Guidelines for Mba Final Project

7/28/2019 Guidelines for Mba Final Project

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Graduate School ofManagement

MANUAL FOR MBAPROJECT WRITING

Prepared by GSM-MMU

GSM, Multimedia University


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GUIDELINES FOR MBA FINAL PROJECT (BMP7164)

1. INTRODUCTION

MBA students are required to take this module. They will gain 8 credits under this

module. Therefore, it affects the CGPA. Hence, it is the critical module in MBA

Programme.

2. OPPORTUNITIES

This module enables MBA students to develop interest and enhance their expertise in the

area which they have profound implications in their later endeavours.

Therefore, it is not only an academic requirement but also: An opportunity for authentic, inexpensive consultancy service for a sponsoring

organisation;

The change can provides a beneficial impact to employ the MBA graduates

Simple advice from The GSM make the most out of it.

3. OBJECTIVES

The aim of this module is to provide the opportunity to conduct an extended systematic

enquiry under supervision into a business area where the MBA students are interested in.More specifically,

Consolidation of the skills and competencies acquired in MBA;

Experience the application of analytical skills in the practical business situations

To success in the course, MBA students have to demonstrate two broad abilities: analyses and

syntheses, in ways appropriate to choose and solve the research problems. This requires the

students to extract and dissect the essential elements of the situation and to integrate information

and opinions through the framework of the researcher's own judgements and viewpoints. Theseabilities must be demonstrated at a level of sophistication at least equivalent to that expected in

other graduate papers.

4. COURSE DESCRIPTION

The key features of the project work under this course is, the MBA students have to

conduct a research in their sponsoring organisation. Sponsoring organisation proposes to



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solve a problem it faced in the specialised area. The report should suggest a course

action, the need for which has been identified during the course of the research.

It might be no 'problem' to be solved in the beginning of the research. You might have no

idea if the problems exist in the organisation where you are conducting the research

unless you are asked to deal with one or you look for one.

On the other hand, the research may concern not with diagnosing or solving the

problems, but with the feasibility of establishing new or proposed products, services,approaches or new ventures. It may, in other words, require you to be involved in

research for which there is not present basic or precedents to serve as a set of guidelines.

Whatever is in the project you to undertake, you must make sure it contributes to

knowledge.

5. THEORY VERSUS PRACTISE IN RESEARCH

From what has been written above you may gain the impression that there are two

distinct "types" of research for both theoretical and practical. All research embodieselements of theoretical and practical application.

6. INVOLVEMENT

Project should be carried out individually. A project conducted for candidate's sponsoring

organisation has the advantage of:

Putting something back into the organisation; Being able to relate (on the job) to the people and information

The project experience may directly contribute to the candidates present or potential

career aspirations.

7. DEADLINES

There are four key deadlines to meet - the initial proposal, the first meeting with

supervisor, the submission of the final draft, the submission of the final report.

At the commencement of the research effort, the deadlines will be set, betweensupervisor and students.

8. RESEARCH PROPOSALS

The first steps in the process of developing the research report is to identify a topic- what

is that you or your organisation would like focus on.



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Typical research topics would include:

A strategic plan for an existing or new organisation

A business plan for a new venture (separate from any business plan required for

others papers)

A piece of market research Developing and implementing a new product or service

Identifying, analysing and then solving a significant organisational problem

Introduction of quality management programmes

Attitude surveys of customers, staff or clients

Cultural audit and cultural changes

Note: Any research proposal must be approved by the GSM, Multimedia University

9. SUPERVISION

The course objectives are to identify the personal supervision of one senior Multimedia

University academic staff, who is referred to as the Chief Supervisor. And where

necessary and appropriate, a co-supervisor may also be appointed to supervise the

student's project. The Chief Supervisor has an overall and continuing responsibility for aproject and co-ordinates the relationship between the individual / group and the

supervisor and the agency hosting the research. The chief supervisor has an overall and

continuing responsibility for a project and co-ordinates the relationship between the

individual/ group and the supervisor and the agency hosting the research. The chiefsupervisor acts as the examiner of the final report. The co-supervisor is invited to submit

a grade, which is taking into account of the letter in determining, by the final grade by theDean in the consultation of the MBA co-ordinator. In exceptional circumstances, a senior

staff member from other universities may be appointed as a research supervisor.

