Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés TécnicoFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral

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UNIDAD III

ORACIONES CONDICIONALES

1º TIPO: Presente Simple Presente SimpleIf + S + V. Conjugado Can, May, Must , S + V. Conj. Can, May, Must Futuro

2º TIPO:

If + S + V. Conjugado Pasado (Subjuntivo) , S + V. Conjugado Modo Potencial (-ara, -ase; -era, -ese) (-ía)

3º TIPO:

If + S + V. Conjugado Pasado Perfecto , S + V. Conjugado Potencial Perfecto (subjuntivo) (hubiera/ese + -ado/-ido) (-ía + haber + -ado/-ido)

EJEMPLOS

DE PRIMER TIPO- If any gas appears in the tube, the test is positive; if no gas appears, it is negative.- Even if the equation can be written, it cannot always be solved rigorously.- If a solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of hydrochloric acid, the first will

react with the ClH to form sodium chloride and water.

DE SEGUNDO TIPO- If the temperature were reduced, solid crystals would begin to form.- On the other hand, if ice were not greater in volume and therefore lighter than water, an

iceberg would not appear above the surface at all and would be still more dangerous.- Gases such as N2, Ar or He are harmless in themselves to human beings, but if the air we

breathe contained those gases alone, we should die, not because of their presence, but because of the absence of O2.

- If the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weights, they could be conveniently arranged in columns containing elements of similar physical and chemical behaviour.

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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés TécnicoFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DE TERCER TIPO- If the temperature had varied, misleading results would have been obtained.- If these ions had been free of attraction, the solution would have shown a maximum

conductivity.- In later years, Fleming regretted that penicillin had not been patented, if it had been, he

said, “ the problem of financing my research work might have been solved”.- If these experiments had been accurately carried out it would have meant that these

organisms could continue growing with only traces of the other inorganic salts in the substratum.

Teniendo en cuenta la estructuración de los ejemplos anteriores para cada tipo de oración condicional, arme las siguientes oraciones, uniendo cada cláusula condicional con su parte complementaria correspondiente:

a) If a vitamin is absent from the diet or not properly absorbed by an organism,b) If a lower internal osmotic pressure does occur,c) If even a single particle of the virus infected a cell, d) If the growth requirements of the microorganism had been known,e) If the individual’s normal antimicrobial defenses have been disturbed,

1) a normally harmless inhabitant of the body becomes invasive.2) a specific deficiency disease may develop.3) water leaves the cell and the volume of the cytoplasm decreases.4) this might produce a very serious disease.5) it would have been possible to develop a suitable medium.

ELIPSIS EN ORACIONES CONDICIONALES

1. The organisms differ in their susceptibility to desinfectants and a compound which will destroy one will have little effect on another, even if used in the same percentage.

2. Miquel and Lattraye have shown that, even if placed in a nutritive medium, a few of the spores do not germinate for many days and escape the 3-day steaming.

3. The skin is not as sensitive to laser radiation as the eye, and if damaged, it is usually more easily repaired.

4. In studying occupationally exposed groups, we must take into account that cardiac patients are more liable to heart failure if required to exert considerable physical effort in a hot environment.

5. Carbon disulfide is so excellent in this respect that if inhaled, it has a deleterious effect on the fatty sheaths surrounding the nerves.

6. If injected subcutaneously, cadmiun salts induce inflammation and coagulation necrosis at the site of administration.

7. In exposure to the vapors of formic and acetic acid, the discomfort effect is such that animals will escape if possible, and the irritation will be limited to the eyes and upper respiratory tract.

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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés TécnicoFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral

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OTROS SUBORDINANTES

1-About 10 years ago, different laboratories began to study whether the diurnal variation of biological functions in man is of an autonomous nature or whether it is dependent on cyclic information from the environment.2- It is evident that the application of iron or manganese sulphate to the soil is quite useless , as long as there is no true deficiency, and in most such instances this will produce no effect at all.3- These spore-bearing bacteria are very common in soil and air and might readily find their way into any meat juice placed in a flask, unless the most elaborated precautions were taken.4- No visible lesions should develop in the eye as a result of exposure to visible light, provided that factors such as intensity and lenght of exposure are controlled.

