Guidelines on Bio-Tank on Bio-Tank for Indian …...into biogas. 2.0 INTRODUCTION: Human activities...

GOVE RNME NT OF INDIA Hkkjr ljdkj

MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS j sy ea=ky;

Guidelines

on

Bio-Tank for Indian Railway

Report No. : WKS-02-2014

February ,2014

Works Directorate

dk;Z funs’kky; Research Designs And Standards Organisation, Lucknow – 226011

vuqla/kku vfHkdYi vk Sj ekud laxBu y[kuÅ – 226011

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

GOVE RNME NT OF INDIA Hkkjr ljdkj

MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS j sy ea=ky;

Guidelines

on

Bio-Tank

for

Indian Railway

Report No. : WKS-02-2014(R3)

July, 2014

Works Directorate

dk;Z funs’kky; Research Designs & Standards Organisation, Lucknow – 226011

vuqla/kku vfHkdYi vk Sj ekud laxBu y[kuÅ – 226011

Index

S. No.

Description of Items Page No.

1 Definitions 1 2. Introduction 1

2.1 Scenario on Indian railways 2 3. Aerobic & anaerobic biodegradation system 3

3.1 Aerobic biodegradation system 3

3.2 Anaerobic biodegradation system 3 3.3 Aerobic biodegradation Vs Anaerobic biodegradation 4 4. Description of DRDE developed biodigester / bio tanks technology 4 4.1 Advantage of Biodigester / Bio tank 6 4.2 Working principle of Biodigester / Bio tank 6 4.3 Railway model for coaches 6 4.4 BIO-TANKS 8 4.5 Biodigesters developed by DRDE 10 4.6 Startup of biodigesters 11 5 Natural reed bed system 11 6 Masonry bio-tank for Indian Railway 13 6.1 Technical Details 14 6.2 Scheme of implementation 16 6.3 Procurement of bacteria inoculum 18 6.4 DO’S & DON’TS 19 6.5 Test results of bio tank effluent 20 6.6 Cost 21 6.7 Sample collection and quality testing of Bio-digester effluents 21 Annexure A : stationary biodigester developed by DRDE 22 Annexure B & C : Drawing of Masonry Bio-Tank based on DRDE

Technology 27-28

Annexure D : Specifications for Anearobic bacteria (Inoculum) 29 Annexure E: List of TOT Holder for Stationary Bio-digesters issued

by DRDE 30-32

Annexure F : Cost details of FRP biodigesters/ masonry biotank 33-34 Annexure G: Quality testing of Bio-digester effluents 36-48 Annexure H: Estimated cost of Masonry Bio Tank 35

Synopsis

This report has been prepared as per the instruction of Railway Board and covers basic

concepts of bio-digesters/bio toilets based on DRDO Technology. The report also covers

design aspects, drawings, material specifications and schemes of implementation of bio

toilet concept on Indian Railway establishment.

of 48

1.0 DEFINITIONS:

Bio-digesters: The term bio digester is used for the shells made up of FRP/Steel for

the anaerobic digestion of human fecal/ waste.

Bio tank: The term bio tank is used for the tanks made up of masonry/concrete for

the anaerobic digestion of human fecal/ waste.

Aerobic Bacteria: Aerobic bacteria are those which flourish in the presence of free

dissolved oxygen in the waste water and consume organic matter for their food, and

thereby oxidizing it to stable end products.

Anaerobic Bacteria: Anaerobic bacteria flourish in the absence of free dissolved

oxygen, and survive by utilizing the bounded molecular oxygen in compounds like

nitrates (NO3) and sulphates (SO4) etc. thereby reducing them to stable end products

along with evolution of foul smelling gases like H2S, CH4 etc.

Facultative Bacteria: Facultative bacteria can operate either as aerobically or as

anaerobically. Hence, they can survive and cause decomposition of organic matter,

either in the presence or in the absence of free dissolved oxygen in waste water.

Anaerobic Microbial inoculums: Microbial consortium developed by DRDE,

Gwalior is a mixture of different types of bacteria (hydrolytic, Acidogenic, acetogenic

and methanogenic groups) responsible for breakdown of complex polymers into

simple sugars which are further broken down into low chain fatty acids and finally

into biogas.

2.0 INTRODUCTION:

Human activities create waste. The way these wastes are handled, stored, collected

and disposed of, can pose risks to the environment and to public health. The

management of solid waste is one of the major challenges worldwide and is an

important concern in developing countries where solid waste management

infrastructure and services are lagging behind the basic standards in terms of

hygiene, efficient collection and disposal. Improper human waste disposal system

of 48

not only leads to aesthetic nuisance but threat of organic pollution & several

infectious diseases in epidemic proportions due to contamination of ground water

and drinking water resources in highly populated and developing countries, like

India.

The state of sanitation remains a powerful indicator of the state of human

development in any community. Access to sanitation bestows benefits at every level.

Improved sanitation reduces overall child mortality, brings advantages for public

health, livelihoods and dignity-advantages that extend beyond households to entire

community.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund

(UNICEF) estimate that there are more than 620 million people practicing open

defecation in the country; over 50 per cent of the population. In rural areas about

10% of houses have toilets and rest of the people go to open defecation. Population

in the cities although have better access to the toilets but only to the tune of 70%.

Untreated waste is responsible for several diseases like, dysentery, diarrhea,

amoebiasis, viral hepatitis, cholera, typhoid etc. taking the life of thousands of

children annually. Moreover, the latest Census data reveals that the percentage of

households having access to television and telephones in rural India exceeds the

percentage of households with access to toilet facilities.

2.1 SCENARIO ON INDIAN RAILWAYS:

On Indian Railway Establishments, sewage disposal in majority of cities is through

sewer lines joining to the municipal system of the city. The problem is faced in

smaller towns and way side stations where sewer lines do not exist and sewage

disposal is through septic tanks with or without soak pit. However, the arrangement

of sewage disposal through septic tank is not an efficient system as it requires

periodic sludge cleaning. With the “Prohibition of employment as manual scavengers

and their rehabilitation Act, 2013” engagement of manual labour for septic tank

cleaning is an offence and cleaning is permitted through mechanical means only.

This has posed a unique challenge for Indian Railways in the field of sanitation and

there is an urgent need to change and adopt a new technology which is applicable,

acceptable, sustainable and affordable.

of 48

3.0 AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION SYSTEM:

3.1 Aerobic biodegradation system: If air or oxygen is available freely to the waste

water in dissolved form, then the bio degradable organic matter will undergo aerobic

decomposition, caused by aerobic bacteria as well as by facultative bacteria-

operating aerobically. These bacteria will then utilize the free oxygen as electron

acceptor, thereby oxidizing the organic matter to stable and unobjectionable end

products. The stable end products like nitrates, carbon dioxide, sulphates are

formed, respectively for the three forms of matter i.e. nitrogeneous, carbonaceous

and sulphurous matter. Water, heat and additional bacteria will also be produced in

this biological oxidation.

3.2 Anaerobic biodegradation system: Anaerobic digestion is a collection of

processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the

absence of oxygen. The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the

input materials. Insoluble organic polymers, such as carbohydrates, are broken down

to soluble derivatives that become available for other bacteria. Acidogenic

bacteria then covert the sugars and amino acids into carbon

dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids. These bacteria convert these

resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen,

and carbon dioxide. Finally, methanogens convert these products to methane and

carbon dioxide.

Hydrolysis Acidogenesis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis

Nitrogenous,

Carbonaceous &

Sulphurous

Organic Matter

Nitrates, Carbonaceous and

Sulphurous matter

Amonia (sometimes),

Water & Energy

Oxidation by

Aerobics

Carbohydrates

Fats

Proteins

Fatty acid

Amino acids

Sugars Carbonic acid

& Alcohol

Hydrogen

Carbon dioxide

Ammonia

Hydrogen

Acetic Acid

Carbon

dioxide

Methane

Carbon dioxide

of 48

3.3 Aerobic biodegradation Vs Anaerobic biodegradation

Aerobic biodegradation:

• Forced aeration/ agitation is essential which is energy intensive.

