Tunnel lighting

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Contents

Introduction 2 - 3

Tunnel lighting criteria 4 - 5

Types of tunnel lighting 6 - 9

Thorn expertise 10

Controlling tunnel lighting 11

Product testing 12

Products 13 - 15

Case studies 16 - 17

Applications gallery 18

International references 19

As our road networks become more crowded, the use oftunnels and underpasses is expanding, both to improvetraffic flow, and to protect local environments fromincreased traffic exposure.

Within tunnels, where maintenance access can be limited,and where corrosive atmospheric conditions are common,reliable performance of the lighting system is critical, as isthe need for the absolute minimum of operationalmaintenance requirements.

The objectives of tunnel lightingThe aims of tunnel lighting are:

• Firstly, to allow traffic to enter, pass through and exit the enclosedsection safely

• Secondly, to do so without impeding the through-flow of traffic.

These aims are achieved by the adequate illumination of the tunnelinterior, which allows drivers to quickly adjust to the light within,identify possible obstacles, and negotiate their passage withoutreducing speed.

These requirements apply during the day when the contrast betweenoutside and inside is significant and at night when it is less, butreversed.

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2 Threshold zone

1 Access zone

Stopping

point

Direction of travel

Stopping

distance (SD)

L20

(outside luminance)

Lth(threshold

luminance)

Adaptation

point

A

Portal

4

Tunnel lighting criteria

The 5 zones of tunnellightingCIE guidance (CIE 88-1990)states that the amount of lightrequired within a tunnel isdependent on the level of lightoutside and on the point insidethe tunnel at which visualadaptation of the user mustoccur.

When planning the lighting of atunnel, there are 5 key areas toconsider:

1 Access zoneNot within the tunnel itself, this isthe stretch of road leading to itsentrance.

From this zone, drivers must beable to see into the tunnel inorder to detect possible obstaclesand to drive into the tunnelwithout reducing speed.

The driver’s capacity to adapt inthe access zone governs the

the level required in the interiorzone. The reduction stages mustnot exceed a ratio of 1:3 as theyare linked to the capacity of thehuman eye to adapt to theenvironment and, thus, time-related. The end of the transitionzone is reached when theluminance is equal to 3 times theinterior level.

4 Interior zoneThis is the area betweentransition and exit zones, oftenthe longest stretch of tunnel.Lighting levels are linked to thespeed and density of traffic, asoutlined in the table below.

Luminance to be maintained in interior zone

Extra urban, low traffic, low speed (<70km/h) 1.5 to 3cd/m2

Extra urban, high traffic and/or speed (>70km/h) 2 to 6cd/m2

Highway 4 to10cd/m2

Urban 4 to10cd/m2

lighting level in the next part ofthe tunnel. One of the methodsused by CIE to calculate visualadaptation is the L20 method,which considers the averageluminance from environment, skyand road in a visual cone of20°, centred on the line of sightof the driver from the beginningof the access zone (see below).

2 Threshold zoneThis zone is equal in length to the‘stopping distance’. In the firstpart of this zone, the requiredluminance must remain constantand is linked to the outsideluminance (L20) and trafficconditions. At the end of thezone, the luminance levelprovided can be quickly reducedto 40% of the initial value.

3 Transition zoneOver the distance of thetransition zone, luminance isreduced progressively to reach

5 Exit zoneThe part of the tunnel betweeninterior zone and portal. In thiszone, during the day time, thevision of a driver approachingthe exit is influenced bybrightness outside the tunnel.

The human eye can adapt itselfalmost instantly from low to highlight levels, thus the processesmentioned when entering thetunnel are not reversed.However, reinforced lighting maybe required in some cases wherecontrast is needed in front of orbehind the driver when the exit isnot visible, or when the exit actsas entrance in case of emergencyor maintenance works where partof a twin tunnel may be closed.The length is a maximum 50mand the light level 5 times theinterior zone level.

Good tunnel lighting allows users to enter, pass through and exit the enclosed section safely and comfortably

Stopping distance

A

20°10°

1. Spatial adaptation: the largedifference in luminance betweenthe outside and the inside of thetunnel will impede the vision ofthe driver when he is at theadaptation point (‘A’, opposite).The “Black Hole” phenomenonengenders a feeling of discomfort and insecurity.

Visual adjustment

The visual adjustment from highluminance to low luminancewhile driving is notinstantaneous.This is cause of 2disability phenomena: 2. Temporal adaptation: human

eyes need more time to adaptfrom brightness to darkness thanthe reverse. During this period ofadaptation, the distance travelledis a critical factor.

3 Transition zone4 Interior zone

5 Exitzone

Parting zone

2 x SD

Ltr(transition

luminance)Lin(interior luminance)

Lex(exit luminance)

Portal

5

Entrance and exit portalsThe entrance portal of the tunnel is the partof the tunnel construction that corresponds tothe beginning of the covered part of thetunnel, or - when open sun-screens are used -to the beginning of the sun-screens. The exitportal corresponds to the end of the coveredpart of the tunnel, or - when open sun-screens are used - to the end of the sun-screens.

