G U H Y A C A R % ~ ~ ~ ~ N T ~ QTheiand it^X I V t n C e n t u ~Commentary Dhvons-bpu by Gyurme Dor j e Thesispresentedfor tne degree ofDoctor ofP h i l o s o y r , y k t t h eS c h o o l o f Orier~tal andA f r i c a n S t u d i e s . UnlversltyofLo n d o n .ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Abstract This workis a critical presentation of originalsources relating t3 the ?4ah&ogaandAtiyoga traditions afthe rNying-ma school of TibetanBuddhism.namely.theprincipaltantrea-textofthat school. Guhyanarbhatkt t v~v- . andklong-chen Rat- 'tyams-pa'scommentapy.W, ak=bcum.ukitie2.11comprisesan introduction.an eC?tion of the Tibetan root-text.anannotated translation andbibliography. i ! The introduction cocniders:the positionof the threeInner classesoftantra ( m g y y d &sLe-=)withintherNring-ma tradition;theextanttextsof thew u d - . s d e and=rub-c;& divisionsof Mahhyoga withinthe U~a'-'nuuz andthe. ~ ~ - m a ' ireyud-'bumandthe transmission of the latter from itscompila- tionuntilrecenttimes:the relationsk,ip Setween theeighteen taiqtresof the w u d - s d esection andthe = Y U - ' D ~ ~ U ~ cycle;the contentsofthe cycle and the position of the long.mediumavd shortversionsof the C - withinit;thestrucrured contentsofthis root-tantra;the controversy surroundingits origins:the Indian histariial perspectiveandcommentaries; the Tibetan translatlons;the practicalsynthesis ofmo-=nuu-sens= ~ ~ ~ b l l l ; thetka'-malineageswithemphas:-sontherelevant indigenous Tibetancommentaries;the gter-ma related literature; ten philosophicaltopics elaboratedinrhe - ; thetwo exegeticalinterpretations;andtheeditionsofthesource materiaLs which have beenconsulted. 11)Theedition ofthe root-textis based.intheabsenceof Sanskrit ms..on extantTibetan versionsfoundin the t k a l - ' n u uandthe-~ u d - ' b m .the Karma'iChos-sear blockprint. andthe versions uttlised byklons-chen Rab--'byams-pa andLo-chen DharrnaSriin their commentaries. 111)Thetranslation of the root-tantrais accompaniedbythe fulltextofkLong-chen Rab-'byams-pa'sinterlinearsections ( - 1, eachof which1s precededvyanoverview( ~YI -PPn). iv) The bibliographyhas two sections. the firstcomprising those textscitedbykLohg-chen Rab-'byams-painPhYons-bcurrUn - 8-1, andthess~orld those works referredto inthe introductionand annotations. Contents preface5 ~bbreviations9 partI:Introduction13 1The rNying-ma School 8the Three Inner Clasees of Tantra10 2Compilation of the ~ ' - * n u u r r ! n ~ ~ ~ and the FnvinP- ma w u d - ' bum27 3The Texts of Mah-oga32 hTheCycle3 7 5Structured Contents of the -ttvavln.i$cav~ r n a h 6 t an tra5 9 6Origin of the6 1 7The Indian Historical Tradition72 8Appearance RTranslation of theCycle inTibot80 9The ma'-=lineage83 10 The Zur Lineage in Central Ttbet92 11 The Khams Tradition9 9 12 The Resurgence of the ma'-m lineage inCentral Tibet102 13 Extensive Propagation of the 3 k s ' - mq lineace in Khams1011 111Treasure-Doctrines associated withthe109 15 Ten Philosophical Topics of the114 16 MahHyoga and Atiyoga Interpretations of the auhvanarbha123 17 The editions coneulted in this study128 18 Annotatione.129 part11:Edition of Tibetan Root-text 1Text 2Notes Part111: Translation 8Commentary The Title Chapter One: The IntroductoPy Scene Chapter Two: Generation of Vltimate &Relative Enlightened Mind a6 Pristine Cognition Chapter Three:The Establishmentof All Dharmas Chapter Four: Cyclical Array of the Gariand of Syllables Chapter Five: Ccntemplationthat Attains the MagicalNet Chapter Six:Emanation of t h e Mandala . . Ci~apterSeven:Absorption of the Mandala ant the Secret . . Mantras Chapter Eight:Consecrationof All Limbs as the Mandala . . andthe Sub~eguent EmanatLon of the Seals Chapter Nine:Secret Commitmentof the Indeetructible Cht2ter Ten: Conferral of Empowerment Chapter Eleven: Mandala of the Feast-Offerings . . Chrpter Twcl-.2: Attaina.entof the Feast-Of ferings :haptarThirte-.: Nucleus of Most Secret Esoteric Charter Fourteen: The Eulow Which Pleases Chapter Fifteen:Cloud-like Emanation of the Natural Uandala of Wrathful Deities . . Chapter Sixteen:Emanation Ofthe Mrndala of Buddha-~poech . . of the Great A88rmblu of Wrathful Deitie8 Chapter Seventeen:Revelation of thr Uandala of Wrathful . . D e lt 18. Chapter Eighteen:A Teaching on Genuine Offering m dLiberrlitY1174 Chapter Nineteen:Comarifmefita11811 Chapter Twenty: Conmecrrtion of SpontanrouB Enlishtened AC t ivi ty1250 Chapter Twenty-one: Euloey to the Wrathful. Deiti.81274 Chapter Twenty-two:Thrt whichis Pleasing mdRetained1283 The Perfect Conclueion Annotation. P I F ~ IV:Bibliography1462 1Text8 Citedin nhYanr-hcu mun-salltl63 2Work8 Referrrd to in Introduction and Annotationsla90 Pig.1:The Palace of themmdala. . . Fig.2:The Forty-two Peaceful Deitiem( W. Y. Evan8 Fig. 3:?he ~ifty-eightWrathful Deitir8 (u-.)1095b Cis.8 : Plan of the mmdala.1323b . . rig.5:?he % I . or marpent earth 8pirit.13bbb Fie.61The Drawing of the auhvlllraha mandala.1368b 0v.r. a va r a l yaws. wh i l e wor ki ngont h e t r r n r l a t i o n mde d i t i o noft h a 1st.bDud-' j omsRi n- po- chr ' a4xinsma Sskm~l pi~~ Buddhira:Fundunan-Ib a c u n e i n c r a r 8 i n q ; l yawareof t h e c a n t r r l i - o r t a n c e oft h a a n d t h eertaemi n whi chi t ishel dbyt h e rNyi ng-ma-pa. I n ordart oopenupandc o n s o l l d r t e o u r u n d a r a t md i n s o f t h r t a i g h t h c a n t u r yt r a d l t i o n . c11rrlyt h i s basict ext woul dh r v a t obae a t r bl i s hr d i n s c r i t i c a l a d i t i o n r l o n ~ s i d e itsc o mme n i u l e s . md.asm o r e~r i ma r y8 o u r c a s arep u b l i s h e d i n I n d i a . i t woul dbean e 8 t e n t i r lt a r k f o r Ti b e t o l o q ; $ 8 t s t omakesomeo f t h e m r ~ c e ~ ~ i b l a to wmr t ar n r c h o l a r s h l p f o r t h e f i r n t t i m e . Th i a woul dr l a o g i v e somei mp a t u st o t h a c u r r e n t r a v i v r l oft h e rNyi ng-maconr muni t i as i n Naval .I ndi a . anbi n d a e d Ti b a t . wha r e t h e t r a d i t i o n itselfhasbe e nmade awareoft h a v r l u a ofwe 8 t a r n s c h o l r r s h i p . largelyt h r o u g h t h ae f f o r t 8 ofK.GenaS m i t h . Iti 8 t h e r e f o r mw i t h t h e s e t wor i msthatIembr r kadont h e p r e s a n ~ s t u d y . Eachc h a p t e r oft h a r o o t -t a n t r a 1. r ccoar pr ni adbykl ong- c ha nRr b- ' byr mo- pe' r i n t a r l i n e a rcos mant r r y, a ndi n t h a c o u r s e o f mn o t r t i o n . h i s i n t r r p r e t r t i o n seraj u x t r p o s a d wi t h t hosmofLo-chanDhr r at r hr l . Bat war nOham. t h r r a commant ot or s r e p r c s a n t t h a t woma j o r a x a s a t i c a l t r a d i t i o n 8oft h a i n T i b a t . Ofc o u r s a . t h i s s t u d y isbyn o mar no *had a f i n i t i v a s t r t a ma n t o n t h a p.Onl ywhana l le x t a n t c o mma n t r r i a s h r v a b a r n f u l l y t rmsl rt ada ndcorngarad c oul ds u c h ac o n c l u s i v a t r ar t i s aa v e r 8aw r i t t s n . I n t h o tip..i t im hoeadt h r t t hai n t a i c a c i a s ofkl ons - chmn- pa' s.x+trsiawillauraentour understondinr oftheralation8hip ht-enNahhyoga andAtiyoga.m dopmn up furtheravmnue8for fhe problmms involvmd in the intmrprmtation of trntra-tmxtslike theare Inuaense.and error6 mr mvirtuallyunavoid- able.Quiteapartfromthe aB8rncm of thoorisinalSAnskrlt muruscripta.tharmarm linguistic ob8curitie~ kntheTibetsn wh2cheventhe survbvins oral traditian I8 unabletor08Olve. Thiaha8beanmxplicitlyatatad byDingoKhyentmeRinvoche. who is revmred a8 *he greatmstliving authorit3 on therWying-ma sehool.I would therefom a8kthooe responsible for maintaining this tradition to underatandthe underlying motivation m dnotLo looktooh u 8 h l y onmymrrorr oroaisaiona.Manyofthmso problem8 will be confrontmd in the cour#m of the mnotrtions.&nd 1 wi8h.atthin point.to acknowledse the aaaistance of all those scholar8 who devoted time and energy to the tank. Firstly.mythank8aredue toPhillip Denwood.LecturerIn Tibetanat SOAS.who supervised the rrsrlrch inamethodicrl. 