Guidelines for Promoting Gender Mainstreaming in JICA ......3.2 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives...

February 2015

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Guidelines for Promoting Gender Mainstreaming in JICA Projects

【Disaster Risk Reduction/Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction】

1. Purpose and Usage of these Guidelines

(1) Purpose

The purpose of these Guidelines is to promote gender mainstreaming in JICA’s projects in the field of disaster

risk reduction/post-disaster recovery and reconstruction by encouraging JICA officials and other related

parties to undertake various efforts from gender perspectives at the stages of formulating, implementing,

monitoring and evaluating projects. These Guidelines describe the gender perspectives put forward in the five

strategic goals in the position paper titled “Toward Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction” formulated by

JICA in June 2014 and ways to incorporate these perspectives into project work.

(2) What is gender mainstreaming?

Gender mainstreaming is a process to identify development issues, needs and impacts from gender

perspectives at every stage of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development policies,

programs, and projects. This process is recognized as an indispensable means to achieve gender equality.

Gender equality does not mean that men and women become the same, but aims to realize a society where

equal opportunities and life chances are provided to both men and women, so that everyone can achieve

self-fulfillment regardless of gender. A gender (equality) perspective refers to “being aware that apparently

rigid division of labor or power relations existing between men and women are something socially

constructed.” In the contexts of JICA projects, it includes an approach to review the projects from different

Table of Contents

1. Purpose and Usage of these Guidelines ................................................................................................................................... 1

2. The Necessity of Gender Mainstreaming in the Field of Disaster Risk Reduction/Post-disaster Recovery and

Reconstruction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4

3. Perspectives for Gender Mainstreaming and Measures to Incorporate Them into Project Work ............................................ 8

3.1 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into the Project Formulation Stage ..................................................................... 8

3.1.1 Measures to incorporate gender perspectives into the project formulation stage (applicable to Strategic

Goal 1 through 4 except for emergency response) .......................................................................................... 8

3.1.2 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Needs Assessment Surveys for Post-Disaster Recovery and

Reconstruction (Strategic Goal 5) .................................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Studies at the Project Preparatory Stage.................................................... 10

3.2.1 Measures to incorporate gender perspectives into surveys conducted at the preparation stage (applicable to

Strategic Goal 1 through 4 except for emergency response) ......................................................................... 10

3.2.2 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Surveys for Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Projects

at the Preparation Stage (Strategic Goal 5) .................................................................................................... 13

3.3 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Projects at the Project Implementation Stage ............................................ 16

3.3.1 Strategic Goal 1: Establishment and Strengthening of Disaster Management System .................................. 16

3.3.2 Strategic Goal 2: Correct Understanding of Natural Disaster Risk and Promotion of Common

Understanding ................................................................................................................................................. 19

3.3.3 Strategic Goal 3: Implementation of Risk Reduction Measures for Sustainable Development .................... 24

3.3.4 Strategic Goal 4: Speedy and Effective Preparation and Response (Emergency Response) ......................... 26

3.3.5 Strategic Goal 5: Seamless Recovery and Reconstruction for Disaster Resilient Society ............................. 29

3.4 Progress Facilitation (Monitoring and Evaluations) for Project and Ex-post Evaluation (applicable to

all Strategic Goals except for emergency response) ..................................................................................................... 34

3.4.1 Progress facilitation for projects that incorporate gender perspectives: monitoring and evaluations .............. 34

3.4.2 Ex-post evaluations that integrate gender perspectives .................................................................................... 35

4. Major References ................................................................................................................................................................... 36

Appendix: Public Notice Sample of Work Execution Contract with Project Member

Responsible for Gender Mainstreaming (Individual Contract) .................................................................................. 37

Disaster Risk Reduction/Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Guidelines for Promoting Gender Mainstreaming

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angles; for example, whether or not the activities currently being planned or implemented in the projects can

help resolve issues or meet needs resulting from different social roles men and women are expected to play or

power relations based on gender; whether or not the activities cause another gender disparity; or whether

women’s participation in the decision-making process is facilitated in the activities of the projects.1

1 These Guidelines for Promoting Gender Mainstreaming in JICA Projects focus on development activities from gender

perspectives which seem applicable at the stage of planning and implementation of projects, on the premise that they are used by

JICA officials and other related parties who do not always have specialized knowledge on gender equality and women’s

empowerment.

Guidelines for Promoting Gender Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction/Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction

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(3) How to use these Guidelines

When using these Guidelines, first of all, read the section 2, “The Necessity of Gender Mainstreaming in the

Field of Disaster Risk Reduction/Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction” to understand the gender

perspectives in these fields, and based on the understanding, refer to the following table of References in the

Guidelines to find corresponding sections for projects according to their strategic goals and stages in a project

cycle. To see more detailed information, check the section 4,”Major References.”

The following are points of particular importance that need to be noted in using these Guidelines. Please read

and make a mental note of them as well.

【Specific information on gender mainstreaming】

Strategic Goal 1 Strategic Goal 2 Strategic Goal 3 Strategic Goal 4 Strategic Goal 5

Establishment and

Strengthening of Disaster

Management System

Correct Understanding of

National Disaster Risk

and Promotion of

Common Understanding

Implementation of Risk

Reduction Measures for

Sustainable Development

Speedy and Effective

Preparation and Response

(Emergency Response)

Seamless Recovery and

Reconstruction for

Disaster Resilient Society

3.1.2Incorporation of

Gender Perspectives into

Needs Assessment

Surveys for Post-Disaster

Recovery and

Reconstruction

(Strategic Goal 5) [→p.8]

3.3.1

[→p.16 ]

3.3.2

[→p.19 ]

3.3.3

[→p.24]

3.3.4

[→p.26 ]

3.3.5

[→p.29 ]

Po

st-

imp

lem

en

tati

on

sta

ge

Ex

-po

st

eva

lua

tio

n

Grant aid

3.4 Progress Facilitation (Monitoring and Evaluations) for Project and Ex-post Evaluation (applicable to

all Strategic Goals except for emergency response) [→p.34]

3.2.1 (applicable to Strategic Goal 1 through 4 except for emergency response)

[→p.10]

"3.2.2 Strategic

Goal 5" [→p.13]

3.2 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Studies at the Project Preparatory Stage [→p.10]

3.3 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Projects at the Project Implementation Stage [→p.16]

Technical cooperation

Imp

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enta

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n

Pro

ject

im

ple

men

tati

on

sta

ge

Mo

nit

ori

ng

/

eva

lua

tio

nD

isco

ver

y o

f a

pro

ject

Pre

pa

rato

ry s

tag

e

(Pro

ject

fo

rmu

lati

on

sta

ge)

Pri

or

eva

lua

tio

n

For projects that fall

into the categories

other than

"Consultations not

required" at a need

survey stage, give

necessary comments

and determine the

type of gender

category at the time

of preliminary

arrangements (for

formulation of an

implementation plan,

a project planning

survey report, etc.).