Exit zoneThe exit zone is the part of the tunnel where,during the daytime, the vision of a driverapproaching the exit is predominately

DefinitionsAccess zone luminance L20

The average value of the luminance in a 20°cone of the driver’s visual field from theaccess zone and centred on the tunnelentrance.

Contrast revealing coefficient qcThe ratio between the luminance at the roadsurface and the vertical illuminance Ev at aspecific location in the tunnel qc=L/Ev. Themethod of tunnel lighting may be defined interms of the contrast ratio in three ways:symmetric lighting, counterbeam lighting andpro-beam lighting (see pages 6 - 7).

influenced by the brightness outside thetunnel. The exit zone begins at the end ofthe interior zone. It ends at the tunnel’s exitportal.

Interior zone luminance (Lin) The average luminance in the interior zonewhich constitutes the background fieldagainst which objects will be visible tousers.

Parting zone The parting zone is the first part of the openroad directly after the exit. The parting zoneis not a part of the tunnel but it is closelyrelated to the tunnel lighting. It is advisedthat the length of the parting zone equalstwo times the stopping distance. A length ofmore than 200m is not necessary.

Stopping point (SP)The position within the access zone on theapproach road at a distance equal to thestopping distance (SD) from the tunnelentrance.

Stopping distance (SD)The theoretical forward distance required bya driver at a given speed in order to stopwhen faced with an unexpected hazard onthe carriageway.

This takes into account perception andreaction time as well as road surface.

Threshold zone luminance (Lth)The average luminance in the threshold zonewhich constitutes the background fieldagainst which objects will be visible todrivers in the access zone between thestopping point and adaptation point.

Traffic flowThe number of vehicles passing a specificpoint in a stated time in stated direction(s).In tunnel design, peak hour traffic, vehiclesper hour per lane, will be used.

Transition zone luminance (Ltr) The average luminance in the transition zone which constitutes the background fieldagainst which objects will be visible to drivers.

Veiling luminanceThe overall luminance veil consisting of thecontribution of the transient adaptation andstray light from optical media, from theatmosphere and from the vehicle windscreen.

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Tunnel road lighting must provide comfort and safety and maximise the visual performance of users.

Types of tunnel lighting

Symmetrical andasymmetrical lighting Used generally for transition andinterior zones for long tunnels,and in short tunnels, or lowspeed tunnels for all zones.

Asymmetrical lighting can alsobe a means of reinforcing theluminance level in one waytunnels.

Asymmetric counter beamlightingTo reinforce the luminance leveland at the same time accentuatethe negative contrast of potentialobstacles. Counter beam lightingis achieved with asymmetricallight distribution facing into thetraffic flow, both in the directionof the on coming driver and inthe run of the road. The beamstops sharply at the vertical plane

passing through the luminaire.No light is directed with the flowof traffic. This generates negativecontrast and enhances visualadaptation.

Pro beam lightingIn some circumstances, positivecontrast must be reinforced, often in the exit zone where theexit is visible. In these cases,asymmetric light distribution isused in the same way as counterbeam but with direction of thetraffic and is called ‘pro beam’.In dual carriage way tunnels,counter beam at entrance can act as pro beam at exit. This technique is notrecommended as the roadluminance is very low, creatingtoo big a disparity between theexit zone and the parting zone.

Other factorsAs well as the above, furtherfactors must be taken intoconsideration when preparingtunnel lighting. These include theshape of the portal, type anddensity of traffic, traffic signage,contribution of wall luminance,orientation of tunnel, and manyothers. National, European andInternational legislation andguidance sets out minimumstandards for tunnel lighting.

Relevant legislationCEN TC 169/WG 6

Technical Report Final Draft08.2001.

CETU

Dossier pilote des tunnels -November 2000.

CIE 88-1990

Guide for the lighting of roads,tunnels and underpasses.

DIN 67524:8 1992

Beleuchtung von Straßen tunnelsand Unterfuhrugen Teil 1:Allgemeine Gutemerk-male andRichtwerte Teil 2: Berechnungund Messung.

SN 150915:1997

Offentliche BeleuchtungStraßentunnels, -Galereinunterfuhrungen.

NSV 1991

Aanbevelingen voor deverlichting van lange tunnels voorhet gemotoriseerde verkeer.

BS 5489-2: 2003

Roadlighting Part 2: Code ofPractice for the design of roadlighting.

UNI 11095:2003

Luce e illuminazione -Illuminazione delle galerie.

Typical tunnel lighting arrangements

No day time lighting 50% of normal threshold zone lighting level normal threshold zone lighting level

Day time lighting of tunnels for different lengths (CIE-Guide for the lighting of tunnels and underpasses)

When lighting a tunnel, its length, geometry and immediate environment must be taken into account as well as traffic densities. Differing light levels are set for each project, according to the governing standards summarised below:

Length of tunnel <25m 25-75m 75-125m >125m

Is exit fully visible when viewed from stopping distance in front of tunnel?