8~aPathetic and supportive mannerand affmrmd much 8ounQ advice onproblemsrrlatlna to langu- m dthmarchitmctureofthe in pa~ticular. Bumble thank.are also durnto H.B.Dinso Khrentae Rinpochm rho savm mush of hi8 pr*ciOuStimm to Wtire- s t wqummtion8 durins himmoJourn in thm Dordosnm.in Junm.1986. Other8mcholar8who umimtrd at that ti-m r mDzokchmnKhmnpo Thuptmn.Nvoahul Khmn Rinpoche.Tulku Pmma Wanwal. m aKonchok T*ntin.KhmnpoThuptmn in ~artieulrraddrmamad h i u m l f tothm linauimticandtrchnicrl pmblmmmwith errat rnthumium.1u a180 indebted to the library of SOAS.Universit~of London.for aceemsto Library and microfiche facilitiae8.to L u aChimeof theBrit1.hLibrarv Oriental Umumcript8Division.toWichael O'Keefeof the India Office Library.toChristian Bruvatat theTibetmlibraryof the Associati05de ChrnteEoubeinthe Dordognr for u k i n gaource arterirl8 available.Additional thank6 aredueto Or Tadeusz Skorupeki ofSOAS.whokindlyoffered advice on certain lndic aource materiala.m dto Matthew Kapstein ofthe Univrrritu of Chicago who in vast years uorkcd with me to constructthe technical English vocabulrry uvloyed in thisand other 8tudies.Above all.I wish to express wgratitude t3 the British Acadew for their generous studectohiv awarded from 1983- iP86.to30G for the Xiilicrnt Hrrrington A w r r d coverinethe s e e period.m d to Or John Broekineton,Seniorbcturerin tm8krit at Edinburgh Unlvermity.and Dr Michael Aris oP Wolison Collele.Oxfordforsupp~rtineryinitial aoplicatlantothe Acadew.Finally.thanksaredue to Mike F-erwhoprovided Word-vrocessintfrcilitie~.without w b l c h the project woul dnever have Sean conolefed in t h e eyesre. Abbrevirt ions A.Author BBudh.Bibllotheca Buddhica. St. Petersburg/Leningrad. 1897-1936, BIT.Bibliotheca Indo-Tibetica. Published bythe CentralInstit- ute ~fHighor Tibetan Studies. Sarnath, U. P. BST.Buddt~ist Sanskrit Texts.Published3y the Mithila Institute of Post -Graduate Studies and Resehrcf~ in Sanskrit Learaing. Darbhanga. Bihar. CLTC.[m-u~ ~ r - ~ l The~LUs $, edcovered Qfr - - w - m . Ne wDelhi: Patshang lame SonamGyaltsen.1975.30 volumes. 1-Tib 7 5 -9032118. D.Discoverer( I nthe cese of treasures. pter--1. DZ.ndams-nnan(wgf J?reciw-uctiou).Deihi: N. Lungtok arldN.Gyaltsan.1971.12 vols. EIPRB. KarlPotter.pf-0s.v01.1. Bibliography(RevisedEdition).Princeton:Princeton Ufilverslty Press. 1983. GCI?.RrSinma'irgyudbcubdun.3 vols.New Delhi: Sanje Dorje. 1973-1977.I-Tib 73-9061138. GOS.Gaekwad'~ OrientalSerie~.PublishedbytP,eOrient01 Institute.Baroda. BBI.tt ienneLamot te.luUZUXedlIndien. Bibliothktquedu -.vol .113.L o u v r i ~ : Publicat ions Univereitaires.1958. HIL.mpLIpQLgpEditedbyJanGonda. 9 Weisbaden:Otto Harrasowitz. JLSB. [mnlinn-Da'i w-'u.]The collected worksof Kun-mkhyen'Jigs-mrd glin-ye.9 vols.NNS.29-37(197C onwards).I (Sik)- Tib 7d-917093. JTPD. ' J u - t - ppd-dr-.D.'Jag-t~hon snying-yo.7vols. D&i?Jeeling:TaklungTsetrul Pema Wangyal.1979-1982.I- Tib 79-905783. KCZD.-,-anU o d - w . Sde-lee edition.6 volE.Gangtok: SherabGyeltsenand KhyentseLabrang.1983.I-Tib83- 905058. LCSB.[ J Q s ~ ~ n-*hum. 1Collected works of Smin-glinLo-then DharmaSrf.19 vols.DehFa Dun:D.G.Khocchen Trulku.1975. I-Tib 75-904278. Litho.Lithographicedition. LTWA.Library cf Tibetan Works and Archives.Dharam~ala. H. P. MC6 . Melanges"hinoisetBouddiques.Institut Belpe des Hautes f tudes Chinoises. Brus~els. MTTWL.peterPfandt,TextETranslatedM- m-. Cologne:In Kommissicntei E.J.Brill.1983. Rvt.-attj, hA. Notavailable.1. e. no longer extant. NL.Motlocated. HGB.-*ypyud - 1 bu(CollectedTantrasqf lac -- u).Thimvu: J a my a n ~ Xhy=ntssR i i i ~ c e : , t , 1973.36 vols.Catalogue byE.Kaneko.T o W o .1982 NMKMG.rnuinn-ma'ibka'-maw a s - ~ a EditedbyH.H.Dudjom Rinpoche.8 0 vols.Kalimpong.W.B.:DubdungLama.1982.I-Tib 82- 900981.NNS.NgargyurNyingmaySunerab.PublishedbySonamT.Kazi. Gangtok.Sikkim. NSTB.Dud jomRinpoche.X h e t i Y h S J m - P f T l b e t a nBuddhism:Fundamentals & l&~Lozy.translated8 edited byG.Dorje 8 M.Kapstein.London.1987 NYZ.-thin .-Y - --(your- art Innel.most -).New Delhi:Trulku Tsewang.Jamyang andL.Tashi.1970. 11vols. P.Tjhetan U t - , Peking Ebition.Tokyo-Kyoto; Suzuki Research Foundation.1955- 61. 168vols. -. - PRS.Lewis Lancaster.ed..Er- &kl &ti d Berkeley BuddhistStudies Series.vol.1 , Berkeley:Asian Humanities Press.1977.Pub.Pho-co-mechanical pub1 icat ion. RTD.m - c h e a g t e r - s(Store Qfp r e c i o ~ -).Par>o: Egodruy and Sherkp Drimay.1 9 7 6 . 111vols.Index compiled bySik K.Yeshe Zangmo in 19bfb. SBE.F.MaxMffller.ed..SacredBnWal UEast.Osfopd University Press.Reprinted.Delhi: MotilalBanarsidass. Skt.Sanskrit SCR.Serie Orientale Roma.Publishedbythe Institute Italiano per11 Medio edEstremo Oriente(Is. M.E.O. 1. SP.satamit-w.Saraavati Vihar.New Delhi. EES.Si"sfirt8is sheerig spendzod.Publiehe$ byS - W . Taetrigane~a. Leh.Ladakh. STC.Barbara NimriAziz and Matthew Kapstein.eds. .Tibetln -lion.New Delhi:Manohar.1985.A - C a t a l D n u e Q Z f l L e T i b e t a n B u d d h i n t T.Canon. (T6hoku UniversityCatalogueof the Derge Edition oftheCanon) edited byHakuju Uietal.Sendai. 193b.Taisho. ?- - 2 6 W. Ed.J.Takakusu.K.Watanate.et al. Tokyo: Taish6 Issaikyo Kanko Kai.1920- 1932.~ i b .Tibetan TSHR.Michael Arls and Aung San Suu Ky i . eds.,Tibatan =yd- liughRicharnsDn.Warmicster:Aris and Ptiillips. 1980. TSWS.TibetanSanskritWorksSeries.KashlPsasad3ayaswal Research Institute.Patna.Bihar. X~lo. Xylographic edition. Part One Introduc+ion 1.The rNyin9-ma School andthe Three Inner Classes of Tantrn: Themandalaof the hundredpeacefuland wrathfuldeitiesflrst . . ettrectedattention o ~ ~ t s l d e TJbetthrough popular translatlon~of theu s - QQw - n r o l , a seetlon of KarmagLlng-pa'ea 1 - k h r - 01 0 .1,lttJe is known,however, of the t h ~ + r e or, whichthis mandeleand itr gter-ma cycles are bosed.Them ~ a -. . ~ a t + v a v i n I # c ~ v ~ isBp.rinclpa1textofthe JU!, theoldesttradition 3f TibetenFuddhiom whlc3hasmatn- tainedthe teaching-cycleeandtexts jntroducedto Tlhetd,lrlng theroyaldynaatjcperiodthrough to the epoch oftheTndian scholarSmrtijri&nakCr*lendpriorto that ofLo-chenPin-chnn 2 bZang-pa(958-1055).The rNying-ma-paare thoee who have adhered tothis**eapllerpropagation" ( m - d e r ) andc ~ l t f v a ~ e * its traditionsover ~ucceedjne renturjes through study,medl tetl on, Compnsdtion,andthe revelation of conceeledtexts ortres?llrt?S (Her-ma).Acomprehensive account of the phllosoph?ct3Jp~s!tlon andhjstorfcalhackgroundof this schoolIs foundIn myedl ted translationof bDud-' jomrRin-po-che* s moderncornpi I at1 OF, 3l& U S c h o a l T i b e t s n B u d d h i e m : aul 3 -. Incontrast,theadherents ofthelaterBuddh+tt lineageswhichspreadforth In Tlbetduringthe"et~bseqlren+ pro~agayionw ( p h v i - 4 ~ ) - - the bKe*-pdams-pa, Ss-ekya-paand b!Ce*- brzyud-pa--ars commonly known as pSar-me-pa,"fol!owereofthe & 6choolsw.Whjlc the desjgnetione wrNyine-man andHgSar-ma" wereretrospectivelyapplied.bythe eleventhcentury thetwo periodsof Buddhistexpansion in Tibethadbecomesufficiently distinguishabletoPrompt Rong-zomPandita'efollowingoteer- . * vatlonin the dkon-mchon m. which attributes sixsuperior- 5 ities to the ancienttranslaticns: First.concerningthegreatness ofthebenefectorswho i~~troducedthem:Sincethebenefactorsoftheancient translation period were the thrse ancestral rulers. w h ~ were thesublimeLords of the Three Families Inkinglyguise. theywere cnlike the benefactors ofthelatertranslation 6 period. Second.concerningthelocationeinwhichtheywere translated and established:Since the ancient translations wereaccomplishedinsuch emanated temples as bSam-yasand the .other doctrinal centres ofthe past,highandlow.they areunlikethose translated in themonasticzrottoesof 7 today . Third,concerningthedistinctionsofthetranslators: Thosedoctrines were translatedbyemanational translators. the translators of the pastsuch a8 Vairocana.sKa-ta dPal- brtsegs.1Cog-ro klu'irgyal-mtshan.Zhang Ye-shes sDe, rMa Rin-chenmChog.and gNyags JEKnakum6ra.Thus,they5-?e unlikethe translations made bythe translatorsoftoday. whoPa8Ethesummer in Mang-yulandtravel toIndiaand A Nepal for a short time du?inuthe winter. Fourth.concerninzthe distinctions of thescholars(who supervised the ancient tranalat?one):Those doctrinee were introducedbybuddhasandsublime bodhiaattvas abidingon the greatlevels.