Guidelines for Elections Coverage

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2 Guidelines for Election Coverage

NAME INSTITUTION SIGNATURE

ANDERSON WAWERU MEDIAMAX

DOREEN RUKARIA

COMMUNITY RADIO

ASSOCIATION OF KENYA

(CRAK)

FARIDA KARONEY ROYAL MEDIA SERVICES

JOHN BUNDOTICH STANDARD GROUP

JOSEPH ODINDO NATION MEDIA GROUP

JULIUS MAINA NATION MEDIA GROUP

LINUS GITAHI NATION MEDIA GROUP

MACHARIA GAITHO KENYA EDITORS GUILD

MAINA MUIRURI MEDIAMAX

MARTIN MASAI ALTERNATIVE MEDIANETWORK (AMNET)

Adherence to the Guidelines

Stakeholders Commitment


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3Guidelines for Election Coverage

MICHEAL MUMO CAPITAL GROUP LTD

NJUKI GITHETWAKENYA COMMUNITY MEDIA

NETWORK (KCOMNET)

OLEWE OWITI JOSEPH KENYA NEWS AGENCY

OMWA OMBARAMEDIA LIASON AND

ADVOCACY CONSULTANT

OWINO JULIUS

- MAJIMAJIGHETTO RADIO

PATRICK KONGOTIIMANI RADIO AND

TV MINISTRIES

PAUL WANYAGAH MEDIAMAX

VICTOR OTIENO JUMA RADIO NAM LOLWE

WAITHAKA WAIHENYAKENYA BROADCASTING

CORPORATION

WILLIAM OLOO JANAKKENYA CORRESPONDENTS

ASSOCIATION

WILLIAM PIKE RADIO AFRICA


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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Preamble

Summary of the guidelines

1. Editorial principles

qMedia and the voterqMedia and the candidatesq

Media and the nationqValues

2. Journalists Rights and Responsibilities

qIntegrityqKnowledgeqSkills and toolsqSafety

3. Harm and offenceqHate speechqLanguageqTaste and decencyqGender balanced election coverage

4. Content and formats

qSocial mediaqState mediaqOpinion pollsqPhone-ins and talk showsqPolitical advertising

5. Implementing the guidelines

qEditorial codes/Station guidesqComplaintsqMedia monitoring


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWe would like to thank the Editors Guild, Kenya Union of Journalists (KUJ),

Kenya Correspondents Association, Media Owners Association (MOA) and the

Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC), for their contribution in

developing these election coverage guidelines. Special thanks goes to Internews for

their support in publishing the guidelines.

We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of the following Media houses

and organisations in the development of the guidelines, particularly during the

stakeholders forum: the Nation Media Group, the Standard Group, Article 19 and the

National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC).

Finally, we wish to thank the following international organisations, from

whose guidelines we have borrowed: the Commonwealth Broadcasting

Association, African Centre for Media Excellence, International Centre for

Journalists (ICJ) and Media Monitoring to promote democratic Elections (National

Democratic Institute), International Media Support and UNESCO.

The Media Council of Kenya

April, 2012


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Preamble

Weeditors, journalists, practitioners, media owners and managers,

Recognisingthe importance of general elections,

Guidedby the desire to facilitate a free, fair and democratic electionprocess,

Aware that our Constitution provides for freedom andindependence of all types of media; and guarantees all citizens the

right to freedom of expression, which includes freedom to seek,

receive or impart information or ideas,

Acknowledging that media freedoms come withresponsibilities,

Determined to assist voters make informed choices,

Resolve to adopt and abide by the following guidelinesduring the coverage of the General Election:


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Summary of the guidelinesThese guidelines are the result of an on-going collaborative effort between the

media and various organisations that have a stake in ensuring the smooth running

of a credible, peaceful and democratic general election and its proper coverage by

the media. They include: the IEBC, NCIC, KUJ, the Editors Guild of Kenya, the KenyaCorrespondents Association and Internews.

The guidelines were compiled following contributions from key stakeholders, which

culminated in a three-day workshop to discuss and finalise the document a process

facilitated by the Media Council of Kenya.

The guidelines reflect existing codes of conduct and the requirements of the new

Constitution. The booklets arrangement is simple and logical for ease of reference by

media professionals covering the elections.