• Incomplete aeration (partial aerobic condition) leads to foul smell.

• No effective in pathogen inactivation.

• Can not tolerate detergents/ phenyl.

• Generate large amount of sludge.

• Repeated addition of bacteria / enzyme is required for the process.

• Maintenance & recurring cost is high.

Anaerobic biodegradation:

• No aeration is required.

• Complete anaerobic conditions.

• More than 99% pathogen inactivation.

• Anaerobes can even degrade detergents / phenyl

• Sludge generation is very less.

• One time bacterial inoculation is enough.

• Minimal maintenance and no recurring cost. 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF DRDE DEVELOPED BIODIGESTER / BIO TANKS

TECHNOLOGY:

The treatment process in septic tanks attached to toilets also does not break down

the waste completely. Defense Research & Development Establishment (DRDE),

Gwalior – an R&D organization of DRDO, has developed a technology of bacterial

inoculums for sewage treatment under diverse geo-climatic conditions. The zero-

waste bio-digester technology breaks down human excreta completely into usable

water and gas through anaerobic process. It does not have any geographical or

temperature limitation and also does away with the need to set up large sewage

tanks and regular sludge cleaning. Recently developed version of this technology

has been named as 'BioTank' that is the excellent low cost alternative of the

conventional septic tanks being currently used by individual houses and

communities.

The technology has two components, cold active bacterial consortium (Anaerobic

Microbial Inoculum) and biodigester (fermentar).

of 48

i) Biodigester and Bio Tanks:

Biodigester is a specially designed fermentation tank for accelerated microbial

degradation of organic waste. It is made of FRP/ SS/ MS/ Bricks with provision of

inlet for human waste and outlets for treated effluent and biogas. The biodigester has

several chambers to increase the waste path length thereby improving contact time,

sedimentation and degradation. The dimensions and internal designs may vary

according to number of users, water availability and prevailing geo-climatic

conditions. Night soil degradation occurs through microbial reaction which converts it

into biogas. The process results into treated effluent which is free from off odour,

suspended particle matter, pathogens and is environmentally acceptable.

ii) Anaerobic Microbial Inoculum:

Microbial consortium developed by DRDE, Gwalior is a mixture of different types of

bacteria (hydrolytic, Acidogenic, acetogenic and methanogenic groups) responsible

for breakdown of complex polymers into simple sugars which are further broken

down into low chain fatty acids and finally into biogas. The microbial consortium was

developed by enriching desired group of bacteria from mixture of microbes by natural

selection. The efficiency of the consortium was improved by fortification of several

critical species of bacteria (Proteolytic bacteria) isolated from cold habitats like

Antarctica, Leh and Siachen glacier areas. The consortium was also augmented with

Volatile Fatty Acids degraders. The microbial consortium has been gradually

adapted to grow even at 5°C so that it can work efficiently at mesophilic as well as

psychrophilic temperature. Microbial consortium efficiently degrades human waste at

temperature as low as 5°C and as high as 50°C.

When human excreta comes in contact with bacteria, it gets converted into methane

and water through a series of steps of anaerobic digestion—hydrolysis,

acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. Faecal matter is composed of

carbohydrates, protein and fats. In the first step, they are converted into simple

sugars, amino acids and fatty acids. In the next step, these break to form carbonic

acid, alcohols, hydrogen and water. In the third step, acetic acid, hydrogen and

carbon dioxide are formed. In the last step, methane, carbon dioxide and water are

formed. The effluent is odorless and devoid of most of the pathogens.

of 48

4.1 Advantage of Biodigester / Bio tank:

• Simple in design. Require less maintenance. • Can be in operation upto years together. • No bad smell in toilets from the tanks. No infestation of Cockroaches & flies. • Fecal matter in the tank not visible. No clogging of digester. • Effluent is free from off odour and solid waste. • Reduction in organic matter by 90%. • No requirement of adding bacteria/ enzyme. • No need of removal of solid waste.

4.2 Working principle of Biodigester / Bio tank:

Working principal of Biodigester/ Bio tank is as under :

4.3 Railway model for coaches

Discharge on track, besides creating environmental issues creates problem in

working of Trackman. A multi directional strategy has been implemented for adoption

of Environment friendly toilets on IR passenger coaches. A MOU was signed with

DRDO for joint technology development. The first prototype rake with bio-toilets

based on the designs developed jointly with DRDO is running successfully in

Bundelkhand express since 18th January 2011. Indian Railways since then has

inducted DRDE technology Bio-toilets in many rakes.

Human Waste

Anaerobic bacteria

(in liquid form)

CO2 + Methane gases

Released to atmosphere

Liquid waste /

Effluent

Discharged directly

to drain/reed bed

of 48

As per Railway Board’s guidelines, a 100 M3 capacity Inoculums generation plant is

being set up at Motibagh workshop at Nagpur under South East Central Railway. In

future, two more plants are also proposed to be set up at RCF, Kapoorthala and ICF,

Chennai.

The bio-digester for use in moving trains is made of stainless steel (SS) and is of

rectangle shape (540 X 1150 X 720 mm) for under slung operation. The digester has

two basic chambers, one for biological and the other for the chemical treatment i.e.

Sludge settling and chlorination chambers. The combination of these two treatments

results in odourless effluent for safe discharge. The digester contains PVC based

immobilization matrix on the partition and side walls for entrapping the bacteria to

cope with sudden washouts by accidental pouring of large amount of water in the

toilet. It also takes care of the occasional adverse conditions created by the

accidental use of chemicals like detergents and antiseptics. Further, it also enhances

the rate of biodegradation by retaining higher bacterial mass.

Bio-digester is provided with 06 partition walls inside the tank with poly grass mats

bonded on the walls for protection of bacteria and to provide more surface area to

accelerated biodegradation through longer path and continue to work during long

journeys in different temperature regimes.

IR-DRDO Bio-digester Tank for Coaches

of 48

4.4 BIO-TANKS / BIO-DIGERTERS:

The present method of sewage treatment through septic tank is not adequate for

elimination of pathogens and foul smell. Septic tank requires periodical cleaning

which is now permitted only through mechanical means. Hence there is an urgent

need to change and adopt the new technology of bio-digesters and bio-tanks at the

replacement of septic tanks in various Railway establishments and colonies.

Based on the requirement, DRDE has developed need based bio-digesters for

different situations and climatic conditions ranging from high altitude snow bound

areas to plain regions. These bio-digesters are rectangular and cylindrical shaped

metal/steel or FRP tanks of assorted size (0.5-20 Cum) depending upon number of

users, budget, heating requirement and site constraints. In glaciers where the

temperature is as low as -40°C, the bio-digester is fitted with solar panels of 240 watt

to keep the excreta warm for processing.

Besides these readymade bio-digesters, an alternate technology of modified septic

tank (Bio-tank) has also been developed which uses a closed rectangular tank made

of masonry or RCC. Bio-tank construction is done at site and it is initially charged

with anaerobic microbial consortium (only once) and put to use like conventional

septic tank. These bio-tanks bio degrade the solid human waste to the extent of 99%

and only treated effluent comes out of the outlet. Pathogens are also inactivated

during fermentation and effluent is almost free of them and safe for discharging into

the drains. An outlet is also provided for discharging the end product of methane and

little bit of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere.

Bio-tanks vs Septic tank

SEPTIC TANK BIO TANK Requires larger space, bigger volume. Requirement is 40 to 70% less. Not efficient Effluent is well treated and safe Sludge needs periodic evacuation No such needs Obnoxious smell No smell. Generation of odourless and

inflammable biogas Maintenance intensive Only one time charging of Inoculums Unhygienic disposal No such requirement Water requirement is high Minimizes water consumption Cost intensive Cheaper in long run

of 48

Prefabricated Toilet

of 48

4.5 BIODIGESTERS DEVELOPED BY DRDE FOR PLAIN AREA

DRDE has developed Mild steel and FRP based digesters of different sizes varying

from 0.7 cum to 17 cum depending upon number of users. These tanks are

rectangular or cylindrical in shape and involves fabrication in shops and

transportation to the site of installation. These tanks are available in the market

through vendors who are transfer of technology holders of DRDO. To suit different

geographical requirements, DRDO has also made various design modifications in

the biodigester toilets. The tank has several chambers to provide more surface area

to expedite biodegradation. The chambers increase retention time of the waste in

places where water table is high, like in Lakshwadeep or homes and offices where

people flush frequently.