(namely) the scholars of the pastsuch as the preceptcr Shntaraks ita.Buddhsguhya.the greatmaster Padmbkaraandthe greatpanditaVimalamitra.Thus,they . . were unlike the scholars of today who wander a b o ~ t insearch 9 of gold. Fifth, concerning the distinctionsof the blossome(offered) asthe basis for commissioning(the translations):In the pastthedoctrines were requested with offeringsofgold weighedoutin dee~skinpouches,or bythe measure.Thus, theywereunlike the requeets made(by disciplesof)the presentday with one or two gcldbitsdrawnfrom under their 10 own arms. Sixth,concerning the distinctioneofthe doctrineitself: Thetranslations ofthe past were completed ata timewhen thedoctrineofthe Buddha reached its zenithinIndia. Furthermore,there were tantras which didnoteven existin Indiapr?per,whichwereretainedbybodhisa+tvas. accomplished masters,awareness-holders and dbkinls who had obtainedtheirempowerments.They were takenfrompure lands,andfrom regions of Jambudvlpasuch a6 Singhala and Oddiyana inth'e weet.through the arrayed miraculouspowers . . ofthethesrcat masterPadmasambhava,Vimalamitraand othere.andthentranelated(inTibet).Thua.many (doctrines)which were completely unknowntothescholars andaccomplishedmastersOf India arrivedtobecomethe 11 meritoriousfortune of Tibet. Furthermore,concerning the translations themselves:Since thetranslatorsofthepastwereemanat:ion~.they establisaed the meaningscorrectly.For this reason their works are easy to unCerstandand,on plumbingtheir depth&. theblessingis great.Butthe translator-s of thelater periodwere unable to render rhe meaningandmadelexical translationsfo1;owing(merely)thearrangementof;:A Sanskrittexts.Consequently.their forced terminology is hard to understand,and on plumbingthe depths the blessing 12 is slight.Therefcre, they are dissimilar. TounderstandRong-zom-pa'sfinal point,one might well makea comparisonbetween the simple versificationoftheGuhvevarbha andthat of the - . whichis considered bymanyto 13 ePitomisethe mostcomplex of the later translations.Further linguisticdistinctionsbetween these twotranslationmethod- ologieswillbe considered bslowin the contextofthedebate surrounding the origins of our tantra-text. DespiteRong-zom-pa'sentrenched positionwhichwasdesigned Purposefullytocounterthe prejudiceexpressedagainstthe ancienttantraeby.certain advocates ofthenewtranslation system, the rNying-matradition for the mostpartremained aloof fromthesubsequentsectarian rivalries ofTibetanpolitical life-- whetherin the conflictbetween Sa-shya and'Bri-gunsor intheclvjlworhetweentheKarma-pa-backedgl'~ang..pa 1116dmlnJ~ t r a + l @ nnndthe dGe-lug*-pa hj erarchy.Theirphi Iooophy andsp~rItlral!ty have however cnn+Jnued t oexertinfluence on+he latertr-dj + I- 1 1 9 untj 1recent r imes .Tmpnrtantfipures ~ ~ t c h as d P s l ! 1?8&-1365).DslsjLame V! 1617-16R??.'Jam-dbyanps rnKhyen- bptse'ldBnng20(187n-18?2) and'Jam-mgonK o n g - ~ p r u l(1813-3Rg?) havecontrlbvtedj m m e n ~ e j y th +he developmen+ ofther N y l n g - ~ a15 teachinesdcspj+etheir affiljation wlthother echeols.Ad8 stuly ofthe y h o s - ' b v ~ genre rev- el^..Tibet'sgreatthinkers. o c h o l a r ~endrnedjtatorffromel1traditions couldfreelytesch 16 each other wl+hou+ ecctarlaqinhibitions. Ititinthe rNyjng-many?+:emthat t h eF u d d h l ~ tteachings&re clsssifiedln+a a hlnrarchjcal gradeiTjan o fnlne vehlcles o rnino sequencee of t h evehicle!Then-pa r i m - D Y a;.S. G. Kermayjn his "Originand Early Developmento ft h eTibetan Reliejour?Traditicns of tPte GreatPe?rPectianw haetraced the developmentof t h j ~ njne- f6ldclass? PIc%+ionthrough a comparatjvestudy of t h e wrj t i n g ~OfPa4masambhsve.eKs-hadPel-brteege.gNuhe-chenSknpe-rgyms Ye- 1 7shes,klonp-chen~ab-'byams-pa end athers.T h eRynthesie out- linedIntheAnuyogntextE D Y ~ -- --' d u e - ~ a and elaboratedbyt h eeMtn-grol-gljng+radjtionrefera t othefjrst three scquencee!Srlvakay&na.Pratyepabtrddhay~naandBodhl ssttvn- ~ B n a )un4crtheheeding "vehicleswhichcontrol t h e Cb311Rro fsuffering"(u-* hrune-an-~a'lm),t othe mlddlethr-e !Kpiydtantra.Ubhayatantraend Yogdtantrb) a# " v c h ~ c l e s oft h eOutertantraeofar~stcrcawarenessn(W*- t hUl'i=-na*i ~.V-I W - D k ) . andto the las:Three( M a h w o g a ,hriuyoga arrd ~ t i y o g a ) as "vehiclesof overpowering means"( d b -18 kYiS . ~ P P - D&) . Accordingto Lo-chen DharmaSrf.theenumeration ofnineisitselfprovisionalbecausethestructuremeybe simplified.9.9. into the twofoldclassifi'-onof Hlnayana and ~ a h b i n a .or extended.e.g.byadding the mundane Manueyayhna or ~evayina. Indeed.in this overview of the Buddhistpaththere may beas manyvehicles as there a?ethouphte inthemind.while, from the resultantor absolute standpoint.there is said to be no 19 -~ehicle atall.The following verses fromthe ~ g & i w a ~ u t r y2 0 (T. 107) are ~ u o t e d in support of this position: A s long as there are perceptions. The culmination of the vehicles willnever be reached. Whenthe mindbecomestransformed There is neither vehicle nor mover. The integrated structure of the nlne vehicles is also referredtc inbaeictexts.such as the principle w m s - s d etantraofthe GreatPerfection( m - ~ a m)system.the--Arc- 2 1 Kinn ( - wal- DO'^ w,T.828): Existentially there is only Gne. Butempirically there are nine vehicles. Thedistinctionsbetweenthe above mentionednine sequencesof the vehicle are discuesedin the rany phtlosophicaltxbeatisesof therNying-ma school whichfocus on Bpil-itu&l andphilosopt~ical systems( - or ~ u b - mtha' ) .e. a. kLonp-chen Rab- ' bvams-pa. nrub-mthr' mdrpd.Lo-chenDhrrmabrl.n.nnn-bdan - * and 2 2 b~ud--jams Rin-po-che.-tan-os'i- . The motstfunda- mentaldjs+inction is made hetweenthe first thrze or e0tra-based vehicleswhichadvocateacausalapproachtoenlightenms~t (--chub)or btrddhahood( - ) andthe last9ir or tantra-basedvehicleswhl chmaintajnthe resultantviewthat buddhahoodi~ ~rimordlallyor atemporelly(ye-naa) attained.and realisedassuchbythe removalof theohscarationscnvertng enlightened mind(-am.>. The term "tsn+rsW !-) refera to three contjnl-\a of meanine en9 fourc l a ~ ~ e s of texts formjng the literary expressionofthat meaning.Theformerare the ccnrinuun oftheground(m w).of the path( a - n v im)nndof the resul?('br.-q-bu13 rnuud). which respectjvelyindj.ca+e the ehiding nature of vealjty (mno-l-),themeansofreellsingit(w).andthe Culminatingbuddha-body(m)and pristine cognjtjon( ye- =has? resulting from thet realjsatjon.Ttis t h ? ~ structure of groun4. Path andresultaround whichthe tantrs-texts.both rNying-ma and PSar-me are developed, 8 s we willsee below with reference to the 2 3 m.The four clasaes arethe texts of KriyBtantra,Ubhaybtantre(or CaryBtantra).Yogatantra and Anutttrayopatantra. whichare djfferentiatedand~ ~ R c u S R ~ ~ et 2 11lengthinthe ebove treatises.The last of them,accord in^ to the rNying-me school,comprises the texts ofMahayopa.Anuyoga andAtiyaga.the"vehicleeof averpowerinemeans"orthree claeeeaof inner tantrae( nau- rnvu &--nnurq)--whichformthe PrincipaleuhjectmatteroftherNyinp-ma-pecommentarial tradition.Itie important that the distinctions betweenthese threearecomprehended because,as we ehalL see.the- -U r a ~ a m a h i a t a n t r ahas beeninterpretedfromboth Maheoga and Atiyoga perspectives. Whenthe three classes of inner tactras are contrasted.Mahayoga issaidto ernphasise the groundof the Vajrayknaorresultant mode of Buddhist experience.1.e.the abiding nature of reality 2 5 ( - ) . Anuyoga the pathor skiLlful means of realisation and Atl.yoga the resultitself.the presence of buddha-body( & k l Jand prlstine cognition(J!-.).Alternatively. MahiWoge focuses onthe creation stage ! w ~ r l - a ) of contemplation.Anuyogaon theperfectionstage(-). and Atiyoga ontheGreat Perfection(~1dzoz6-chen) . In the words of Me-nysgs Khyung-%rags.an eleventh-centuryhoider 2 6 ofthe rNying-ma lineage: 2 7 ThoughtCe three aspects of creation andperfectionare presentinthemall.Mahkyoga emphaticallyteachesthe creationstage.Anuyoga emphaticallyteaches the perfection stage.and the GreatPerfection is effortless in both. klong-chenRab-'byanis-pa.in his MindRest (qemq-nvidnnal- 2 8 PBP). adds: MahCyooaemphasises vital energy andthe skillful meansof the creation stage. Anuyoga emphasisee the seed and discriminatir-e awareness of the perfectionstage. Atiyoea emphaeiees the pristinecognition in which everything ie withoutduality. 