- yes yes no no no yes yes no no no no -

Is daylight penetration good or poor? - - - good good poor - - good good good poor

Is wall reflectance high (>0.4) or low (<0.2)? - - - high low - - - high high low - -

Is traffic heavy (or does it include cyclists or pedestrians) or light?

- light heavy light - - light heavy light heavy - - -

Lighting required

The table below outlines some of the mounting options available and their respective advantages/disadvantages

Wallmounting

Ceilingmounting

Enough spacingabove legal andprotectionminimum height

Not enoughspacing abovelegal andprotectionminimum height

- Arched type with orwithout fan tubes

- Framed type with or without fan tubes

- Arched type with fan tubes- Framed type with or without fan tubes

- best utilisation factor for luminaires

- glare limited

- less investment and maintenance

- easier access to luminaires- 1 lane only need be closed

- less investment and maintenance

- luminaires concealed by signs

- heavy fixings

Mounting constraint Tunnel profileArrangement type Advantages Disadvantages

- closure of carriageway required

- utilisation factor downgraded- high glare

- beware trucks blocking lightSingle sided

Above road on several rows

1 row above road

Twin opposite

Wall mounting: asymmetrical lighting

Ceiling mounting: symmetrical lighting (mainly using fluorescent fittings)

Ceiling mounting: symmetrical lighting

Ceiling mounting: asymmetrical pro beam lighting (not recommended)

Ceiling mounting: aymmetrical counter beam lighting

77

8

Tunnel lighting must allow vehicles toenter, pass through and exit theenclosed section safely withoutimpeding the through-flow of traffic.

9

1010

Thorn expertise - creating the best tunnel lighting and visibility

Lighting a tunnel is a complexand specialised task. Thorn hasdeveloped dedicated lightingsystems and services to assistplanners from concept toimplementation, managementand servicing.

While luminance levels are usedfor accurate theoreticalassessment, in practice,illuminance is more often used.Thorn assessment studies,therefore, are executed usingluminance values, with resultspresented as illuminance values.

It is commonly accepted in roadlighting that, even with the mostaccurate calculations andmodelling to give the lightinglevels required by the moststringent standards, there is asubstantial difference betweenwhat the mathematical lightingconditions are, and what eachindividual driver subjectively seesin reality. This is especially truefor tunnel lighting, where suchsharp contrasts in light levelsprevail.

Thorn in-house visibilitymodelling softwareAt Thorn we have addressed thisproblem head on. Continuousresearch and development hasled to more sophisticated anddetailed understanding of lightingand its effects on vision. Alongwith rapid advances in IT, thishas allowed us to developdedicated in-house softwarewhich combines mathematicalmodels of physiological stimuliwith conventional lightingmodelling parameters to generateresults which are, visually, as wellas mathematically, accuratebeyond alternative visualmodelling techniques.

Thanks to an impressive numberof variables, our software is aunique and accurate tool. Itverifies the ability of a givenlighting system to meet the visualcriteria set by all national andinternational standards regardingdetection of obstacles on theroad, within the allocated time.

Helping lighting designersand tunnel usersTaking into account criteria fromthe tunnel exterior and interior,the software generates a table ofvisibility levels (VL) that shows theextreme influence of daylight onthe values of VL on targets in theentrance and threshold zones ofthe tunnel.

Experiments demonstrate that theminimum Level of Visibility (VL)should have a value equal to orgreater than 7 to ensuredetection of planar or sphericaltargets. Though in Thorn’s currentcalculations, the target size maynot exactly represent a potentialobstacle in a tunnel, they showthe behaviour of light on real,multifaceted objects whosediffuse reflectance can bemodified and therefore theyrepresent a real visual scenariofor tunnel users.

The design of the lighting systemneeded for a tunnel is the job ofexperienced designers whodefine the scheme, the choice ofthe lighting system, the type andnumber of luminaires and theirappropriate light distribution.Thorn’s visibility softwareprovides invaluable new inputinto the design of optics fortunnel fittings making it easier fordesigners to create lightingsystems and light distributionschemes for tunnels that maximisethe visual performance andcomfort of users.

Thorn visibility modelling software indicates the ‘real’ visibility of objects asperceived by the tunnel user, as well as the mathematically calculated levelsrequired to meet the relevant standards.

Thorn software measures anticipated lightfalling on a series of facets, in order tocalculate luminance gradients on targetobjects.

Our in-house developmentprogrammes employ specialisedsoftware that helps producehighly engineered optics, tooptimise lighting systems and toallow our lighting engineers toprovide maximum safety andcomfort for tunnel users.

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Controlling tunnel lighting

For the light-critical approachareas and interiors of tunnels,close control of light levels isessential. Levels of light outside the tunnel, time of day, speed and density oftraffic, all influence the lightingrequirements within. We offerfully integrated control systems to meet these demands.