The guidelines cover a wide range of issues, which include:

qBalance and fairnessqCorruption (as it affects journalists)qGender balance and diversity of voicesqConflict-sensitive journalismqOpinion pollsqEquitable coverageqVoter educationqPhone-ins

The guidelines are aimed at helping journalists to provide comprehensive, accurate,

impartial, balanced and fair coverage of the elections, thus enabling the voter to make

informed choices. The guidelines will apply to all media houses whether private, or

State-owned as well as the authorities involved in or policing the electoral process

and, that have voluntarily adopted them.


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EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES

At the heart of every election are three interlocking sets of rights:

qThe right of the voters to make a fully informed choice;qThe right of the candidates to put their policies across; andqThe right of the media to freely report and express their views on

matters of public interest.

1. Media and the voterDuty to the voter

The role of the media in an election is to ensure that the citizen is

empowered to make an informed choice. The media, therefore, havea duty to provide election coverage that gives the voter sufficient,

accurate and reliable information and knowledge on all-important

electoral matters. These include voting, campaign issues, political

parties and candidates. This information will also help to ensure

that the voters know and understand their right to exercise their

democratic duty free from fear, intimidation or coercion.

2. Media and the candidatesDuty to the candidate

The media must maintain a balanced and impartial coverage

of the election, which means they must not favour or show

bias against any party or candidate. The media should be

able to demonstrate that the main parties or candidates

vying for office are given equitable opportunities to

be heard or questioned and, that minor parties or

candidates are not treated unfairly. Fair and balanced

coverage also means that individual stories, and their

pattern over a period of time reflect the views of

different parties or candidates.

3. Media and the nationDuty to the nation

Media houses are corporate citizens of Kenya; they have a stake in the

future and wellbeing of the nation. There is need, therefore, for the media to


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use the opportunity offered by the elections to work for unity and, prevent or reduce

conflict and polarisation by promoting the rule of law. Similarly, the media should

establish in-house structures and mechanisms of overcoming internal conflict that

could negatively influence or compromise election coverage. The media has a duty

to reflect a diversity of voice in its coverage, including minorities and marginalised

communities. The reporting should be gender-balanced, treating women and menequally as news subjects and news sources.

4. ValuesIn covering the elections, the media must at all times observe the core values and

principles of journalism:

qAccuracyThe media must ensure that their election reports are factual, accurate,

well sourced and based on sound evidence.

q ImpartialityThe media should produce fair and balanced reports, reflecting a breadth

and diversity of opinion that ensures no significant strand of thought is

missing or under-represented.

qSourcingThe media have an obligation to the people they report about and to the

society they report to. The journalist should, therefore, protect confidentialsources of information. However, they must not use the cover of unnamed

sources to hide personal opinions.

qNews coverageEditorial opinion must be clearly distinguished from news to avoid the danger

of misleading audiences.

qRight of replyA fair opportunity to reply to inaccuracies contained in a report that has

been broadcast or published should be given to aggrieved individuals ororganisations. The right of reply must be given within at least 24 hours in a

programme of similar weight and audience or space of similar prominence.


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JOURNALISTS RIGHTS AND

RESPONSIBILITIES5. IntegrityBorrowing a leaf from Chapter Six of the Constitution of Kenya, journalists

should strive to exercise their duties in a manner that is consistent with

the rule of law. They should also demonstrate respect for the people, bring

dignity to the profession and promote public confidence in the integrity of

the profession. This means that a good journalist:

qIs not for sale;qDoes not accept bribes;qDoes not give special favours to any politician or party;qDoes not produce reports skewed towards personal, party,

ethnic or religious positions;

qDoes not defame or promote hate, malice or corruption;and

qDoes not release unofficial or unverified election results.6. Knowledge, skills and tools

For proper, effective and professional election coverage, themedia must ensure they are equipped with appropriate tools

and skills, which include relevant training.

It is the responsibility of the individual journalist to ensure

that he or she is familiar with electoral legislation and

regulations, and new voting procedures. With a new

electoral system under a new constitution, it is critical for

the journalist to be fully conversant with all aspects of the

process to help the voter make informed choices.

On the other hand, the media have the right to expect

that authorities will:

qEnsure media can operate inan environment free of violence and

intimidation;


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qPunish attacks against media personnel and property;qTake necessary measures to prevent electoral malpractice, fraud or

ballot rigging; and

qArrange fair, open counting and tallying of the vote and, timely release of theresults. The media expect to have a good working relationship with the IEBC

at this crucial stage in the process.