29 Andaccording to sKyo-ston Sgk-ye ofGong-bu: Mahayogeleya ereatemphasis on conduct. AnuYogelays great emphesis on contemplation, AndAtiyogalays greatemphasis anthe view. A = these authors stete, MehByogedoes emphasisethe groundinIts persgectj ve,thecreeti onatage Inte medj tetive technique end ritualactSvi+ice in its conduct.Anuyogeemphasisesthepath, theperfeetionstage of meditativetechnique andcontempletion, endAtjyoeaemphesises the result.the GreetPerfection orthe view itselfWe shall observe howeverthattantre- text^ suchas rhe G u h V a n a r b h a t a t t v ~ v i ~ t a n t r q , despite their c l a ~ ~ i fi- cationwithinMah&yog&,necees~rllycontsin element^ofa13 three,andJ + isfor this reasonthatdivergentexegetical 3 0 treditlon~ later developed. Thedi~positions of those who wouldaspire to thethreeinner clesse~ of tantra ere also indtcated inthe Tentre pf 3 1 ArCW(bkod- ~qchen - n ~ ) , whichsays: For one who wollldtranscend the mind There is the creative phase. For one who wouldposseas the essence of mjnd There is the perfecting phase. Andfor those who are eupremc and mostsecret There is the GreetPerfection. Andbyklong-chen Rab-'byams-pain his GreatChariot(ahlnp-rta 32 m): The father tantras of Mahboga are the natural expression of theskillful means of appearance.intended onbehalfof thoserequiringtrainingwhoaremostlyhostileand possessedby manyideas;the mother tantras of Anuyoga are thediscriminative awareness of the perfection stagewhich isthe reality of emptiness.intendedfor thebenefitof those who are mostly desiroue anddelightin the tranquility ofthemind;andthe AtiyogBis revealed asthenatural expression of their non-duality.intended for the benefitof those who are mostly deludedand who are energetic. ?:henthesethreeclaeses are coneidereddistinctly.eachis analysedaccordingtoitsessence..w-erbal def iriitionand classificaticr..as in the fol1.owing account derivedfrom Lo-cher, Dharmabri 'sn a a n n - b mzhal-lygp.which represents theTibetan 33 bka' -matradition. Mahayoga: Theessence of Uah&yoga is that liberation isobthinedthrough unionwiththe indivisible superior truth(U-DB'~nnuip-med -) byrelyingemphaticallyonthecreationstageof aklllful means( L h . &~ - k ~ i ll&YrfI-rilu).The Sanekrittermmah8- XQgais definedto mean "greatunionw of the mind withnon-dual truth.Theclassificationinclude6 the topicsofempowerment ( - -8entrance( ' ~ u E - D ~ ) .view( m - b g ) . discipline ( - 1. meditation(m).conduct( m o d - D & )andreeult 311 ~tthe outset,four anpowermenta are conferred,anabling Mahh- yoga to be practised.The vehicle is then entered throughthree contemplations,namely: greatemptiness(efPnn-Pa ~ m n - ~ p ) which purifiesdeath.greatcompassion(--rJe~ P ~ - D Q ) which purifiestheintermediatestate after death(bar--)andthe sealsandattainmentofthemandala-clusters( W- r -. . )which purifythe three phases of lifeby 3 5 estsblishingone'strue natureto bethe mandalaofdeities. . . The view of Mahiiyoga holds ultimate truth( - We n - ~ a ) to be spontansousawareness( p i n - ~ e ) withoutconceptualelaboration. relativetruth( U- rd7m m e n - ~ a ) to betheideasoxbmental energyof thatawareness which manifestas a mandala ofbuddha- . . bodyand pristine cognition.and the superior indivisible truth tobethe unityof these two-- emptineee andpureappearance. Discipline refers to twenty-eight commitments(dam-tahin) upheld inrelationto meditative practice,renunciationandattain- 36 rnent.Meditationcomprises the non-symbolic contemplationof ultimate reality and the symbolic meditations of the creatioa and Perfection stages.In the creation stage.the mandala ie gradual- . . 1Yvieualisedthrcugh the three contemplations.in whichdeity and thoughtare indivisible.In the perfection stage,visualis- ation concentrates on the energy channels,current8 and seminal- Pbints( r t ~ a - r w - ) in the body-- either inthe**upver door1* of one'sown body(v-W -BPO)or the "lowerdoor*' 37 (sexuaicentre) of one'spartner1@ body( w - l u ~ ' p e - ~ ) .Theconduct of Mahboga implies that defilemante and~onflicting emotionsof aamsnra.rites of "liberation"(m)andaexuai practices(w)can be experienced withoutattachmentbecause 3 8 theyare retainedas ski?.lful meane.The resultindicates that 3 9 the five buddha-bodies( U u - w ) are actualisedin thislife- time or in the intermediate state after death. Anuyoga: The essence of Anuyoga is that byrelying on the perfection stage of discriminative awareneaa( W- r &xdzfi=q-~&fl)liberationis I obtainedthroughtheunifying realisatlon oftheexpanseof 1reaiity(-) andpristinecognition( y e - E b E ) , without !u 0 duality.TheSanskrittermis definedtomeen"sub- sequentyoga",1.e..thatwhich links MahByoga to Atiyo~a OF whichreveals the path of deuire ( - 1 subsequent ondis- u 1 criminative awareness. Asto the aforementionec! six claesificatorytopics.Anuyogahas 36basicand831 ancillary empowerments which refer to allnine u 2 eequencesofthevebicle.including the eiltrae;anditis enteredthroughthe npontaneouelyperfectnon-dualityofthe expanseandpristine cognition.The view is that allphenomena aretheprimordial mandala of Samantabhadrl(Xi2li-hZhin-d . . 1 - k theuncre,tedawareness ie the pristinecognition orspontaneouslypresentmandala ofSamantabhadra(rann-lzhin . . dbyil-*ktlnr).andthesupremeb1i.softheir 0ff4yring I sthe fundamental mandala of enlightened mind.without . . dualityof expanse and pristine cognition(burnn- chUh f~3 W i l - *hhpr).Di8ciplinerefers to the nineenumerationsof commitmentsdescribedinthe sixty-sixth chapterofthemQp 4 1,- ~a(NOB. Vol.11).Meditationcompriues the path of nkilltul means( m b a - a ) which utilises the energy channels. currentsandseminal points eithe? with reference to one'sown bodyorin union witha partner,and thepathofliberation ( ~ 0 1 - a ) whichcomprises the non-conceptual conternplatJonof reality anduymboliccontemplation of the deities.who aresaid toappearInstantly "inthe manner of a fish leapingfromthe 11 5 water. "Inthe reeult.the twenty-fiveresultantrealities ( - chaswe r - m) of the buddha-levelareactuaiised 46 within one lifetime. Theessence of ktiyopa or the GreatPerfection( W s - n athen- PP)is thatliberatian occurs in primordialbuddhahood( y 0 - m- ~ R Y ~ B - D B ) , withoutrenunciation. acceptance, hope or doubt. TheSanskritterm rtivanaia definedto mean"hiphestunion". because itis the culmination of all vehicles and of the creation 8perfectionstages. AStc classification, the empowermentof the expressivepowerofawareness( a - ~ a ' L - 1 iscon- 4 7 ferred,the entrance is withoutactivity,the view is thatall thinasof aamsara and nirvana are primordialbuddhahoodinthe uniqueeeminalpoint(--low a n - an-)orbuddha-bodyof h 8 reality(-1. Disciplineinclubsseai i i t ni ent eG: a9 nothingneam.apathy.uniqueneseandapontaneouapresence. Meditationcomprise'ethethreeclasses- mental,spatialand --esotericinatructionai(same-)--the laetofwhichincludea the crlebratedtachniqueaofCuttine ThroughRepistance(khr-yes-chod) endAll-SurpessinzReaJ?satlon 5 G ( mo d- r u) . Conduct1s wjtho~rt acceptance endrejection,and theresultis that the goali sreached att h epreeent momenton 5 1 the levelof epontaneoualy perfectSamantabhadre. Theprimedistinctionbetweenthese threei s thereforethat Mahayoga,thebesia,cultivates t h ereal l aat Ion ofprimordl a3 buddhahoodjn aprafiual manner,Anuyoea doen80in aepontenc@l>? or perfect manner.andAtiyogalat h eGreetPepfectlonunderlying bothapproachae--the goalitsel f. 2.Compilstlono ft h eb K e * - l e ~ m w n n - r n v u nand t h e - ypyu.1-*bum:Eacho f theeethree Inner clseeesiprepresented inthecoq- ~ i l a t i o n softantra-texte--t h eB K a l - * n u = andt h e a e c t e dTant ra- s~f Lh- --(Fnvinn-ma*i l l ~ ~ u d - 'hum .T h nformer includes a W n - r u eectlon(T.828-8hh) which mayhave.ae Neae-gidBang-faclelms,beenInserted during t h elflTh.century 5 2 bydBu8-PBbLo-naslS a n ~ r - r n v a e'Bum.Thereint h e ~ r i n c i o a ltextsrefrepentjne each o fthese categories a r e contained--t h eBXCkB Qf_thgAll - A ~ c o m r l i s h i n n fSine ( W - b v drPYal- OQ ,T.828) whichexemplifiest h eMentalClarrs( m - n d e ) afAtjyogs,t h eSQtra~ h ~ r h u Lnsentiona ( m- 4- u-.T. 829)an4 its ~ o o t t h e~ l l -GathsFinn ~warcnsss ( Un- ' Quarin-na. T. 831) a l o n ~ witht h e pLSDlsndour ( ye - ohm-.T. 330) whichrepresent Anuyoga,e n 3s scrlee o ftantraebelonging to the U a h b o g aclass,v i z . 1. 832- 868. o nwhichEre b c l a w , pp. 32-61. Owinetothe eecrecy of the rlying-ma tantrae,which hadbeen recognisedintheearly ninth centurywhenthe 5 3 Cataloguewas compiled.andin consequence of thecontroverey surroundingthem In the eleventh century writings of LhabLa-ma 5a Ye-shes-'odand'Go8Khug-paLhas-btsae.thesetextswere, withfew exceptions.notIncludedinthe kJh'-*nuyy.whichwas devisedchieflyas a compilation of later or newtranelatfons. 