosulphate

Q25) What are used to control the chain reaction in a nuclear reactor? Ans -: Cadmium rods

Q26) In sunlight, Chloroform is converted into ___________, a poisonous gas. Ans -: Phosgene

Q27) Which Vitamin contains Cobalt?Ans -: Vitamin B12

Q28) _______ is one of the most common preservatives used in food processing industry?Ans -: Benzoic Acid

Q29) Which compounds are responsible for permanent hardness of water? Ans -: Sulphates and Chlorides of Calcium

and Magnesium

Q30) The temporary hardness of water is caused of because of which compounds? Ans -: Bicarbonates of Calcium

and Magnesium

Q31) Copper is extracted from which ore? Ans -: Copper Pyrite

Q32) When there is ___________, Dead organisms are transformed into petroleum and natural

gas.Ans -: Absence of air

Q33) Deuterium is ______ of Hydrogen.Ans -: Isotope

Q34) the weight of iron is ________, when it is undergoing the process of ‘rusting’.Ans -: Increases

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Q35) Efficiency of the catalyst depends on its –Ans -: Molecular State

Q36) Egg shell is made up of ________.Ans -: Calcium Carbonate

Q37) Which Vitamins are Fat Soluble?Ans -: A, D, E & K

Q38) Which was the First organic compound synthesized in a lab and it was done by whom?

Ans -: Urea by Friedrich Wöhler

Q39) Fuse wire is made up of ________.Ans -: Lead and Tin

Q40) _______ is used to coat Galvanised Iron.Ans -: Zinc

Q41. Which Gases are used by sea divers for under water breathing?Ans -: Oxygen & Helium

Q42. _______ & _______ gases are helpful for ripening of raw fruits.Ans -: Ethylene & Acetylene

Q43. The _________ found in an ore is known as Gangue.Ans -: Impurities

Q44. Iron is extracted from which ore?Ans -: Hematite

Q45. Kerosene is a mixture of _______.Ans -: Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Q46. Which Element is used for making of Lead pencil.Ans -: Graphite

Q47. The lightest metal is _________.Ans -: Lithium

Q48. _______ is the main ore of Mercury.Ans -: Cinnabar

Q49. Which Metal is found in the highest proportion in earth’s crust?Ans -: Aluminium

Q50. Mine explosions are mostly caused by mixing of Air & __________.Ans -: Methane

Q51. What is the compound used to in Nail polish remover?Ans -: Acetone

Q52. Natural rubber is a polymer derived from _______.Ans -: Isoprene

Q53. The coating on non-stick cookware is of ________.Ans -: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) – TEFLON

Q54. The Nuclear Fusion on the Sun’s surface result into formation of __________ Atoms.Ans -: Helium

Q55. Organic Compounds are only soluble in _______. Ans -: Non-polar solvents

Q56. ______ is also know as “FOOL’S GOLD”. Ans -: Iron Pyrite

Q57. In an Oxidation process _________ happens. Ans -: Loss of electrons

Q58. Oxides of metals are _______. Ans -: Alkaline

Q59. Ozone is ________ in nature.Ans -: Diamagnetic

Q60. The chemical composition of paper is that of a _________. Ans -: Cellulose

Q61. Paraffin wax is ________. Ans -: Saturated hydrocarbon

Q62. In which type of Rocks is Petroleum (Fossil Fuel) is found? Ans -: Sedimentary Rocks

Q63. _______ is also called White Gold. Ans -: Platinum

Q64. Which is the purest form of Iron? Ans -: Wrought Iron

Q65. Which Ore is used to extract Radium? Ans -: Pitchblende

Q66. Solder is an alloy of _________. Ans -: Tin and Lead

Q67. Which Radioactive Isotope is used in Cancer treatment? Ans -: Cobalt – 60

Q68. _________ is the element common to all acids. Ans -: Hydrogen

Q69. ______ is created by Alloying Iron and Chromium.Ans -: Stainless Steel

Q70. The lustre of a metal is due to _________. Ans -: Presence of free electrons

Q71. Which Mineral element is found in chlorophyll? Ans -: Magnesium

Q72. The most abundant element in the earth’s crust is – Ans -: Oxygen

Q73. The term ‘catalysis’ was coined by _______. Ans -: Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Q74. Which element is the primary reason for radioactivity found in human body? Ans -: Potassium – 40

Q75. Germanium, an ultrapure metal is purified by which method? Ans -: Zone refining

Q76. Tooth enamel is made up of _______. Ans -: hydroxyapatite, a mineral compound of calcium and phosphate

Q77. Which gas is filled inside a Tube light? Ans -: Mercury Vapour & Argon

Q78. _______ is an aqueous solution of Acetic acid. Ans -: Vinegar

Q79. Which Vitamins are Water Soluble? Ans -: Vitamin B complex & Vitamin C

Q80. Silver turns black (Tarnish) because of its reaction with _______. Ans -: Sulphur