7. SafetyA journalist, like any other citizen, has the right to carry out his or her work without

fear of intimidation, harassment or attacks. In recent times, there have been increased

reports of cases of abduction and violence against journalists and media personnel

in East Africa, a situation that gets worse during elections. Steps should be taken to

minimise threats to and protect the safety of journalists. It is also expected that:

qJournalists should receive safety training to enable to them carry outtheir work.qBefore deploying to a hostile environment, journalists should always assess

the risk and analyse threat management.

qA journalist exposed to traumatic situations should be counseled.qThe journalist should conduct his or her duties responsibly with due regard

to his or her own safety and that of the people he is working with, such as

interviewees or sources.

qMedia houses should maintain regular communication with journalists intense or conflict areas and have a clear exit plan.

HARM AND OFFENCE8. Hate SpeechArticle 33 of the Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, but states that this

freedom does not extend to:

qWar propaganda;q Incitement to violence;qHate speech; andqAdvocacy of hatred that constitutes ethnic incitement, vilification of others or

incitement to cause harm.

This simply means that in exercising their freedom of expression, journalists shall

respect the rights, integrity and reputation of others.


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Defining hate speechThe National Cohesion and Integration Act, 2008, has a detailed explanation of

what constitutes hate speech and imposes a fine of one million shillings, or six

months imprisonment or both, on anyone (e.g. individual journalist or media

house) found guilty of an offence under the hate speech section (13) of the

Act. The media have developed and agreed on this simplified definition of

hate speech:

Hate speech is any form of communication that disparages, degrades,

dehumanises and/or demeans individuals or a group by promoting hatred

and encouraging violence against an individual or group on the basis of

factors including, but not limited to religion, race, colour, ethnicity, gender,

age, political and/or any other opinion, national or any other social origin.

(Source: Governance Forum: Media Checklist on Hate Speech, 2011)

Hate speech is a relatively new offence in Kenya, hence jurisprudence

on it has not been developed. Reference is, therefore, made to the

experiences of courts in other jurisdictions.

Some examples include:

Incitement doesnt always have to call people

to take action

qIn the case of Prosecutor v Ferdinand Nahimana, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza and Hassan Ngeze, the InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) observed that speech

constituting ethnic hatred resulted from stereotyping

of ethnic groups, combined with denigration. After

examining the tone of a broadcast that stated about the

Tutsi that they are the ones with all the money, the

court observed, inter alia, that while this broadcast

did not call on listeners to take action of any kind,it demonstrated the progression from ethnic

consciousness to harmful ethnic stereotyping.

Subtle or ambiguous messages

can still be harmful

qIn the case of Prosecutor v Akayesu, thecourt observed that:

In light of the culture of Rwanda, acts of incitement can be

viewed as direct or not, by focusing mainly on the issue of whether the


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persons for whom the message was intended immediately grasped the implication

thereof.

The ICTR further observed that culture, including the nuances of the Kinyarwanda

language, were important in determining what constitutes direct and public incitement

to commit genocide. The principal consideration is the meaning of the words usedin a specific context: it does not matter that the message may appear ambiguous to

another audience or in another context.

Identifying hate speech

Hate crimes in Kenya tend to be fuelled by the following:

qStereotypes, particularly cultural;q

Hate-filled speeches, especially at political rallies; andqPolitical advertisements.

Main characteristics of hate speechThe statement should contain:

qThreatening, abusive or insulting messages, sometimes using coded language.qMessages targeted at a group to stir hatred on the basis of race, colour,

nationality, ethnicity or other national origin.

9. LanguageElections by their nature are polarising and the whole electioneering process is highly

emotive. As a result, conflicts can and do arise and, the media are often blamed for

fanning the flames through the language and images they choose to use. The media

have a responsibility to their audiences and the society: the principles of conflict-

sensitive journalism should guide their reporting. In situations of social or violent

conflict, the media should:qEngage in accurate and constructive reporting;qBe well informed about the conflict causes and dynamics;qUse language carefully and avoid emotional or imprecise words to help

reduce tension between parties. Do not minimise suffering but choose words

carefully;

qAvoid making an opinion into a fact;qHelp people make sense of events by providing context and impartial analysis,

and by offering a wide range of views and opinions;


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qNot define the conflict by always quoting leaders who make familiardemands. Go beyond the elites. Report the words of ordinary people

who may voice the opinions shared by many;

qMake citizens better informed, and possibly safer, by also reportingon efforts to promote conflict reduction;

qBe engaged in the search for solutions;qAvoid putting individuals at risk of unnecessary distress or harm;qAdopt a sensitive tone to the emotions and fears of the audience

on matters involving risk to and loss of life as well as human

suffering or distress;

qRespect human dignity without sanitising the realities ofviolent conflict. There must be clear editorial justification forthe use of graphic images. A journalists work should be

informed by ongoing reflection on how his or her reporting

can impact positively or negatively on conflict.