5 5 The 7 infacte w s :Becauseoftheir greatstrictnees the inner tantras ofthe secret mantras are nothere setforth. Certainkeytexts representative of the rlying-ma tantraewePe. aswe have already seen.insertedin the b ~ a * - * a v u atan early date.andthe Peking edition of the bsTan-'n;vur(vole.82-83) conteinsasubstantial number oftreatisesonthesetanti'as. Throuph the determined efforts of the Zur family,the bulk of the rlying-matantres were stored at'00-pa-lung in gTeang. which was themaincentre of rlying-ma activity in Central Tibetfromthe eraof Zur-po-che(lete tenth/early eleventh century) untilthe 56 fourteenthcentury.Zur 1Zang-go UPelutilisedthematerial resogrces.which he hadobtained inthe form of commiselonsarid gifts fromthe Mongol emperor Buyantu(r.1311-1320).to prepare Printing-blocksfortwenty-eightdoctrinal collectionsofthe ancienttranslationswhichwerepreservedat' Ug-pa- lung. incluc;ngtho(T.832 )0and 57 itscelebrrtmdcommentaryby~11PvaJra.theso-calledsPnr- printedathousandcopiesof eachanddistributedthemto 5 8 students.Nonetheless.untilthefifteenthcentury.the continuouslineages of these rNying-ma tantras wereexceedingly few. The varioustransmissions of these tantras then convergedinthe treasure-finder Ratna gLine-pa(1U03-1071).a native of Gru-stlul inLho-brag.He perseveredto collecttexts from allquarters. includingthe abbreviated set of the mJ u QTantras(~g&L! &k -)which was preservedat'Ug-pa-la~ng, and he received.with greatdifficulty.their complete tronzmissionfrom the aged Mes- spom bSam-gtanbZang-po of RTsang.who alone heldthe continuous 5 9 lineage.Later.Rarna gLing-pa compiled the Collect-Tantras atLhun-grubPalace in Gru-shul.and hadnew copies prepared.the earlier oneein ink.and the later oneein gold.He transmitted themmany time^to ensure theircontinuity.Thelineagewas maintainedbyhis elder son. Tshe-dbang Grags-Pa.continuing down 60 to the presentinthe following succession: Tshe-dbang Grags-pa (elder son): Wpag-dbang Grags-pa (younger son): Wgag-dbangNor-bu(grand~on): Nor-bu Yonpa-grage: rGyal-sras Nor-budBang-rgyal: Pad-glinp gSung-~3rul 111.Tshul-khrims rDo-rje: Gar-dbang Tshul-khrirnsrGyal-mtshanof Bon-lung; Pad-gling Thugs-srasIV.belan-'dzin'~yur-med rDo-rje: Rig-'dzingTer-bdag sling-pa ofSMin-grol-gling: Pad-gling gSung-eprulIV. Ngrg-dbanzKun-bzangrDo-rje: pad-glingthugs-orae V.'~yur-medmchog-grubdPal-'tar: Pad-rnr Don-grub Grrge-pa; Pad-gling gSung-sprul VI.Kun-bz~ngbnTan-pr'ipGyal-mtehan: r8r-khr Kun-bzrng Rig-'dzinrDo-rje: Pad-gling gSung-sprul VIII.Kun-bzongbsTrn-pa'iNyi-ma; rBr-khr Rig-'dzinKhuno-pmum Yong-grol; 0-rgyen Nun-grolrGye-mt8ho: bGe- 'dun rGye-mtrho; bDud-*jom8 *Jig#-bra1 Ye-mhmmrD0-rje. Other Figures Connected withthe Collectad n: 61 Gong-ra LO-ChengZhan-phanrDo-rje(1530-1650): Gong-ra Lo-chen was a student ofPad-slinggSung-sprul111 Tshul- khrims rDo-r3e and mKhas-grub bLo-groergyal-mCshanand a teacher ofgSang-bdagPhrin-las Lhun-grub.He preparedc o p i e ~ofthe U r t e G -a-- --( - --'bum)on threeoccasions,andon two of them,in consideration ofthe continuityofthe teaching.he sentthose copies toKhamand Kong-po.sothathistransmi~sionpenetratedbothKhamand Central Tibet. '~igs-med gLing-pa(1730-1798).a native of'Phyong-rgyasand student of dPal-ri monastery.is celebrated for hisrevelations ofthelnnermastSDiritualitvpfkLC)I13-chen-DB( k h n n - c h m-).Duringthe eighteenth century when,inconseouence of the incurgione byDzun-gar-pa Monsols.tne rNying-mh monastic centresofrDo-rje Brag and sMin-grol-gling hadbeenseverely 6 3 dmaged,he made copies of allthe tantras of thertdying-ma-pa tradition which were to befound ateMin-groi-gling. some twenty- five volumes.and hadthe firstfive pages of each volume written 6 0 inink made of the five precious subetances.and the remainder in blackink on a white background(-a-rhns).He was the first toprepare a detailed catalogue and hietory of thiecollection. entitledthe - t i weHistPrv pL a PrefiDUB CDllectedTantrae Pfmsa n c i e n t P S c h o P 1 : XUOrnuncntCdverinp J-muuim( m-*pyYT -udd@--- * d z m - n m m - u r u-,- -).Alllater compilers have relied on this ~3talOguewhichla Includedin the nine volumes of 6 5 h3.8collected works. *Jigs-medgLing-pa'snew redaction of the Collected Tantraswaa subsepuentlYcarvedon wcod-blocks under the patronageofQueen 66 Ga-je-bza'Tshe-dbanp Lha-mo of sDe-dge.In 1797.the Kah-thog dGe-brtsePandl.ta 'Gyur-ned Tahe-dbanu mChog-grub.a studentof . . *Jigs-med =Ling-pa'smain disciple endlineace-holderrDo-grub I. 67 'Jigs-medPhrln-la8 'Od-zer,preparedan lndex for the sDe-dge xylographedition.entitled. b k b nehPns-Da9k B P ~ ZdQALh? Thereis an extant manuscript of the rGyud u,pertainingto the aforementioned eDe-dge edition.in 30 vclumesorigin all^33 ~01s.).twenty-ninecfwhich are housedin theIndiaOffice Libraryin London(Waddell Collection.190U-5).and theother (vol.lj in the Bodleian.Copies of the celebrated sDe-lee xylo- 6 9 graphandcatalogue are also to befound outside Tibet.anda newreprint of the -actedTIntras was preparedin1973under thepatronageof Dingo Khyentee Rinyoche basedon amanuscript 7 0 Dreaerv+dat gTi ng-~Y&2cs dG=n-sc byr eg. ~ t . 4 ...--a...--..4crA-... . t -c ~ ~ ~ r i s e sthirty-six volumes.of which vole.1-10 include the trntre-texts OfAtiyoga.vole.11-13 include the afitra and trntrr-textsof Anuyogn rnd vols.18-33 include the texts of ~rhiyoen.Volume 3u Contains*Jig.-medgting-pa'8crtrlogue.whilev01~1ne835-36 containthe index Of'Gyur-med Tshe-dbang nachos-grub.Amodern cataloguetothisedition of theZU~L~AE byEiichi 7 1 Kanrko haa boonpublishedin Japan. In addition,there are other extantcompilations of the PNying-ma tantras8ome of which correspondto eectione of NGB..e.u.the rnuinn-ma'ip c u - w . and others whichcontain considerable variations.e.g.,theIXLSBnr-OLandthe 7 2 Bhutancaemanuscripts. A t this juncture,an advanced study of the literature contained in vo1s.l-13 would make a definitivecontribution to ourknow- ledge of Atiyoga and Anuyoga.The praaentresearch, however, will focuson the texts of Kahfiyoga,since itie wlrhin the ~ a h b o g acategoryof the -mthat the~ ~ ~ ~ h a t n t t v ~ c e v a -mrhatrntracyclefs to befound,deapite theconnectionwith Atiyogawhichhasbeendrawnbysomel a t ~ r Tibetan 3.The texts of Mahboga: ThetexteofMnh&yoga are divided intotwoclasses-- tantrao (revYd-sde/m e ) and mean6 forattainment( m u b - wdLdh4-j.Thefornsr(NOS.vols.I&-19)compriaethe exoteric corpus of literature from whichthe latter (NGB.voln. 7 3 2 8 - 5 3 ) , theesoteric practice%.are drawn.Volumen 31-32 al qo rospoctivolycontainthe Panoraltantram( - -)andthe Particulartantrae( - 1 aesociatedwiththeorisinal nt.r-mlroconaionof tholprub- FWUA1 - m ~ a - * ~ Q u s k y la,fromwhichthe latercyclom of tho EightTrans- mittedPrecepts (Ua'-brpuad)derive. Themean8 for sttajnmtnt have five main Bectionfit,corresponding 7 5 to the five eupramundar\e meditetionaldeitiee.viz.YamBntaka ( - - - - Da 8 d - u d - ~ b ~ ~ ,NGB.vole.20-22.T. (ua=-- ~ ~ W R - ~ L J F wud-ede-T?-,NGB.vol .2 5 ) . ' Jcljr8- mrta( a - r n e f lPbdud-rtaA yon-ten-PYir g y u d - n d e - r n m, NGB.v o l .26, T. 881).end Vajrakfla./ VajrekumBra( b r o m- mn - ' mdnal -.~ h ' > r - w e ' i rnvud-s4eD. NGB.vole.77-29).T h eiol lowing three mundane medttational deitiep are also lnclufled:Mbtar?(ma;. m d dzonPh.u chen-mo xumBzunP - ma'i. d u c ~ - a r u hchen- RUUwud-rn--ma-moass-rnvudW*-a,NGB. vole.30-31,Vol.33, T. 887).LokeutatrapQja/mchod-bstod(NGR. ~ ~ 0 1 . 32,T.8118).end Vajramentrebtrru/Drag-engags(NGR. vcl. 32, T. 883). Theclase of tentrae ?t?otherwlne known 8s the eighteentantra- ~ i t a k s e of Mehayoea, abesit- cycle oP texts tradl+ionally heldt ohavebeenoubdivifleflfrom the Hundred' - Y g r s e P QLL k( a p y u - * ~ h r u l m - ~ h ~ a g p r n v a - ~ g ) byKukkurlja,on whomgeebelow,pp.78-75.D3Pferentenumeratloneofthee0 trntrngitakauhave beenrecordedInthe work6 of kLone-chnnReb- chen rOya1-tshab PadmarNam-rgyalandothers.In the.nnape - k ., claaaifies the elghteen nccording t obuddhe-body,speech,mind, 76 attributes, n c t l v j t i e ~ , andgenrralltyaafollaws: -RllPmadbmn-chan: ud -thin.- .-rtse rn-Q&. dPa' - bog Ts ug - l a g ' Phr e ng- ba. mkhaa - na'lW ' - st =. e nume r a t e st h e e i g h t e e n d i f f e r e n t l y , but wi t h t h e sameb a s i c e i x f o l d cl ass-7 7 if i ceti o n :-'dU.