Involvement

of Gender

Team

Yen loan

2.The Necessity of Gender Mainstreaming in the Field of Disaster Risk Reduction/Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction

[→p.4]

3.1.1 Measures to incorporate gender perspectives into the project formulation stage

(applicable to Strategic Goal 1 through 4 except for emergency response)

[→p.8]

References for the Guidelines

Project discovery

Preparatory survey for

cooperation/

prior examination

Project screening

Cabinet approval

Exchange of note (E/N)

Grant agreement (G/A)

Supervision of implementation

Ex-post supervision (Ex-post evaluation &

follow-up)

Accepta

nce

of

request

Project preparation

Request

Consideration/

screening/prior examination

Exchange of note (E/N)

Loan agreement (A/N)

Project implementation

Completion/ex-post evaluation &

follow-up

Project discovery/formulation

Request to adoption

Project implementation

Detailed planning survey/prior examination

Facilitation of project

progress (Monitoring,

interim review, evaluation

upon completion)

Follow-up/ex-post evaluation

Supervision ofproject progress

(Monitoring)

Supervision ofproject progress

(Monitoring, interim review)

Record of discussions (R/D)

【Important points to be aware of when using these Guidelines】

(i) There is no need to apply concrete examples given in these Guidelines to all projects uniformly since

those examples may not be applicable to target communities/areas due to differences in culture and

society or for reasons relevant to the project in question. At the same time, it may be necessary to

select or add sections to refer to as appropriate because these Guidelines do not cover all approaches to

be taken from gender perspectives.

(ii) In all projects, it is important to have not only gender perspectives but also perspectives that will help

integrate disaster-vulnerable populations and groups with diverse needs (e.g. children, the elderly, the

disabled, the poor, and socially marginalized populations) into the mainstream. These Guidelines

focusing on gender mainstreaming are expected to help all users better understand diversities in the

field of disaster risk reduction/post-disaster recovery and reconstruction, eventually contributing to the

mainstreaming of other socially disadvantaged populations.


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2. The Necessity of Gender Mainstreaming in the Field of Disaster Risk

Reduction/Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction

(1) Natural disasters don’t affect everyone equally.

As seen in the past disaster cases, natural disasters affect men and women differently in terms of the levels

of damage they suffer. Therefore, it is safe to say that disasters and gender issues are closely related. The

death toll statistics are an example that most obviously shows the gender-related effects in natural disasters.

Looking at the deal tolls from the past natural disasters, it is evident that women account for more fatalities

than men in many of the disaster cases in both developed countries and developing countries.

(2) Behind such gender-based differences in damages suffered by natural disaster victims, there are

various structural factors.

Factors contributing to such differences in damages suffered by men and women include not only physical

factors such as differences in body size and physical strength between men and women and the effects of

pregnancy that make it difficult for women to move about, but also structural factors that had already

existed in the society before the disasters occurred, such as:

Social contexts surrounding men and women: In some cases, the social standing of women has

always been lower than that of men. This situation may result in the restricted access to information

and knowledge for women, making it difficult for them to evacuate properly when hit by a disaster.

There are also cases in which women cannot make a split-second decision and, as a result, fail to

escape in time because men have traditionally been given the power to make all decisions.

Social norms: For example, in Sri Lanka, only male children are taught how to swim and climb trees.

Because of this custom, many women and female children lost their lives in the earthquake-induced

tsunami, for they had no means to protect themselves when the disaster hit. There are also communities

in which traditional female clothing makes it difficult for women to move freely or no woman is

allowed to evacuate to a shelter without being accompanied by her husband or male relative.

Difference in roles by gender: In general, women spend more time at home than men do and are

expected to care for children, elderly family members, and protect household goods and properties.

These factors sometimes prevent women from fleeing their homes in time to escape from disasters.

According to a study on natural disasters occurred in 141 countries2, it was found that, among the

societies studied, the lower the social standing of women in a society, the bigger the number of women

who were victimized during and after a disaster (or, the younger the mean age of the women died during

and after a disaster). The groups that are vulnerable to natural disasters including children, the elderly,

2 Neumayer, Eric and Plümper, Thomas (2007), “The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy”, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3040/1/Gendered_nature_of_natural_disasters_%28LSERO%29.pdf

The percentages of women in the death tolls from natural disasters

Women accounted for 61% of the fatalities from Cyclone Nargis which struck Myanmar in 2008. It

was found that, in the most severely affected townships, the cyclone killed over twice as many

women aged 18 to 60 as men. 【Source：Government of Myanmar, ASEAN, UN (2008),

“Post-Nargis Joint Assessment”】

In the Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, women accounted for 65% of the

dead and missing. Of all the age groups, it was found that the women aged 19 to 29 especially

recorded a high percentage of fatalities at 79%.

【Source: UN (2010), “The World’s Women 2010”】

http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3040/1/Gendered_nature_of_natural_disasters_%28LSERO%29.pdf


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and the handicapped also tend to be more severely affected by natural disasters. Furthermore, it needs to be

noted that the poor and socially marginalized groups tend to suffer severely the consequences of natural

disasters, for they often live in locations vulnerable to natural hazards or in houses that were not built to

withstand disasters.

(3) Post-disaster impacts also vary between men and women.

Not only direct consequences of disasters but also their

after-effects are experienced by men and women differently. For

example, even though daily living requirements in evacuation

shelters and needs for relief supplies differ between men and

women, assistance actually provided to the evacuees are often not

in line with women’s needs because disaster relief teams are

predominantly composed of men or women’s opinions are not

included in the stage of formulating disaster prevention plans.

Furthermore, in communities where women are only allowed to

have limited access to social services including health care even at

ordinary times, their already limited access will become more

severely restricted when their medical facilities, roads and other

infrastructures are damaged by natural disasters, bringing about

consequences such as difficulty in providing appropriate care for

pregnant women having pre-term labor or other conditions.

Furthermore, it is known that women are faced with post-disaster consequences such an increase in fatherless

households as their husbands move to other places unaffected by the disaster to work or the expanded workload

as women need to fulfill other responsibilities than their normal household and child-rearing duties such as

procuring food, water and fuels for their families. In times of natural disasters, people suffer from increased stress

and police and law-enforcement functions weaken. As a result, we have seen an increase in cases of domestic

violence and sexual violence against women and many reported cases of human smuggling targeting children

whose parents were killed by natural disasters. Female children are often made to leave school by their families

after natural disasters in order to have them help with the housework or to save costs for their education. There

have also been cases reported of families immediately slipping into poverty when they are made fatherless by

disasters or women having a harder time to find new jobs than men do after losing their jobs due to natural

disasters, for women have little access to financial resources such as savings, loans, land ownerships or only

limited rights to make decisions about or inherit such resources.

(4) Women can play key roles in disaster risk reduction/management in their communities.

