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IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN GUT HEALTH AND DISEASE

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PRESENTED BY

1.Marzeea Ahmad RakaID# 13207030462.Nusrat AlamID#13212380463.Shabnaz Shabab SwarnaID#13200220464.Suraiya AhmedID# 13209160465.Sabrina ArafinID# 13205380466.Ramisha Rifat TonyID# 1320332646

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OUR GUT

Is teeming with microbes – up to 70% of the body’s total number

It is an extremely complex ecosystem harbouring more than 100 trillion micro-organisms

There are thought to be around 30 – 40 different species of bacteria.

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Many of these have a symbiotic relationship with us – and help to keep less beneficial strains at bay.A healthy gut in an adult human has somewhere in the region of 2 kg of these bacteria in the gut.They play a vital role in the body – without them we would not survive.

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The Father of Modern Medicine

“All disease begins in the gut”

Hippocrates

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GUT MICROBIOTA OR GUT FLORA

The word microbiota represents an ensemble of microorganisms that resides in a previously established environment. Human beings have clusters of bacteria in different parts of the body such as in the surface or deep layers of skin (skin microbiota), the mouth (oral microbiota), the vagina (vaginal microbiota), and so on.

Gut microbiota is harboured in the intestine, one of the main areas in our bodies that comes into contact with the external environment (other examples are the skin and the lungs).

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Figure: Distribution of gut flora in digestive tract

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ITS IMPORTANCE

• It helps the body to digest certain foods that the stomach and small intestine have not been able to digest.

• It helps with the production of some vitamins (B and K).

• It helps us combat aggressions from other microorganisms, maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa.

• It plays an important role in the immune system, performing a barrier effect.

• A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning.

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Essential or beneficial flora

• These bacteria are referred to as our indigenous friendly bacteria. The main members of this group are: Lactobacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum Bifidobacteria,Lactobacteria, Propionobacteria, Peptostreptococci and Enterococci.

• Beneficial or good bacteria is also called probiotic. They are the housekeepers of the gut. These bacteria fulfil a myriad of vital functions in the body.

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Essential Flora and Bad Bacteria

• The whole surface of the digestive system in a healthy gut flora is covered and dominated by beneficial bacteria

• In a healthy body these beneficial bacteria predominate and control all other microbes.

• They provide and protects us against all sorts of invaders, bacteria, parasites, fungi, viruses, toxins etc.

• Apart from providing us with a physical barrier they produce antibiotic like substances that are anti fungal, anti viral that dissolve viruses and 'bad' bacteria.

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MAJOR ROLE OF BENEFICIAL FLORA

Digestion and absorption of food.To break down proteins, carbohydrates, fibre and fats.To transport vitamins, minerals and other nutrients through the gut wall.Actively synthesize nutrients such as K2, many of the B vitamins and some amino acids.Help to chelate heavy metals from our system.Help to control parasites.

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BODY IMMUNITY

They play a crucial role in our immune system, keeping the body’s immunity active.

Around 83% of our immunity is located in the gut wall.

Beneficial flora imbalance will have an immediate impact on immune system.

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HOW IT STARTS

We inherit our gut flora from our mother at birth.

As the baby comes through the birth canal it swallows its first mouthfuls of bacteria, which begin to inhabit baby’s sterile gut.

Breast feeding continues the process. It takes about 2 years for a baby’s

immune system to fully develop

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AGE

Analysing bacterial V4 16S rRNA from 528 individuals of different ages and geographic origins, demonstrated that the diversity of microbiota composition of the fecal samples is significantly higher in adults than in children, although interpersonal differences are higher in children than in adults. The maturation of microbiota into an adult-like configuration happens during the three first years of life.

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TYPES

The four dominant phyla in the human gut are-Firmicutes,

Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria.

Most bacteria belong to the genera Bacteroides,

Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium,

Ruminococcus, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and

Bifidobacterium. Other genera, such as Escherichia and

Lactobacillus, are present to a lesser extent. Species

from the genus Bacteroides alone constitute about 30%

of all bacteria in the gut, suggesting that this genus is

especially important in the functioning of the host.

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Figure: Bifidobacterium bifidum (gram positive bacilli of large intestine)

Figure: E. coli (facultatively anaerobic bacteria of large intestine)

Figure: Clostridium perfringes (gram positive bacteria)

Figure: Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (gram positive cocci)

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FUNCTIONS OF GUT MICROBS

Microbes perform a host of useful functions such as -Fermenting unused energy Training the immune systemPreventing growth of pathogenic bacteriaRegulating the development of the gutProducing vitamins, such as biotin and Vit KProducing hormones to direct the host to store fatsRepress microbial growth through the barrier effectHarmful yeasts and bacteria like Clostridium difficile are unable to grow excessively due to competition from the helpful gut flora

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Beneficial effects of E. Coli

Prevents infection of animals with Cholera, Shigella, Pseudomonas and staph aureus (no effect on Candida or Salmonella) Degrades N-nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic amines and N-hydroxyl aryl amines. E. coli is used as a probiotic agents in medicine, mainly for the treatment of various gastroenterological diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease.