INVERSIONES

a- Should equilibrium be established, the concentration gradients will fall to zero.b- Should the effluent be discharged into the public sewer, the inhibitory action of the phenol

on the sewage organisms may be sufficient to upset the operation of the sewage works.c- Should we know the amino acid sequence, then the complete chemical synthesis of the

molecule could be attempted.d- Were the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absent, the ultraviolet radiation of the sun

would be fatal to human life.e- Had one component of our diet been restricted more than another, it would have been much

more effective to rectrict our intake of fats.f- He would have found that both test group and control group showed the same average

performance on the test, had this reaction been done.

Marque la opción que corresponda para las siguientes cláusulas condicionales:

a) Should/were/had sterilising immunity be the way to prevent AIDS, a vaccine is going to work.

b) Should/were/had the wanted gene been identified, we could have found the right clone of cells.

c) Insulin regulates the storage and release of energy, but it is difficult to judge even if/whether/unless or not all of the effects result from a single mode of action of the hormone.

d) Vitamin E, provided that/ whether/ even if given in large excess, has no apparent obvious adverse effects.

e) As if/ should/ if damage to the tissue has not occurred, the effects of vitamin defficiency can be reversed.

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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés TécnicoFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral

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DIFERENTES USOS DE SHOULD/WOULD

Ejemplos mezclados:

A) From analogy with other organic acids, we should expect that this acids would be fairly strong.

B) This work could be greatly simplified and speeded by methods that would allow direct identification from the sample.

C) If a reaction is exothermic, the application of heat would cause the equilibrium to shift in the direction that would tend to lower the temperature.

D) He found its chemical properties so similar to those of thorium that if the two elements were mixed he could discover no chemical process which would separate them.

E) It is not sufficient that water for drinking purposes should be cold and clear. It may be all of these and still be as deadly dangerous as any potion of poison.

F) We might assume that a water molecule contains an equal number of hydrogen and oxygen molecules. If this should be so the hydrogen atom would be roughly one-eighth the weight of oxygen atom.

G) Some carbon dioxide dissolves in water of the river, lakes, and the sea, forming a solution in which the carbon dioxide is in equilibrium with the carbon dioxide in the air. Should the concentration of this substance in the air be increased, more of it must dissolve to establish equilibrium.

H) Mendeleff showed courage, as well as faith in his table, in predicting not only that these blank spaces would one day be filled but also that elements that would fill them would possess certain definite properties.

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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés TécnicoFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral

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EJERCITACIÓN

ORACIONES CONDICIONALES

I) Coloque los verbos entre paréntesis en el tiempo y modo que corresponda.

a) If the animal (have) no tuberculosis, the injection produces no rise in temperature, but if there are infections, the temperature (begin) to rise after a slight fall and attain a maximum about 24 hours after the injection.

b) If we (start) with a mixture of pure H2 and pure I2, the reaction would proceed in only one direction at first, toward the formation of IH.

c) If it had been desired to discover a new method of greater precision than the old one, it (decide) to adopt the new method, for it gave a reduction in standard deviation of 0.02.

d) If the extracted leaf protein (be, dry) , the process would be more difficult and expensive, and valuable unsaturated fatty acids and beta-carotene would be lost.

II) Lea el texto que está a continuación y luego resuelva la siguiente ejercitación:

A) Identifique en el texto las oraciones condicionales y clasifíquelas en 1º, 2º ó 3º tipo.

B) Con información del texto, conteste las siguientes preguntas:

a) ¿Cuándo una transfusión de sangre puede conducir a la muerte de un paciente?b) ¿Qué son los aloanticuerpos?c) ¿Qué precauciones hay que tomar en una mujer embarazada?d) ¿Siempre un paciente grupo A presenta compatibilidad con un dador del mismo grupo?

C) Cuál/es de esta/s afirmación/es es/son correcta/s?

1. Un paciente Rh (-) tiene antígenos D.2. Un paciente grupo A puede tener en el suero anticuerpos anti-A1.3. Un paciente grupo B tiene en el suero anticuerpos anti-A.4. Un paciente Rh (-) indica ausencia de antígenos Rh0.5. Un paciente con grupo AB tiene en el suero anticuerpos anti-D.6. Un paciente con anticuerpos para A y para B pertenece al grupo AB.

D) Traduzca los dos primeros párrafos.

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Guía de Trabajos Prácticos – Inglés II – Cátedra de Inglés TécnicoFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral

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Table 2: The ABO and Rh Groups in Transfusion

system recipient type donor red cell type donor plasma typeABO A A* or O A or ABABO B B or O B or ABABO O O only O, A, B or ABABO AB A*B, A*, B or O AB

Rh positive positive or negative positive or negativeRh negative negative or positive negative or positive

*Not if the patient’s serum contains anti-A (antibody to common type A red cell in subgroup A patients. Not if the patient is a female less than 45 years old (child bearing possible), unless life-threatening hemorraghe is present and transfusion of Rh-positive blood is lifesaving. Not if the patient’s serum contains anti-D (antibody to positive red cells) except under unusual medical circumstances.