Since supervisor is the key ingredient in this course, it is important for you to identifytwo supervisors as soon as possible. The procedures are as follows:

You will be provided with a list of staff members in the university who are available

for project supervision.

You might, if you wish, suggest two staff members from the list provided to have theareas of expertise nearest report topic.

Complete the proposed topic and supervision proforma as per Appendix 1 and send it

to the MBA co-ordinator not later than the last day or line scheduled Business Policy

section.

On the receipt of the Research Report proposal, the MBA co-ordinator will:

Approve the topic or amend it and will contact with you for further information.



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Please note the following:

There is a limit to the number of Research Report topics any individual staff member

can adequately supervise at any time.

Should a supervisor suggested by a student is not available, another supervisorconsidered suitable will be proposed by the GSM, Multimedia University

The final decision on supervision will be made by the GSM, Multimedia University

TEN STEPS IN MANAGING A STUDENT PROJECT

1. Select the area, which you are interested in or the area which, you can handle it and

competent. Begin the task of encapsulating your topic in one simple question. Your task

of encapsulating your topic in one simple question. Your task in the project will be toanswer to that question fully.

2. Check with your supervisors that the area you have chosen is suitable. Negotiate what isrequired for acceptance of the finished report. That is, what are the normal expectations

about the research activity, which will answer the question, you are asking yourself. What

is the appropriate length for the kind of assignment you have set yourself? What are theconstraints applying to the project (e.g. time, scope of what do you want to do, costs, etc).

Do bear in mind that you must be able to complete the project with the time available.

3. Narrow your area of interest to a specific topic. Finalise the specific research question

you intend to answer. There should be inherently one major question in each researchproject. Projects lacking this one question often from problems of definition and focus.

(However, finalising this specific question does not prevent you from later changing thedirection of your project as you progress with it, in response to new or unforeseen

developments).

4. Write an initial research plan of the approach you will follow in answering your question.

Get your supervisor to comment on this.

5. Survey the literature relevant to your topic. Remember it is a rare piece of research whichhas no antecedents or which takes place in isolation. You should try to see your project in

relationship to what are the probably numerous other similar studies that have beencarried our before. Find information that helps you to understand how your study fits intothe literature of the area.

If you are through in your research you will almost certainly find that there is more thanone literature of relevance to what you want to do. However, for the purposes of this

paper you need show familiarity with only one.



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Remember that literature searching takes time, and assuming you are using the Malaysian

Library at a distance, give their staff plenty of time to help you find the material you

need. Recall too that if you have to obtain books or journal articles from elsewhere usingMMU library inter-loan network, each request can take several weeks.

6. Now that you have some idea of other, similar projects, re-think your approach in the

light of what you have learned. If necessary, rewrite your research plan and show it to

your supervisors. Think again about the validity (and practicalities) of what you haveplanned. Can your questions in fact be answered by a research project of this nature? Are

your really able to do it with the time available?

7. If your answer to these questions is yes, now is the time to rewrite your research plan inmore detail and send it to your supervisor for comment.

8. Once your plan is approved, start to work on the project itself. Often it is helpful to create

schedule of the activities you have to complete and the time you available. Estimate howlong each activity will take, add another 50% as a safety margin, and allocate time to

each item accordingly.

9. Prepare a draft outline of the sections of the report. As you do the research, try to write

parts of each these sections as you go. This helps you to keep an overview of the entireproject and avoid getting to wrap up in any one aspect to the detriment of whole.

10. As soon as it is clear how the final report is going to look, send a draft copy of it to your

supervisors for comments. Make corrections and changes as required. Complete thereport and send it in, in final typed form.



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MBA FINAL YEAR PROJECT PROCEDURES

Listed below are the procedures for the final year project. Kindly follow the steps as below:

Step 1 Step 2

Step 3 Step 4

Step 5 Step 6

Step 7 Step 8

Step 9


Complete 13 modulesand pass with CGPA of

3.00

Consult a lecturer anddraft out the proposal.

Submit your MBA FinalProject Registration form

to GSM.

