Guidelines for Local Language Content Development
Transcript of Guidelines for Local Language Content Development
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Guidelines for Local Language Content Development
Content Planning, Development, Licensing, Online
Publishing, Dissemination and EvaluationPublishing, Dissemination and Evaluation
Mumit Khan and Urmi LohaniBRAC University
Bangladesh
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What is “content”?
• Anything that can be put online? Printed matter too?
Published by a “reputable” publisher? Youtube
videos? Cartoons? Maps?
• Who needs it?
• Who has access to it?• Who has access to it?
• Who judges its quality?
• How to effectively develop content and disseminate?
• Is it “original” material, or translated from another
language? Who “owns” it?
• How to evaluate the content’s “impact”?
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Is this content?
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Is this content?
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Is this content?
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Is this content?
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How about this?
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MIT OCW Lecture Notes
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A Typical PanL10n Content
1. Multi-format – HTML, PDF, …
2. Multi-target groups – training for novices and
advanced users of Linux
3. (Perhaps) Multi-language – English and local 3. (Perhaps) Multi-language – English and local
language
EIGHT different versions without a sound
development process!
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Content Development
Methodology (Life-cycle)
1. Choosing target audience and content type
2. Choosing team and resource partners
3. Conducting needs assessment
4. Collecting raw materials for content4. Collecting raw materials for content
5. Process raw materials into content form
6. Disseminate content using appropriate
license
7. Collect feedback/evaluate content
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Content Development
Methodology Example
Dhaka Ahsania Mission (DAM)
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Content PlanningContent Planning
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Choosing target audience and
content type
• The target audience and content type
selections typically a “business” decision
• Issues when selecting content type and media
– Text/Audio/Video/Multimedia– Text/Audio/Video/Multimedia
– Printed only – difficult for multimedia content
– Online only – accessibility issues
– Printed and Online – development tools and
technology selection is very important
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Choosing resource partners
• The supply side needs to be addressed well
before the content generation phase
• Typical scenario involves surveying the
content area to identify potential resource content area to identify potential resource
partners
• Longevity and sustainability of the
relationships need to be considered
• Copyright and licensing issues start with
resource partners
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Needs Assessment
• Very much depends on the target audience
• For development work, participatory methods
are most prevalent (from lessons learned)
• Need some experience and organizational • Need some experience and organizational
support to conduct participatory sessions
• Stakeholder participation at some level is
critical for content success
• Must have methodology for post-evaluation
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Needs Assessment Case Study –
D.Net’s livelihood content
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Content DevelopmentContent Development
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Process, Technologies & Tools, and
Media
• Development process must be well defined
– Collection and evaluation of raw materials
– Formatting and Incorporation into existing content
• Technologies and tools play a critical role in • Technologies and tools play a critical role in
effective and sustainable development
– Using a CMS, XML technologies
• Chosen media will often dictate the process
and technology & tools choices
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Development Process
• Similar to Software Engineering process
methodologies
– Content repositories (with revision control)
– Content owners– Content owners
– Content reviewers
– Layout/formatting owners
– Release cycle
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Ref: “Building re-configurable multilingual training media”, I. Gru�tzner, L. Thomas, S. Steinbach-Nordmann, Current Developments in Technology-Assisted Education , (2006).
The article demonstrates the importance of designing re-configurableand re-useable training media for trainers, course-providers and course-developers. It analyzes the underlying concepts of re-configurable
Example Framework - Up2UML
developers. It analyzes the underlying concepts of re-configurabletraining media and their authoring, production and distributionprocesses and shows the importance of sound development for theconceptualization and realization of modular training media. It illustrateshow re-configurable training media can be built in various languagesand media-formats using open standards and open sourcetechnologies. Based on a multi-national project, the practical applicationof such an approach and show how trainers and course providers mightbe supported in building individualized sets of training media and acrossvarious media formats (WBT, print) are discussed.
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Up2UML Highlights
• Multi-language, -format (PDF, HTML), -level
(“beginner”, “advanced”), -target groups, etc
• Sound Development processes for design and
developmentdevelopment
– modularization, re-use, no (content) redundancy
• Separating structure from layout – use XML
technologies Uses open standards and open
source –
– DocBook/DITA/etc markup frameworks, SVN
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A (Trivial) DocBook Article
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN">
<article>
<sect1 id="introduction”><title>Hello world</title>
<para>
Hello world! Hello world!