Computer software

assesses camera

data and issues

instructions to combox

External camera

monitors light

levels and traffic

flow in real time

Stopping distance

Combox issues commands

to individual luminaires

according to pre-set criteria

PLC manages electrical network

and operates camera

Light fittings switched

on/off or dimmed

DSI and DALI controls for fluorescent lamps• Digital dimming for HF gears operating

fluorescent lamps• Unique cabling

Benefits• Group management• Extendible installation• Capability to interface DSI and DALI

controls with analogue 1 - 10V commandon existing installations

• Ease of installation thanks to non-polarised command wires

• Enhanced safety of operation as signalsnot subjected to interference

Power switch controls for HID lamps• Manual or automated power reduction

for HS lamps

Benefits• Ease of installation as integrated in

control gear• Cost efficient options• Suitable for threshold and central zones

Power line controls for HID lamps• Automated but re-programmable controls• Detailed feedback on supply, status logs,

dates, times and burning hours

Benefits• Group management• Individual control and monitoring• Upgradable installation• Possible remote access option via

central server• Capacity to interface the system with

data base• Low installation and operation costs• Reduced maintenance schedules

Thorn tunnel lightingcontrolThorn offers a comprehensiverange of tunnel luminairesparalleled by a wide variety oflighting controls adapted totunnel applications:

• From basic to technologicallyadvanced, highly innovativesystems

• Fluorescent and HID lampsolutions

• Integration of up to date gearoptions

• Easy to install and operatesystems

• Cost efficient systems

• Optimisation of safetyconditions

From simple standard on/offoperation, to complex stepdimming or security networks,Thorn provides the bestprofessional assistance inadvising and offering the rightsystem to meet the requirement.

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Tough luminaires for tough environments

In any given tunnel environment,there may be moisture, salts,sulphur pollutants, exhaust fumesconsisting of hydrocarbons andorganics, fuels and oils, soot,dust and strong washingdetergents from jet cleaning.

Furthermore, analysis of watersamples identifies the followingcompounds: toluene, sulphate,zinc, sulphide, molybdenum,cadmium, beryllium and mercury.

12

Clearly some of these compoundsare the result of corrosionproducts. Sodium chloride andother chlorides used for road de-icing can add to the chemicalcocktail.

Depending on the region (marineatmospheres or long mountaintunnels, for instance), thesechemical combinations can resultin the presence of sulphuric ornitric acid!

Salts, sulphur pollutants, exhaust fumes consisting of hydrocarbons and organics in tunnels can result in the presence of sulphuric or nitric acid.

Optic design

Photometric measurement

Corrosion testing

Assembly and quality control

Impact resistance testing

Water ingress protection testing Gear testing

Luminaires installed in suchenvironments can get rapidlycontaminated. There is no rainfallto wash away the deposits thatsettle, condense or get splashedon their surfaces. Regularmaintenance can alleviate theconditions, but, in general, this isusually impractical due to thelogistics of access, tunnel closureand cost.

In such hostile environments, it is vital to choose designs and

materials that create luminaireswhose function and effectivenesswill not be compromised.

Thorn’s tunnel luminaire rangesare designed to withstand ‘tunnellife’ and are made of the highestquality materials, integrating thelatest developments in terms ofingress protection, shock andvibration resistance as well as arange of features to facilitateease of access and maintenance.

1313

• Dedicated to FDH 49W lamps

• 4 long closing plates

• Slim lightweight profile

• Axial or lateral surfacemounting

ApplicationsSymmetrical and asymmetric light distribution.Suitable for urban tunnels,underpasses and galleries.

Equipment Louvres, dimming devices,mounting brackets supplied tomeet project requirements.

LampsMax. 2x49W T16 (FDH) Linearfluorescent. Cap: G5

Materials/FinishHousing - powder coatedgalvanised steel with anodisedaluminium locking plates, orstainless steel with anodisedpowder coated locking bars. Enclosure – 4mm thick toughened flat glass.Reflector in 99.8% purealuminium.

StandardsDesigned to comply withEN60598-1/IEC598-1 andEN60598-2-3/IEC598-2-3Class I ElectricalIK08/5 Nm

IP65

Dimensions135x248x1534mm

• Sturdy construction

• Quick change gear tray design

• Shallow profile

• Set of attachments

ApplicationsIdeal for lighting service oremergency areas.Suitable for traffic, pedestrianand train tunnels.

EquipmentGlare hoods, wire guards, polemounting brackets.

LampsMax. 70W HSE-I (SE/I) Highpressure sodium internal ignitor.Cap: E27Min. 70W/Max. 100W HST(ST) High pressure sodium.Cap: E27/E40Max. 110W HSE (SE) Highpressure sodium. Cap: E27Min. 70W/Max. 100W HIE(ME) Metal halide. Cap: E27/E40Min. 80W/Max. 125W HME(QE) Mercury. Cap: E27Min. 2x18W/Max. 2x26W TC-D (FSQ) Compact fluorescent.Cap: G 24d-2/G: 24d-3Max. 1x200W A80/m (IAA-80/m) Incandescent. Cap: E27

Materials/FinishHousing - LM6 marine gradealuminium powder coat finishHinges, locks and fixings -stainless steelEnclosure - borosilicate glass lens.