Received Pre-Approvalletter

You may start to work

on your project with the

topic and the

recommended supervisor

Submit the Approval of

Title form at least 2

months before

submission deadline

Received Approval letter Proceed with final

tuning, Englishchecking, plagiarism

checking and binding

Submit your final project to GSM together with the following

documents:1) Completed Project Submission Form2) Copy of the Approval Letter

3) 3 bound copies of the MBA project and 2 C.D.s

4) a copy of online result5) Industrial Training Log Book

or

Confirmation letter of 2 years working experience(Fulltime student only)


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SPECIFICATIONS FOR RESEARCH PROJECT

Number of Copies

A student is required to submit the research project in the following format: three bound copies,1 cd in PDF format to the GSM office. All research projects must be submitted within the given

deadline

Language of Research Project

All Research Projects must be prepared in English

Typeface and Font SizeTypeface to be used is Times New Roman. The same typeface should be used throughout the

thesis. Font size of 12 point should be used for the main body of the text, which should not be

script or italic. A laser or other high quality printer is recommended.

Paper

High quality bong paper A4 size, 80b/m2 must be used for all the submitted copies. The papershould be white in colour, acid free and "non-erasable" kind.

CorrectionsCorrections of typographical errors, or changes in the text, figures or tables, must be made as

cleanly and invisibly as possible. Correction fluid cannot be used. Corrections should be made on

the original before recopying or reprinting the problem page.

Margins and Spacing

The margin on the document must measure according to the below specifications:

i) top - 20 mmii) Left - 40 mm

iii) Bottom - 40 mm

iv) Right - 25 mm

Text should be typed, one and a half-spaced, on one side of the paper only. All information

excluding page numbers must be within the text area. All typing, print, illustrations, etc should

be on one side of the paper only.

Abstract and bibliography should be typed, one and a half-spaced, and be double-space between

entries.

Pagination

Page numbers are to be placed at least 15 mm from the edge of the page at the bottom centre ofthe page.

Every page except the title must be numbered. Title page is "I" but is not numbered.



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Preliminary pages are to be numbered in lower case Roman numerals (ii, iii, iv etc); the text page

ate to be numbered in Arabic numerals and all pages must be numbered consecutively andcontinuously, irrespective of volumes.

Covers and BindingThe Research Project should be bound in colour light blue (CODE: 547) with Bachrom type.

Typeface to be used is Times New RomanFont size to be used for:

Front Cover of the Thesis (Appendix A)

Title of thesis: 18 and should be in uppercase

Name of candidate, degree awarded and year of thesis submission: 18 should be in uppercase.Direction of lettering - run from the top of spine

Photographs

Photographs should be black and white whenever possible possible. Pages containingphotographs should be numbered as regular pages. When photopgraphs are to be used, they are

to be scanned. Using tape, glue or any type of adhesive to insert photographs is not acceptable.Pages with photographs should be copied on a colour photocopier.

Non-paper formatsLabel for CD includes:

i. Author's name

ii. Degree date

iii. Copyright noticeiv. Operating system

v. Density

vi. Hardware required (if appropriate)

* All disks should be write-protected

RESEARCH PROJECT PREPARATION

Format

The Research Project should have three sections: the preliminary pages or the front matter, thetext or the body matter, and the references or back matter.

The PRELIMINARY PAGES include:a. Blank page

b. Title page

c. Copyright Paged. Declaration

e. Acknowledgements

f. Dedication

g. Abstract



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h. Table of Contents

i. List of Tables

j. List of Figures, Illustration, etck. Preface

The TEXT should normally be divided into chapters such as:a. Introduction

b. Review of Literature

c. Method of Investigationd. Analysis of Data

e. Discussions and Conclusions

The REFERENCES consists of:a. Appendices

b. References

c. Glossary

d. Notese. Index

f. Bibliographyg. Blank page

The various pages in a thesis should normally be arranged in the following manner:a. Blank page

b. Title page (Counted as lower-case Roman numeral "i" but not numbered)

c. Copyright page (always numbered lower-case Roman numberal "i")

d. Declaration (numbered consecutively with a Roman numeral)e. Acknowledgements (if any; numbered consecutively with a Roman numeral)

f. Dedication (if any; numbered consecutively with a Roman numeral)

g. Abstract (numbered consecutively with a Roman numeral)h. Table of Contents (if any; numbered consecutively with Roman numeral)

i. List of Tables (if any; numbered consecutively with Roman numeral)

j. List of Figures (if any; numbered consecutively with Roman numeral(s))k. Preface (if any; numbered consecutively with Roman numeral(s))

l. Text (including introduction; first page always numbered with Arabic numeral "1"; pages

numbered consecutively)

m. Appendices (if any; Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)n. References (Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)

o. Glossary (Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)

p. Notes (If any; Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)q. Index (If any; Arabic numeral, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)

r. Bibliography (Arabic numerals, pages numbered consecutively with rest of text)

s. Blank page

PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title Page



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The form and contents of the title page must follow the format of the example given in Appendix

C. Title should be capitalised. The month and year cited on the title page are the month and year

of Research Project submission. The title page is counted as page "i", however, the number is notprinted.