</para>
</sect1>
</article>
To render into HTML/PDF:$ docbook2html myfile.en.html$ docbook2pdf myfile.en.pdf
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HTML Output (ugly!)
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Add a few headers
<article> <!– Nested within the article element �
<artheader>
<title>Hello World 2</title>
<author>
<firstname>Foo</firstname>
<surname>Bar</surname><surname>Bar</surname>
<affiliation>
<address>
<email>[email protected]</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</artheader>
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HTML Output (still ugly!)
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Add an abstract
<article> <!– Nested within the article element �
<artheader>
<abstract>
<para>
This document is intended to help newbies do ...
</para></para>
</abstract>
</artheader>
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HTML Output (still ugly!)
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A (Trivial) DocBook Book
<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
<book>
<title>My First Book!</title>
<chapter id="ch1"><chapter id="ch1">
<title>First chapter</title>
<para>
Chapter 1 continues ...
</para>
</chapter>
</book>
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HTML Output
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A (real) DocBook Book
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DocBook elements
• Sets, two or more books
• Books, contains a mixture of Dedication, Navigational
Components, Divisions, and Components
• Divisions, which divide books into parts and references
– Parts contain components– Parts contain components
– References contain refentries
• Components, which divide books or divisions into chapters
• Sections, which subdivide components
• Meta-information elements
• Block elements, paragraphs, lists, figures, equations, …
• Inline elements, markups of running text
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Customizing the “look and feel”
• The right way: style sheets to customize L&F
– Cascading style sheet (CSS)
– XSL style sheets
– Xquery– Xquery
• The hard way: Introduce custom declarations
and markups to customize L&F
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DITA HTML Example
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DITA PDF Example
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Which XML Framework?
• DocBook
– a document type description (DTD) for SGML and
XML.
– Very suited for technical documentation, plenty of – Very suited for technical documentation, plenty of
examples
• DITA
– Topic oriented
– Much more flexible for a large collection of items
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Content Management Systems
(CMS)
• Jooma, Drupal, phpNuke, dotNetNuke, Plone,
Wiki, …
• Excellent platforms for online-only content
publishingpublishing
• Wikis for excellent collaborative development
framework
• Most (all?) have revision control
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Why Not Just Use a Word-
Processor (ODF, OOXML, etc)?
• The same reason Mathematicians and
Scientists (and Linguists) use TeX/LaTeX
• Very difficult to manage after initial version
• Not transportable• Not transportable
• Must depend on 3rd party format conversion
tools
• Structure vs Layout – separating presentation
from structure
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Resources - Books
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Resources - Tools
• XML technologies
– DocBook. Much of the open source world uses it.
www.docbook.org, newbiedoc.sourceforge.net/metadoc/docbook-
guide.html
– IBM’s Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA), – IBM’s Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA),
OASIS standard. Extensive and mature.http://dita-ot.sourceforge.net/, http://dita.xml.org/
– “How Did You Decide Between DocBook, DITA, or Custom
DTDs?”, Eliot Kimber.http://xml.coverpages.org/DocBook-DITA-customDTD.html
• CMS – Joomla, Drupal, Plone, Moodle, …
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Content LicensingContent Licensing
“© 2008,2009 Foo Bar, All Rights Reserved”
vs“No rights reserved”
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Public domain vs. copyrighted
content
• What is “public domain”
– “I place this document in the public domain …”
– After copyright expires (more on duration below)
• What can be copyrighted and how?• What can be copyrighted and how?
• A quick survey of regional copyright laws
• Duration of copyright
– US (amended 1998): life of author + 77 years; if work for
hire (or under pseudonym) 28 years + 67 years = 95 years;
all work
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Licensing
• GNU Public License GPL (sofware), Free
Documentation License FDL (content)
– Copyleft
• MIT, BSD, Apache, Artistic, … - design for free • MIT, BSD, Apache, Artistic, … - design for free
software, much more lenient than GPL/FDL
• Creative Commons – “customizable” content
licensing (of the future?)
– Allows modeling of all the other licenses, free or non-free
– Automatic license generator
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The Question – Which License is
Right For You?