So far, disaster risk reduction/management has been regarded as a “man’s job” at the community level and

women’s participation in decision-making processes both at the administrative and community levels has

been limited. As a result, women’s views or needs have rarely been integrated into disaster risk

reduction/management-related policies and plans. Women may be prone to suffer from the consequences

of natural disasters but, at the same time, they are the ones who can build human networks within their

communities through playing their roles as family caregivers and participating community activities, and

use those networks to disseminate disaster-related information and organize local people. Women also

possess kinds of knowledge that men don’t have that are obtained through day-to-day production and

household activities and spend longer time at home than men do. These conditions make women more

observant of changes in their surrounding environments and natural resources, which sometimes enables

them to monitor and catch early signs of impending disasters. (For example, in Sri Lanka, there was a case

Impacts of Natural Disasters on Men

Men also suffer at times negative

consequences of natural disasters because

of the gender role difference. For

example, it is known that, in a society in

which masculinity and strength are

considered to what constitutes being a

man, men tend to die from taking actions

that are more dangerous than necessary

or, because of their preconception that a

man needs to be the breadwinner for his

family, men are often put under massive

stress when they are prevented from

fulfilling that role by the consequences of

a disaster.


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in which local women organized a group to watch over possible landslides or rock falls during the rainy

season as women tended to stay at home in daytime more than men did and could thus pick up their early

signs more quickly.) Considering the knowledge and experiences women have as described above, it is

critical to position them as key players in disaster risk reduction/management in their communities and

utilize their knowledge and experiences in their communities’ disaster risk-reduction/post-disaster recovery

and reconstruction efforts.

(5) International debates and Japanese government’s policies concerning disaster risk

reduction/post-disaster recovery and reconstruction as well as gender mainstreaming

The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 adopted in the Second World Conference on Disaster

Reduction in 2005 includes Gender Perspective and Cultural Diversity in its cross-cutting issues and

stipulates that “a gender perspective should be incorporated into all disaster risk management policies,

plans and decision-making processes, including those related to risk assessment, early warning,

information management, and education and training.” Nevertheless, of all actions implemented by all

signatory countries based on the Hyogo Framework for Action, those for incorporating a gender

perspective into disaster reduction processes are said to be progressing most slowly and thus require

further efforts. The Japanese government launched its cooperation initiative for disaster risk

reduction/management at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction described above, which identified

Gender Perspective as one of its basic policies and stated that it will “provide assistance that takes gender

perspectives into account in all aspects of its cooperation for disaster risk reduction/management.” The

Japanese government is promoting various disaster risk reduction/post-disaster recovery and

reconstruction efforts that incorporate gender perspectives, including proposing a resolution on “Gender

Equality and the Empowerment of Women in Natural Disaster” that called on the international community

to let women participate in every phase of disaster risk reduction, response and recovery, and take into

account the specific needs of women, etc., at the 56th and 58th sessions of the Commission on the Status

of Women held in 2012 and 2014, respectively.

(6) Through the involvement in natural disaster responses, women may increase participation in

decision making processes within their communities.

There have been many cases reported about women becoming empowered and coming to play leadership

roles in their communities through organizing community-based activities on their own or participating in

activities of disaster aid organizations. These cases show that natural disasters can prompt social changes

that promote, for example, the participation of women in decision making processes in their communities,

which may help turn the communities into more gender-equal societies. If factors such as different needs

and the unequal relations between men and women are not considered and incorporated into the activities

in post-disaster recovery, reconstruction and further development processes, the damages experienced in

the past disasters may repeat themselves in the future ones. Therefore, it is considered necessary to reflect

the views of women as key players in their communities’ disaster risk reduction in policies, plans, and

decision-making processes in every phase of disaster management cycle. Furthermore, when proceeding

with mainstreaming disaster risk reduction/management, a central topic of recent discussions, it is

desirable to promote its mainstreaming that integrates gender perspectives.


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Lessons Learned from Experiences of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Based on

Gender Perspectives

Since 2005, Japan has made various efforts to incorporate gender perspectives into policies on disaster

risk reduction/management, including the amendment of its Basic Disaster Risk Reduction/Management

Plan. From the experiences of the Great East Japan Earthquake, various gender-related issues came to

light such as: (1) women’s views were not reflected in various levels of decision making related not only

to the policies on national or regional disaster risk reduction and post-disaster recovery but also to

disaster responses, management of evacuation shelters, etc., for their participation in the decision making

processes was insufficient; (2) evacuees could not receive the relief supplies and assistance they really

need because the different needs of men and women as well as needs specific to certain household types

including those with children were not sufficiently considered; (3) violence against women and children

was on the rise; (4) social preconceptions existed during normal times regarding the division of labor by

gender tended to prompt women to take on most of the increased responsibilities for housework,

childrearing, caring for the elderly and disabled after the disaster, making them suffer from stress or

experience physical- and mental-health issues while men tended to feel as being pushed into a corner by

taking on too much responsibility because of their belief that it’s a man’s job to feed and protect his

family; and (5) employment situation after the disaster was more severe for women than for men. These

issues always existed even during normal times and simply became more acute because of the disaster.

Gender Equality Bureau Cabinet Office of Japan (2013) emphasized that “in order to enhance

communities’ disaster risk reduction/management capabilities by implementing disaster risk reduction

measures that incorporate various viewpoints of local people and to enable robust reconstruction of the

affected communities, it is necessary to have established systems for disaster risk reduction and

post-disaster reconstruction” and that “the realization of a gender-equal society in normal times will

serve as a foundation for facilitating disaster risk reduction and post-disaster reconstruction smoothly.”

To that end, the Bureau recommended (1) assigning women to leadership roles as key players; (2)

realizing how men and women are affected differently by disasters; (3) ensuring that evacuees have

access to safe and secure facilities that respect human rights of men and women; (4) promoting gender

equality through private-public collaborations involving local people and NGOs; (5) determining roles to

be played by Gender Equality Centers and local gender equality-related authorities; and (6) giving

special attention to ensuring communication with and responding to the needs of people requiring

assistance during a disaster.

【Sources】

Gender Equity Bureau, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (2013),『男女共同参画の視点から

の防災・復興の取組指針 (Guidelines for disaster planning, response and reconstruction from a

gender-equal perspective)』 http://www.gender.go.jp/policy/saigai/shishin/pdf/shishin.pdf

Gender Equity Bureau, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (2014), “Learning from Adversity”

http://www.gender.go.jp/english_contents/mge/drr/pdf/learning_from_adversity.pdf

http://www.gender.go.jp/policy/saigai/shishin/pdf/shishin.pdfhttp://www.gender.go.jp/english_contents/mge/drr/pdf/learning_from_adversity.pdf


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3. Perspectives for Gender Mainstreaming and Measures to Incorporate Them into

Project Work

Keeping the above background in mind, it is important to incorporate gender perspectives into each stage of

disaster management cycle in order to mitigate human damage and reduce disaster risk more effectively. The

following examples demonstrate perspectives for gender mainstreaming and how they to incorporate them

into project work.

3.1 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into the Project Formulation Stage

3.1.1 Measures to incorporate gender perspectives into the project formulation stage (applicable to

Strategic Goal 1 through 4 except for emergency response)

(1) Include information on the following gender-related themes in the information and data to gather for the

formulation of a project:

Present circumstances and issues surrounding women in the target country (Overview of their

socio-economic conditions);

Gender-related issues in the disaster management field (e.g. difference in damage or impact suffered

by men and women in the past natural disasters);

Gender-related policies/systems and organizations in the disaster risk reduction/ management field

(including whether gender issues are considered in the laws, policies, and plans related to disaster

risk reduction/management; whether the relevant ministries have departments or focal points

specialized in gender affairs); and

Other information and data that are considered necessary.