StandardsClass 1 Electrical

IP65/ IP66

Dimensions370x254x179mm

Titan Titus

Titus - galvanised steel version

Louvre attachment for light control

Adjustable mounting bracket

Easily operated, strong locking bar offerssecurity and ingress protection

1620 / 49W

FC 1598 / 49W

1534 / 49W

1234 / 54W

FC 1298 / 54W

1320 / 54W

248

165135

Sturdy one piece bulkhead

Titan DIP with wire guard

Titan with glare hood

Emergency version of Titan

179

179

254

370

370

14

• Lightweight construction

• Continuous closing clip

• Front opening without tools

• Removable gear and easyaccess to lamp andconnections

EquipmentTerminal block, fuse, cableglands, sockets, cable length,fixing brackets supplied to meetproject requirements.

Materials/FinishHousing – extruded AIMgSialuminium powder coated 80 micronsHinge and locking bar ofextruded AIMgSi anodisedaluminium.Enclosure – 5mm thick,toughened flat glass.Reflector – 99.8% purealuminium.

StandardsDesigned to comply withEN60598-1/IEC598-1 andEN60598-2-3/IEC598-2-3Class I Electrical IK08/5 Nm

IP66

Aluminium Gothard

7826 series ApplicationsSymmetrical light distribution.For urban tunnels, underpasses,galleries.

LampsMin. 1x50W/Max. 1x100WHST (ST) High pressure sodium. Cap: E27/E40Min. 35W/Max. 55W LST (LS)Low pressure sodium. Cap: BY22dMin. 42W/Max. 57W TC-TEL(FSMH) Compact fluorescent. Cap: GX24q4/GX24q5

7823B series Continuous locking bar Counter beam optics Easily accessible gear tray and lamp

7823B series and 7824B series 7826 series

760 - 1581338

185

408338

185

7824B series ApplicationsSymmetrical light distribution.For road tunnels, urban tunnels,underpasses, galleries,adaptation and transition zones.

LampsMin. 1x50W/Max. 2x400WHST (ST) High pressure sodium. Cap: E27/E40Min. 1x250W/Max. 2x400WHIT (MT) Metal halide. Cap: E40Min. 36W/Max. 66W LST-HY(LSE) Low pressure sodium. Cap: BY22dMin. 28W/Max. 54W T16(FDH) Linear fluorescent. Cap: G5Min. 36W/Max. 58W T26 (FD)Linear fluorescent. Cap: G13Min. 55W/Max. 80W TC-SEL(FSDH) Compact fluorescent. Cap: 2G7

7823B series ApplicationsAsymmetrical light distribution,counter beam, pro beam. For road tunnels, urban tunnelsAdaptation and transition zones.

LampsMin. 1x50W/Max. 2x400WHST (ST) High pressure sodium. Cap: E27/E40Min. 1x250W/Max. 2x400WHIT (MT) Metal halide. Cap: E40Min. 36W/Max. 66W LST-HY(LSE) Low pressure sodium. Cap: BY22dMin. 28W/Max. 54W T16(FDH) Linear fluorescent. Cap: G5Min. 36W/Max. 58W T26 (FD)Linear fluorescent. Cap: G13Min. 55W/Max. 80W TC-SEL(FSDH) Compact fluorescent. Cap: 2G7

1515

• 3 reinforced high strengthclosing clips

• Front opens without tools

• Removable gear and easyaccess to lamp andconnections

• Shallow profile

EquipmentTerminal block, fuse, cableglands, cable length, fixingbrackets supplied to meet projectrequirements.

Materials/FinishHousing – stainless steel(EN1.4404) powder coated 80pm.Hinges and locks – stainless steel.Enclosure – 5mm thick toughened flat glass.Reflector – 99.8% purealuminium.

StandardsDesigned to comply withEN60598-1/IEC598-1 andEN60598-2-3/iEC 598-2-3Class 1 Electrical IK08/5 Nm

IP65

Steel Gothard

7828 series ApplicationsSymmetrical light distribution.For road tunnels, urban tunnels,underpasses, adaptation andtransition zones.

Lamps Min. 1x50W/Max. 2x400WHST (ST) High pressure sodium. Cap: E27/E40Min. 36W/Max. 66W LST-HY(LSE) Low pressure sodium. Cap: BY22dMin. 55W/Max. 80W TC-SEL(FSDH) Compact fluorescent. Cap: 2G7Min. 1x250W/Max. 2x400WHIT (MT) Metal halide. Cap: E40

7830 series ApplicationsSymmetrical light distribution.For road tunnels, urban tunnels,underpasses, adaptation andtransition zones.

LampsMin. 28W/Max. 54W T16(FDH) Linear fluorescent. Cap: G5Min. 36W/Max. 58W T26 (FD)Linear fluorescent. Cap: G13

1325 - 1625250

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7827 series Applications Asymmetrical, counter beam, probeam light distribution.For road tunnels, urban tunnels,underpasses, adaptation andtransition zones.