During the discussion held with DRDE official the minimum use of water during

flushing is recommended in order to save the space and life of anaerobic bacteria.

Depending upon number of users, the volume of FRP based DRDE is indicated

below:

No. of Users Volume of Bio Tanks (m3) Corresponding Volume of conventional Septic Tank (m3)

5 0.7 1.1 10 1.2 1.8 15 1.7 2.4 20 2.3 3.3 50 6.0 10.0 100 9.0 19.9 150 12.0 30.0 200 14.0 39.6 300 17.0 60.0

Details of specification of two such FRP bio digester for plain area designed and

developed by DRDE is annexed as Annexure A.

of 48

4.6 STARTUP OF BIODIGESTERS

Once the biodigester is housed under the soil/ mobile platform and connected to the

toilet it is loaded with 40% of working volume of Bio-digester with Anaerobic

Microbial inoculum either poured directly to the chamber or from the toilet. As far as

possible, precaution should be taken that during addition of inoculum it is exposed to

minimum oxygen. After two days of installation the facility can be used. The biogas

gets accumulated in the head space if gas valve is kept in closed position. The

inflammability of biogas indicates the proper functioning of Bio-digester. Normally the

gas valve should be kept open unless it is subjected to testing.

5.0 NATURAL REED BED SYSTEM:

Alternatively, for large cluster of houses a natural reed bed system may also be

installed for secondary treatment of waste water coming out of bio tank. The reed

bed system is the secondary system to supplement bio-digester and perform further

treatment of the wastewater that is coming out of the biotank. However, the provision

of reed bed system is not mandatory. This is only for further improving the quality of

effluent so that the same can be used directly for irrigation and other purposes. The

reed bed system comprises of bed of sand and pebbles along with reed plants

capable of natural amelioration of the waste water that is coming out of the digester

tank by totally reducing smell, suspended particles, pathogenis microorganism (more

than 99% of pathogens) and agents causing pollution to the water bodies.

There will however be the need of two reed beds, one operating and one resting.

These operate aerobically (with oxygen) to break down pollutants, including turning

toxic ammonia into nitrates. A regular maintenance procedure is required to swap

from one to the other, usually every few weeks. This prevents blocking and allows

them to operate most efficiently. A single reed bed will require an area of 1 square

meter per person, but with a minimum size of 6 square meters.

Natural reed plants- microbial consortium work efficiently at wide range of

temperature and effluent is very safe to discharge into environment and may be used

for irrigation purpose.

of 48

Effluent from Bio-tank Reed Bed

REED BED

REED BED ABOVE BIO-TANK (Sectional view)

REED BED UNDER CONSTRUCTION ABOVE BIO-TANK

Effluent from Reed Bed

Effluent from Reedbed Inlet from BioTank

of 48

6.0 MASONRY BIO-TANK FOR INDIAN RAILWAY:

Using the DRDE technology of Bio-tanks, Masonry Bio Tank can be developed for

Indian Railways for replacement of conventional septic tanks. Masonry bio tanks

based on DRDO technology are being used effectively at some locations in the

country. As per discussions with one of the TOT holder of DRDE, one such bio tank

has been constructed for the use of 500 persons (Presently part commissioned for

the use of 150 persons having bio-tank of capacity 20m3) at Satpalji Maharaj

Ashram, Haridwar (Toilet complex name is Vishwa Vishaltam) including Reed Bed

for treatment of effluent. As such, masonry bio-tanks are recommended for Railway’s

use in general.

Masonry Bio Tank is similar to septic tank in construction but is proposed to have

three chambers having volumes in proportion to 4:3:3. In bigger bio-tanks having

volume>7.0 cum, four chambers having volumes in proportion to 4:2:2:2 are

proposed. The drawing of Bio Tank with details is enclosed as Annexure–B & C.

These chambers can be created by constructing masonry partition walls on which

PVC matrix (poly grass mat) shall be fixed through stainless steel bolts/screw along

with stainless steel strip 2mm thick and 30mm wide. This PVC matrix (poly grass

mat) acts as home for anaerobic microbial consortium, when the tank is charged with

anaerobic microbial consortium. It also protects the bacteria from washing away and

provide shelter for multiply and increasing population.

Total volume of Masonry bio tank for Indian Railway can be calculated by

considering the retention period of 72 hrs. (i.e. 3 days), and water use of 45 litres per

person per day for flushing requirement (As per IS 1172:1993). Accordingly the

following volumes are suggested:

SN No. of Users

Volume of Masonry Bio-Tank (m3)

Recommended size (LxBxH) of Masonry Bio Tank

1. 5 0.79 m3 1.50 m x 0.75 m x 0.70 m 2. 10 1.50 m3 2.00 m x 1.00 m x 0.75 m

3. 15 2.22 m3 2.25 m x 1.10 m x 0.90 m 4. 20 2.97 m3 2.25 m x 1.10 m x 1.20 m

5. 50 7.46 m3 3.55 m x 1.75 m x 1.20 m 6. 100 14.85 m3 4.50 m x 2.20 m x 1.50 m

7. 150 22.27 m3 5.50 m x 2.70 m x 1.50 m 8. 200 29.70 m3 5.50 m x 3.60 m x 1.50 m

9. 300 44.63 m3 7.00 m x 4.25 m x 1.50 m

of 48

Merits/demerits of FRP bio-digesters and Masonry Bio-tanks

FRP bio-digesters

Masonry Bio-tanks

Light weight & movable. Heavy and therefore suitable as stationary tank only.

Easy installation as readymade FRP bio-digesters can be transported to site.

Require in situ construction.

FRP bio-digester tank has to be manufactured in factory under controlled conditions.

Can be constructed at site by skilled mason as per requirement.

In case of any working problem/failure, maintenance is difficult as FRP bio-digesters are sealed units.

Maintenance is easy and necessary repair can be carried out at site.

Cost including fabrication & transportation is at the higher side.

Economical in general.

The expected life of FRP tank is 20 years.

The expected life of masonry bio-tank is more than 25 years.

6.1 Technical Details:

1. Masonry work: The main wall shall be made up of bricks 230mm thick, partition

wall shall be made 115mm thick in cement - coarse sand mortar in 1:4 and all

internal wall shall be plastered in cement - coarse sand mortar in 1:3 ratio as per

drawing below .

2. Fixing of inlet/outlet pipes: Inlet / outlet and intermediate pipes shall be of UPVC

pipes as per dimension given in table below conforming to IS 13592: 2013 with

latest amendments, if any.

3. Fixing of immobilization matrix: A PVC immobilization matrix (poly grass) shall

be fixed on inner wall of tank as well as on both side of partition wall by steel

screw or by grouting nut – bolts size M8 with stainless steel strip 2mm thick and

30mm wide.

of 48

4. Fixing of ventilation pipe: PVC pipe of 50mm (2”) conforming to IS 13592 :

2013 with latest amendments, if any , shall be used as ventilation pipe to dispose

off the generated gases after digestion of human fecal by bacteria inoculum.

5. Inspection chamber: Inspection chamber of size 45cm x 45cm shall be provided

in slab of bio tank for inspection.

6. Procurement of Bacteria culture (Inoculum) : Anearobic Bacteria (Inoculum)

shall be procured as per specification issued by RCF, Kapurthala or specification

issued by RDSO from time to time. The specification issued by RCF, Kapurthala

is annexed as Annexure D.