Talk show hosts need to pay particular attention to the import

of their words. During election time, a presenters reference to

our people or our community could send out a dangerous

or unintended message to audiences who are not from the talk

show hosts community. The presenter should also be readyto challenge or stop any contributor or caller who makes

insensitive or inflammatory comments on the show.

10. Taste and decencyIn general, the media should not broadcast or publish obscene,

vulgar or offensive material, unless there is a clear editorial

justification news value of public interest.

Audiences, particularly children, can be frightened or

distressed by the portrayal of violence or other graphic

images on the screen. Television stations must,

therefore, exercise great care in their scheduling of

such election-related material.

In cases involving personal griefor shock, inquiries should be

made with sensitivity and discretion.


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Other questions include:

qDoes media coverage contain only the voices of men?qDo these men represent diversity in terms of status (race, class, etc.)

or are they primarily men in positions of prominence, power

or formal authority?qHave the views of women political candidates, women voters and

women experts, been captured in news reports, news analyses

and other forms of reporting on elections?

qDoes the coverage rely on one sex or only a few voices based onthe assumption that these speak on behalf of the majority?

Portrayal of women and the language used in the media are critical.

In covering elections, journalists must answer the followingquestions:

qDoes the story contain language that promotes sexism,gender bias or discrimination, or gender stereotypes?

qDoes the language hype or sensationalize the situationbeyond what has actually happened in order to sell the

news and attract audiences?

qDo any of the adjectives used to describe the characteror physical appearance of women politicians

or candidates convey prejudice?

CONTENT AND FORMATS12. Social mediaSocial media is continuing to play a major role in

journalism and will be an important feature in electioncoverage. However, the same core principles of

journalism as practised in traditional media print

and broadcasting should apply to social media

journalism. Individual media houses have specific

social media policies for their journalists. Here

are some general guidelines:

qSources: The journalist must always verifyand corroborate the sources of information.

qAccuracy: The information or stories published must be accurate.


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qYour personal activity: Even though you act in your own private capacityOnline in your blog, Twitter or Facebook communication anyone seeing

what you write will still identify you with your media house. Think carefully

about what you publish.

qOpinion: Make it very clear that the views you express are personal and notthose of your media house.

qPolitical stand: Dont state your political preferences as this couldcompromise your impartiality in your official reporting capacity

qTwitter: a) Twits should be cleared as soon as they are received. This helps iscontrolling the snowballing of hate contributions.

b) After giving a platform to users to twit, the media should take responsibility

for the content posted on their platform.

qBreaking news: Be clear what the policy of your media house is before youbreak news privately on the web ahead of your own media house.In summary, dont be seduced by the informality of social media to compromise your

integrity as a professional journalist.

13. State mediaBoth private and State media, including the Kenya News Agency (KNA) and the

Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), have a duty, during the election period, to

inform the public about the entire electioneering process, highlighting key issues and

educating the voters. This is in line with KBCs statutory role to conduct broadcasting

services with impartial attention to the interests and susceptibilities of the different

communities in Kenya.

As a public service broadcaster, KBC has a duty to keep a fair balance in all respects in

the allocation of broadcasting hours to reflect different political viewpoints.

The law further requires that KBC should, in consultation with the IEBC, during the

campaign period preceding any presidential, parliamentary or local government

election, allocate free air time to registered political parties participating in the

election to expound their policies.

As a public media house, KBC has a responsibility to educate voters and keep them

informed through the electoral process. Its election-related programmes must reach

the greatest number possible of voters. They should, especially, target groups that

traditionally may have been excluded from the political process, such as ethnic or

religious minorities and women.


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The programmes must be accurate and impartial and must effectively inform

voters about the voting process, including how, when and where to vote,

register to vote and verify proper registration, the secrecy of the ballot (and

thus safety from retaliation) and, the importance of voting.