LampsMin. 1x50W/Max. 2x400WHST (ST) High pressure sodium. Cap: E27/E40Min. 36W/Max. 66W LST-HY(LSE) Low pressure sodium. Cap: BY22dMin. 55W/Max. 80W TC-SEL(FSDH) Compact fluorescent. Cap: 2G7Min. 1x250W/Max. 2x400WHIT (MT) Metal halide. Cap: E40

755 - 1625332

205

One piece enclosure for easy front access7830 series Easily removable gear tray Secure stainless steel clips allow tool-free operation

7827 series and 7828 series 7830 series

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Case study 1Chiptchak Mosquee Tunnel, Turkmenistan

Threshold zone

2500

3000

2000

1000

1500

500

Day time lighting layout

Transition zoneInterior zone 12m

2500

2000

1000

1500

500

Threshold zoneNight time lighting layout

Transition zoneInterior zone 12m

1000

500

1500

1000

500

Tunnel type Urban underpass 2 way traffic One tube

Technical dataLength: 74m Width: 24mSpeed limit 80km/h

Lighting systemAluminium asymmetric GothardWall mounted, tilted 15º

20x 7823B ST 400W (55klm)10x 7823B ST 250W (33klm)56x 7823B ST 100W (10klm)

Threshold zone

20x 7823B ST 400W (55klm)

10x 7823B ST 250W (33klm)

56x 7823B ST 100W (10klm)

Fittings kept lit at night

Fittings kept lit at night

Traffic direction

Daylight penetration

Plan schematic showing day time lighting layout

Exit

Entra

nce

Exit

Entra

nce

Transition zone

Threshold zoneTransition zone

16m 8m 47.5m

16m47.5m 8m

Interior zone

Interior zone

Traffic direction 12m

12m

Daylight penetration

Thresholdzone

Accesszone

Exit zoneTransitionzone

Entrance Exit

Lane 1

Lane 2

Lane 3

Interior zone

180m 180m220m 524m

Night timeAll zones are lit by symmetric fittings.

Threshold zoneSD = 180m

Transition zone220m

Interior zone524m

Maintainedcd/m2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 201

103

28

5

58

100 40

30

50

17680

20

810

4

2

252 100%

0.5 S.D.

132m 48m

L th

t = time in sec.

t. sec.

100m0m 200m 300m 400m 500m100km/h

L tr = L th ( 1.9 + t )-1.4 with L th = 100%

counter beam asymmetric asymmetric beam

counter beam asymmetric asymmetric beam

Technical dataLength: Right tube - 1100m

Left tube - 1100m

Speed limit: 100 km/h

Traffic flow: medium less than1,000 vehicles per hour.

Stopping distance (SD): 180m on wet road.

Determination of Lth:Right tube entrance: L20 = 3.500cd/m2

Left tube entrance: L20 = 5.000cd/m2

Lighting system: counterbeamand symmetricType of fitting: counterbeam andsymmetric fittings

k = Lth/L20 = 0.072 for counterbeam lighting system and for SD = 180m

Maintenance factor: 0.70

Right tube detailsThreshold zoneLth to be maintained: L20 x k =252cd/m2

Length = 180m = SDThreshold zone 1: 132m Lth =252cd/m2 maintainedThreshold zone 2: 48m Lth = 176 cd/m2 maintained

Transition zoneThe end of the transition zone isreached when the luminance is 3times the interior luminance level

As the traffic flow is medium, themaintained level in the interiorzone shall be 10cd/m2 or 4% ofthe threshold zone level.Length = 220m = given by CIEcurveTransition zone 1: 30m Ltr = 100cd/m2 maintainedTransition zone 2: 55m Lth = 58cd/m2 maintainedTransition zone 3: 135m Lth = 28cd/m2 maintained

Interior zoneLength = 524mLin = 10cd/m2 maintained

Exit zoneLuminance of the exit zone isequal to 5 times the interior zoneluminanceLength = 180mLex = 50cd/m2 maintained

Case study 2 Katerini Tunnel, Greece

Thresholdzone

Accesszone

Exit zoneTransitionzone

Entrance Exit

Lane 1

Lane 2

Lane 3

Interior zone

180m 180m220m 524m

The national motorway, when completed, will run acrossGreece from Patras to Evzoni, via Athens and Thessaloniki.Three tunnels requiring a fulltunnel lighting system areconstructed in the Katerini area.

Tunnel descriptionLong motorway tunnel.2 tubes - 3 lanes carriageway.

Lighting fitting arrangement

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Day time

Day timeThreshold and transition zones are lit by counter beam fittings. Interior and exit zones are litby symmetric fittings.