The Bacteria culture (Inoculum) can be obtained from DRDO’s generation plant

at Gwalior or from Railway’s Inoculums generation plant at Nagpur which is

expected to start functioning shortly. The Inoculum can also be purchased

through various Transfer of Technology holder firms of DRDE as per list in

Annexure E.

7. Charging of bio tank: Before commencement of bio tank, Approx. 40% volume

of the tank shall be filled with anaerobic microbial inoculums in the biodigestor

tank in the first chamber through inspection chamber or it can also be poured

from the toilet pot.

Bio Tank in Construction Stage PVC Matrix (Poly grass mat)

of 48

6.2 SCHEME OF IMPLEMENTATION:

About 70% establishment of Indian Railway in the form of offices and colonies is

located at small towns and way side stations where municipal sewer lines are not

available. Here sewage disposal is through septic tanks with or without soak pit

which require periodic sludge cleaning. With the “Prohibition of employment as

manual scavengers and their rehabilitation Act, 2013” engagement of manual labour

for septic tank cleaning is an offence and cleaning is permitted through mechanical

means only. Hence there is an urgent need to adopt this new technology of bio-

digesters as replacement of septic tank.

Scheme of replacement/modification of existing septic tank can be implemented

through the following two approaches.

Scheme-1 : Construction and commissioning of new bio-tank

A new bio-tank of suitable capacity can be constructed for the cluster of houses and

their existing septic tank will be bypassed and abandoned. This approach will be

suitable where sufficient space for new construction is available and the existing

septic tank system is already in dilapidated condition and beyond economic repair.

Alternatively, readymade FRP bio-tank can also be installed through external

agency/TOT holders of DRDE technology if the same turn out to be more

economical & suitable under specific condition.

Scheme-2 : Modification of existing septic tank into bio-tank

In all the other areas where availability of land is a constraint and/or the existing

septic tank is in good working condition, its modification into bio-tank may be

considered. Modification of existing septic tank can be planned in the following

steps and may take 15-20 days:

1. The existing septic tank should be bypassed for the period of modification and

the existing toilets connected to a readymade FRP bio-tank of suitable size so

that users continue to use their toilets during this transition period. FRP bio-

tank for this purpose will be supplied by the external agency/TOT holder of

DRDE and it can be kept underground or can be mounted on a mobile unit for

easy transportation.

of 48

2. The existing septic tank should be opened and de-sludge. It should then be

cleaned thoroughly and left open for 3-4 days for drying.

3. Necessary repair and modification of existing septic tank should be carried

out as per requirement by constructing required partition walls, inlet & outlets,

fixing poly grass mat on side and partition walls etc. This work may be carried

out through an agency or TOT holder of DRDE through locally available

sources as per detailed drawings.

4. After modification of septic tank into Bio-tank, the Bacteria culture (Inoculum)

of required quantity (40% of volume) should be poured into the bio-tank either

from the chamber. As far as possible, precaution should be taken that during

addition of inoculum it is exposed to minimum oxygen.

5. After two days of installation the facility is ready to use. Hence bio-tank may

be commissioned by connecting the existing toilets.

6. After commissioning of new bio-tank, the portable FRP bio-digester tank may

be shifted to new location/place of work and above procedure is repeated.

Selection of scheme should be done after careful evaluation of the cost involved,

land availability, ease of working and the condition of existing system. The

preliminary survey shall be done before taking decision regarding construction of

new bio tank / modification of existing septic tank.

A) Way side stations: The survey shall be carried out regarding distance between

outlet points of toilets for a group of quarters and the cost of sewage carrying

pipe line involved including its connections etc. and should be compared with the

actual costing of independent FRP biodigesters or masonry bio-tank. Decision

should then be taken if a combined bio tank of adequate large capacity shall be

more suitable for the entire group of houses or individual units of isolated bio-

tanks of smaller capacity shall be installed.

B) Small Colonies / Cluster of houses: Here also a survey should be carried out

regarding distances between outlet points of toilets of several quarters and actual

costing of FRP bio-digesters and masonry bio-tank including the cost of sewage

carrying pipe line involved. Emphasis should be given on construction of larger

of 48

capacity bio-tank at suitable location nearer the cluster of houses. If the individual

houses are far off and combined bio-tank is uneconomical, separate masonry

bio-tank should be constructed.

Generally, the above two scheme should be able to take care of the provision of

bio-tank in most of the cases. However, in case of some special situation,

solution can be provided by planning new bio-tanks and/or modifying some of the

existing septic tanks.

6.3 PROCUREMENT OF BACTERIA INOCULUM:

DRDE/Gwalior has its own inoculums generation plant at Gwalior. Besides them,

the following transfer of technology holder firms of DRDE/Gwalior have started

their own Inoculum generation plants and are providing Inoculums in the barrels.

1. M/s Mohan Rail Components (P) Ltd.,

Opp. Rail Coach Factory,

Hussainpur, Kapurthala-144602

Email – [email protected]

Tel. No.: 01822-27400, 09876740403

Fax No. 01822-227311

2. M/s Rail Tech,

5624, Qutab Road,

New Delhi-110055


Tel. No.: 011-23610733/9810499839

Fax No.: 011-23610733

3. M/s CBS Technologies Pvt. Ltd.,

Corporate office: 110&111, Rishabh IPEX Mall (opposite Max Hospital)

I.P. Extension, Delhi-110092


Tel. No.: 011-42342478/42342479

Fax No.: 011-222401433

of 48

4. M/s Banka Enterprises,

A-111, Express Apartment,

Lakdi-ka-pool

Hyderabad-500004

Tel. No.: 09246880060

Fax No.: 040-66688028

5. M/s Eram Scientific Solutions (P) Ltd.

TC 9/1615, SRHM Road

Sasthamangalam, Trivandrum – 695010

Tel. No.: 09947122277

Fax No.: 0471-4062125

As the Railway Inoculums generation plant at Motibagh workshop at Nagpur

under South East Central Railway has started functioning, the bacteria culture

(inoculums) may be procured from there. On the other hand, if the transportation

cost is high, Inoculums may be procured either from DRDE or purchased from

above TOT holder firms of DRDE. Other TOT holder firms of DRDE as per

Annexure- E are also under process of development of bacteria inoculums

generation plant.

6.4 DO’S & DON’TS:

� Fix the PVC immobilization matrix (poly grass mat) firmly on the all side of inner

wall of bio-tank by stainless steel screws/nut-bolt and washer. The PVC

immobilization matrix (poly grass mat) acts as the colony for microbial inoculums

where bacteria can multiply. If not fitted properly, the PVC immobilization matrix

(poly grass mat) may fall down over the period of time and will defeat the

purpose of bio-tank.

� Fill the approx. 40% volume of the tank by anaerobic microbial inoculums in the

bio-digestor tank in the first chamber. Leakage of bio-tank must be avoided as

anaerobic microbial inoculum is the main working component of this technology.

If the required quantity of microbial inoculums is not charged, the functioning of

the bio tank will be affected.

of 48

� Use minimum quantity of water in flushing & washing for proper functioning of

Bacteria culture (Inoculum) as due to the use of excessive water, the anaerobic

microbial inoculums may wash away from the bio tank which will lead to the

failure of system. Hence, dual flush cisterns of 6/3 lit. capacity as per

IS:7231:1994 (reaffirmed 2009), Amend. No.2 of July 2004, should be used.

� Use of acids, phenyl caustic etc. is prohibited for cleaning of toilet pots as it will

kill the bacteria. Mild toilet cleaner can be used for cleaning the toilet pans.

Following toilet cleaner are recommended by DRDE, Gwalior:

1. Harpic

2. Domex

3. Lizol

4. R7 Cleaner (Floor cleaner concentrate 100ppm)

5. Any other toilet cleaner having 100ppm concentration

6.5 TEST RESULTS OF BIO TANK EFFLUENT:

The target data provided by DRDE, Gwalior on the quality of effluent of biotank is as

under:

Criteria Biodigester / Biotank

pH 6-9

Total Solids (mg/100mL)

<750

TDS (mg/100mL) <350

TVS (mg/100ml) <350

COD (mg/L) <2000

Coliforms Count (CFU/100ml) 105-108

of 48

6.6 COST:

The list of TOT holder of DRDE, Gwalior is annexed as Annexure E.