--plm------ rnYud s u m :Theenumerationwhich sained acceptance from the time ofpTer- 78 bdag gLing-pa onwardsand which corresponds to the etructure of the Collectad Tlntrae ei:r-aa,is that given byZhe- U m w J A s A U -,andinferredbybDud-'jomsRin-po-che, attributesandactivities arerespectively ( NOB. vol. 16. T. 366-7).(NGB.vol.16. T. 1177).( NGB. vole17.T.4112-3), ( NOB. vol.17,T . P87). and( NOB. vol. 17 : the fivetantras concerned with means for attainment arehzu&n r kp1( NOB. vol.18,T. 840). rta-mchan-( NGB. vol. 18,T.839). .nuinn--D&( NOB. vol.18. T. 890), U - 4 ( HOE. vol.181,ace rJhrrr-DIchu-plW1rn-m (MOB- voL.19); hi five tantras concerned with conduct are - ( NOB. vol.6 ) .ur-lhq.-( NQB. vol.12. To830).dm---(MOB. V O ~ . 12). U- ' d z i n -(NGB.vol.8 ) . and nlann-chen --*ban(MGB. vol.19); thetwosupplementary tantrasare- * v a - b(NGB.vol.19,T.066) and thrbs-kYi-(WGB. vol.19, T. 8 3 5 ) ; and tnesingle tantra which summarises all the others is Wanarbha(WGB. vols.1C-16.T. 832-837). All. these systems of enumeration in common give precedence to the GuhvaParbhrtlntraand its cycle of texts.known as the ( - u v u - *DW),whether it1s cla~eified aothe generaltantra(-) . the general tantra amonggeneral tantras-s9ui-rnuud).orthesingletantrawhich sunmrarisesalltheothers( - - --bndus-donLta-Lu*l w u d - a P f a).Thisis indeed suggested in the nameofthe basic tantra from which the eighteen we r e nDutcdly subdivided. -- h.heCycle: ?hecycleof texts to whichthe- v t t mbelongscomprlaea both an eightfoldanda fourfold division.This moatsionificrnt cycle of the rnying-ma- paoraltradition hamuntil recently beenienoredbywestern scholars.yetit would meritthe attention given to the - 80 1iCeraturu byE.Conze nnd othesr.Earlyhictorical andliteraryreferences to agecific textsconnectedwiththe Aa- cycle are found in the Tun Hurng manu5cripts.at3well as inthewritins6 of gNubs-chen Sangs-rwas Ye-shes andRong-zom 81 Chos-kyi bZang-DO.an S.G.Y a r m r y has indicated.Among =Nubs- chenr6compositions there is reported to have been a- an zhsRellirltipn QfMeE1amYc--nmPicrl nsx( a w u *DhPul - 8 2 =-cal -pr*i -s)shich no longer eui-vives.The variousrecenmionm of the m i o m &(w M a * - w ) providewhatareperhapstheearliestspecific referencestotheeightfoldandfourfolddivisions.The - - - u C r v n t P l w (Dndan Pbl'-tm--mn).mextant8ource attributed to Yap-rje0 - r w mgLing-pa (1323-c.1360) contains thefollowing 83 Utatement: w u - * u - b - - --h~r-r-rua---brrvld: The6-text additionally ammertm thatPrdramubhavahimeelf 4-wupthe eiehttold diviaion of thecyclewiththe 80 tranmlator8 mKa-ba dPrl-brtmeea m d1Ca-ero kLu*i rOya1-mtshan. Sanss-rws6 ling-pa (1300-1396) in hisua*--7. provideatheSollowing comvlete enumerationoftheeightfold divisionoftheW.indicatine the emphasisofeach 8 5 t ext :This.sisnificantiy,in the enumeration of the-U tohaveboon accoptod bylator himtorIan8m d comen- tator.,much r . d~r*-bosTmus-lrl: 'Phrons-br(1501-1566).Soe- bzlos-pa blo-gromWrl-mtmhur (1552-1621). and Lo-chon Dhrrrakrl (165P-1717). dPa*-bo. m k h r 4 3-*-stpll.describes these eight 8 6 Iprimaryrexts in the followlne terms: 2. pol -bemh&Eau-w u3 . m?il-@wton-pb* . -B: P. ~ ~ ~ E I c x u - 'Phrul.Qzrll-bcu-*a: 5 . aUne#trn-bnr--P ~ Y u - * D ~ ~6. van-tmmthar-vhuln-nar a n - D am-.* ~ h r u --ku-D*: Thesame author also prevlde-aset of fourexege*lcal+anYras ( U p d - rnuud .whichdonotcarrespend to the so-calledsnuu- e? m.namely: I. -1-lama m - n v i nbtnn-nfi y e - s h e - .2.--charstan-=ardq-r'cw - l o x :3. m h s - r n--nu&e t o n - ~ a a m - r l *-1- . ha. 8.s i n - ch-,-tnn-n&pdo-p*r rneb. Thettsndnrdenumeraf.ion of the - \ I - ' ~ h r u s b t - b t M 4sthat given byklong-chenRob-'byam8-painthe followine passageProm hjs- b c ~ - at1 .andalready lmpljedIn the writlngsof 8 3 Yar-rje 0-rtyan gLlnp-pa: This(cycleofthe)alsocomprise8Four sections.namakly.thenrnicalflafwhich revealsa11thing6ofeatombraand nIrvCnat o beaelf- nrrnlfe+tlngan8 lndivi6ible;theLLU Pi (1.166.MOB.Vol . 19) which extoneivrly reveals the rlturl activity and feast-offerings: the WIpiCil &ULQfU.e C)6ddaee (T. 836. NGB. vol.15) which actually revealm the displru of reality:and the(T. 360. NGP, Vol. 15) which all-pervasively reveals the vehicle. klong-chen Rab-'Oyuoa-pa additionally claims that the wu - ' p h r u lb d e - b r w is 8subclassification Of the Wanicrl&C$iQ f89 -.providing us with a different enumeration: Them- itaelfcompriseseight eections.namely.the glorious(T. 832. IG9. Vol.16)which reveals mind and pristine cognitiontobe manifest in and of themselves; the Jnrtv-rhrpt9r nnnicnl (NGB. Vol.10) which perfectly reveals enlightened activity; the Einht-XhmW-CAI-(NGB. Vol. 111) which P9rfeCtlV reveal6 the mandala:theWIpFCrllkt( 7 . 837. NGB. . . VoL.14)whichclearlyreveal6theerpowerments;the llef(NGB.Vol.14) which reveals the commitmentsas supreme;the m t v - C- E W U a AIP%tL(T. 836.NGB.vol16) which extensivelyreverlsenlightened attributes;thenirrPrpjLIndcatrutibltRsrlitv(T.833. HOB. Vol.15) which clearly raveals the deity.'body-coloure and symbolic hand-implements:the Qccrnic nnnicll(NOB. Vol.15) which clearly reveal.the creation mtage;and the M ~ K ~ A L BLLf(NQB. Vol.15) which clearly reveals the path of skillful moans. oft het ex t 8I ncl udedt n t her l g h t f o l ddi vi mi onb~Sangs- ~gyse gLine-pa.andl a t e r by&Paq-ho ~ Tu u g - l a g 'Phrmng-ba.So( - b~l og- pa bnd1.0-chonDharmabrq.kLong-chmnRab-'byam.-paammianmt haIhr- w u - ' o U andt he--'D-t o t hoe-w, ~ u b s t l t u t i n g f a r themt hr eee x r g c t j c r l t ant r am- - yda-CjJ w m ,a.andwu-'ntLCIl;Lud Thet ent r e- t ex t 8o f t h i r c y c l ewhi char encwe ~ t 8 n tcompriactwocompl et evalumeclo f t hoqL {HOB. vol e. I &- 15) . al ongwi t h aaubr t anPi a1p o r t l a nof volume16endonet ax+I nvolume19.t heyar eassangod@aa3 t o i ncl udet het ex t 8accept edhybat hsystem@ a@r oat t ant sas ( r t s a - m ) i nNriB.voJ*rme 111,andt hoccr agr r dr daser egs+i caJ t ent r asi nvolume15, aI*hought hr eeo f t hel e t t e rar ehel dt obe Foot-tantrambykLong-chen-paandanot her twoar ehe16+obe mat - t ant r aubyBangs-pgyacgLl ng-paan3dPae-Do*?mug-leg.The t i t l e s a f t heseext ant t ant r as ar el i s t e 3 bel ow,al ongwi t h a br i ef ri surndo f each.Thed e t a i l e d cont ent 6o f t het hr eev e ~ c i a n ~of t het n particularar egj veni nt het a b l r r whi ch f ol l ow, andt heTi het enr hapt er t i t J emandpagi nat i onf a r t he e n t l r r r e- t i onnaybef nundf n Kaneko'mcat al ogue.ROB.VOl . I&: I- ESKU.9r . ~ n t d i -,Chr.22,pp.1- 611 Theb a t j c t a n t r a of t hecycl e, andr t bhj ect sl t hi mr or asr ch,vhi chi. ma14t o r eveal a11t hl ngmto bor ani t em* i nandaC t hm~s* l ves Ithlm.-cl4 srnv--) , o r *a r e v a r l mind andpr i mt i nec o ~ n i t j o n t obo8 o l f - n ~ n i t e 8 t 2 n ~ ( .m.-d.nlz Q 0 A h a r l l r r - m - --). It8 nmdala I8 thatofthe . . forty-twooeetafuland fifty-eimht wrathful deitiescola- bratedin later -corpilation8.The detailed ccntonta ofthi8ahortarverrion are camoarre9 withtho.*oftwo lonear ver8ionsin the taDlec balow.tranalatrd bysWyage JAinakuaira and r)taRin-ehen mChO8 followlna the 3nrt~uetion of Vimalaaitra. 2.-,Ch8. 5. ep.69- 67:Thiutext,inaupportofthefor re^,.m&?haaiaerthe deoendence of all attainrant8 on the unique tudaha-body, the vpoda!ctien01 the mandela,inotructionr on 8earinalp~inta . . ( - 1 and vital enerqy (m)and the puritisatlonof 9 1 thocowonant8 (-j.Tr8nllated by~fibUs4~bhaand lot8lwa Vairocana. 3.. ~yu- ' - P r t y a d - h c w , Ch8. 82, pp.67-317; This,the lens ver~ionof the rrrnr-br'i .nuint-p9,@aQhQ- 8i8@8theenli8htened sttPfibut@8lyan-tm) O?buddhrhood. I Seabelow for a com~ari8onbetworn it.82 chamtact en8the tW@nty-twochapter6 of thef trntrr in tabular fore. Tranmlatmd byViralusitra and alyaga Jll&nrkurira. 4 . ~ l y y - ' ~ -Ch8. 