【Useful references】Country Gender Profile (JICA), Gender-related country reports by other donors, reports on the past disasters of the target country that include gender-related topics

(2) Analyze the needs specific to men and women using the information and data gathered as described in

the section (1) above and incorporate the gender perspectives as much as possible into Project Survey

Sheets, Terms of Reference and other documents (e.g. assessment of the status of beneficiaries by gender,

gathering of gender-specific data).

3.1.2 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Needs Assessment Surveys for Post-Disaster Recovery

and Reconstruction (Strategic Goal 5)

Generally speaking, many of the needs assessment of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction mainly

conducted by international organizations were designed to assess situations of damage on humans, houses,

utility lifelines and other infrastructures in detail. Therefore, they failed to reveal sufficiently the roles played

by men and women in each field or the status of access to resources by gender. As a result, women’s needs

have been reflected in the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction projects only to a very limited extent. To

address this situation, consideration should be given to conducting the following activities in order to

incorporate gender perspectives into needs assessment and project formulation processes for post-disaster

recovery and reconstruction.

(1) Include information on the following gender-related themes in the information and data to gather for

assessing the status of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction needs:

Present circumstances and issues surrounding women in the target country (Overview of their

socio-economic conditions);


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Gender-related issues in each field (including whether there is any difference between needs of men

and women in each field; whether there is any difference between men and women on the situation

of access to social infrastructure and services)

Gender-related policies/systems and organizations in each field (including whether gender issues are

considered in the laws, policies, and plans of each field; whether the relevant ministries have

departments or focal points specialized in gender affairs);

Whether there is any situation considered to be gender-related in any damage experienced by each

field; and

Other information and data that are considered necessary.

【Useful references】Country Gender Profile (JICA), Gender-related country reports by other donors,

reports on the past disasters of the target country that include gender-related topics

For gathering data and information, if a JICA overseas office in the target area have personnel specialized

in gender affairs including National Staff, consideration may be given to including the personnel in a

team assigned with the task. Furthermore, if interviews or other surveys can be conducted with national

machineries (e.g. ministry of women, ministry of women affairs and other institutions designed to

promote gender equality) and women’s organization that are well-versed in its country’s gender situation,

assessment results on the needs for post-disaster recovery and reconstruction will likely to be more in

line with the actual situation of the country and more considerate of gender perspectives.


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(2) Analyze the needs specific to men and women using the information and data gathered as described in

the section (1) above and incorporate the gender perspectives as much as possible into Project Survey

Sheets, Terms of Reference and other documents (e.g. assessment of the status of beneficiaries by gender,

gathering of gender-specific data).

3.2 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Studies at the Project Preparatory Stage

First of all, when conducting studies at the preparatory stage of a project, always make sure to note the

following points:

(i) Data and information should be gathered separately by gender, by household type (those headed by man

and by women) and by each disaster-vulnerable group (separately for populations such as children, the

elderly, the handicapped, the poor, and the socially disadvantaged populations and by gender in each

population); and

(ii) When conducting an interview or hearing survey, make sure to involve subjects of both genders. As

necessary, arrange separate sites or time slots to interview male and female subjects in view of

convenience for each group to participate in the survey. In assigning facilitators or interpreters for

interviews or hearings, consideration should be given to their gender as well.

3.2.1 Measures to incorporate gender perspectives into surveys conducted at the preparation stage

(applicable to Strategic Goal 1 through 4 except for emergency response)

In order to incorporate gender perspectives into surveys conducted at the preparation stage (e.g. feasibility

studies, detailed planning surveys, ex-ante evaluations), consideration should be given to adopting the

following measures:

(1) Including gender mainstreaming team members in survey teams

(i) For projects to which gender mainstreaming teams are assigned (when the projects are deeply related

to gender issues): Include the gender mainstreaming team members in survey teams to dispatch to the

sites for conducting surveys at the project preparation stage. Proposed responsibilities to include in

the Terms of Reference (TOR) for those studies are as follows:

【Case Study (i)：Needs assessment that incorporate gender perspectives】

A case study of a needs assessment related to gender matters conducted as a part of the needs

assessments concerning the 2010 Pakistan Floods’ damage

Government of Pakistan, ADB, World Bank (2010), “Pakistan Floods 2010: Preliminary Damage and

Needs Assessment”,

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/293051-1264873659180/6750579-1

291656195263/PakistanFloodsDNA_December2010.pdf

ADB (2011), “Story within a Story: ADB Helps Women during Pakistan’s Post-Flood

Reconstruction”,

http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28992/story-pakistan-postflood-reconstruction.pdf


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Gather information on general circumstances surrounding women as well as gender-related policies

and systems in the target country; sort out the gathered information and analyze the results.

Gather information on the current situation and issues viewed from gender perspectives of the target

country in the disaster risk reduction/management field; sort out the gathered information and analyze

the results.

Study the current status of gender mainstreaming in projects that were or are being conducted in

target country by JICA, other aid organizations, NGOs and other institutions in the field of disaster

risk reduction/post- disaster recovery and reconstruction, analyze the results and extract lessons from

them.

Based on the survey results, summarize the gender perspectives that should be incorporated into the

project.

Make recommendations that would encourage the incorporation of the summarized gender

perspectives into project plans and proposed Project Design Matrix (PDM).

For reference, an example of announcement for public procurement of gender

mainstreaming team members on a project-work contract basis (for individual contractor) is attached

as an appendix to these Guidelines (Public Notice Sample of Work Execution Contract with Project

Member Responsible for Gender Mainstreaming [Individual Contract]).

(ii) For projects to which gender mainstreaming teams are not assigned: In cases where there is no team

assigned for gender mainstreaming, considering the following measures may make it possible to plan

activities that are more line with the actual situation of the country and more considerate of gender

perspectives. For specific details of the recommended surveys, refer to the section (2) below.

Increase the man-month (M/M) of team members in charge of other responsibilities (e.g. social

studies) so that they can take up gender mainstreaming work in addition to their regular work.

(The proposed responsibilities are same as the ones specified in the list of responsibilities in the

section (i) above.)

In case there is personnel in charge of gender affairs including National Staff in the relevant

JICA overseas office, include those personnel in the gender mainstreaming team.

Collaborate with or request cooperation from national machineries (institutions designed to

promote gender equality such as ministry of women and ministry of women affairs) that are well

versed in the target country’s gender situation.

Subcontract surveys on gender-related matters to local consultants or NGOs.

(2) Implementation of surveys that incorporate gender perspectives

In order to incorporate gender perspectives into projects in the disaster risk reduction/management field,

make sure to include such items as specified below into surveys conducted at the preparation stage and

reflect the results in project plans and Project Design Matrix (PDM) proposals. Above all, see if

evaluation indicators that integrate gender perspectives may be established as part of PDM proposals. In

case a more detailed survey needs be conducted, draw up survey items by referring to those specified for

Baseline Survey and Implementation of Activities in the Section 3.3, Incorporation of Gender

Perspectives into Projects at the Project Implementation Stage for Strategic Goals 1 through 4 (Sections

3.3.1 through 3.3.4).