Details regarding the cost of masonry bio tank has been worked out on the basis of

prevailing rates in Northern region. Cost estimate of masonry bio-tank is enclosed in

Annexure H.

The details of cost of FRP bio-digesters collected from TOT holders of DRDE, based

in NCR and Western region is enclosed as Annexure F. These costs are only

indicative in nature.

6.7 Sample collection and quality testing of Bio-digester effluents:

Sample collection procedure and quality testing of bio-digester effluent as issued by

DRDE, Gwalior is enclosed as Annexure G.

The collected samples should then be got tested either through Railway’s laboratory

or through DRDE/approved laboratory equipped for testing procedure as per

Annexure G.

Initial testing of effluent should be done within one month of commissioning and

thereafter six monthly testing should be done during service @ 5% of the

FRP/masonry bio tank installed in each zonal railway. In house system of testing

should be developed by the Railways at the earliest.

S No. Description of testing Frequency Test sample size

Testing Location

1. pH value test Within one month of commissioning and six monthly thereafter.

From lot of 5% of the total bio-tanks in Railway.

Railway/Govt. approved Lab.

2. Total Solids (TS) test Railway/Govt. approved Lab.

3. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Railway/Govt. approved Lab.

4. Total Volatile Solids (TVS) Railway/Govt. approved Lab.

5. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) test

Govt. Approved lab.

6. Fecal Coli Forms Count

Govt. Approved lab.

of 48

Annexure A

BIODIGESTER DEVELOPED BY DRDE

1. Bio-digester – SF-T-FRP : VOL = 0.7 cum

Biodigester for plain areas connecting from top

(For housing directly below the toilet seat)

Specifications:

1. Size: 1000(L) x 1000(W) x 700(H) x 6 (Thk) + 1% (from top)

951(L) x 951(W) x 700(H) x 6 (Thk) + 1% (from bottom)

Inlet pipe size : OD ø 110 mm

Outlet size : OD ø 75 mm

2. Partition wall size: 1004(W) x 700(H) x 3 (Thk) mm (from top)

955(W) x 700(H) x 3 (Thk) mm (from bottom)

3. Shape : Rectangular

4. Volume : Total volume : 667L

Effective Volume : 493L

of 48

5. Max. No. of water flushes permitted: For 8 litre cistern – 30/day

6. Material : FRP for tank, cover plate & partition walls

: Commercial PVC with ISI mark for all pipes

: Neoprine rubber (as per drawing) for cover gasket

: SS 316 with ISI mark for all nuts, bolts and washers

7. Bio digester contains two partition walls resulting three chambers of approximately

4:3:3 ratio. The volume of chamber containing inlet pipe is approximately 40% of

total value.

8. Immobilization of matrix : A PVC immobilization matrix is to be provided on both

sides of partition wall.

9. Test Parameters :

i. Tank should not leak while filled with water upto the top.

ii. Specific gravity ~ 1.15 + 0.05 {Test standard : IS:8543 (Pt.1/Sec2) -79}

iii. Fibre glass content : >30% ( Test method : IS:12986)

iv. Water absorption : 0.5% maximum (test method: IS:12866-89 Annex-A)

v. Tensile strength : >400 Kg/cm2 (test method : IS: 1998-62)

vi. Cross breaking strength: > 250 Kg/cm2 (test method : IS: 1998-62)

vii. Impact resistance : >120 J/m (test method : IS: 1998-62)

Firm should provide a certificate of tests from test parameters (ii) to (vii) from a

Govt. approved laboratory.

10. Biodigester –SF-T-FRP will be fabricated as per DRDE , Gwalior specification.

11. Installation of Biodigestor :

i. Assembly of biodigestor is to be carried out outside the installation pit.

ii. All pipe , partition wall and cover plate with gasket are to be properly sealed

with main tank body. For the sealing of pipe and partition walls to make the

leak proof proper general purpose / suitable resin and fibre mat to be used.

iii. Proper digging and levelling of soil is to be carried for installation of

biodigestor. Levelling should be carried out carefully with the water gauge.

iv. Anaerobic microbial inoculum (200L) is to be provided in the biodigestor tank

in the first chamber either before cover plate assembly or it can also be poured


of 48

2. Bio-digester – SF-S-FRP : VOL = 0.7 cum

Biodigester for plain areas connecting from Sides

(For housing away from toilet seat)

Specifications:

1. Size: 1000(L) x 1000(W) x 700(H) x 6 (Thk) + 1% (from top)

951(L) x 951(W) x 700(H) x 6 (Thk) + 1% (from bottom)

Inlet pipe size : OD ø 110 mm

Outlet size : OD ø 75 mm

2. Partition wall size: 1004(W) x 700(H) x 3 (Thk) mm (from top)

955(W) x 700(H) x 3 (Thk) mm (from bottom)

3. Shape : Rectangular

4. Volume : Total volume : 667L

Effective Volume : 493L

5. Max. No. of water flushes permitted: For 8 litre cistern – 30/day

6. Material : FRP for tank, cover plate & partition walls

: Commercial PVC with ISI mark for all pipes

of 48

: Neoprine rubber (as per drawing) for cover gasket

: SS 316 with ISI mark for all nuts, bolts and washers

7. Bio digester contains two partition walls resulting three chambers of

approximately 4:3:3 ratio. The volume of chamber containing inlet pipe is

approximately 40% of total value.

8. Immobilization of matrix: A PVC immobilization matrix is to be provided on both

sides of partition wall.

9. Test Parameters :

i. Tank should not leak while filled with water upto the top.

ii. Specific gravity ~ 1.15 + 0.05 {Test standard : IS:8543 (Pt.1/Sec2) -79}

iii. Fibre glass content : >30% ( Test method : IS:12986)

iv. Water absorption : 0.5% maximum (test method: IS:12866-89 Annex-A)

v. Tensile strength : >400 Kg/cm2 (test method : IS: 1998-62)

vi. Cross breaking strength: > 250 Kg/cm2 (test method : IS: 1998-62)

vii. Impact resistance : >120 J/m (test method : IS: 1998-62)

Firm should provide a certificate of tests from test parameters (ii) to (vii) from a

Govt. approved laboratory.

10. Biodigester –SF-S-FRP will be fabricated as per DRDE , Gwalior specification.

11. Installation of Biodigestor :

i. Assembly of biodigestor is to be carried out outside the installation pit.

ii. All pipe , partition wall and cover plate with gasket are to be properly sealed

with main tank body. For the sealing of pipe and partition walls to make the

leak proof proper general purpose / suitable resin and fibre mat to be used.

iii. Proper digging and levelling of soil is to be carried for installation of

biodigestor. Levelling should be carried out carefully with the water gauge.

iv. Anaerobic microbial inoculum (200L) is to be provided in the biodigestor tank

in the first chamber either before cover plate assembly or it can also be poured


of 48

MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE BIODIGESTER

i. Technical requirements for FRP:

FRP shall consist of resin, fibre reinforcement and additives, processed uniformly. The material should be in accordance with IS:6746-94.

The fibre glass chopped strand mat of density 450 gm/m2 confirming to IS:11551- 96 with polyester resin system (three layers).

ii. Technical requirement for MS:

MS used for manufacturing of Bio-digester should meet chemical composition and mechanical properties as per IS 2062 Grade A. Tolerance shall be 0.20 % for chemical composition.

iii. Technical requirement of Stainless steel:

Stainless steel used for manufacturing of Bio-digester and components should meet chemical composition and mechanical properties as per 304S1 (AISI-304) Specifications.

iv. Dimensions and Tolerances:

Dimension tolerance shall be at the most 20mm (for 1000mm dimension) or 2%, whichever is less.

v. Workmanship and finish:

The Bio-digester and shelters shall be free from gel crack, blister, porosity, air bubbles and other surfaces. Colour may be as per approved sample.