DeclarationPlease refer to the format (Appendix D)

Acknowledgement (if any)This is a brief acknowledgement of assistance given to the author in researching and writing the

thesis. Its page is numbered with a consecutive lower-case Roman numeral. Typeface to be used

is Times New Roman and the font size is 12.

Dedication (if any)

Typeface to be used is Times New Roman and the font sizr is 12.

AbstractThis is a summary of the thesis, which will state the problem, the methods of investigation and

the general conclusion. An abstract should be approximately 300 words. Line spacing is one anda half spacing. Double spacing for the next paragraph. Typeface to be used is Times New Roman

and the font size is 12.

Table of Contents

This must include entries for preliminary pages (copyright, abstract, dedication,

acknowledgement, lists of tables and figures, and preface), text (main divisions and subdivisions

of the thesis), appendices, notes, references and index. Typeface to be used is Times New Romanand the font size is 12. (Appendix F)

List of FiguresFigures (i.e graphs, photographs and other illustrative material) are to be listed on a separate

page. Number, title and page are to be given. Figures must be numbered in Arabic numerals

consecutively. (Fig 1,2,3 or 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, etc) in order of appearance and captioned. Typeface tobe used is Times New Roman and the font size is 12. (Appendix G)

Preface

This is a brief explanatory statement of why the author came to study the subject of the thesis.Typeface to be used is Times New Roman and the font size is 12.

TextThe first page of the text is always numbered Arabic numeral "1". Typeface to be used is Times

New Roman and the font size is 12. Text contains the chapters of the thesis, in logical order, and

should normally include:

a) Introduction



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This section should include background of the research, research questions, justification for

the research, methodology, outline of the thesis, definitions, scope and key assumptions, and

conclusion.b) Literature review

c) Methodology of Investigation

d) Data Analysise) Discussion and Conclusion

Table and IllustrationsA table and illustrations should be self-explanatory and complete in itself. Its form should be an

effective and concise arrangement of the data, centred in the space available. The table and

illustration should appear if mentioned in the text and only after they are mentioned. Every table

and illustration should have a title, which is brief, clear, complete and unique.

The title of a table and an illustration always appear above the table. If the table contains cited

data, acknowledgement is given in a source note using the words SOURCE followed by a colon.

If the style or data are rearranged, extended, or deleted, acknowledgement is given in a sourcenote using the words, ADAPTED FROM followed by a colon. The samples can be referred in

Appendix H.

REMINDER

The last paragraph of any should comprise at least two lines of text. Any heading appearing nearthe bottom of a page should be followed by at least two lines of text. If this is not possible, the

heading and the line should be continued in the next page.

If the last paragraph of a page has to be continued on the next page, there must be at least twolines of the text appearing on the next page.

AppendicesThe pages should be numbered continuously with the rest of the text. Typeface to be used is

Times New Roman and the font size is 10 with one and half spacing. (Appendix I)

References

Every reference quoted or cited in the thesis must be included in the list of references and

numbered accordingly. References should be ordered alphabetically.

Citation style for references in text (Appendix J)Citation style for reference in list (Appendix K)

Typeface to be used is Times New Roman and the font size is 10 with one and half spacing.

Glossary

The pages should be numbered continuously with the rest of the text. Typeface to be used is

Times New Roman and the font size is 10 with one and half spacing.

Notes

The footnotes maybe numbered consecutively throughout the thesis, or throughout each chapter.

Typeface to be used is Times New Roman and the font size is 8.



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Single spacing with a double spacing between entries.

Bibliography

The pages should be numbered continuously with the rest of the text. Typeface to be used isTimes New Roman and the font size is 10 with one and half spacing.