12

Gender Perspectives/Issues Survey Items

Expected Effects/Impact from

Integrating Gender

Perspectives

Integration of Gender Perspectives into Disaster Risk Reduction-related Laws, Policies and Disaster

Management Plans

Participation of women has been

insufficient in decision-making

processes not only for national

and local laws and policies related

to disaster risk

reduction/post-disaster

reconstruction but also for disaster

responses and operation of

evacuation shelters, resulting in a

situation where women’s needs

are not reflected in the policies

and plans.

Whether laws or policies related to

disaster risk reduction and

management plans of the target

country or area have any items that

take gender perspectives into

consideration. If not, whether there is

any plan for developing such laws or

policies or revising the existing ones

Whether any national machinery or

women’s group participated in

development processes for such

policies and plans

Others

If gender perspectives have

already been incorporated into

laws and policies of target

countries or areas, it is possible

to plan projects in accordance

with such laws and policies. If

gender perspectives have yet to

be incorporated, implementing

gender responsive projects and

providing lessons learned from

these projects as feedback will

help prompt the revision of the

relevant policies and plans.

Differences in Damage and Impact from Disasters

Damages suffered from a disaster

vary between men and women.

Generally, more women die from

a natural disaster than men.

【⇒ p.4, 2.(1)(2)】

Whether there is any difference

between men and women in the

damages suffered in past disasters. It

there is, what caused such

difference?

Whether there are any other groups

that were particularly vulnerable to

disasters

Others

By assessing and understanding

the actual damage suffered by

victims by gender and by

population, it becomes possible

to evaluate the expected levels of

damage to be suffered from

natural disasters more accurately

and thus take effective measures

to prevent such damage.

Post-disaster effects are

experienced differently by men

and women.

【 ⇒ p.5, 2.(3)】

Whether there is any difference

between men and women in the

post-disaster effects experienced in

past disasters? It there is, what

caused such difference?

Whether there were any other groups

that experienced post-disaster effects

especially acutely

Others

By assessing and understanding

the post-disaster effects

experienced by victims by

gender and by population, it

becomes possible to evaluate the

expected negative effects to be

experienced from natural

disasters more accurately and

thus take effective measures to

prevent such effects.

Some areas have a gender

imbalance among their

populations (e.g. areas that have

many female-headed households

because many men are working

away from home, etc.)

Population composition by gender

Population composition of

disaster-vulnerable groups

Others

It becomes possible to take

preventive measures in line with

the actual situation of the target

area.

Knowledge and Experiences of Women related to Disaster Risk Reduction/Management

Women may be prone to suffer

damage from natural disasters but,

at the same time, they boast

human networks within their

communities and have knowledge

about the local environment and

natural resources that men don’t

have.

【⇒ p. 5, 2.(4)】

What kinds of roles were played by

women in emergency response and

post-disaster recovery and

reconstruction of their communities

in the past disaster cases, and how

the roles they played have been

regarded by the governments and

community members.

Others

It becomes possible to utilize

knowledge and experiences of

women’s for improving disaster

response capabilities of their

communities.


13

(3) Development of evaluation indicators that integrate gender perspectives

By setting the evaluation indicators that integrate gender perspectives, it becomes possible to conduct

gender responsive evaluations. The following are examples of evaluation indicators that integrate gender

perspectives.

Outcome descriptions

(examples)

General (non-gender responsive)

evaluation indicators (examples)

Gender responsive evaluation

Indicators (examples)

Disaster response

capabilities of residents

of the pilot

project-targeted

community will be

enhanced.

The ratio of residents who

participated in workshops to raise

awareness of disaster risk prevention

to the total number of residents


participated in evacuation drills to

the total number of residents


participated in workshops to raise

awareness of disaster risk prevention

by gender


participated in evacuation drills by

gender

Capabilities of teachers

to provide education

and training on disaster

risk

reduction/management

will be improved.

Over ＊ teachers receive training on disaster risk

reduction/management and become

capable of conducting disaster risk

reduction/management training as

instructors.

Over ＊ teachers receive training on disaster risk

reduction/management and become

capable of conducting disaster risk

reduction/management training as

instructors.

⇒ Grasping the numbers of men and women who received the

training; setting the target ratio of

female participants to the total

number of trainees, etc.

Enhancement of

Community-wide

disaster preparedness

(for pilot projects on

technical cooperation

for development

planning and surveys)

Post-workshop survey on trainees’

understanding of workshop contents

Post-workshop survey on trainees’

understanding of workshop contents

(results shown by gender)

3.2.2 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Surveys for Post-Disaster Recovery and

Reconstruction Projects at the Preparation Stage (Strategic Goal 5)

In order to incorporate gender perspectives into surveys at the planning stage (e.g. feasibility studies, detailed

planning surveys, ex-ante evaluations), consideration should be given to adopting the following measures:

(1) Including gender mainstreaming team members in study teams

(i) For projects to which gender mainstreaming teams are assigned (when the projects are deeply

related to gender issues): Include the gender mainstreaming team members in survey teams to

dispatch to the sites when conducting surveys at the project preparation stage. Proposed

responsibilities to include in the Terms of Reference (TOR) for those surveys are as follows:

Gather information on general circumstances surrounding women as well as gender-related policies and

systems in the target country; sort out the gathered information and analyze the results.

Gather data and information on the situation of damage from disasters from gender perspectives; sort out and

analyze the results.

Gather information on the current situation and issues viewed from gender perspectives of the target country

in the disaster management field; sort out the gathered information and analyze the results.

Study the current status of gender mainstreaming in projects that were or are being conducted in the target


14

country by JICA, other aid organizations, NGOs and other institutions in the fields of disaster risk

reduction/post- disaster recovery and reconstruction, analyze the results and extract lessons from them.

Based on the survey results, summarize the gender perspectives that should be incorporated into the project.

Make recommendations that would encourage the incorporation of the summarized gender perspectives into

project plans and Project Design Matrix (PDM) proposals.

For reference, an example of announcement for public procurement of gender mainstreaming team

members on a project-work contract basis (for individual contractor) is attached as an appendix to

these Guidelines (Public Notice Sample of Work Execution Contract with Project Member

Responsible for Gender Mainstreaming [Individual Contract]).

(ii) For projects to which gender mainstreaming teams are not assigned: In cases where there is no team

assigned for gender mainstreaming, considering the following measures may make it possible to

plan activities that are more line with the actual situation of the area and more considerate of gender

perspectives. For specific details of the recommended surveys, refer to the section (2) below.

Increase the man-month (M/M) of team members in charge of other responsibilities (e.g. social

studies) so that they can take up gender mainstreaming work in addition to their regular work.

(The proposed responsibilities are same as the ones specified in the list of responsibilities in the

section (i) above.)

In case there is personnel in charge of gender affairs including National Staff in the relevant

JICA overseas office, include those personnel in the gender mainstreaming team.