As explained above, the most important blood group systems for transfusion of red cells are ABO and Rh. Persons who have either of the red cell antigens (A and B), have antibody present in their serum of the type that will oppose an antigen of its opposite nature: for example, group A blood contains A antigens on red cell surfaces and anti-B antibodies in the surrounding serum. On the other hand, O group individuals lack both the A and the B antigen and thus have both anti-A and anti-B in their serum. If these antibodies combine with the appropriate antigen, the result is hemolitic transfusion reaction, and possibly death. Red cell transfusions must therefore be ABO compatible. The blood groups A and B have various subgroups (called, for example, A1, A2, A3 and B1, B2 and B3, respectively. The only common subgroups that are likely to affect red cell transfusions are the subgroups of A. Potential donors are also tested for some of the antigens of the Rh system, since it is essential to know whether they are Rh-positive or Rh-negative. Rh-negative indicates the absence of the D (Rh0) antigen. Rh-negative persons transfused with Rh-positive blood will make anti-D antibodies from 50 to 75 per cent of the times. Alloantibody (antibody made in response to a foreign red cell antigen) is usually not harmful but does require subsequent transfusions to be antigen-negative. Rh-positive blood should never be given to Rh-negative females before or during the childbearing age, unless Rh-negative blood is not available and the

transfusion is lifesaving. If such a woman subsequently became pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus, she might form anti-Rh antibodies, even though the pregnancy was the first, and the child might suffer from hemolytic disease of the newborn. Care must be taken not to give a transfusion unless the cells of the donor have been tested against the recipient’s serum. If this compatibility test indicates the presence of antibodies in the recipient’s serum for the antigens carried by the donor’s cells, the blood is not suitable for transfusion because an unfavorable reaction might occur. The test for compatibility is called the direct match test. It involves testing the recipient’s serum with the donor’s cells, suspended in saline solutiion at 20ºC and 37ºC, in albumin at 37ºC and by the indirect Coombs test at 37ºC. These are adequate screening tests for most naturally occurring and immune antibodies. If in spite of all the compatibility tests a reaction does occur after the transfusion is given (the unfavorable reaction usually manifests itself in the form of a fever) an even more careful search must be made for any red cell antibody that might be the cause. A reaction after transfusion is not necessarily due to red cell antigen-antibody reactions. It could be caused by the presence of antibodies to the donor’s platelets or white cells. Transfusion reactions are a particular hazard for persons requiring multiple transfusions.

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III) Lea atentamente el texto que se presenta a continuación:

VITAMIN A

If a large group of well-nourished people are tested for their ability to see in dim light, it will be found that some are not able to see as well as others. As it has long been known that subnormal ability to see in dim light (night blindness) may be caused by lack of vitamin A, the experimenter might form the hypothesis that those people who did not performed as well the test as the others were deficient in Vitamin A. He might try to test his hypothesis by giving those who performed badly doses of vitamin A for a month and then testing them again. To his great joy he would find that the majority of them had improved and could see better in dim light after being subjected to the same test as before. He might then conclude that this group had been suffering from unrecognized deficiency of vitamin A. He could be completely wrong.If the experimenter had picked for retesting his group of best performers, instead of the worst ones, and had given them vitamin A, he would probably have found that on the repeated test their performance had deteriorated and that all he had observed was simply the normal day-to-day variation in performance. To avoid this error, the experimenter should have made use of controls. This he could have done either by giving vitamin A to half of his poorly performing group, or by giving vitamin A to half of his whole group not selected on the basis of performance. Proper controls ought to be selected by chance and ought to be as much like the test group as possible. Provided this had been done, he would have found that both test group and control group showed the same average performance on the test. If, on the other hand, the people had not all been well-nourished, and the group had had some with vitamin A deficiency, their performance would have remained low as compared with the average group and would have improved as compared to the average of the group receiving vitamin A. To test whether such differences are real or simply a matter of chance variations, it is customary to apply statistical tests.