Zones Length(m)

No offittingsper tube

Counter beam400W 250W

Symmetric150W 250W

Threshold 1 180 276 276Transition 220 104 40 64Interior right 524 256 196* 60Exit 180 86 30* 56

*common to day time and night time

Night timeZones Length

(m)No offittingsper tube

Counter beam400W 250W

Symmetric150W 250W

Threshold 1 180 32 32Transition 220 36 36Interior right 524 88 88Exit 180 30 30

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International references

NorwayLerdal Tunnel 1,400 fittings (ST 1x70-400W, LS-E 1x35W, FD 58 W)

Sweden 3,100 fittings(ST 1x70W. 1x150W, 1x250W, 1x400W, FD 58W HF)

Iceland 500 fittings(ST 1x250W, LS-E 1x35W)

Faeroe Islands 150 fittings (ST 1x250W, LS-E 1x35W)

FranceGometz la Ville 386 fittings(ST 2x70W, 2x250W, 2x400W)

UKMedway Tunnel 1149 fittings(ST 1x400W, FD 58W HF dimmable)

CroatiaSopac655 fittings (ST 150/100W, power reduction)

Greece Taxiarchis Tunnel 1,054 fittings (ST 1x150W, 1x250W 1x400W)

IsraelHar Hatzofim Tunnel 400 fittings (ST 2x400W, 2x250W, 2x100W ST 1x400W, 1x250W, 1x150W, 1x100W)

U.A.E.Kalba Tunnel (Sharjah) 464 fittings (ST 2x250W, 2x400W, 150W+400W, ST 1x150W, 1x250W)

Hong KongKCRC West Rail CC 1,474 fittings(ST 2x400W, 250W, FD 58W HF2)

Taiwan 2nd Freeway Part II 10,250 fittings (ST 1x150W, 1x400W)

SingaporeHolland/ Farrer Road Tunnels 350 fittings (FD 58W HFD)

BruneiPusar Ulak radial road740 fittings (ST 1x400W, 2x400W428 FD 58W HF)

Thorn Lighting is constantly developing and improving its products. All descriptions, illustrations, drawings and specifications in this publication present only general particulars and shall not form partof any contract. The right is reserved to change specifications without prior notification or public announcement. All goods supplied by the company are supplied subject to the company's GeneralConditions of Sale, a copy of which is available on request. All measurements are in millimetres and weights in kilograms unless otherwise stated.

Publication No: 283(INT) Publication Date: 8/04

Lighting people and places

Head OfficeThorn Lighting Holdings LimitedSilver Screens, Screen 2, Elstree Way, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, WD6 1FETel: (44) 1708 766033Fax: (44) 1708 776238E-mail: info@thornlight.comWebsite: www.thornlighting.com

AustraliaThorn Lighting Pty Limited, 13 Cooper Street,P O Box 188, Smithfield, NSW 2164, AustraliaTel: (61) 2 9604 4300Fax: (61) 2 9604 4588E-mail: info@thornlight.com.auWebsite: www.thornlight.com.auThorn DNT Airfield Lighting Pty Limited,P O Box 548, Unit 2, 7-9 Newcastle Road, Bayswater,Melbourne, Victoria 3153, AustraliaTel: (61) 3 9720 3233Fax: (61) 3 9720 8233E-mail: enquiries@thornlight.com.auWebsite: www.thornairfield.com

AustriaThorn Licht GesmbH, Erzherzog Karl-Straße 57,Wien A-1220, AustriaTel: (43) 1 202 66 11Fax: (43) 1 202 66 11 12E-mail: office@thorn.at

ChinaThorn Lighting (Guangzhou) Limited, (Factory & Guangzhou Office), No 1 Yi Heng Road, Eastern Section, GETDD, Guangzhou 510760, ChinaTel: (86) 20 8224 1706Fax: (86) 20 8224 5777E-mail: gzhthorn@public.guangzhou.gd.cnThorn Lighting (Tianjin) Company Ltd, 332 Hongqi Road,Tianjin 300190, ChinaTel: (86) 22 8369 2303Fax: (86) 22 8369 2302E-mail: thorntj@public.tpt.tj.cnThorn Lighting (Guangzhou) Limited,Shanghai Branch Office, Room 2609, Union Building,100 Yanan Road East, Shanghai 200002, ChinaTel: (86) 21 6323 0800Fax: (86) 21 6373 1626E-mail: thornsha@public.sta.net.cnThorn Lighting (Guangzhou) Limited,Beijing Branch Office, Room 519, China World Tower I,China World Trade Centre, Beijing 100004, ChinaTel: (86) 10 6505 4601Fax: (86) 10 6505 4603E-mail: thornbj@public.bta.net.cn

Czech RepublicThorn Lighting CS, spol., Jaselska 6, Praha 6,160 00 Czech RepublicTel: (42) 02 2431 5252Fax: (42) 02 3332 6313E-mail: thorn@thornlight.czWebsite: www.thornlight.cz

DenmarkThorn & Jakobsson, Industrivej Vest 41,DK-6600 Vejen, DenmarkTel: (45) 7696 3600Fax: (45) 7696 3601E-mail: thorn@jakobsson.dkWebsite: www.thorn-jakobsson.dk

EstoniaThorn Lighting Oy Eesti Filiaal, Laki 12-308, 10621 Tallinn, EstoniaTel: (372) 656 3505Fax: (372) 656 3227E-mail: ando@thorn.ee

FinlandThorn Lighting Oy, Airport Plaza Business Park,Ayritie 12A, 01510 Vantaa, FinlandTel: (358) 9 549 222Fax: (358) 9 549 22300E-mail: asiakaspalvelu@thornlight.fiWebsite: www.thornlight.fi