Outer side of the chamber should have finish side.

vi. Tests:

Finished Bio-digester should not leak from any side, when filled with water upto the top edge. Static pressure shall be maintained at least one hour.

of 48

Annexure B

of 48

Annexure C

of 48

Annexure D

SPECIFICATIONS FOR ANEAROBIC BACTERIA (INOCULUM)

1. Scope of Work: This scope of work consists of:

I. Supply of Qty in ltrs in numerals (Qty in ltrs in words) of anaerobic bacteria at -----------------------------(Consignee) in returnable containers of suitable capacity.

II. Charging of bacteria in Bio Tanks / toilets at ------------------(Location). Charging equipment will also be in the scope of supplier.

III. The tenderer has to set up Bacteria Generation facilities in his premises or nearby to the cow dung generation facility and make it operational within three months from award of contract. Capacity of the bacteria generation plant should be such that it can produce bacterial Inoculums @1000 litres per day having methanogens MPN of >103 /ml.

2 . Eligibility conditions:

I. The tenderer should be a licensee from DRDO for setting up a plant for generating anaerobic bacteria .

II. The tenderer should have adequate arrangement for feeding cow dung either in-house or tie-up with cow dung generation facility.

3. Mandatory requirements for Maintenance of standard quality of anaerobic bacteria:

I. The installation /commissioning of bacteria generation plant should be as per guidance of representative of IR or DRDO/DRDE, Gwalior. The plant should be able to generate bacteria of required concentration after 47 days of start of charging the tank.

II. The tenderer will have to get the quality certificate of bacteria generation facility by DRDO/DRDE lab Gwalior on quarterly basis.

III. In addition a separate quality certificate for each batch of supply is required from DRDO/DRDE, Gwalior.

IV. Absence of maintaining quality certification from DRDO/DRDE the contract will automatically be treated as cancelled . The tenderer has to arrange the visit of DRDO/DRDE, Gwalior representative at his own expense on quarterly basis for quality certification.

NOTE: This specification is based on RCF Kapurthala doc. No. MDTS:233 Rev-00 dated

27.02.2012. The revised version issued by RCF Kapurthala or Carriage Dte./RDSO shall be applicable.

of 48

Annexure E

of 48

Annexure F

COST DETAILS OF FRP BIODIGESTERS/ MASONRY BIOTANK

i) TOT Holder firm – 1 (Delhi NCR based):

Module No. Size Capacity ltrs

Material Price Rs.

SF-50 1m x 1m x 0.5m 500 ltr FRP 36,000/-

SF-75 1mx 1m x.75m 750 ltr FRP 42,000/-

SF-100 1mx 1m x 1m 1000 ltr FRP 54,000/-

BD-150 1.5m x 1mx 1m 1500 ltr FRP 78,000/-

BD-200 2m x 1m x 1m 2000 ltr FRP 90.000/-

BD- 350 2mx1.75m x1m 3500 ltr FRP 1,38,000/-

BD- 400 2m x 2m x 1m 4000 ltr FRP 1,50,000/-

ii) TOT Holder firm – 2 (Nagpur based):

Sr. no.

Description of Item Size Material Price (Rs.)

1. BioDigesters ( 700ltr.) approx Wall Thickness 5mm.

8 feet length x 2 feet dia.

FRP 37,000/-

2. Biodigester ( 1000ltr.) Wall Thickness 5mm

1m. X 1m. X 1m.

FRP 56,000/-

3. BioDigesters ( 1700ltr.) Wall Thickness 5mm.

94 " x 55" x 21 FRP 79,500/-

4. Biodigester (2400 ltr.) Wall thickness 5mm.

2m.x1.2m.x1m. FRP 97,400/-

5. Biodigester (2850 ltr.) Wall Thickness 5mm.

8 feet length x 4 feet dia.

FRP 91,095/-

6. BioDigesters ( 3600ltr.) Wall Thickness 7mm

2m. X 1.2m. X 1.5m

FRP 1,24103/-

7. BioDigesters ( 6000ltr.) Wall Thickness 7mm.

2m. X 1.2m. X 2.5m.

FRP 1,76,980/-

of 48

MOBILE TOILET (With Biodigester)

1. Deluxe Type : 10 seater mobile toilet with biodigester of capacity 2600ltr. & 1700ltr.

Rs. 8,70,000/-

• The Prices quoted are Ex- Delhi.

• Transportation charges extra at actual from Delhi. Fright to-Pay basis.

• VAT /CST will be charged extra at actuals.

iii) TOT Holder firm - 3 (Delhi NCR based):

Sr. no.

No. of users Size (in litre)

Material Price (Rs.)

1. 5 350 FRP 9000/- 2. 10 700 FRP 18000/- 3. 20 1500 FRP 36000/- 4. 50 3000 FRP 75000/- 5. 100 6000 FRP 150000/- 6. 200 10000 FRP 300000/-

of 48

Annexure G

I) Sample Collection:

Effluent samples shall be collected as per procedure detailed below:

Requirements:

Equipment Consumables Registers

Refrigerator for specimen

storage

Apron, Tissue Paper,

Gloves, Spirit, Marker, Auto

clavable plastic

(polyethylene or equivalent)/

Glass container, Marker pen

Sample register

Acknowledgement slip

Description:

General Requirements:

� Ensure all sample equipment and containers are clean and quality assured before

use.

� Use sample containers that are clean and free of contaminants.

� Fill sample containers without pre-rinsing with sample; prerinsing results in loss of

any pre-added preservative and sometimes can bias results high when certain

components adhere to the sides of the container.

� Leave an air space approximately 10% of the container volume to allow for thermal

expansion during shipment.

� Collect samples 2-3 times from the same source with 2 minutes interval between

each of them and make composite sample, take necessary amount and use it for

analysis.

� Make record of every sample collected and identify every bottle with a unique

sample number, preferably by attaching an appropriately inscribed tag or label.

� In unique identification number write/mention name of the sampler, date of sample

collection, train No/Name of sample, coach no, toilet no.

� Use water proof ink to record all information (preferably with black, non solvent

based ink).

� Maintain the sampling information in bound sample log book at the sampling site at

the time of sample collection.

of 48

� Fix the sampling numbers, points, particularly when sample results are expected to

be involved in litigation use formal “chain of custody” procedures.

� Always prohibit eating, drinking, or smoking near samples, sampling locations, and in

the laboratory.

Collection of samples:

1. Type of sample

• Composite sampling may be done by combining small portions of multiple grab

samples.

• Collect individual portions in a wide mouth bottle every 2 min and mix it at the end of

the sampling period or combine in a single bottle as collected.

2. Sampling methods

• Manual sampling involves minimal equipment may be used for routine and large scale

sampling programmes.

• Trained field technician is often necessary for regulatory and research investigations

for which critical appraisal of field conditions and complex sample collection

techniques are essential.

3. Sample containers:

• Containers are typically made of plastic (PTFE - PolyTetraFluoroEthylene) or glass

may be used.

• The containers cap should made of foil or PTFE liners.

• In rare situations it may be necessary to use containers not specifically prepared for

use, or otherwise unsuitable for particular situation.

• Please thoroughly document these situations.

• For QA purposes the inclusion of a bottle blank may be necessary.

4. Number of samples:

• Because of variability from analytical and sampling procedures (i.e. population

variability) small number of samples is insufficient to reach any reasonable desired level

of confidence.

• Minimum three consecutive sampling has to be done from same Biotoilet to draw

conclusion.

of 48

5. Sample volume:

• Collect 1 L of sample for most physical and chemical analyses.

• Table in receiving of samples lists volumes ordinarily required for analyses.

• Always collect enough sample volume in appropriate container in order to comply with

sample handling, storage and preservation requirements.

6. Disposal:

Hold the samples for the prescribed amount of time for the project or until the data

have been reviewed and accepted.