Collaborate with or request cooperation from national machineries (institutions designed to

promoting gender equality such as ministry of women and ministry of women affairs) that are

well versed in the target country’s gender situation.

Subcontract surveys on gender-related matters to local consultants or NGOs.

(2) Implementation of surveys that incorporate gender perspectives

In order to make post-disaster recovery and reconstruction projects to reflect more fully the needs

specific to men and women and not to contribute to the expansion of existing gender disparities, make

sure to include such items as specified below into surveys conducted at the preparation stage, and reflect

the results in project plans and Project Design Matrix (PDM) proposals. In cases where a more detailed

study needs to be conducted, draw up survey items by referring to those specified for Baseline Survey

and Implementation of Activities in the Section 3.3, Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Projects at

the Project Implementation Stage for Strategic Goals 5 (Section 3.3.5).


15

Gender Perspectives/Issues Survey Items

Expected Effects/Impact from

Integrating Gender

Perspectives

Gender Disparities Observed in the Consequences from Natural Disasters and Post-disaster Recovery and

Reconstruction Projects

Although women contribute to

their household incomes

through participating in

farming and small-scale

income generating activities,

their contributions are hardly

visible because their activities

are mostly conducted at home

and in the informal sector.

Therefore, when a natural

disaster hit, the damage to such

activities by women is difficult

to grasp.

After a disaster, men are often

hired by employers in charge

of post-disaster recovery and

reconstruction projects; on the

other hand, the job market for

women tends to remain

stagnant much longer.

In cases where man and women play

different roles in production

activities, whether men or women

sustained more serious damage from

a natural disaster (e.g. whether there

is any difference in the effects

experienced by men and women in

cases where the production activities

engaged by men and women are

different or where the both are

engaged in the same production

activities but take up different kinds

of work.)

Whether there is any difference in

the opportunities for employment

between men and women. If there is,

what caused such difference?

Others

It becomes possible for both men

and women to realize their

contributions to their household

incomes and plan activities that

may help restore livelihood

opportunities for the both.

Violence against women and the

number of women with mental or

physical health problems increase

after a disaster.

Whether cases of violence against

women or mental stress experienced

by women have increased

Whether there are any groups other

than women in need of mental care

Others

If violence against women and

mental stress experienced by

women are found to be on the

increase, early intervention will

become possible.

There are some groups that are

particularly vulnerable to disasters

such as pregnant women,

children, the elderly and the

handicapped

Whether there are any groups that

suffered particularly acute damages

during and after a disaster (e.g.

children, the elderly, the disabled,

female- or male-headed households,

and socio-economically lower

classes; and in each of these groups,

whether there are is any difference

by gender)

Others

It becomes possible for

disaster-vulnerable groups to

plan post-disaster recovery and

reconstruction projects that are

beneficial to them.

Participation of Women in Decision-making Processes

Opportunities for women to

participate in decision-making

processes for the reconstruction of

affected areas are limited.

Whether women have been able to

participate in their communities’

decision-making processes

Whether there are any existing

groups of women in the community

Whether the groups identified can

serve as focal points for activities;

and whether there are any issues that

would make it difficult

Others

Natural disaster may prompt

social changes that encourage,

for example, the participation of

women in decision-making

processes of their communities,

possibly leading to the

realization of a more

gender-equal society.


16

3.3 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives into Projects at the Project Implementation Stage

First of all, when implementing the following activities, always make sure to note the following points:

【Important points to note when implementing projects】

(i) If necessary, include activities that will help gain an understanding from men and other member of the

community on the participation of women and disaster-vulnerable groups into project activities.

(ii) When conducting an interview or hearing survey, make sure to involve subjects of both genders. As

necessary, arrange separate sites or time slots to interview male and female subjects in view of

convenience for each group to participate in the survey.

(iii) Information on the implemented activities should be gathered separately by gender, by household type

(male-headed household or female-headed household), or by disaster-vulnerable group (with gender

breakdown within each group) as much as possible.

Furthermore, when implementing such gender responsive approaches as described below, if the relevant

projects are deeply related to gender issues, it is desirable to assign personnel specialized in gender

mainstreaming. However, for projects in which gender mainstreaming personnel are not assigned and

personnel in charge of other matters take up gender mainstreaming responsibilities in addition to their regular

duties, gender responsive approaches that are more in line with the local situations may be implemented by

obtaining cooperation from ministries of women and women’s organizations or subcontracting project work to

the locally-based consultants or NGOs.

3.3.1 Strategic Goal 1: Establishment and Strengthening of Disaster Management System

Specific approaches: Developing basic laws and overall frameworks related to disaster risk reduction;

formulating disaster risk reduction plans, setting up building codes, etc.; strengthening disaster risk

reduction administrative functions of the central and local governments; building cooperation systems

among relevant institutions; sharing of disaster-related information; promotion of disaster-related research;

training personnel and engineers in the field of disaster risk reduction.

The following are some examples of gender perspectives and issues as well as approaches integrating gender

perspectives that should be considered at the stage of implementing projects for Establishment and

Strengthening of Disaster Management System.


17

Gender Perspectives/Issues Approaches that Integrate Gender

Perspectives (examples)

Case

Study

Expected

Effects/Impact from

Integrating Gender

Perspectives

Development of Basic Laws, Overall Frameworks

Bas

elin

e S

urv

ey

(Refer to the Implementation

of Activities section)

Include such items as described below

in surveys on basic laws on disaster risk

reduction/management, overall

framework and disaster risk

reduction/management plans of the

target country or area, analyze the

results, and utilize them for

implementing projects or revising the

existing indicators.

In cases where there are laws or

plans related to disaster risk

reduction/management already in

place, whether views and needs of

women are reflected in them

In cases where there are laws or

plans related to disaster risk

reduction/management already in

place, whether ministry of women (a

national machinery) and women’s

organizations have participated in

them

Others

Monitoring and

evaluations that

integrate gender

perspectives will be

conducted.

Imple

men

tati

on o

f A

ctiv

itie

s

Views and needs of women

are not reflected in the

national basic laws and plans

related to disaster risk

reduction/management and

regional disaster risk

reduction/management plans.

Make recommendations to

encourage the incorporation of

gender responsive items into

disaster risk reduction/management

plans, etc. of the target country or

areas.

In order to have gender perspectives

incorporated into the above plans,

include ministry of women (a

national machinery) or women’s

organizations, etc. as members of

decision-making bodies (e.g.

committees on disaster risk

reduction/management) or provide

them with negotiation platforms.

Include gender-related information

in feedbacks on evacuation drills,

etc., conducted as pilot projects.

Others

(ii) Views and needs of

women will be

reflected in the basic

disaster risk


laws of the target

country and regional

disaster risk


plans.

Training of Personnel in the Field of Disaster Risk Reduction/Management

Bas

elin

e S

urv

ey

(Refer to the Implementation

of Activities section)


in surveys on organizational capabilities

of the relevant organizations, analyze

the results, and utilize them for

implementing projects and revising

indicators.

Whether or not there is a general

understanding on gender

mainstreaming within an

organization, especially among its

decision makers.