FranceThorn Europhane SA, 156 Boulevard Haussmann,Cedex 08, Paris 75379, FranceTel: (33) 1 49 53 6262Fax: (33) 1 49 53 6240Website: www.thorn.fr

Hong KongThorn Lighting (Hong Kong) Limited, Unit 4301, Level 43, Tower 1, Metroplaza, 223 Hing Fong Road,Kwai Chung, N.T., Hong KongTel: (852) 2578 4303Fax: (852) 2887 0247E-mail: info@thorn.com.hkWebsite: www.thorn.com.hkThorn Lighting (HK) LtdMacau Branch, Room 306, 3/F Marina Gardens,876 Avenida da Amizade, Macau, ChinaTel: (853) 702 971/702 972Fax: (853) 702 970E-mail: thorn@macau.ctm.netWebsite: www.thorn.com.hk

HungaryThorn Lighting Hungary Kft, West Gate Business Park,Torokbalint, To Park H-2045, HungaryTel: (36) 23 501 570Fax: (36) 23 418 120

IrelandThorn Lighting (Ireland) Limited, 320 Harold’s Cross Road, Dublin 6W, IrelandTel: (353) 1 4922 877Fax: (353) 1 4922 724E-mail: enq.dublin@thornlight.com

ItalyThorn Europhane Spa, Via G Di Vittorio, 2, Cadriano di Granarolo, Bologna 40057, ItalyTel: (39) 051 763391Fax: (39) 051 763088E-mail: info@thornlighting.itWebsite: www.thornlighting.it

LatviaThorn Lighting Oy, Representative Office, Skolas Street 21-216, Riga LV 1010, LatviaTel: (37) 7 332 660Fax: (37) 7 332 660

LithuaniaThorn Lighting Oy, Representative Office, Kalvariju Street 1, Vilnius 2005, LithuaniaTel: (370) 5 2 750 701Fax: (370) 5 2 731 480

New ZealandThorn Lighting (NZ) Ltd, 399 Rosebank Road,P O Box 71134, Rosebank, Auckland 7, New ZealandTel: (64) 9 828 7155Fax: (64) 9 828 7591

NorwayThorn Lighting AS, Industriveien 11, P O Box 63, Skytta 1483, NorwayTel: (47) 6706 2233Fax: (47) 6706 0351E-mail: s.kvernberg@thornlight.no

PolandThorn Lighting Polska Sp.z.o.o., Ul. Gazowa 26A,Wroclaw 50-513, PolandTel: (48) 71 7833 740Fax: (48) 71 3366 029E-mail: thorn@thornlight.pl Website: www.thornlight.pl

RussiaThorn Lighting Oy, Park Place, Leninskiy Prosp.,113/1 Office D 110, Moscow 117198, RussiaTel: (7) 095 956 59 39Fax: (7) 095 956 59 40E-mail: office.moscow@thorn.ru Website: www.thorn.ruThorn Lighting Oy, Representative Office, Europa House,1 Artilleriiskaya, St Petersburg 191104, RussiaTel: (7) 812 118 8112Fax: (7) 812 118 8119E-mail: office.petersburg@thorn.ruWebsite: www.thorn.ru

SingaporeThorn Lighting (Singapore) Pte Ltd, 5 Kaki Bukit Crescent,04-02 Koyotech Building, 416238 SingaporeTel: (65) 6844 5800Fax: (65) 6745 7707E-mail: info@thornlight.com.sgWebsite: www.thornlight.com.sg

SwedenThorn Lighting AB, Industrigatan, Box 305, SE-261 23 Landskrona, SwedenTel: (46) 418 520 00Fax: (46) 418 265 74E-mail: thorn@thornlight.seWebsite: www.thornlight.se

United Arab EmiratesThorn Lighting Ltd DubaiAl Shoala Building, Office 301,Block E, PO Box 1200, Deira, Dubai, UAETel: (971) 4 2940181Fax: (971) 4 2948838e-mail: tlluae@emirates.net.aeThorn Gulf LLCAl Shoala Building, Office 301/2,Block E, PO Box 1200, Deira, Dubai, UAETel: (971) 4 2948938Fax: (971) 4 2948838e-mail: thorng@emirates.net.ae

United KingdomThorn Lighting Limited, Silver Screens, Screen 2, Elstree Way, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, WD6 1FETel: (44) 1708 766033Fax: (44) 1708 776238E-mail: brochures@thornlight.comWebsite: www.thornlighting.co.ukThorn Airfield Lighting, Silver Screens, Screen 2, Elstree Way, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, WD6 1FETel: (44) 1708 776289Fax: (44) 1708 776285E-mail: airfield@thornlight.com or thornagluk@aol.comWebsite: www.thornairfield.com

Export SalesThorn Lighting Limited, 156 Boulevard Haussmann,Cedex 08, Paris 75379, FranceTel: (33) 1 49 53 6262Fax: (33) 1 49 53 6240Thorn Lighting Limited, Silver Screens, Screen 2, Elstree Way, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, WD6 1FETel: (44) 1708 776284Fax: (44) 1708 741827e-mail: international.sales@thornlight.com

www.thornlighting.com

Thorn Lighting Main Offices