14. Opinion pollsProperly conducted and disseminated opinion poll results give the public an

opportunity to be heard. Through opinion researches, the public, politicians,

the media and other interested groups have access to accurate measures

of public attitudes and intentions. Media reporting the results of such polls

also tell audiences that their views

are important.

In Kenya, however, since the media started publishing opinion poll results,

debate has followed every finding. Politicians and social scientists accuseresearch organisations of playing to the tune of the poll funders to

manipulate results. Some are determined to formulate legislation to

control the operations of opinion poll companies.

This confirms that the media must take great care when quoting

opinion poll results on the probable outcome of an election.

The media must, according to the World Association for Public

Opinion Research (WAPOR), understand the appropriate forms

of publishing poll results. Journalists and media houses should

thoroughly interrogate each and every opinion survey results.

Some of the basic information that they should look into

includes:

1. Who commissioned the survey?

2. Who paid for it?

3. Why was the survey commissioned?

4. Who conducted the survey?

5. What geographical areas were covered?6. How big was the population sample?

7. What was the response and non-response

rate?

8. What sampling methods were used?

9. What kinds of questions were asked?

10. What calibre of staff was involved in the

sample gathering?

11. Over what period was the survey conducted?

12. What was the margin of error?13. What were the results?


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If editors fail to answer these 13 questions when analysing an opinion poll, then

the methodology of this poll cannot be trusted. And if a poll appears to have been

conducted using dubious methodology, its outcome should receive no mention in the

media or should be seriously challenged.

Advice to journalists reporting on opinion polls:qLighten up on the horse race.

Opinion polls and media releases of major candidates focus on the horse

race especially the final two months of the campaign. Dont be fixated on a

story: voting intentions are not the only thing that matters. Do not neglect to

give voters what they want/need to help them decide for whom they vote.

qWhen any public opinion findings are published in newspapers, these shouldbe accompanied by a clear statement of the:

a) Name of the research organisation carrying out the survey;

b) Universe effectively represented (i.e. who was interviewed);

c) Achieved sample size and its geographical coverage;

d) Dates of field work;

e) Sampling method used;

f) Method by which the information was collected (personal, telephone

interview etc); and

g) Relevant question(s) asked. To avoid possible ambiguity, the actual

wording of the question should be given.

Print journalists may use a data box to inform their readers on the above. In case

of broadcast media, it may not be possible to give information on all these points.

Therefore, cover as a minimum points (a) through (d) above. Television journalists can

use visuals to cover these points.

qMake clear which group of voters is being measured: voters, registered voters,probable voters, etc.

q In the case of voting intentions surveys, it must always be made clear if votingpercentages include any of these respondents who answered I dont know orI will not vote. They can significantly affect the findings.

qAlways report polls within a context. Precisely when was the fieldworkconducted? If it was conducted before or after a significant event, that may

affect the results.

qBeware of analysts who seek to predict the election based on a poll. A pollsability to predict is limited because 1) at least 10 per cent of all voters make

up their mind on the voting day, 2) contemporary campaigns are designed

to move voters late in the campaign. Distinguish between poll findings and a

pollsters interpretation of poll results.


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Radio/TV instant pollsWith the increase in the use of mobile phones, radio and TV broadcasters

conduct opinion polls during news bulletins, using text messages (SMS) sent

by the audience, and giving immediate results of the poll at the end of the

programme. Such a practice can be misleading as it contravenes the basic

rules of scientific methodology and analysis.

Results from SMS polls should not be treated as representative scientific

results. If broadcasters still want to use them, they should at least indicate

the number of respondents while sharing the results, and carefully select

representative responses. If an SMS poll has less than 1,000 respondents,

broadcasters or publishers should inform the audience that it is not

scientific, and the conclusions not valid and reliable.

15. Phone-ins and talk showsPhone-ins and talk shows are very popular radio and TV programme

formats, which allow the audience to engage with the programme

in different ways from voting for contestants in a show, to taking

part in a competition. These types of programmes provide the

viewer or listener with an opportunity to be heard, to participate

and sometimes to create content. However, these programmeshave in the past been abused, leading to a large number of

complaints sent to the Complaints Commission of the Media

Council. Many of the complaints are about live morning radio

talk shows that deal mainly with sex and relationships in

flippant and irresponsible ways.