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Appendix A: Sample of Front Cover of the Thesis

50 mm from the top of the page

45 mm from the left margin 45 mm from the right margin

EFFECTS OF CHILDREN ADVERTISING ON CHILDREN

AND PARENTAL INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN'S VIEWING

ENVIRONMENT

Title of ThesisTypeface: Times New Roman

Font size : 18

IBRAHIM BIN ABDULLAH

Student's Name

Typeface : Times New Roman

Font size : 18

Degree awarded, Name of University and

month and year of project submission


Font size : 18

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMNISTRATION

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY

AUGUST 2000



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Appendix B : Sample of Spine

Name of candidate

Typeface: Times New Roman

Font Size: 14

Key word of the title


Font Size : 14

Month and Year of Graduation

Typeface: Times New RomanFont Size: 14

Degree AwardedTypeface: Times New Roman

Font Size: 14

20 mm from the end of the spine


IBRAHIM BIN ABDULLAH EFFECTS OF THE CHILDREN ADVERTISING MBA AUGUST 2000


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Appendix C: Sample of Title Page

50 mm from the top of the page

45 mm from the left margin 45 mm from the right margin

EFFECTS OF CHILDREN ADVERTISING ON CHILDREN

AND PARENTAL INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN'S VIEWING

ENVIRONMENT

Title of ThesisTypeface: Times New Roman

Font size : 18

IBRAHIM BIN ABDULLAH

Student's Name


Font size : 18

Degree awarded, Name of University and

month and year of project submission


Font size : 18

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMNISTRATION

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY

AUGUST 2000



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Appendix D : Sample of Declaration Page

DECLARATION

Typeface: Times New Roman

Font Size : 12

I hereby declare that this BMP 7164 Research Project is my original work except for quotations,

statements, explanations and summaries, which I have ready mentioned their sources. No portionof this Research Project has been submitted in support of any application for any other degree or

qualification of this or any other university or institute of learning.

Student's Signature : ___________________________ Date: _________________________

Student's Name : ______________________________ Student ID: ____________________



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Appendix E : Sample of Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENT Page

DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

DEDICATION iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

PREFACE ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Television Advertising Industry in Malaysia 2

1.2 Rules and Regulation in Advertising

1.3 Effects of Children Advertising on Children and Parents

1.4 Advertising to Children - Ethnical Issues1.5 Problem Statement

1.6 Objective of Study

1.7 Organisation of Research Project

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Effects of Television Advertising on Children2.1.1 Child's Ability to Distinguish Commercials from TV Programmes

2.1.2 Child's Ability to Understand the Purpose of Advertising

2.1.3 Child's Ability to Differentiate Fantasy from Reality

2.1.4 Perception of Children on Advertised Products

2.2 Parental Role in Consumer Socialisation of Children

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction3.2 Hypothesis of Study

3.3 Sampling Procedures

3.4 Sources of Data

3.4.1 Primary Data



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3.4.2 Secondary Data

3.5 Data Collection

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Demographic Profiles

4.2 Chi-square Analysis4.2.1 Differentiate Commercials from TV Programmes

4.2.2 Differentiate Fantasy from Reality

4.2.3 Level of Understanding

4.3 Multiple Regression

4.3.1 Children's Liking to Watch Children Advertising

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary and Conclusions

5.2 Recommendations

Appendices



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Appendix F: List of Tables

TABLE PAGE1. Children's Profile

2. Parents and Demographic Factors

3. Age By Level of Understanding



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Appendix G : List of Figures

FIGURE PAGE

1. Gross Income for Television and Radio Stations

2. The Effects of Advertising to Children



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Appendix H : Sample of Table and Illustration

Table 1: Age by the influence of children advertising on buying an advertised product

Table 2: Hoyt Reliability Coefficients

SOURCE: Cyril Hoyt, "Test Reliability Estimated by Analysis of Variance",Psychometrika 60

(Apr 1997): 153- 200

Figure 1: The Effects of Advertising on Children

ADAPTED FROM : McNeal ju (1992) Kids as Customers , A Handbook of Marketing to

children, Maxwell Macmillan Canada, Toronto


Concept Reliability Coefficient

Computer .56

Punched Cards .80

Statistics .71Desk Calculator .34

Attitude

Advertising Child

Behaviour

ProductBrand

Producer

SellerAdvertisement

Advertising

Influence on

parentsPurchase influence


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Appendix I: List of Appendices

1. Sample of Questionnaire to Parents2. Sample of Questionnaire to Children



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Appendix J: Citation Style for References in Text

The American Psychological Association (APA) reference citation in text is used to provideinformation for readers to locates the source of information listed in the alphabetical selected

bibliography or references at the end of dissertation or thesis.