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PROBIOTICS

Probiotics are organisms such as bacteria or yeast that are believed to improve health. They are available in supplements and foods.

The digestive system is home to more than 400 different types of bacteria. They help keep the intestines healthy and assist in digesting food.

Probiotics also help to maintain a strong immune system.

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PROBIOTICS

“Probiotics can improve intestinal function and maintain the integrity of the lining of the intestines,” says Stefano Guandalini, MD, professor of pediatrics and gastroenterology at the University of Chicago Medical Center.

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EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS

o Can alter the numbers of gut bacteria, which can reduce ability to digest

o Can cause diarrhea by irritating the bowel directly, changing the levels of gut flora, and allowing pathogenic bacteria to grow

o Creates antibiotic resistant bacteria in guto Probiotics rely on a few strains of good

bacteriao However, every time we swallow

antibiotics, we kill the beneficial bacteria within our intestines.

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ROLE OF GUT BACTERIA IN DISEASE:

Gut flora might also be an essential factor in certain pathological disorders-

• Can produce toxins and carcinogens• Bacteria have been related to Sepsis

and Colon cancer, Multisystem organ failure, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative Colitis etc.

• Balance is critical: harmful if numbers are too high or too low.

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What Can Damage Gut Flora

AntibioticsOther drugsPoor dietBottle feedingPollutionAlcoholDental work

Steroids, The PillStressInfectionsOld AgeRadiationToxic chemicals

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GUT DYSBIOSIS

When gut flora is damaged or in imbalance it is called dysbiosis.

Opportunistic gut microbes including yeast, harmful bacteria, viruses and parasites start to take hold.

They can be very difficult to eradicate once they have moved in.

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WHEN GOOD GUTS TURN BAD!!

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When gut flora is damaged!

• Microbes i.e. ‘bad’ bacteria, multiply.

• They can perforate and damage the thin layer of epithelial cells lining the gut, which then allows unwanted microbes and toxins to inter into our bloodstream.

• This is termed ‘leaky gut’ syndrome.

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Leaky Gut!

• Causes include:– poorly digested food-alcohol– antibiotics or infection-painkillers– heavy metal toxicity-smoking– birth control pills -antacids– chlorinated water-food additives– high homocysteine levels

parasites, yeasts food allergies

• Underactive & constipated bowel will also cause problems

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Leaky Gut!

Consequences• Body has to use whatever routes it can to eliminate

toxins.• They initially get taken to liver. • The increased flow leads to blocked detox

pathways• All liver functions suffer• Toxins bypass the filtering and go into blood

stream.• Get taken:• To lungs -asthma, and other chronic lung

conditions• To skin – eczema, rashes and other skin problems• Urine – cystitis, thrush, bedwetting• Through mucous membranes – sinusitis, post

nasal drip, rhinitis, gingivitis, vaginitis, diarrhea/constipation

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Treatment and Diagnosis:

Five Steps to a Healthy Gut (and a Healthy Body):

We can follow these five simple steps to begin re-balancing our gut flora-

1.Eat a fiber–rich, whole foods diet.

2.Limit sugar, processed foods, animal fats, and animal protein.

3.Avoid the use of antibiotics, acid blockers, and anti-inflammatories.

4.Take probiotics daily.5.Consider specialized testing.

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Prevention of harmful gut flora:

• Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria, killing them. Phages are all over - in soil, sea water, intestines, etc. Used for over 90 years in the Eastern Europe against bacterial infections. It is a possible therapy against multi-drug resistant strains of bacteria in the gut flora.

• The good news is that you can reset your gut bacteria, swapping bad flora for good.

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Current Research Work:

• UCLA researchers now have the first evidence that bacteria ingested in food can affect brain function in humans. In an early proof-of-concept study of healthy women, they found that women who regularly consumed beneficial bacteria known as probiotics through yogurt showed altered brain function, both while in a resting state and in response to an emotion-recognition task.

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References :

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• Savage, D C (1977). "Microbial Ecology of the Gastrointestinal Tract". Annual Review of Microbiology 31: 107–33. doi:10.1146/annurev. • “Integrative Gastroenterology”, by Gerard E. Mullin

• Cummings, J.H.; MacFarlane, G.T. (1997). "Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism". Clinical Nutrition 16: 3–9. doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(97)80252-X. PMID 16844615.

• Guarner, F; Malagelada, J (2003). "Gut flora in health and disease". The Lancet 361 (9356): 512–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora• http://

articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/06/27/probiotics-gut-health-impact.aspx

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