During election seasons, opening up the airwaves

irresponsibly without professional oversight can bedangerous. A Kenyan radio show host is to face full trial

at the International Criminal Court (ICC) at The Hague.

Unlike newspaper copy, which is checked by a

succession of editors and, objectionable content

removed before it goes to press, live radio and

TV pose a real challenge. Live broadcasts cannot be

checked in this way. Presenters, therefore, in the absence of aneditor or programme producer, must become their own editors and must

be acutely aware of the sort of content that should not be aired or should be


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challenged. This includes hate speech, ethnic baiting, lies and propaganda, crude and

vulgar language, incitement to violence, and unverified information.

Guidelines to presenters and producers of phone-ins and talk shows

qJournalistic principles must apply to the programme.qThe presenter must understand the basic rudiments of journalism.qThe presenter must be familiar with and abide by the Election Reporting

Guidelines and relevant legal requirements.

qThe presenter or editor must be alert and prepared to challenge or cut off acaller who breaches the guidelines or the law, especially on hate speech.

qCallers should not come on-air and expect to comment on a given topicunchallenged.

qPresenters should prepare for the unexpected, such as a caller who comes onair and smears or libels someone. The caller should be challenged or stopped.

qTreat your viewers, listeners and callers with respect, honesty and fairness.qRespect the privacy of callers and safeguard their personal information.qInstall and use time-delay technology or other mechanism to filter out

offensive content or calls prior to broadcast.

16. Political advertisingMedia houses should clearly identify all advertorials or political advertising to

distinguish them from editorial content.

Where the media house gives political parties time slots to air programmes setting

out their policies to voters, the content of the programmes will primarily be the

responsibility of the party. However, the broadcaster remains responsible for the

broadcast as publisher and requires the parties to observe proper standards of legality,

accuracy, taste and decency.

IMPLEMENTING THE GUIDELINES17. Editorial guides/station policiesTo effectively implement these guidelines, media houses will:

qDevelop editorial codes and policies or review existing ones using theseguidelines as minimum standards.

qPublish these guidelines and any other internal codes to ensure awareness byall and to help the public monitor performance and hold the media

accountable.qEnsure proper planning and resource allocation for election coverage.


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qEnsure staff is adequately trained to fulfill their obligations asrequired by these guidelines.

18. Complaints

During election periods, the need for quick resolution of complaints ispertinent. In addition to media houses established internal complaints

handling procedures, the Complaints Commission of the Media Council of

Kenya should give priority to elections-related complaints from the public.

The resolutions should immediately be communicated to the media

houses and network of other media stakeholders.

19. Media monitoringMedia houses should have their own internal mechanism to monitor

their performance. Broadcasters should keep recordings of all

broadcasts during the election for a period of 90 days. Online

publishers should keep a record of their text-based election content

for 60 days after the polls.

The Media Council of Kenya will monitor the performance of the

media houses in terms of adherence to the Code of Conduct and

equitable and fair reporting for all parties and candidates. It will

provide monthly reports containing the major findings.

The media should be prepared to rectify negative trends of

performance identified after analysis of the monitoring and

evaluation process.


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REFERENCES

African Centre for Media Excellence: Guidelines for Media Coverage of

Elections in Uganda, 2011

ARTICLE 19: Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies

BBC Editorial Guidelines, 2010

Commonwealth Broadcasting Association: Commonwealth Election

Broadcasting Guidelines

Commonwealth Broadcasting Association and Mary Reine: Covering Elections

in Small States Guidelines for Broadcasters, 2008

Constitution of Kenya: Laws of Kenya 2010

Governance Forum/Amkeni Wakenya: Media Checklist on Hate Speech, 2011

Guidelines for Election Coverage: MCK Stakeholders workshop, Naivasha,

March 2012

Impacs: Media + Elections, An Election Reporting Handbook, 2004

International Centre for Journalists: Free and Fair A Journalists Guide toImproved Election Reporting in Ghana

International Media Support/Ross Howard: Conflict Sensitive Journalism, 2003

Media Council of Kenya: Code of Conduct and Practice of Journalism in Kenya

(2nd Edition), 2007

Media Council of Kenya: Guidelines for Election Coverage in Kenya, 2007

Media Council of Tanzania: Code of Ethics for Media Professionals

UNESCO: Guidelines for Coverage of Elections in Lesotho, 2010


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