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

One work by one author

Use the surname of the author (do not

include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of

publication (includes month and year) for

citing in text.

If the author and year are given as part of

the textual discussion, excludeparenthetical information

Within a paragraph, do not include the year

in subsequent references if the study cannotbe confused with other studies cited.

Kenneth (1996 0 compared reactions times)

In a recent study or reaction times (Kenneth,1996)

In 1996 Kenneth compared

In a recent study of reaction times, Kenneth(1996) described the method also found.

One work by two or more authors

When a work has two authors, always cite

both names in text.

When a work has more than two authors,

cite all authors the first time the reference

occurs; in subsequent citations, includeonly the surname of the first author

followed by "et al"(give a period after

"al") and the year

In exceptional case, cite the surnames of

the first author. And of as many of the

subsequent authors as necessary todistinguish the two references followed by

a common and "et al".

Join the names in a multiple-author citation

in running text by the word and, use as

ampersand (&) for parenthetical material,

in tables and captions, and in the reference

Smith and Strumb (1997) considered

Williams, Smith, Brandner, Zappulla, Rosenand Rock (1994) found [first citation in text]

William et al (1994) found

William et al. Found [omit year fromsubsequent citations after citation within a

paragraph]

Bradley, Ramiraz, Soo (1994) and Bradley,Soo et al (1994) reported that [the two

references are: Bradley, B.T., Ramiraz, G.,Soo, T.K,. Ramiraz, G., & Brown, N.K (1994)]

as John and Smith (1997) demonstrated

as has been shown (Williams & Kenneth,

1989)



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list

Works with anonymous author

When a work's author is designated as

"Anonymous", cited in text the world

Anonymous followed by a comma and the

date.

In the reference list, an anonymous isalphabetised by the world Anonymous.

(Anonymous 1993)

Author with the same surnames

Include the authors' initials in all text

citations to avoid confusion, even if the

year of publication differs.

P.D. Luce (1989) and R.A. Luce (1990) alsofound

P.D. Luce et al. (1984) and D.O. Dykes (1980)studied

Two or more works within the same surnames

Arrange two or more works by the sameauthor in the same order by year of

publication. Place in-press citations last.

Give the author's surnames once; for eachsubsequent work, give only the date

Identify works by the same authors (or by

the same or two or more authors in thesame order)with the same publication date

by the suffixes a,b,c and so forth after the

year; repeat the year. The suffixes are

assigned in the reference list, wherereferences are ordered alphabetically by the

title.

List two or more works by different authors

who are cited whithin the same parentheses

in alphabetical order by the first author'ssurname. Separate the citations by

semicolons.

Past research (Edeline & Weinberger, 1994,1995)

Past research (Gogel, 1984, 1990, in press)

Several studies (Farrel & Hammond, 1987,

1990, in-press-a, in press-b)

Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c;

Singh, 1983, in press-a, in press-b)

Several studies (Balda, 1980, Kamil, 1988;

Pepperberg & Funk, 1990)

Specific parts of a source

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate

the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation

at the appropriate point in text. Alwaysgive page numbers for quotations, and

abbreviated the words page (p.) and chapter

(chap.) in test citations.

(cheek & Buss, 1981, p.332)

(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)



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Personal communications

These are letters, memos, some electronic

communication (e.g. email, discussion

groups, message from electronic bulletin

broads), telephone conversations, and the

like.As the do not provide recoverable data,

they are not included in the reference list.They are cited in text only. Give the initials

as well as the surname of the

communicator, an provide as a exact a data

as possible.

L.A. Schaie (personal communication, April

18, 1999)

(V-G. Nguyen, personal communication,

September 28, 1993)

Citations in parenthetical material

In a citation that appears in parenthetical

text, use commas (not brackets) to set off

date

(see Table 2 of Hashtroudi, Chrosniak, &

Schwartz, 1991, for complete data)



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Appendix K: Citation Style for Reference List

The APA (American Psychological Association) reference style is used which includes the

following categories: periodicals, books brochures, book chapters, technical and research reports,proceedings of meetings and symposia, doctoral dissertations and master thesis, unpublished

work, reviews, audio-visual media, and electronic media.