• Simple - Customize Creative Commons
• Pick the appropriate CC attributes.
– Corpus example: Attribution-Noncommercial-
Noderivative-ShareAlikeNoderivative-ShareAlike
– Document: Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike
• Also offers easy way to release into the public
domain - Public Domain Dedication, and
Founder’s Copyright (work released into
public domain after 14 or 28 years)
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Creative Commons Overview
• Four basic conditions:– Attribution (by)
– Noncommercial (nc)
– No Derivative works or NoDerivs (nd)
– ShareAlike (sa)– ShareAlike (sa)
• “Mix and Match” conditions to customize your
license
• Non-revocable
• Almost anything is possible …
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And the answer is …
Generated
License
Generated
License
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Grant of Rights Letter
January 13, 2009
To: CRBLP, BRAC University, Bangladesh
Re: Grant of Rights
This letter is to warrant that The Daily Star is the owner of all necessary legal rights to grant duplication rights associated with the following title:
Publisher Publication IPR owner
Mahfuz Anam The Daily Star The Daily Star
The Daily Star hereunder known as the Grantor hereby grants CRBLP of BRAC University, hereunder known as the Grantee, the rights to have the above listed title duplicated as specified by the Grantor. Furthermore, Grantor hereby agrees to promptly provide to Grantee any additional information reasonably requested in order to confirm the grant of rights provided herein.
Signed: ___________________________________
Name: Mahfuz Anam Title: PublisherContact Information: Phone: 812-4944, Fax: 812-5155
Mahfuz Anam The Daily Star The Daily Star
All issues of July 2007-December 2007
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Case Studies for IP
• Content for Training and Education
– D.Net/BD, ENRD/NP, NIDA/Cambodia, NUCES/PK…
• Content for Livelihoood
– D.Net, …– D.Net, …
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Copyright resources
• Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrights
• Stanford Copyright and Fair Use fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chap
ter0/0-a.html
• Creative Commons (+ license generator)http://creativecommons.org/
• 10 Big Myths About Copyright Explainedhttp://www.templetons.com/brad/copymyths.html
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Guidelines for Local Language Content
Development II
Content Online Publishing, Dissemination and Content Online Publishing, Dissemination and
Evaluation
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Online Publishing
• For “non-interactive” content (PDF, DOC,
OOXML, ODF), just put online! Assuming a
formal or informal CMS
• For interactive “native” content• For interactive “native” content
– Pure HTML
– Generated (CMS, DocBook, DITA, other XML
technologies, TeX/LaTeX, etc)
– Many accessibility issues, starting with fonts,
conventions, etc
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Multilingual Online Content
• HTTP/1.1 Content-Language header
Content-Language: en, bn
• Language attributes
<html lang="en">
• Meta element with Content-Language• Meta element with Content-Language
<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en,bn" />
• And in the document
<p>The Bangla word for <em>Saturday</em> is <em
lang=”bn">������</em>.
http://www.w3.org/International/tutorials/language-decl/
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Rendering Issues
• Browser (client) must know how to render the
content
– Content meta-data, language tags
– Mapping language to typeface/font (client dependent)– Mapping language to typeface/font (client dependent)
– Proprietary and platform-specific solutions such as Web
embedded fonts, hardcoded font names…
• What about lack of meta information?
• Non-standard encoding? (non-Unicode, non-
ISO)
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Encoding Issues
• Standard ISO encodings, including Unicode
• Non-standard encodings
– ASCII fonts
• Search engine• Search engine
– Simple if a standard encoding is used
– Must have custom handlers for non-standard ones
• Google/Yahoo/Altavista may simply not care enough to
handle it for your content
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Accessibility Issues
• Display fonts
• Input method
– Forms
– Search– Search
• Print disability
– “Infomediaries”
– Speech technologies
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Dissemination
• End-user training to use content
• “Last mile” issues
– CD/DVD based distribution (e.g., eGranary, D.Net)
• Release maintenance• Release maintenance
– Updates?
• Cultural issues
• Gender issues
• Literacy issues
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Summary
• Developing “living” content requires a
complete development life-cycle
– User intervention to create relevant content
– Development methodology to improve process– Development methodology to improve process
– Respects source IP and uses effective licensing
regimes to disseminate
– Follows online publishing conventions to
disseminate
– Evaluates the content in context