Gwu 2010 intro to ergo
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Transcript of Gwu 2010 intro to ergo
INTRODUCTION TO ERGONOMICSNaomi Abrams, MOT, OTR/L
GWU December 2010
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
Participants will leave this session with An understanding of the contextual
influences and psychosocial demands of the work environment
An understanding of the connection of work activities with repetitive strain disorders
Methods to identify and measure the hazards commonly faced by workers
Methods to actively involve workers in addressing worksite hazards
HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS
1700 – Bernardino Ramazinni (1633-1714) wrote about work-related injuries that he saw in his medical practice.
1857 – Wojciech Jastrzebowski first used the word to describe the “Science of Work”.
However, good tool fit has been explored since people started using tools!
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Ergon (work) + Nomos (principle of law)
WHAT IS ERGONOMICS
OSHA 1999: Ergonomics is the science of fitting jobs to people. Ergonomics encompasses the body of knowledge about physical abilities and limitations as well as other human characteristics that are relevant to job design. Ergonomic design is the application of this body of knowledge to the design of the workplace (i.e., work tasks, equipment, environment) for safe and efficient use by workers. Good ergonomic design makes the most efficient use of worker capabilities while ensuring the job demands do not exceed those capabilities.
(Ergoweb, 2003)© Worksite Health & Safety Consultants, 2010
OSHA Osha.gov
NIOSH Cdc.gov/niosh
Human Factors and Ergonomic Society hfes.org
Board Certification of Professional Ergonomists bcpe.org
American Industrial Hygiene Association aiha.org
American Society of Safety Engineers asse.org
International Ergonomics Association iea.cc
Chesapeake Region Safety Council (local) chesapeakesc.org
Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturer’s Association bifma.org
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COMPONENTS OF WORK
Cognitive requirements Psycho-social
requirements Context/environment
influences Physical requirements
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ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS Awkward postures Static postures Forceful exertions Repetition Vibration Environment
Temperature Lighting Fumes/Smells
Recovery time Precision/control required
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TERMINOLOGY Administrative control: procedures or methods
that are put in place to change how a task is done (i.e., employee rotation, adjusting work pace, changing schedules)
Engineering control: changing the physical environment of the job to decrease exposures (i.e. changing tools, changing rigging, using adjustable chair)
Individual factors: a person’s physical, cognitive and psychological characteristics
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COMMON INJURIES
Low back strain or herniated disc Rotator cuff syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome Lateral/medial epicondylitis
Think -- cause and effect. Think -- when do you do this?
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THE ERGONOMIC EVALUATION PROCESS Observation begins before you even enter the
room. Look around for how the hallways are arranged, the looks on peoples’ faces, the temperature, the ambient sounds.
Interview: What is the problem in their words. How have they tried to fix it. How would they fix it. Psychosocial factors
Pain scale rating or pre-test: measure what you hope to change (i.e., pain, efficiency, stress level).
Measurement and recording of the job requirements.
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FIRST
What do they do? Why do they do it that way?
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF ANALYZING RISK… Ergonomic risk factors:
Awkward postures Static postures Forceful exertions Repetition Vibration Environment
Temperature Lighting
Fumes/Smells Recovery time Precision/control required
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NIOSH
NIOSH LIFTING EQUATION
Yields a maximum safe lifting weight based on the position of the object at the origin and the destination, the distances of the lift, and the lifting frequency
Can be used to analyze a single lift or multiple lifts
Cannot be used when there is a tool involved (shovel, straps, lever)
Does not take into account what happens during a lift (going over a barrier or through an access panel)
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LIFT
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Point ofProjection
V =
Mid-Point Between Inner Ankle Bones
H
From: Ergoweb Jet Toolbox
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A =
SagittalLine
SagittalPlane
FrontalPlane
Point ofProjection
A
degrees
Origin Destination
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NIOSH LIFT ANALYSIS: LIFTING FROM CRIB PART 1 (BED TO RAIL HEIGHT)
1:Record Object Weight: Average 22 lb. Maximum 40 lb. 2: Record Origin Measurements: Horizontal:12 in. Vertical: 33 in. Asymmetry: 30 deg.3: Record Destination Measurements:Horizontal: 8 in. Vertical: 54 in. Asymmetry: 0 deg.4: Record Lifting Frequency (Repetition) Frequency
0.02 lifts/minute 5: Select Lifting Task Duration Select: Short6: Select Coupling Classification Select: Poor
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Data Form
Origin and Destination values are then referenced on a NIOSH table to get the “multiplier.” Example: Height multiplier: 10/Height at origin =
10/12=0.83; Vertical multiplier: 1 - (.0075 |V-30|)
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Multiplier Tables
Lift Constant (always 51)
Horizontal Mult.
Vertical Mult.