Share of women in each rank of

employees in the organization

Others

Monitoring and

evaluations that

incorporate gender


conducted.


18

Gender Perspectives/Issues Approaches that Integrate Gender


Case

Study

Expected

Effects/Impact from

Integrating Gender

Perspectives Im

ple

men

tati

on o

f A

ctiv

itie

s The necessity of incorporating

gender perspectives into

disaster risk

reduction/management is not

sufficiently understood by

personnel in charge of disaster

risk reduction/management,

and efforts to address the need

have not been enough.

Conduct activities for disaster risk

reduction/management personnel to

raise awareness of gender matters.

(e.g. inclusion of topics related to

Disaster Risk Reduction and Gender

in training programs)

Encourage gathering of statistical

data by gender.

Include gender-related information

in feedbacks on evacuation drills,

etc., conducted as pilot projects.

Others

(iii) Personnel in charge of

disaster risk


will gain a deeper

understanding of

gender perspectives,

leading to the

development of

policies and plans

related to disaster risk


that integrate gender

perspectives more

fully.

There aren’t many women

working for disaster risk

reduction/management-related

organizations.

Promote the recruitment and

appointment of women. (e.g.

Include ministry of women (a

national machinery), women’s

organizations, etc. as members of

decision-making bodies such as

disaster risk reduction/management

committees)

Conduct programs such as training

on technical matters and leadership

skills, and exchange with advanced

areas in terms of gender matters.

Others

(ii) Participation of

women in

decision-making

processes related to

disaster risk


will be enhanced.

Including lectures on Disaster Risk Reduction and Gender in focused training programs conducted in Japan

and inviting staff with decision making power of central disaster risk reduction/management institutions of

developing countries to such programs are considered effective for promoting organization-wide gender

mainstreaming.

【Case Study (ii): Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Acts that Integrate Gender Perspectives】

Disaster Risk Reduction Act and Climate Change Act that integrate gender perspectives were established by the

Government of Philippines. These acts specify that gender perspectives be incorporated into measures to

mitigate climate change and disaster risks. In these acts, the Philippine Commission on Women (formerly the

National Commission on the Role of the Filipino Women), a national machinery, is designated as a member

institution of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council.

Climate Change Act of 2009, http://www.gov.ph/2009/10/23/republic-act-no-9729/

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010,

http://www.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/

http://www.gov.ph/2009/10/23/republic-act-no-9729/http://www.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/


19

3.3.2 Strategic Goal 2: Correct Understanding of Natural Disaster Risk and Promotion of

Common Understanding

Specific approaches: In policy and planning processes, risk assessment and analysis of disaster risks more

accurately; preparation of hazard risk maps; economic analysis of the investment for disaster risk reduction

measures; and assessment of climate change effects. For the enhancement of disaster risk understanding,

capacity building of communities’ disaster risk reduction activities, disaster-related education and training, etc.


perspectives that should be considered at the stage of implementing projects for Correct Understanding of

Natural Disaster Risk and Promotion of Common Understanding.

Gender Perspectives/Issues

Approaches that Integrate Gender


Case

Study

Expected

Effects/Impact

Risk Assessment and Analysis

Bas

elin

e S

urv

ey

(Refer to the Implementation of

Activities section)


in surveys on current status of risk

assessment and analysis of the target

country or area, analyze the results, and

utilize them for implementing projects

or revising the existing indicators.

Whether risk assessment and

analysis are conducted separately on

men and women

Whether risk assessment and

analysis results (e.g. statistics) are

made available by gender

Others

Monitoring and

evaluations that

incorporate gender


conducted.

Imple

men

tati

on o

f A

ctiv

itie

s

Disasters affect men and

women differently in terms of

damage and post-disaster

effects suffered. 【⇒ pp.4-5, 2.(1)(2)(3)】

Some areas have a gender

imbalance among their

populations (e.g. areas that

have many female-headed

households because many

men are working away from

home, etc.)

Incorporate such gender perspectives as

described below into risk assessments

and analysis.

Whether damage suffered may vary

between men and women in

expected disasters. If it does, what

would cause such difference?

Assessing the population

composition by gender

Others

By grasping the

actual damage

suffered by men

and women

separately, it

becomes possible

to evaluate

expected levels of

damage more

accurately and take

measures to prevent

such damage.

Preparation of Hazard Risk Maps

Bas

elin

e S

urv

ey


Activities section)


in current situation surveys concerning

the preparation of hazard risk maps,

analyze the results, and utilize them for



The percentages of women in

personnel of departments and

committees, etc. in charge of

preparing hazard risk maps

Others

Monitoring and

evaluations that

incorporate gender


conducted.


20




Case

Study

Expected

Effects/Impact

Imple

men

tati

on o

f

Act

ivit

ies

Participation of women in

preparation processes of

hazard risk maps is limited. /

Women’s views are not

reflected in the preparation of

hazard risk maps.

Enhance the participation of women in

the preparation of hazard risk maps

through, for example, the following

means:

Preset the ratio of men and women to

participate in decision making

processes (the most ideal ratio is

50/50).

Others

(iii) Hazard risk maps

that are in line with

specific needs of

men and women

will be created.

Capacity Building of Communities’ Disaster Risk Reduction Activities

Bas

elin

e S

urv

ey


Activities section)



the community’s disaster risk reduction

activities of the target area, analyze the

results, and utilize them for



Participation levels of women in

decision-making processes within

their communities, especially in

organizations such as voluntary

groups for disaster risk reduction

What kinds of roles were played by

women in emergency response and

post-disaster recovery and

reconstruction of their communities

in the past disaster cases, and how

the roles they played have been

regarded by the governments and

community members.

Others

Monitoring and

evaluations that

incorporate gender


conducted.

Imple

men

tati

on o

f A

ctiv

itie

s

【Activities to Raise Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction】

Establishment and

enhancement of voluntary

organizations for disaster risk

reduction: Participation of

women in such organizations

has not been enough.

Encourage the participation of men

and women in voluntary

organizations for disaster risk

reductions (e.g. presetting the ratio of

men and women in the membership)

Others

Damage on

women during a

disaster and

negative effects

suffered by

women after a

disaster will be

reduced, resulting

in the

improvement of

their

communities’

overall capacities

for disaster risk

reduction

activities.

It becomes

possible to

unitize women’s

knowledge and

experiences

related to disaster

risk reduction for

the enhancement

of their

communities’

disaster response

capabilities.

Even in cases where gender

perspectives are incorporated

into policies and plans on the

national government level,

they may not be practiced at

the community level.

Conduct activities to raise awareness

of the roles played by women for

community-based disaster risk

reduction in order to establish a

common understanding on their roles

within their communities.

In order to put the concepts of gender

responsive policies and plans into

practice at the community level,

incorporate such concepts into

activities conducted within

communities for the enhancement of

their disaster preparedness.

Others


21




Case

Study

Expected

Effects/Impact

【Establishment of Evacuation Systems and Implementation of Evacuation Drills】

Development of

community-wide

communication system: At

present, disaster-related

information is hard to reach

women (because, for

example, such information

tends to be communicated

from man to man; women do

not have radios and

televisions; and women are

too busy to pay attention to

such information or to hear

news on disasters).