46, 99.317-1158 Thi8intemediatelen8th ~ . r n l - h a ' A -empha818ea anlightened activity.It8 46chapter8 .caa180 outlinedin the tablo bO&~w. I - 5. u v u'ww.Cha.33. up.015-5L9; gmphasiaing commitments.the a describes in its intro- guctorychapter zho gathering of all m i r a t 0creaturesand ~ inanimate things of the ten di~ectionsm dfour tirrs in the GreatIdentity.and the cyclO8 of buddha-body.speech.mind andrapture which are inexhaustible adornrente.Then.ite I th$rfy-tworemining chapter8 closmly cor-rpondintheir titlos.content.andot~ucture to those ofthea - r l pPQ-b*-'irnvud in WQB.vol.16. These concernthe gatheping of ail things in the expanoeofthe femaleconmoPt.theabsorption in the seal of theinaub- 8tanti.lbuddha-body.the presence of the aeed of reality Sn a11bainqaandthediffersnceaofintslligence.the e.lmstlrlpalace(-1. tranafornation Q?all thins8 Into thewrathful deitism and purification bythe fire oftheir grimtinecognition.tho further ritual a e ~ v i c eroaociated withthew a t aeerotwrathfuldeitios.theexternal rrvmlationof thm rmdala-di8~lurof 8piritualityandthe ==92 burn%offeringf#raoociated with the Sourritrm.power ovmr lonaavity.di8clo8u~eof eovopt8yrbols through macra- aents and mantr..activitiee asaociatmd with the seals.the attainmentof Vajramattva.raking of rmdicino/olixir(-- -1.absorption of fho moat8ecrot r m b a l aurd -velation . . Of its hisher contorplativo irases.emanation of the seala. thoattainmentef )(rhQdevrand of tho mandala of thofour 93. . turrdiana.thoeonatruetion ofmtOpa8.thotwenty-on. 94 e l u m t a , sathasins all thine8 in thmarpurmm.@atharint of the perfectione,levels.mkillful H a n sand buddhafields inintellipcnce m dphenomena (1.e..In Surntrbhrdraand conmort).the mostmecret accomBliehaent.the uergence of the mandala of luddha-body.basic8ancillary commitents.an . . explanationof the comitments.the vision of Vajrasattva. theconmitment8~ 8 8 0 C i ~ t e d with the seals,andthecon- clu8ionwhichdeals with the conferral ofthetantraby 6. apyu - *DM -, Che.8,PB.589-571; Emphrsisirrgthe mandala,thie text teaches union withthe . . naturalGreatPerfection,emanationofthecloud-like u n d a l a ofwrathful deitiee and of the mandala oPbuddha- . .. . epaechaoaociated with the feast-offerings of thewr6thful beitlee.the cornitrent of offering.mdthe plessing of the u n d a l a. . . 4 . ~LP;YU- *D-ble--, Chs.13. pp.572- 638;B L p h ~ 8 i ~ i n g empowerment.this text concerns the recognition of the e x p m m eand primtine cognition a . the superior met-et bliss.the attainment of the nature of rind in the non-dun1 disgomition of expanse m dpristine cognition.the emanation &abmorptionofthemandalaandit8secretMntroe. .. emanation of the meal..mecretcorritmntm and conferral of .rpouerrrnt.dimciplinethroush corpusion.plea8incthe mandalathrough the f-amt-offerincm.mubjugation of demons -. andclarification of the sr-atnemmofbuddha-bow.mpoech m drindthroughouttho tenOirectionm.themandalaof . . W o e o m bubblu-a-chandtho in48atructiblOc r i t n n t a .andt hesupremebl i mso lbodhi o6t t v6swhohavet heessent i 61 95 i nst r uct l one.8. WU - *-, Ch6.13, pp.1-96; mph6618i ngt hedi mpl oyo f c e@l i t v , t h i s exeget i c61t ant r 6 di ecusfeat heamdal eo lt het 9t hf g6t 6aandt heremov61o l. , ~ 1 1 o&~ocur 6t i on6i n~ e l @t i o n t o i t , t heb l i s ~ l u l cycl eo lmecretyog66asoci 6t edwi t ht hebody,spetch8nd r i n do la l lr hot 6t h6a6t 68, t hei nt r oduct i ont o non- du@l i t v, o l l e r i n gp6nc.rwhi chpl ease611t het 6t hi g6t 68, t hesupr-v o wo l6ecr et b l i s s 6asoci r t edwi t ha l lt het st h&gat es. t hesecr etundo&. o r 611t het et hf i get as, t hebe61nat ur eo lo f l e r i p s s. . u o n g t hoi nconcr i vabl r p u r i l i c a t o r y deedso lp l lthet at h4-a , t hee e c ~ e t~uddha-body,operah,mrnd,ouvr-e c t l e ~ l n g ~ oCr e a l i t y end co~~p6ssi ono l611t het 6t h&gat ae,8mumt i onor t h t wr at hf ul t.th&g.t*.,t hewheelo lp r i s t i n ecogni t i oswhi chr evol ve6l ~ m t heOecPetnat ur eo l611t he C.thbrt+8,t heU ~ C P ~ B mo n l t ho8r 6opect6whi chpl eaor t he r ecr et nat uveo la11t het at h&at as, t hewnd616whi chi o. . I r e a t uat hevi nsof ChrIi8Fukasu o n sa l lt het 6t hhat em. ur d b y t o thrdi @or sr i n@t i ono f t hef our or ct i onsoft he rhi.eert.a180 known a8 thepi%ha l mu pL H@UbS (m-. 7 . 360) init.latertrurmlation, Mphami8e8 the cohemion oi a11 the pitalcamor vehiclom.Its topicsconcern the enliahten*dPuily.manifemtawakrning throushtheMasicaL Not.emanation oianlimhtenedmind. eulo8ieaammociatadwiththeiivrprimtinacognitbonm. rfilightaned attributes and mantra.. 10.-rr.-dnab-drrhr-- mm-1fime Chs.13 *root-text.pg.119-3102 U~~pholimingtha immediate attainmentaccordins to thepath oiliberation(mEtr -)orthecoloupaand m~mbolic hand-im&lement8oi tho buddha-body( - - -1.At8tovicml~clude theview. ond duct. mandala.mmpowerment.co~mitmentm,attainment.enlightened . . activity.8pesiiicritual8.andepentanaeururemence. Tranmlated byVimalamitra and gNy-8Jhhakumlra. ~Vha8lming thegradual ampectoi the pathoiliberrtion (um-it reveal8 the five ampectmoi meminal 97 *enliahtenedmindn.theeur@ence oropiritualityand primtine cognition.the cycle oi my11able8,~0ntemVlati0n. erruroi the meal8 or mupreme bli88.conmecration oithe awa~eneem or mecrat mantram,the radiance of the areat meal. 8warenass.thedescentofpristinec o ~ n i t i o n .syonta- neous presence.andthe secret mandala.Translated by gNuba- . . chen S a n g r - r g y a ~ Ye-shes(rDo-rje Yanp-dbang-gter). 12. W U - ' ~ h r u r R V 8 - m .Che.22.Pp. 339-420: Emphssisingtheimmediate aspectof the pathofsklllful means( - cin-char) o rthe creattonstage( w e b -u).thistextconcernsthefiveaspectsofseminal aenlightenedmindu.theestabllehing of allthings,the emergence09themandala^ of buddha-speechendmlndwlth . . thelrcansec~ations. the mandala offeast-~fCerings.the . . path o? the eecret vehicle.the eecret meaning.the pIbactice 98 of the fiveimpuri+ies.emergence o ftheindestructible wrathfulnatupoin body.speech and mlndalonewith their conscc~ntione. andspontaneous rites.Translated by Vfmela- ritra and SNyaps Jfi&nakuaars. 3 . anuw-'bhrul--baeim. Chs.26. pp.621-538: Emphssisingthe gradualaepect of the path of skillful megns ( - rim- a ~ u 1 , itc ~ n c e r n atheflveaspects3f seninelwenlightenedminda.the vfewo f greatskillful aeans.relt-manifestingbuddha-body,speechandmind. attelnmentofthegel?-manifeetnaturethrouchakjllfu? aerns, Ggpsarciiceo?conismpla+lveimagesthrough-en- liwhtenedmindw,secret mantras.expansion a?thethree ' 9 9secretcentres.the commitnente. e m p o m m e n t s .discipline ofrwarmnestl,entranceinto the aecretpathofskillful aeanr,itsactualskillful means.thome withoutskt1lPul m a n o who arm unlihratmd.ConQdmForm of thm oamt ayo+inm of thm premmnt who a mlibmratmd through mkillful n m a .thm *me-tm u i n a l oointr.dimclplinmof8mn.e-orcur8and objmctm.eathmringofathins.inintmlligmncmand phmn-na( - S ~ . ~ m t a b h a d r a md conmort).and atabilityin thmm. TrmmlatmdWViulrritraandgNyrga Itstopics include the rind which e m r e e maccording tothm teaching.itssonnmctlon with the mandala.thm pur.ultai . . thmorimtinm coenitlon of the 8mrla.thm natupalmandala. .. comitaenta.attainment.mnlishtonmdactivity.unerlencm of thm ruraala of wrathful dmitima.conduct mdthmconcmalmd . . emcrmttmaehinem.TrmalrtmdbyVi-lamit~aandcnragr A180mntitlmd.--11-w u - * - w Q A r thechaotmrmofthi8tmxtcorr~e8oond innurbmr, mtructuzwandtitlmto thoae of thewu-'-a. which havm a l n r d ybomn mv-rrsimmd. 16.-rnvinr-W ----mael -0-rtpbp - ~ u d - r = . v r L .pp.138-1L2; Thi8text $8 rl8o known as theaKr uk M - n p y p d m - --- -m. Afrsgment. 17.-a-rn--DO-P=~w - k v u - - * a w a --ub- -VIA-'-& r r - u r ~ v u d , vp.142-147; Tranmlrted ky Virrlraitrr an8Vrirocmna. 18.---.u v u--'nhrulm.Ch6. 8.DD.147-163.Itatopicsconcern cruse 6condition.groundBnatural eXDrmS8ion.the auie8cence of reality. the wrathful aeitieB who suixlue thought.the net of emotericInstruc%ions.the cWcl* of wrrt?.lul exorcism.the rbmorption of =round.path andmault. mar moot vlauin8 aulow. m i 8 text in rlmo known u-lrvl-- a v r - Qa m dI8 also extant a8 a later. translationDu Rin-chon bZane-po (T.166). h ~ h ~ i m i n r rituals m dfeast- offerinrm.it8tovic~ concern the grrdualentrmce,the undrlr,secret arntru.conterglrtion.unfoldIra8 oftne . . VFistinecognition of the recret mantras,tho offerinsof theoerlo.rttrinrrntofprimtinecognitionthrough wditrtiononoalishtrnedrind.rttrinrwntthroughthe TableComparingthe Chapters of the Long(A).ntdium(B)and Short(C) Versions of thee. which rekpectively have 82. 86 and22 chapters.m dare contained in I GB. voL.11. A. -ph,ul- *- -. chs.82.pp.67-31?: Ch.1 -*u. pp.67-70: =B.pp.317-320:C. pp.2- 6.Ch.2nlenr-*u.pp.70-73:=B.pp.320-321. c3dan-- Da- Da--bYi hyaiu=chub-bui remr;% W p d - ~ a ' i 1 & ~ . pp.73-71:=R.pp.321- 323:C.pp.6-10. Ch.&a--ahAD---Da*i m. pp.7&.-?