Distance Mult.
Asymmetry Mult.
Frequency Mult.
Coupling Mult.
Max weight
Origin 51 X0.83 X0.98 X0.91 X0.9 X1 X0.9 =30.6
Dest. 51 X1 X0.82 X0.91 X1 X1 X0.9 =34.1
So, our mom:Origin: weight max=30.6 lb
Destination: weight max=34.1 lb
CALCULATIONS AND MORE…
Max tested wt/max calculated wt = lifting index
Origin lifting index: 40 lb./ 30.6 lb. =1.3 Destination lifting index: 40 lb. /34.1 lb. =1.2
Lifting index: <1 ok; 1-3 concern; >3 needs change
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www. Ergoweb.com JET Toolbox
BREAK
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THE OFFICE ENVIRONMENT ANSI/HFES 100-2007: Human Factors Engineering of
Computer Workstations Designed mostly for furniture manufacturers, not as a
guide for ergonomic evaluations Only applies to a standard computer used on a desk.
Does not take into account laptops or alternative computer set-ups.
Does not address the health of the operator or work practices.
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RULES?
90-90-90
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NO
4 BASIC COMPUTING POSITIONS
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The best position is one
you don’t stay in
for a long time.
THE COMPUTER WORKSTATION ASSESSMENT
The “VDT” Checklists There is no one standard checklist. You can find or
make any number of versions. Only serves as a guide to be sure you look at all
parts of the workstation (equipment, environment, task, and person)
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FIRST: WHAT DO THEY DO AND WHY? Assess what type of work the person does.
Constantly on e-mail = more mouse work Editing from books = needs more space Doing two things at once = may need hands-free
devices Why do they do what they do?
Habit versus job requirement Time constrictions that are self-imposed versus
demanded Cognitive demands exceed ability
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SECOND: WHERE DO THEY WORK?
Visual scan of the environment
Q&A about the environment (temperature, noise, etc.)
Psychosocial demands: not really a Q&A, more therapeutic use of self
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THIRD: WHY WERE YOU CONTACTED?
Where they hurt can give you great insight into what is wrong.
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“Mostly, my neck hurts.”
ONLY NOW CAN YOU GET INTO EQUIPMENT.
Seating Keyboard Mouse Monitor Phone Paperwork Other
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THE CHAIR: UPRIGHT OR RECLINED SITTING
Feet are placed firmly on the floor or slightly in front for proper circulation and weight bearing.
Raise or lower the chair so that the knees are approximately even with the hip joint.
The seat should be 3-4 finger widths from the popliteal fold.
Adjust the seat tilt so that the seat pan (the part you sit on) is level with the floor or tilted back slightly.
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THE BACKREST Sit up tall with a neutral pelvis then rest back
against the chair Should be leaning backwards slightly (try for
a 110-135° hip/trunk angle). Feel the contour of the back and compare it
to the contour of the chair especially at the small of the back. The chair should fully support the back’s natural curves*.
Back rest should support the body without blocking the movement of the shoulder blades.
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“ERGONOMIC” CHAIRS
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SUPPORTS MAY BE NEEDED
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Use caution! Too much padding may result in seat depth problems.
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KEYBOARD AND MOUSE Rule: elbows down by the sides. Rule: wrists straight. Everything else is negotiable.
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“ERGONOMIC” KEYBOARDS AND MICE
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MONITOR(S) SHOULD BE
Front and center Approximately 22-24 inches from the face depending
whether the user has glasses Set so that the top portion of the screen that is used
most often is at eye level. Positioned so that the zygomatic arch/maxilla are
level.
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PHONE USE Use a hands-free device if required to type or
write while on the phone. The phone should be on their non-dominant
side. The reach distance depends on use frequency.
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THE REACH ENVELOPE
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Sanders and McCormick, 1993, p 432
PAPERWORK AND LIGHTING
Assess focal length For reading, it is typically 16-18 inches.
Assess glare versus illumination
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SIMPLE CHANGES YIELD BETTER RESULTS THAN COMPLEX CHANGES.
“This is your personal space. Keep everything in it” (horizontal distance)
Squaring off to item (asymmetry) Taking one step forward towards item (horizontal
distance) Ask for help and accept it when offered (frequency) Use everyday items to change surface heights
Use a step stool (vertical distance) Put hard to handle items in a container or on a push
cart (coupling and horizontal distance) Use shelves instead of baskets/buckets on floor for
items (vertical distance)
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© Worksite Health & Safety Consultants, 2010
SIMPLE CHANGES – PROBLEM SOLVING WITH THE CLIENT
Pacing, Prioritizing, Positioning Using a dining room chair instead of the
couch Use a pillow under books when reading in
bed or on couch Use a cookbook holder when reading at table Keep frequently needed tools in multiple
places (such as scissors where the mail is opened)
Rearrange items and shelves – where are the heavy items?