Even when they hear

forecasts or warnings about

impending disasters, some

women don’t know how to

respond.

Establish communication means

through which women can obtain

information in a manner and form

that is easy to understand for them.

Others

Information about

disasters will reach

women, resulting in

the mitigation of

damage they suffer.

Development of evacuation

facilities and routes: If

women feel reluctant to move

to shelters, it will cause

evacuation delays. If men feel

uneasy about letting women

go to shelters on their own, it

will also prevent evacuation

processes from proceeding

smoothly.

⇒ When building and operating shelters (public

facilities that include

shelters), measures should be

taken to make women feel

safe and comfortable about

evacuating to the shelters.

Secure the participation of both men

and women in negotiation processes

for the construction of shelters so that

views of the both are reflected in

their construction.

Ensure that women and men

participate in the development

process of shelter operation

guidelines. (e.g. preparation of

separate rooms for men and women;

establishing sanitary facilities; and

securing appropriate lighting within

the shelter including sun light)

Others

(iii) Women will feel

safer and more

comfortable about

using shelters,

resulting in the

mitigation of

damage and harms

they suffer.

【Implementation of Evacuation Drills】

It is important to secure the

participation of men and

women of all age groups,

including those requiring

assistance during a disaster.

Secure the participation of women in

the planning of evacuation drills.

Secure the participation of men and

women of all age groups, including

those requiring assistance during a

disaster.

Others

(iii) Damage suffered

by women and

those requiring

assistance

victimized during a

disaster will

decrease.

【Risk Assessment Conducted Voluntarily by Residents (Development of Systems to Monitor Precipitation and Water Levels, Preparation of Hazard Risk Maps)】

Women cannot participate in

decision-making processes in

their communities.


reflected in risk hazard maps.

Men and women possess

different kinds of knowledge

and experience on their

communities’ environments

and natural resources.

(Women may notice changes

in their environments that are

Encourage the participation of women

in activities such as monitoring of

precipitation levels, etc., and

development of hazard risk maps.

Preset the ratio of men and women to

participate in decision-making

processes (the most ideal ratio is

50/50).

As necessary, provide opportunities

for negotiation in which only women

can participate.

Others

(iii) Hazard risk maps

that reflect the

specific needs of

men and women

will be created.


22




Case

Study

Expected

Effects/Impact

overlooked by men.)

【 ⇒ p.5, 2.(4)】

Disaster Risk Reduction Education and Training Activities

Bas

elin

e S

urv

ey


Activities section)



the disaster risk reduction education and

training activities conducted in the

target area, analyze the results, and



Participation levels of women in the

existing disaster risk reduction

education and training activities in

their communities

Understandings, views, and

improvement ideas women have of

the existing disaster risk reduction

education and training activities in

their communities (e.g. How much

information they know about such

activities. If the information has not

reached women, what caused such

situation and what can be done to

improve it?)

Others

Monitoring and

evaluations that

incorporate gender


conducted.

Imple

men

tati

on o

f A

ctiv

itie

s

Factors related to the local

communication means or

illiteracy levels prevent

disaster-related information

from reaching women.

Social and cultural norms of

the communities increase the

damage and harm their

women suffer.

【⇒ pp.4-5, 2.(2)(3)】


the planning of their communities’

education and training activities for

disaster risk reduction.

Choose the means that communicate

effectively to women.


their communities’ education and

training activities for disaster risk

reduction.

Include the information in awareness

raising activities on the difference in

needs of men and women and the

necessity to reflect such difference in

the community’s disaster risk

reduction activities.

When conducting education and

training activities for disaster risk

reduction at school, encourage

female teachers to participate in their

training programs. (e.g. In places in

which men and women are

customary educated separately,

conduct female-only training

sessions.)

Others

(iii) Information on

disasters will be

communicated

from women to

women, resulting in

the reduction of

damage they suffer.

Also, women’s

needs will be

communicated to

men, enabling

gender perspectives

to be incorporated

into disaster risk

reduction activities.


23

【Case Study (iii): The Project for Strengthening Community-based Disaster Risk Management in Fiji and

Solomon Islands in Oceania (Technical Cooperation)】

This project was implemented from October 2010 to October 2013 to help strengthen disaster risk management

capabilities of the central governments and to conduct a pilot project to support the development of a system that allows

residents (men and women) of the target communities to evacuate appropriately in times of floods, with the aim of

ensuring the development of a system that allows residents to evacuate appropriately through strengthening disaster

management capabilities of the National Disaster Management Office.

For the implementation of the pilot project, it encouraged the participation of women in evacuation drills and

workshops on the preparation of hazard maps, etc., to incorporate women’s views into its activities while providing a

training program, through cooperation with the office of women of the target province, for leaders of women’s

organizations in the relevant communities to learn the basic knowledge of disaster management. The reason behind

conducting the training programs for women was that, even though training programs of this kind have been conducted

in the past, men have always participated them first, leaving women little chance to make use of such opportunities.

After the workshop, the leaders who have participated in it went on to conduct workshops as facilitators to raise

awareness of disaster management mainly targeted women in their communities. After the workshops, positive opinions

were expressed by the participants including “it is important for women to play key roles in conducting disaster

management activities in times of disaster.” Furthermore, systems were established to allow youth groups to assist

elderly and handicapped residents in the communities in times of evacuation, which were incorporated into evacuation

drills.


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3.3.3 Strategic Goal 3: Implementation of Risk Reduction Measures for Sustainable

Development

Specific approaches: Combining structural and non-structural measures to prevent and mitigate damage;

disaster reduction measures in each sector, measures and policies considering disaster-vulnerable groups and

the poor; creation of disaster risk reduction culture through self-help, mutual help, and public assistance

efforts; establishment of cooperation and collaboration mechanisms between administrative and private

sectors, etc.


perspectives that should be considered at the stage of implementing projects for Implementation of Risk

Reduction Measures for Sustainable Development.




Case

Study

Expected

Effects/Impact

Combining Structural and Non-structural Measures to Prevent and Mitigate Damage

Bas

elin

e S

urv

ey


Activities section)


in surveys on the risk reduction

measures conducted in the target

country/area, analyze the results, and



Possibility of planned structures

affecting differently on men and

women

Understandings, views, and

improvement ideas women have of

the existing shelters (public facilities

including shelters) (e.g. observed

usefulness and issues)

Monitoring and

evaluations that

incorporate gender


conducted.

Imple

men

tati

on o

f A

ctiv

itie

s

Needs related to the

construction and maintenance

of structures may be different

between men and women.


reflected in decision-making

processes for the construction

and maintenance of

structures.

In cases where structures are built

and maintained collaboratively with

the community, secure the

participation of women in

negotiation processes for the

construction and maintenance of

structures in order to have their views

incorporated.

Others

Having both men

and women

participate in

negotiation will

stimulate the

creation of an

awareness among

com

Guidelines for Promoting Gender Mainstreaming in JICA ......3.2 Incorporation of Gender Perspectives...

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