7. Person handling the sample:

• The person should wear the gloves, apron and handle the samples.

• Remove polythene bag with the specimen from the carrier and place on the paper

towel and unpack carefully.

• If leakage is observed, wipe the container with cotton soaked in spirit and transfer the

specimen into a new container, held by an assistant, Label the new container.

8. Storage and preservation:

• In general, shorter the time that elapses between collection of a sample and its

analysis, the more reliable will be the analytical results.

• Analyze the samples as quickly as possible on arrival at the laboratory.

• Samples should be stored in refrigeration (~40C) but above freezing to avoid Changes

caused by the growth of microorganisms.

II) Quality testing of Effluent:

The sample collected as per procedure mentioned (I) above shall be tested for various

parameters as per detailed below from DRDE, Gwalior or any other government/

reputed laboratory where the below mentioned testing facility is available.

of 48

A) pH

Introduction:

S.

No

Parameter Description Details

1

pH

Purpose To see pH of the effluent

Set Target 6 - 9

Equipments Table top pH meter / Portable pH meter

/ pH indicator strips, magnetic stirrer.

Consumables pH calibration buffer (4.0, 7.0, 10.0),

magnetic stirrer bars

Quantity of

sample

50 – 100 ml.

Frequency of

sampling

Initially within the month of commissioning and

six monthly thereafter.

Testing spot In Laboratory

Staff required 1

Procedure:

� Take 50 – 100 ml of well mixed effluent sample in a beaker.

� Put a magnetic bar and keep the beaker on a magnetic stirrer and mix it

continuously.

� Wash the electrode and Temperature compensation rod with distilled water and wipe

it with tissue paper.

� Put the electrode and automatic temperature compensation rod into the sample and

keep it until stable reading appears in the display note the reading.

� Discard the sample and Wash the electrode and automatic temperature

compensation rod with distilled water and wipe it with tissue paper.

� Keep the electrode back in the container.

� Precaution: Do calibration with appropriate buffers before reading.

of 48

B) Total solids

S.

No


2

Total

Solids

Purpose To see amount of total solids in

the effluent

Set Target <750 mg / 100 ml

Equipments Electronic weighing balance,

pipettes, Silica crucibles, Hot air

oven, desiccators.

Consumables Self indicating silica gel

Quantity of sample 25 ml

Electricity requirement yes

Frequency of sampling Initially within the month of

commissioning and six monthly

thereafter.

Testing spot In Laboratory

Staff required 1

Procedure:

� Heat an empty and clean silica crucible at 103 – 105oC for 1 hour in a hot air oven.

� Cool it in desiccator to room temperature and take the initial weight.

� Pipette a measured volume of well mixed sample (25 ml).

� Keep the silica crucible in a hot air oven at 103 – 1050C; Keep till the water gets dried.

� Remove the silica crucible and keep it in desiccator until it reaches room temperature.

Note the final weight.

Calculations:

mg total solids /100 mL = (A-B) X 100 X 1000 / Volume of sample (ml)

Where,

A- Weight of dried residue + dish (g)

B - Weight of dish (g)

of 48

C) Total Dissolved solids

S.

No


3

Total

Dissolved

Solids

Purpose To see amount of total

dissolved solids in the

effluent



Pipettes, Silica crucibles, Hot

air oven, desiccators, filter

assembly, vacuum pump

Consumables Self indicating silica gel,

Whatman Glass wool filters



Frequency of

sampling

Initially within the month of

commissioning and six

monthly thereafter.

Testing spot Laboratory

Staff required 1

Procedure:

� Heat an empty and clean silica crucible at 180 +2 0C for 1/2 hour in a hot air oven,

cool it in desiccator to room temperature and weigh.

� Insert disc in filter assembly, apply vacuum and wash disc with three successive 20-

ml volumes of reagent grade water.

� Dry it in a hot air oven at 180+ 2 0C for 1 hour in an oven. Store in desiccators until

needed. Weigh immediately before use.

� Stir sample with a magnetic stirrer and pipette a measured volume (25 ml) into a

glass-fiber filter with applied vacuum.

� Wash with three successive 10-mL volumes of Distilled water, allowing complete

drainage between washings.

� Transfer total filtrate (with washings) to a pre-weighed clean silica crucible.

� Dry it in a hot air oven at 180+ 0C for 1 hour in an oven. Cool it in desiccator to room

temperature. Note the final weight

of 48

Calculations:

mg total dissolved solids/100 ml = (A-B) X 100 X 1000 / Volume of sample (ml)

Where,

A- Weight of dried residue + dish (g)

B - Weight of dish (g)

D) Total Volatile solids

S.

No


4

Total

Volatile

Solids

Purpose To see amount of total volatile

solids in the effluent



Pipettes, Silica crucibles, Hot

air oven, muffle furnace,

desiccators, filter assembly

Consumables Self indicating silica gels,

Whatman Glass wool filters





thereafter.


Staff required 1

Procedure:

� Heat an empty and clean silica crucible at 550 oC for 1/2 hour in muffle furnace.

� Cool it in desiccators to room temperature and take the initial weight.

� Pipette a measured volume of well mixed sample (25 ml) to a pre-weighed silica crucible.

� Keep the silica crucible in a hot air oven at 103 – 105 0C; Keep till the water gets dried.

� Remove the silica crucible and keep it in muffle furnace at 550 0C for 1hour.

� Cool the silica crucibles in desiccators.

� Note the final weight.

of 48

Calculations:

mg total volatile solids/100 mL = (A - B) X 100 / Volume of sample (ml)

Where,

A- Total solids (mg)

B - Weight of dried residue + dish (g) - Weight of dish (g) then convert the value to

milli gram

Note: The total solids amount is calculated as said above.

E) Chemical Oxygen Demand

S.

No


5

Chemical

Oxygen

Demand

Set Target < 2000 mg O2 / L

Equipments COD digester along with digestion

tubes and condensers, Burettes,

magnetic stirrer, magnetic bars.

Consumables Sulphuric acid, silver sulphate,

mercuric chloride, potassium

dichromate, ferroin indicator,

ferrous ammonium sulphate.

Quantity of sample 5 – 10 ml of sample




thereafter.


Staff required 2

Reagents:

A. Standard potassium dichromate solutions (0.04167M) – Dissolve 12.259 g

K2Cr2O7, primary standard grade, previously dried at 1500 C for 2 hours, in

distilled water and dilute to 1000 mL.

of 48

B. Sulfuric acid reagent – Add Ag2SO4 reagent or technical grade, crystals or

powder to con. H2SO4 at the rate of 5.5 g Ag2SO4/Kg of H2SO4. Let stand 1 or 2

days to dissolve.

C. Ferroin indicator solution - Dissolve 1.485 g of 1, 10- phenanthroline

monohydrate and 695 mg FeSO4.7H2O in distilled water dilute to 1000 ml.

D. Standard Ferrous ammonium Sulphate titrant (0.25 M) – Dissolve 98 g of

Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O in distilled water. Add 20 mL con. H2SO4, cool, and dilute

to 1 L. standardize this solution daily against Standard potassium dichromate

solution.

E. Mercuric sulfate – HgSO4 crystals or powder

F. Sulfamic acid – required only if the interference of nitrates is to be eliminated.

G. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate: lightly crush and then dry KHP to constant

weight at 110 oC. Dissolve 425 mg in distilled water and dilute to 1000 mL. KHP

has a theoretical COD of 1.176 mg O2/mg and this solution has a theoretical COD

of 500 µg O2/mL.

Procedure:

� Take 5 ml of sample and dilute it to 50 ml. (Note: In case higher COD samples dilute

100 times)

� Add 100 mg HgSO4, several glass beads / Chemstones, and very slowly add 5.0 ml

of sulfuric acid, with mixing to dissolve HgSO4.

� Cool while mixing to avoid possible loss of volatile materials.

� Add 25.0 mL 0.04167M K2Cr2O7 solution and mix.

� Attach condenser to digestion tubes and cool the contents by swirling and mixing in

running tap water.