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SAMPLE GOALS In 3 weeks, the client will independently verbalize 3
methods of completing yard work using proper body mechanics.
In 3 weeks, the client will demonstrate through photographs appropriate changes to workstation for proper ergonomic set up.
In 6 weeks, the client will return to work as a parent, consistently using good body mechanics.
In 6 weeks, the client will carry 10 pounds of groceries from car to home (>150 ft.) using proper carrying techniques.
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THE ERGONOMIC PROCESS Observation Measure/evaluate: homemade checklist or
standardized tools like the NIOSH Justify need for correction Goal setting Change: administrative, engineering, or
individual/person Re-measure/re-evaluate
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Return on investment (ROI)
THANK YOU
Naomi Abrams, MOT, OTR/L, CEAS
240-912-9559
© Worksite Health & Safety Consultants, 2010
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGAnders, M. J., & Morse, T. (2005). The ergonomics of caring for children: An exploratory study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 59, 285-295.
Care for cargivers (2003). CareGuide@Home [on-line]. Available: http://www.eldercare.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=CG_Resources&file=article&sid=861.
Ergoweb (2003). Applied Workplace Ergonomics Manual. Ergoweb, Inc.
Ergoweb (2003). Fundamentals of Office Ergonomics. Ergoweb, Inc.
Franklin, B. A., Hogan, P., Bonzheim, K., Bakalyar, D., Terrien, E., Gordon, S., & Timmis, G. C. (1995). Cardiac demands of heavy snow shoveling. JAMA. 273 (11), 880-882.
Gauthier, A. H., Smeeding, T. M., & Furstnburg, F. F. (2004). Are parents investing more or less time in children. (Policy Brief) Canadian Research Institute for Social Policy. Available at www.unb.ca/crisp/pbrief.html.
Griffin, S. D., & Price, V. J. (2000). Living with lifting: Mothers’ perceptions of lifting and back strain in childcare. Occupational Therapy International, 7 (1), 1-20.
Gunn, S. M., van der Ploeg, G. E., Withers, R. T., Gore, C. J., Owen, N., Bauman, A. E., & Cormack, J. (2004). Measurement and prediction of energy expenditure in males during household and garden tasks. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 91(1), 61-70.
Herr, N. (2007). Television & health. Retrieved from http://www.csun.edu/science/health/docs/tv&health.html.
Hinojosa, J., Kramer, P., & Pratt, P. N. (1996). Foundations of practice: Developmental principles, theories, and frames of reference. In J. Case-Smith, A. S. Allen, & P. N. Pratt (Eds.), Occupational therapy for children (pp. 25-45). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
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Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (2007). ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations. HFES. http://hfes.org.
Iwakiri, K., Sotoyama, M., Mori, I., & Saito, S. (2007). Does leaning posture on the kitchen counter alleviate workload on the low back and legs during dishwashing? Industrial Health. 45, 535-545.
Jarus, T., & Ratzon, N. Z. (2005). The implementation or motor learning principles in designing prevention programs at work. Work, 24, 171-182.
Juan, W., & Britten, P. (2008). Routine active and sedentary behavior patterns in U.S. adults. (USDA Nutrition Insight 40). Alexandria, VA: USDA.
Luria, G., Zohar, D., & Erev, I. (2008). The effects of workers’ visibility on effectiveness of intervention programs: Supervisory-based safety interventions. Journal of Safety Research, 39, 273-280.
Macera, C. A., Jones, D. A., Yore, M. M., Ham, S. A., Kohl, H. W., Kimsey, C. D., & Buchner, D. (2003). Prevalence of physical activity, including lifestyle activities among adults – United States, 2000-2001. MMWR, 52(32), 764-769.
McDaniel, M. A., Howard, D. C., & Butler, K. M. (2008). Implementation intentions facilitate prospective memory under high attention demands. Memory & Cognition, 36 (4), 716-724.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2005). Your guide to healthy sleep. (NIH Pub No. 06-5271). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
OSHA. (2005). Guidelines for nursing homes: Ergonomics for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
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Pirie, A., & Herman, H. (1995). How to raise children without breaking your back. W. Somerville, MA: IBIS Publications.
Sames, K. M. (2005). Documenting occupational therapy practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Sanders, M. S., & McCormick, E. J. (1982). Human factors in engineering and design (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Williams, S., & Cooper, L. (1999). Dangerous waters: Strategies for improving wellbeing at work. New York: Wiley.
Yousey, J. (2002). A field guide for families: How to assist your older loved ones when you don’t live next door. Niantic, CT: Life Design Publishing.
Zoltan, B. (1996). Vision, perception, and cognition (3rd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Inc.
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