Consigna: Elabore un resumen del texto leído conectando apropiadamente las respuestas a las siguientes preguntas:

- ¿Cuál es la hipótesis que se plantea en este trabajo? ¿Qué antecedentes la conforman?- ¿Qué ensayos se llevaron a cabo para probar esa hipótesis?- ¿Qué resultados arrojaron?- ¿Cuáles pueden ser las probables fuentes de error, y cómo podrían corregirse? En ese caso, ¿a

qué conclusiones podría arribarse?

INVERSIONES

IV) Traduzca las siguientes oraciones 1-

a) Should you stir sand into sugar, you will find that some grains in the resulting powder taste sweet and dissolve in water.b) The staphylococci are relatively resistant to adverse environmental conditions. As with all specimens for culture, it is desirable to culture as soon after collection as possible. Should any delay be expected, the specimen must be refrigerated.c) If the vapor and residual liquid are separated physically from one another and the vapor condensed, two solutions, one richer in acetic acid and the other poorer, are obtained. In this way a certain degree of separation of the original components had been accomplished. Conversely, should a vapor mixture of the two substances be partially condensed, the newly formed liquid phase and the residual vapor will differ in composition.

2-a) Let us imagine that a solution contains 100 ions each of sodium and chlorine in a definite volume. Should these ions be entirely free of attraction in their solution environment, the solution would show a certain mazimum conductivity. But if these ions attract each other and are retarded somewhat as they migrate toward their respective electrodes, the observed conductivity of the solution will be less than the maximum.b) Should the protein be broken down to peptides or amino-acids, its allergenic properties would vanish.c) Indeed, were as much as 0.1 per cent of ingested protein absorbed unchanged, the consequent allergic reactions would proscribe eating the same food twice.d) Were the distance between two water molecules doubled, the attraction between them would be only one-fourth as great; if the distance were tripled, the attraction would be only one-ninth as great.

3- a) Had it been desired to obtain the vapor composition only, the first estimate of the temperature would for many purposes have been satisfactory.b) A word of warning to those who say that had the results been available sooner the disease would never have caused such an impact on population.c) It seems equally reasonable to imagine the millions of results that would have been obtained had the experiment been repeated millions of times under the same conditions.d) Had we been testing the amount of catalase in heart tissue, we should have seen how much hydrogen peroxide was consumed.

V) Traduzca el siguiente texto:

DENTAL DISEASES

It is widely believed that the two major dental diseases – periodontitis, or inflammation of the tissues supporting the teeth, and caries, or tooth decay – are caused by the presence of microorganisms. Should someone prove this fact accurately, we could strongly investigate how both diseases result from disturbances in the ecology of the various organisms that make up the dental plaque. Since plaque is present in both periodontitis and caries, it would seem that the diseases result when something upsets the normal symbiotic relationship. The bigger this upset, the more abnormal the symbiotic relationship and the more critical the diseases will be. Many of the organisms in plaque metabolize oxygen but are capable of switching to anaerobic metabolisms when oxygen is minimal. This switchover may occur when oxygen becomes deficient in stagnant areas between the teeth, where periodontitis and caries often start.

VI) AIDS

a) Dé un vistazo al artículo sobre AIDS y teniendo en cuenta títulos, tipografía, fotos, etc., sintetice la información general que puede encontrar en el mismo.

b) Indique a qué se refieren las siguientes palabras:

En el texto A: Línea 5: you Línea 15: they Línea 9: whom Línea 19: its Línea 11: that

En el texto B: Línea 10: which

c) En el texto C:Localice las siguientes palabras y proponga un posible significado, sin recurrir al diccionario. look for hotline partner reliable safe shared physician counseled

1) ¿Qué elementos del texto y/o su conocimiento del tema le han servido para resolver este ejercicio?

2) ¿Qué ejemplos de sinonimia y antonimia puede mencionar?3) Sintetice en forma esquemática en qué casos es aconsejable realizar un análisis de SIDA.4) De acuerdo con el texto, ¿es confiable dicho análisis? ¿Por qué?

d) Grafique, de la manera que considere más conveniente, la relación entre droga y SIDA tal como la presenta el artículo D.

e) En el texto E: Encuentre la palabra o palabras que signifiquen lo mismo que:

pass probability

- Responda: ¿qué probabilidad existe de que una mujer embarazada, infectada con el virus, se lo transmita a su hijo? Incluya cifras, porcentajes, etc.

f) En el texto F:

1) Explique en sus palabras el contenido del primer párrafo.2) Diga si, según lo que ha entendido de este texto, el autor intenta expresar una conclusión sobre

el tema, dar una definición, intentar una explicación del fenómeno, etc. Fundamente su respuesta.