Q81. Melting of ice can be prevented with the use of – Ans -: Gelatin

Q82. A Bee Sting contains which Acid? Ans -: Methanoic Acid

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Q83. An Orange contains _________ Acid. Ans -: Citric Acid

Q84. Etching of glass is done with the help of ________. Ans -: Hydrofluoric acid (HF)

Q85. Which acid is used in soft drinks? Ans -: Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Q86. Silver Iodide is used as a ‘seed’ agent for making of – Ans -: Artificial Rain

Q87. ______ is used as a catalyst for the synthesis of Sulphuric Acid by Contact Process. Ans -: Platinum (Pt)

Q88. Vanaspati Ghee is synthesized with the help of which catalyst? Ans -: Nickle (Ni)

Q89. Swelling of bread takes place because of – Ans -: Carbon dioxide

Q90. Cigarette lighters contain ______ Gas. Ans -: Butane

Q91. Which gas is used in fire extinguisher? Ans -: Carbon dioxide

Q92. ______ is termed as ‘Metal of Future’. Ans -: Titanium

Q93. Safety matches are prepared using – Ans -: Red Phosphorous

Q94. A Photoelectric cell contains ________ metal. Ans -: Selenium

Q95. Zinc Phosphide is used as? Ans -: Rat Poison

Q96. Which is the hardest substance found in human body? Ans -: Tooth Enamel

Q97. Ozone is an _______ of Oxygen.Ans -: Allotrope

Q98. Which Metal is naturally Anti-Bacterial?Ans -: Copper

Q99. Which was the first element to be produced after Big Bang?Ans -: Hydrogen

Q100. If you pour a handful of salt into a glass of water, the water level will _________. Ans -: Go Down

BIOLOGY

Q1. Alcoholic drink contains _______. Ans -: Ethyl Alcohol

Q2. Glucose in stored in the form of ______ by Animals. Ans -: Glycogen

Q3. Ascariasis is caused by ________. Ans -: Round Worm

Q4. BCG vaccination (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) gives immunity from ________. Ans -: Tuberculosis

Q5. Blood groups was discovered by – Ans -: Karl Landsteiner

Q6. The first successful heart transplant in India was performed by – Ans -: Dr. Panangipalli Venugopal

Q7. The oral polio vaccine was discovered by – Ans -: Jonas Salk

Q8. Companion cells are unique to _______. Ans -: Angiosperms

Q9. DNA stands for ______. Ans -: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Q10. Dog bite can cause rabies. Bite of which other animal can also cause rabies? Ans -: Bat

Q11. Endocrine glands are also known as ________. Ans -: Ductless Glands

Q12. The Small Pox vaccine was discovered by – Ans -: Edward Jenner

Q13. Deficiency of iodine leads to _________. Ans -: Enlargement of Thyroid Gland

Q14. First vaccine produced by bio-technology was used against which virus? Ans -: Hepatitis-B

Q15. Turmeric is obtained from _____ of a Plant. Ans -: Stem

Q16. Genes are made by ________. Ans -: Polynucleotides

Q17. Haematopoiesis occurs in ________. Ans -: Bone marrow

Q18. Leprosy is also known as _______. Ans -: Hansen’s Disease

Q19. A human skull has _______ number of bones. Ans -: 22 Bones

Q20. Deposition of which acid in the muscles leads to a feeling of fatigue in Humans? Ans -: Lactic Acid

Q21. RBC’s count in the blood is increased when a person is having _________. Ans: Polycythaemia

Q22. Where are the Lachrymal glands situated in the human body? Ans: Eye Orbit

Q23. The red, blue and purple colours seen in plants is because of the ________ pigment. Ans: Anthocyanin

Q24. Which part of the human brain controls Motor skills of the body? Ans: Frontal Lobes

Q25. What is the name the hormone that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood . Ans: Insulin

Q26. Name the gas used for making vegetable ghee? Ans: Hydrogen

Q27. Which is the largest gland in the human body? Ans: Liver

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Q28. The smallest functional unit of a kidney is the ? Ans: Nephron

Q29. James D. Watson, a Nobel Prize winning scientist is expert in the field of ________. Ans: Genetics

Q30. Polio is caused by a _________. Ans: Virus

Q31. The flow of energy in the Energy Pyramid is always _________. Ans: Upwards

Q32. Saliva helps in the digestion of ________. Ans: Starch

Q33. Which Parent’s chromosome is used for sex determination test? Ans: Father

Q34. The bio-gas used for cooking is a mixture of ______. Ans: Methane & Carbon dioxide

Q35. The yellow colour of the human faeces is a result of the pigment called _______. Ans: Urobilin