� Add sulfuric acid reagent (20mL) through open end of condenser.

� Continue swirling and mixing while adding sulfuric acid reagent.

� Cover open end of condenser with a small beaker / Aluminum foil to prevent foreign

material from entering refluxing mixture and to avoid possible loss of volatile

materials,

of 48

� Do reflux / digestion for 2 hours @ 150 0C.

� Cool and wash down condenser with distilled water.

� Disconnect reflux condenser and dilute mixture to about twice its volume with

distilled water. Cool to room temperature.

� Titrate excess K2Cr2O7 with FAS, using 0.10 – 0.15 mL (2-3 drops) ferroin

indicator, although the quantity of ferroin indicator is not critical.

� First sharp colour change from blue green to reddish brown that persists for 1 min or

longer.

� Duplicate determinations should agree within 5% of their average.

� In the same manner reflux and titrate a blank containing the reagents and a volume

of distilled water equal of that of sample.

Determination of a STD solution:

Evaluate the technique and quality of the reagents by conducting the test on a

standard KHP solution.

Calculations:

COD (mg/ml) = (A-B) X N X 8000 X Dilution Factor / mL of sample

Where,

A- mL of FAS used for blank.

B - mL of FAS used for sample.

N – Molarity of FAS (0.25).

8000 – Milliequivalent weight of oxygen.

Precautions:

� Mix reflux mixture thoroughly before applying heat to prevent local heating of flask

bottom and a possible blowout of flask contents.

� Make dilution according to the COD range of the samples.

� Ensure complete dissolution of silver sulphate in sulphuric acid reagent.

� Store sulphuric acid reagent in a amber colored bottle in dark or wrap it with

aluminum foil.

� Wear lab coat and hand gloves during handling of acids.

� Always add acid along the wall of the container to the water.

� Do titration once the contents reach room temperature

of 48

F) Fecal Coli Forms count

S.

No


6

Fecal Coli

Forms count

Purpose To see the fecal coli form

bacteria count

Set Target 105 – 108 CFU / 100 ml

Equipments Laminar Air Flow Chamber,

Incubator

Consumables Test tubes, FC media plates,

spreaders, pipettes, conical

flasks, Glass marker, magnetic

stirrer.



Frequency of

sampling

Initially within the month of


thereafter.


Staff required 2

Procedure:

Media & Plate Preparation:

Media composition:

Sl No Constituents Amount (g / L)

1 Lactose 12.5

2 Tryptone 10

3 Protease peptone 5

4 Sodium chloride 5

5 Yeast extract 3

6 Bile salts 1.5

7 Aniline blue 0.1

8 Distilled water 1000 ml

of 48

� Boil the media for 30 minutes, do not sterilize the media.

� Add approximately 25 ml of cooled FC medium to each Petri dish. Upon

solidification of the media close the lids and keep it for further use.

Dilution preparation:

� Label 90 ml water blank conical flask as No. 1 (10-1) and subsequent 9ml water

blank test tubes as No. 2 (10-2), No. 3 (10-3), No. 4 (10-4), No. 5 (10-5), No. 6 (10-

6), No. 7 (10-7), No. 8 (10-8) with a glass marker

� Take 10 ml of well mixed effluent sample and add to 90 ml water blank to make 10-1

dilution. (Note: Use sterile pipettes for transfer and do dilution making in laminar air

flow chamber)

� Vigorously shake the dilution in a magnetic stirrer for 2 minutes to obtain uniform

suspension.

� Transfer 1 ml of suspension from No. 1 into No. 2 tube to make 10-2 dilution and

shake it vigorously for 1 min.

� Make further dilutions as prepared above.

Inoculation:

� Place the spreader into a beaker containing 95 % ethyl alcohol. Remove the

spreader and pass it through burner flame. Burn off the alcohol completely and cool

the rod for 30 to 45 seconds.

� Transfer 0.1 ml (100 µl) of suspension each from different dilution into 3 plates.

Place it in the centre of the plate.

� Remove the Petri dish cover, with one hand touch the spreader gently on the surface

of the agar and move it back and forth while rotating the plate with the other hand.

� When the suspension gets dried or absorbed on the agar medium, replace the cover.

� Incubate the plates in an upright position in an incubator at 44.5 0C for 48 hours.

Observations:

� Observe the plates for number and distribution of Blue/Bluish tinged colonies. Do not

consider white or creamy or dull white colonies.

� Select the plate from the appropriate dilution which contains colonies in the range of

30 to 300 and make the plate counts.

� Determine the average of the triplicate colony count.

� Record the results

of 48

Calculation:

� Calculate fecal coli form count in terms of number of CFU / 100 ml by applying the

formula

Fecal coli form count (CFU / 100 ml) = Mean plate count X Dilution factor X100

Volume of sample

Example

If 160 colonies were counted (average of 3 replicates) in 10-3 dilution the fecal coli

form count would be:

FC count (CFU/100 ml) = 160 x 1000 x 100

0.1

= 1.6 X 108

Precautions:

� The sample should be mixed homogenously

� Each dilution must be thoroughly shaken before removing an aliquot for subsequent

dilution

� Use separate sterile pipettes or tips for each dilution

� All dilution making and inoculation should be done in laminar air flow chamber

� The plates should be incubated in a upright position

� 25 – 30 ml media should be added to avoid cracking of medium during incubation.

of 48

Annexure H

Estimated Cost of Construction of Masonry BioTank

S. No.

No. of User

Bio Tank size Volume of Masonry Bio-Tank (m3)

Cost of Civil Works (in Rs.)

Cost of Poly Grass Matt (in Rs.)

Cost of Aluminum Strip (40x2mm) (in Rs.)

Installation charge of Poly Grass Matt (in Rs.)

Cost of Inoculum (Bacteria) (in Rs.)

Total cost (in Rs.)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) 1. 5 1.50m x 0.75m x 0.70m 0.79 m3 11660.19 2577.02 1587.99 1500.00 4424.00 21749.20 2. 10 2.00 m x 1.00 m x 0.75 m 1.50 m3 14680.21 3749.86 2246.58 2000.00 8400.00 31076.65 3. 15 2.25 m x 1.10 m x 0.90 m 2.22 m3 16588.26 5014.16 3028.26 2000.00 12600.00 39230.68

4. 20 2.25 m x 1.10 m x 1.20 m 2.97 m3 20891.51 6763.73 4505.46 3000.00 16800.00 51960.70 5. 50 3.55 m x 1.75 m x 1.20 m 7.46 m3 38155.40 12913.61 7958.42 4000.00 42000.00 105027.43

6. 100 4.50 m x 2.20 m x 1.50 m 14.85 m3 59433.17 20578.50 12353.08 6000.00 82600.00 180964.75

7. 150 5.50 m x 2.70 m x 1.50 m 22.27 m3 76981.31 25339.80 15436.74 8000.00 124600.00 250357.85

8. 200 5.50 m x 3.60 m x 1.50 m 29.70 m3 94988.65 31004.94 18317.28 9000.00 166600.00 319910.87

9. 300 7.00 m x 4.25 m x 1.50 m 44.63 m3 117706.51 37517.43 22305.72 12000.00 249480.00 439009.66

Note: i) Cost of Poly Grass mat as per market survey in Lucknow is Rs. 50/- feet2 (Rs. 538/- m2). Installation charge of poly grass matt has

been taken lumpsum.

ii) Providing and fixing of aluminum strips (40x2mm) has been taken as per Northern Railway Unified Standard Schedule of Rate 2010

chapter-9, item no. 098100, page no. 89.

iii) Cost of Innoculum/Bacteria has been taken Rs.14 per liter (Packaging included) excluding Freight + Taxes.

Guidelines on Bio-Tank on Bio-Tank for Indian …...into biogas. 2.0 INTRODUCTION: Human activities...

Documents

Transcript of Guidelines on Bio-Tank on Bio-Tank for Indian …...into biogas. 2.0 INTRODUCTION: Human activities...