A reference list cites works that specifically support a particular article. The reference list must

be double-spaced, and entries should start with a paragraph indent; entries will then by typeset

with hanging indents.

Accepted abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications are:

DESCRIPTION ABBREVIATION

Chapter Chap.Edition Ed.

Revised edition Rev. ed.

Second edition 2nd ed.

Editor (Editors) Ed. (Eds.)

Translator (s) Trans.

No date n.d.

Page (pages) p. (pp.)

Volume (as in Vol.4) Vol.

Volumes (as in 4 vols) Vols.

Number No.

Part Pt.Technical Report Tech. Rep.

Supplement Suppl.

Order of reference in the reference list

Alphabetising names

Arrange entries in alphabetical order the surname of the first author, using the following rules forspecial cases:

Alphabetize letter by letter

Alphabetize the prefixes M', Mc, and Mac literally, not as if they were all spelled Mac

Surnames that use articles and prepositions (de, la, du, von, etc. 0 are alphabetized according

to different rules for different languages

Alphabetize entries with numerals as if the numerals were spelled out.

Order of several works by same first author

Use the following rule to arrange the entries



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Single author entries by the same authors are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first

Kim, K.S (1991)Kim, K.S. (1994)

Single author entries precede multiple authors entriesKaufman, J.r (1991)Kaufman, J.r, & Wong, D

References with the same first author and different second or third authors

Kaufman, J.R., Jones,K., & Cochran, D.F. (1982)

Kaufman, J.R., & Jones,K. (1980)

References with the same surname are arranged alphabetically by the first initial

Eliot, A.C (1983)

Eliot, G.R (1990)

References with the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with

the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The) that

follows the date

Exception: If the reference with the same authors published in the same year are identified as

articles in a series (e.g. Part 1 or Part 2) order the reference in the series order, not alphabetically

by title.

Order of work with corporate or with no authors, or agency, association, or institution as author.

Alphabetise corporate authors, such as associations or government agencies, by the firstsignificant word of the name. Full official names should be used (e.g. American Psychological

Association, not APA). A parent body precedes subdivision (e.g. University of Michigan,

Department of Psychology)

If there is no authors, the title move to the author position, and the entry is alphabetised by the

first significant word of title.

Entry of non-western names (Authors and Corporate Bodies)

For the entry of non-western names, references is made to Mohammed M.Aman (Ed.) (1980).Cataloguing and classification of non-western material: Concern, issue and practises. London:

Oryx-Press.

Description Example

MALAY NAMES

Enter a Malay name under the first element

of his/her name unless it is known that

he/she treats another elements of his/her

Merican, Faridah name as a surname.

('Merican' is a surname)



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If an abbreviation is used for a word

denoting filial relationship, i.e. b for bin,

bt. Or bte for binti, use the full form of the

word.

If a person never uses the word denoting

filial relationship, enter the name as found

Add after the name titles of honour, rank or

position that are commonly associated with

the name

If the title of honour, rank or position are

hereditary, entry by the title

Ali bin AbdullahRogayah binti Ahmad

Ismail Hussein

Abdul Majib bin Zainuddin, Haji

Soppiee, Nordin, Dato'

Ungku Abdul Aziz

Syed Hussin AliNik Safiah Haji A. Karim

CHINESE NAMES

Enter the surnames first

If a name of Chinese origin contains both

Chinese and non-Chinese gives names,

record the non-Chinese given namespreceding the Chinese given name

Foh, Kam BengChing, Fancis K.W

(Name appears as Francis K.W. Ching)

Loh, PhilipFOOK Seng

(Name appears as Philip Loh Fook Seng

INDIAN NAMES P.Subramaniam

(Name appears as P.Subramaniam)

Subramaniam,P

Corporate authors

Corporate authors are usually spelled out

each time they appear in a text citation. The

names of some corporate authors are

spelled out in the first citation andabbreviated thereafter

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH],1991)

first text citation

(NIMH, 1991)-subsequent text citation

(University of Pittsburghm 1993) cited in full

in all text citations.

Works with no author

When a work has no author, cite in text the

first two or three words or the reference list

entry (usually the title) and the year. Use

double quotations marks around the little ofan articles or chapter and underline the title

of a periodical or book.

On free care ('Study Finds, " 1986)

The book College Bound Seniors (1979)



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Guidelines for Mba Final Project

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Transcript of Guidelines for Mba Final Project