Q36. Which air pollutant causes the most serious health hazards? Ans: Sulphur dioxide

Q37. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of _________. Ans: Prothrombin

Q38. Which compound is used in anti-malarial drug? Ans: Chloroquine

Q39. Dental cavities are caused because of the deficiency of? Ans: Fluorine

Q40. What is the process of filtering blood through an artificial kidney called?Ans: Dialysis

Q41. Which is the first vaccine injected into a newly born baby? Ans: BCG

Q42. Food poisoning is caused by __________. Ans: Clostridium botulinum

Q43. Which hormone is used as an oral contraceptive? Ans: Progesterone

Q44. The longest and largest bone in the human body is? Ans: Femur

Q45. Which metal is present in haemoglobin? Ans: Iron

Q46. What is the total number of Chromosomes found in the human gene? Ans: 46

Q47. The PH value of human blood is? Ans: 7.40

Q48. The plants, which grow under water stress conditions are called? Ans: Xerophytes

Q49. During photosynthesis, Solar Energy is converted to _________.Ans: Chemical energy

Q50. Which is the smallest bone in the human body? Ans: Stapes

Q51. The study of Trees is called? Ans: Dendrology

Q52. Who proposed the Theory of natural selection? Ans: Dendrology

Q53. Turpentine oil is obtained from ________. Ans: Resin from Pines

Q54. Upper most layer of skin is called? Ans: Epidermis

Q55. Which is the only element found in Chlorophyll? Ans: Magnesium

Q56. What are Bryophytes ?Ans: Amphibious Plants

Q57. Which component of the Cell is called it’s ‘Kitchen’? Ans: Chloroplast

Q58. What is known as ‘Suicidal bags of cell’? Ans: Chloroplast

Q59. What is systolic and diastolic pressure in a healthy man? Ans: 120mm & 80mm

Q60. Dermatology is the study of? Ans: Human Skin

Q61. Which chemical is popularly used in Rat poison? Ans: White Phosphorus

Q62. What is the Dental formula of man? Ans: 2123/2123

Q62. What is the name of first cloned sheep? Ans: Dolly

Q64. __________ is the normal cholesterol level in human blood. Ans: 180-200 mg/dL

Q65. A __________ is the smallest structural and functional unit of nervous system. Ans: Neuron

Q66. 99% percentage of water is lost during transpiration, True or False? Ans: TRUE

Q67. Which enzyme is present in all members of the animal kingdom except Protozoa? Ans: Amylase

Q68. Zika virus is carried by ________ Mosquito.

Ans: Aedes

Q69. Tomato contains which acid? Ans: Oxalic Acid

Q70. Which animal respire without having blood in them? Ans: Oxalic Acid

Q71. Which cells acting as phagocytes are present in the liver? Ans: Kupffer cells

Q72. Which cell organelles function as the power house of a living cell? Ans: Mitochondria

Q73. A bite of a mad dog causes – Ans: Hydrophobia

Q74. Which disease is known as ‘silent killer’? Ans: High Blood pressure

Q75. Human saliva contains the enzyme known as _________. Ans: Ptyalin

Q76. Which gland disappears during old age? Ans: Thymus

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Q77. The insect responsible for the spread of Kala-azar is – Ans: Sand Fly

Q78. ______ is known as the strongest natural fibre. Ans: Silk

Q79. Which is known as graveyard of RBC’s ? Ans: Spleen

Q80. The gland known as master gland in human body is the ___________. Ans: Pituitary gland

Q81. The process of cell division is known as – Ans: Mitosis

Q82. Which part of the Plant body acts as the carrier of food and other substances to all its parts? Ans: Phloem

Q83. Which is the sweetest sugar? Ans: Fructose

Q84. The hearing function is associated with which part of the Human Brain? Ans: Temporal Lobe

Q85. Which major chemical compound is found in human kidney stones? Ans: Calcium oxalate

Q86. Which metal is present in Insulin? Ans: Zinc

Q87. Thirst, hunger and sleep are controlled by which part of the brain? Ans: Hypothalamus

Q88. Alcohol affects which part of human brain? Ans: Cerebellum

Q89. Which part of human brain is the regulating centre for swallowing and vomiting? Ans: Medulla Oblongata

Q90. Which part of the Human Eye changes it size based on the amount of Light? Ans: Pupil

Q91. _____ is the plant which yields biodiesel or biofuel. Ans: Jatropha Curcas

Q92. The part of the human eye which regulates the quantum of light entering is – Ans: Iris

Q93. Which salt is found in bone in largest amount? Ans: Calcium Phosphate

Q94. What is the name of the test done to diagnose cancer? Ans: Biopsy Test

Q95. The vitamin which is considered to be a hormone is – Ans: Biopsy Test

Q96. Intake of which vitamin is recommended to improve blood coagulation? Ans: Vitamin K

Q97. Who explained about the blood circulation for the first time? Ans: William Harvey

Q98. Alexander Fleming invented ___________. Ans: Penicillin

Q99. Who is credited for producing first man-made Gene in a lab? Ans: Dr. Hargobind Khurana

Q100. Xerophthalmia is a disease caused by lack of which vitamin? Ans: Vitamin A

HUMAN DIASESE

Any organism or microorganism that causes a disease is called as a pathogen. A specific disease is caused by a specific

pathogen. The infectious diseases are often transmitted by pathogens. These diseases can be spread through contact or proximity,

either through air, water, soil or through vectors.

Pathogens can be of different types. They can be either bacteria or virus or fungi or a protozoan or even a helminth. Most

of the parasites that are found are pathogens as they cause many diseases in humans.

Some of the bacterial diseases are Syphilis, Pneumonia, Tetanus, and Tuberculosis. Examples of diseases caused by

a virus are Chickenpox, Small Pox, Measles, Polio. Fungal infections include Ringworm infection, Athlete’s foot, Yeast infections

etc. Malaria is a disease caused by an organism belonging to Protista. Diseases caused by helminths include Ascariasis, Taeniasis

etc.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/microorganisms/

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/microorganisms/disease-causing-microorganisms/

https://www.toppr.com/bytes/humans-and-bacteria/

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/biological-classification/viruses-viroids-and-lichens/

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/biological-classification/kingdom-fungi/

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/biological-classification/kingdom-protista/

https://www.toppr.com/guides/evs/a-treat-for-mosquito/malaria/

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DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES

1. Chicken pox Pathogen: Chicken pox virus (voricella) Mode of transmission : By contact or through scabs

2. Measles Pathogen: Virus (Rubeola) Mode of transmission : By air

3. Poliomyelitis Pathogen: Polio Virus Mode of transmissions : Virus enters inside the body through food or water

4. Rabies (also called hydrophobia) Pathogen: Rabies virus Mode of Transmission : Bite by a rabid dog.

5. Hepatitis Pathogen: Hepatitis B virus. Mode of Transmission : Mainly through contaminated water.

6. Influenza: Influenza, commonly known as ‘flu’ is an illness caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract. Compared

to common cold, influenza is a more severe illness

7. Dengue: Dengue is an acute fever caused by virus. It is of two types: (i) Dengue fever, (ii) Dengue hemorrhagic fever.

Dengue fever is characterized by an onset of sudden high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes and in the muscles and

joints

DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA

1. Tuberculosis Pathogen: A bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Mode of Transmission : airborne-discharged through

sputum, cough and sneeze, of the infected person.

2. Typhoid Pathogen: A Bacillus rod-shaped bacterium (Salmonella typhi) Mode of transmission : Through contaminated

food and water

3. Cholera: It often breaks out among people in crowded areas and the areas with poor sanitary conditions. Pathogen :

Comma shaped bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) Mode of transmission : Contaminated food and water. Housefly is the carrier

4. Diphtheria: This disease generally occurs in children of 1-5 years of age. Pathogen: Rod-shaped bacterium (Corny

bacterium diphtheria) Mode of Transmission : Through air (droplet infection) Incubation period : 2-4 days

5. Leprosy Pathogen: A bacterium (Mycobacterium leprae) Mode of transmission : Prolonged contact with the infected

person. Nasal secretions are the most likely infectious material for family contacts.

DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOANS

1. Malaria Pathogen: Malarial parasite (different species of Plasmodium) Mode of transmission : By bite of female

Anopheles mosquitoes.

2. Amoebiasis (Amoebic dysentery) Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica Mode of transmission : Contaminated food and water

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 1. Diabetes: mellitus The disease can be diagnosed by blood test or urine test. Causes (i) Less secretion of insulin

hormone from the pancreas. (ii) Mental stress (iii) Through heredity from parents to children.

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2. Cardio vascular diseases: Common Causes (i) Deposition of cholesterol (a kind of fat) in the walls of

coronary arteries which restrict the flow of blood to the heart muscles. This leads to heart attack.

3. Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is an age dependent disorder with loss of the normal density of bone. The bones

become fragile and are easily fractured. Bones that are affected by osteoporosis can fracture with only a minor fall

or injury. Elderly men and women are most susceptible because of hormonal changes which occur with advancing

age.

4. Cancer: 1t is the uncontrolled and unwanted growth of cells.

5. Allergy: (i) Includes a group of non-infectious diseases. (ii) No definite cause is known (iii) It is believed that

they occur due to hypersensitiviness of certain individuals to foreign matter (allergens) which may enter inside the

body. (iv) Symptoms may be sneezing, gasping, running of eyes, irritation of throat or trachea. (v) Allergens may

be pollen grains, feathers, some animals or insects, drugs, medicines and odor.

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