$: = B.pp.323-325:C.pp.10-13. Ch.5ehoPw c r c l J . a - ----.rpyUxQ&D*dML-- - ~ a * i u. pp.78-80:=B.pp.326-328. Ch.6~i-ne'i- lo T + -m. pp.80- 84:=e . pp.328-331;C.pp.13-16. Ch.7 * &wil-*kh9r khemanui-ehu-*=-t.u u.pp.84-87:=8.pp.331-333. Ch.8-U-'-strub----PP. 87-89: =8.pp.333-335:C.pp.17-18. Ch.9nrll.lr-br'i --*-brdu.-nrr - ~ a * im. PO.89-90:B.PP. 335-336- Ch.10- - * m~ r ~ p y o m&-*w. pp.90-93:= B . VV.336-338;C,pp.18-21. Ch.11dkU&-~a*ithrbr d r ~ - b - * i khl.DD. 93-95:=B. PP. 338-300. Ch.12- -m. pp.95-97:=8.PD.300-311.2; C. pp.21-26. Ch.13dkyil- *khorbvin UuBDa L P e a n n S -- * - le'u, PP.97-98:8.pp.380-382:C , pp.21-24. Ch. 10dPn---d r a a QQln- ,m - Ch. Ch.Ch. Ch. Ch.Ch. Ch. rpyd nsunn-ni-*mfXu-*h.!~.OD. 98-99. 15chPathrlne crd ainn r i m: yyumgyi ----- ba-*ile'u. pp.99-101:= B.pp.362-3&&.16-11-1--- l l i S a - - --*u. pp.101-105:=B.PP. 306-366;C. pp.21-27. 17-6b. -d m- t e h i n ---J U L iULu. OD.105-111. 18spuu-'phrul-~------ RbL&&--le(u.pp.111- 11: =B. pp. 3&6-351; C. pp.27-32. 19~dn-rirbkod-g a a r u ~ U---U.DR. 110- 118:=B. pp.316-351;C. pp.27-32. 20------. pp.118-121: BePp-351-353. 21W - ~ a ' i Ir'u. PP. 121-123:=8. pp.353- 355:C. Pp.32-38. 22=O -PA. rrr.-*-*m, pp.123-126:- i ICh. I Ch. Ch'. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. B.PP.355- 357-i l - ' u -,pp. 126-129:=B, pp. 357-359;C. PP. 34- 37.tahone --~a'iU,pp. 129-130:=B.PP. 359- 360;C. pp.37- 38.--m---le'Y. PB. 130-133:=8,pp.360-362;C. pp. 3 8 - b l .Ru&pal _i u* PP. 133- 135.m d - b ~ u - Da - i l 8md mir~~fl-~a'i - pp.135-136:= B, pp.362-364.- De ' i l e' u, pp.136- 137: =R. pp.364-365;C,pp. 41- 02.aRxhr nam-UaZ EQX'osDm -:MJUbr--'u. pp.137-146:= B,pp.365-373:C. PP. 42- 51.khro-bo*A 3aAmuchen--neunnvil - 8 - aclron_- U.PP. 146-108:=B.pv.373-375;C. PP.51-52.w-bo 8i- Fpyam.pp.148- 151: = B. PO. 375-378.- a- bo' i --'-- na 'f u. pp.151-153: =B.pp.378-379;C, pp.52- 53.--DO*&hyin--yon- - -- - ~a'iIr'u. DP.153- 157.Ch.30chen-Da baed--in- D a q i le'u, pp.157-159. Ch-35wil-q - - pp. 159-160. Ch.38ydo,-r.lr-le'u, pp. 165- 167. Ch.39~ u - ' ~ t r r u l rbDn-cf' ~ A r l = R a Zbzunn-aaL~SLUfl-rtel u. pp.167-16&. ~ 1 1 .40sman-nra-Daqi u,pa.168-173:8.pp.380-385. Ch.41de-bzhin-n s h e p s - k v i -Wi n- b r U ' b ~ u u ~ - b zhea--le'u, vp. 173-176. Ch.42----ph- -haqypn- t an u,pp. 176-181. ch.03- zhes.-ha'iIply, pp.181-152. Ch.00w u - qP-&a-baqi-a-a - ~ - hya -ba'i le'u. pp. 182-186. Ch.05~ u - ' a h r u l ~ - ~ o ' ~ ~ ~ -- Zbrsbua - -hA.!AIc'u. pp. 186-187. Ch.06thllb---- 'd a ~ -wip-ndun- ~nrma -%-baniU. pp. 187-190. Ch.07W U - * D ~ chan-pa--a1-wed Ch. Ch . Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. 1 8 ahin-tu 'dul-harpyur - - ~A.!A U.PP. 193- 196.09kka' -drin &an- ~ a ' i U. PP. 196- 199.50dprp-*n-DUbud-medu - b a ' iu,pp.199-203.51mchod-ebuln a -&bh. p. 203: B.pp. 379-380;C,p. 51.5 2U t a n~a -'i uh.PP. 203-206:=B.pp. 385- 387; C,pp.5L-56. 5 3 dam- s u m - W a - m a FtSB-hBb+-,a- l nm m d w - pahad-u,pp.206-219:=B. pp.387- 388.5 4 sruam a m s - c a d- hamLJLu-0- bo -khro-= me Es bv onna-1 , pp. 219- 220: =B, pp.388-389.5h o ma - - w--- ~ k ' l . u.pp.228-221:=B. pp.389- 390.56B h i D dns t nn- ba ' i khrn - ba we - baxbenruQ-Ba'.lm. pp.221-222:=B,pp.390- 392.57- DQ homa - W iu.pp.222-22&:=8 , pp. 392- 393.58 - hPma evi, pp.221- 226: =B.pp. 393-395.59-11- M mwal -mdzlld-ULXML-no'iU. PP. 226-227:=B.pp. 395- 396.6 0 -cad------d %hi-b.'i- u.pp.227-228:=8,pp.396- 398.C h .C h .C h .C h .C h .C h .C h. C h .C h .6 Ip ~ u b - ~ e ~ l n h - p q-em-bua-ba'im. pp. 228-230:=8.pp. 398-1100; c. PP. 57-59.6 2 p C n - ~ n l - d y rhvfn-na bcudann:$a- hr u- danpLfk mchon-denn: fSYizhinPme-lugr-Y f d - c v u l s m e - n u 'd"s-*ar u.pp. 230-237:=3,pp. 800-1102. 6 3- n a ' i ~ . k y i l - ' k h mwe s - n a ' i ma=. P me@-~~'iLLhL' m p - pu.pp. 232-2311:=8. pp. 1102-0011. 611$ s h e - ' 1 cno-ne-binO-tu-bann-ba 'ileru. pp. 2311-236:=B,pp. hO11-106. 65d . b b - ~ * ' i le'u.pp. 236-239:=8 . pp. 1106-1109, 66~ F Y - D Q --~a-dbnP:sh-n-no bzhf'i dbyi ) - ' k h a &~ Q - p f n g w u b - pa ''PP.239- 243:=8. pp. 009-1113. 67eku'l-'khor-r &u m~ = Ua p e - bua -he 1 u,pp. 2113-21111. 58m - t u &f a- beVi QaPPa - nrubB o b - m a r-* bus_ba i I f l - l l , pp. 21111-2117. 69u.pp. 267-2118. 70r - --m u b - ~ a - k ~ i -%-:W u b - ~ a ' i u.PP. 2118-251. 71m - t E m U - F Y ~ prft-w hehad- '1eVu,PP. 251-2511. 7 2d a k Z a h ks u m - b m&ue- cu - LhhZm.m~- pat-bnrop- nal_i u.PP.2511-278. 7 3 i Ch.77.DD. I 303-305. ch. 78--ctlaru. pp.305-314. Ch. 79w a s - a l ' i w,.pp.338-315:R.pv.413-414; C.DO. 59-60. ch.80y9nns_ru--2-ba *OD. 315-316: B e00. hlh- 415; C. pp.60-61. Ch. 81snvud--rhinn - ma '1 Ash,DO- 316. Ch.82u-*nyur-bar a b - ty-ga'iLpfy.00. 316-317. Ofthe 82 chapters of the longer vereion.the fiost 28concern themandala of peaceful deitiee andthe remainder the mandala of . .. . wrathfuldeitiea.The intermediate vermion omit8 onlv threeof the foomar (chs.18.17.26) butthirty-one of the latter (Chs. 33-39.81-50.67-78.81-82)rnd the shoot veroion omitsonly twelve of the fomeo (Ch8. 2,5, 7 . 9 , 11, 14-15, 17. 20.22.26- 27)butforty-mix of' the latter (Ch8.31,33-50.53-60. 62-78. 81-82). xtimthorefooe in the longer vermion that t hr mandala of . . wrathful deitirm reachomit.fullemt exprrmmion.while all t h r * ~Vep8ionmdiffer far 1888 in their vrementation ofthe ~perceful mandala.Slpnlficantly.It was the short version whlch wa s moet assertiontha+ the fully elaborate wrathfulrltes were corefully guardedandnotconside~edadvantagcous forthemajorityof practitjoners.Onecouldalso speculate.on theanalagyof teaching-cycles such as the - , whether the? h ~ - + e rversionswere abridged from the longer to facjlitati=~ e c i + ~ t l o nandmemorl eat1 on,or whether the precedence t ~ a d l t l onall y 01 ven to the shortes+Is valid.However Itle difficulta?ths prcsent time to make reliable assertions regarding the hiato~lcal statug 100 of these version8 with rcepectto each other. Amongthemthe prese3tstudy concerns the - eat QLW Secret- Deiinit1Y.e WithBLpncct SQmRe a l (nelnn- b**l 3attvavLnj.b c a u a ma h B t m. T. 832. MOB.uol.I &. pp. 1-61).which !rconsldered Tobe the barlc text of the cycle.klong-chen#ah- 1@ J 'byarns-paspeaks of itin his ohvaPa-m - =el as : . . . thjskinglyand g l o r l o u ~ Qf-- c-crctJJucI-u HUh Rc.DcctbBEBL !T-8 3 2 ) - -+he furthest summitof 013vehlclee.the source of allliterarytrsns- misajons.the Oreatshort-cut of thc vehicle of a11 braddhar OZ the three tlmea.and the mosteecretof all. * ad--And*JuMi-pham~ N s m - r ~ y a l i nhj* W-102 elaborates: ItIknown from l l t e r a ~ y ~ o u r c r a that "tantrsrape tobe knownIn comparison with other tantrasa.A c c o P ~ I ~ S I Y .t h i sg r e a t trntrawhi chc ompl e t e l ydi a c l omr s thee n o e n t l r l . of vi ewandme d i t a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t ot h e una ur pa a a r du n t r a ml aauni que gemat oneoft h e t h r e e wor l dai naamuchasi tg u a l i t a t i v r l v e a t a b l i s l s s thei n t e n t i o n m dmor ni ngoft h ee n t i r ev e h i c l e of i n d e r t r u c t i b l e r e a l i t y . Itl a t h e ki ngof al l t m t r a a . Iti m t h e f ur t he t a t a u n i tof a l l v e h i c l e s . t h emourceo f a l l t e a c hi ngs . t h e g e n e r a l c or me nt a r yona l ll i t e r a r y t r ma mi s a i o n s . t h e greats h o r t - c u t o f a l l buddhne.m d i t i n endowedwi t h t h e wondr our c n l i a h t e n a d a t t r i b u t e sofgr eat neamwhi charet h e ge nui ne 1nnepl.o.ti n t e n t i o n of al l t h e t at h8gat a. 8. The r e $6t h e r e f o r e n o e ms e n t i a l Po i n twhi ch- pe a r s t obet a ught o u t s i d e %h i 6t a n t r a . Kn wi n g t h a tt h o s e t e x t s whi chhavebeenc u h l y c o m~ o s e d , e i v i n ginstructionone a c hpr of oundmd mi nut e v e r s e o fi n d e 6 t r u c t i b l e realityi n t h emant r a- matmtra-tertmnea d e a l r r b l e o b j e c t o f 6 o p h i r t c y t oms t i a f y t h e prPcreaBof one ' s owni n t e l l e c t . arev a c a n t r a al i f c l e a a c or ps e , 1%i aa p p r o p r i a t e t h a t f o r t u n a t e b e i n g s whopom0s6mt h e supreme u p i r a t i o n o f t h e v e h i c l e o f indestructibler e a l i t y a houl b e a r n e s t l y a t t e n d t ot h e expositionof auchtrntrar.e ve net t h e c o a t oft h e i r own bodismo r o f l i f e i t a a l f !Ther l y i n s - u t r d i t i o n t h e r e f o r e regardst h i s t e x t it.f unda-ment al t a n t r a . What her i t i a i nt er pr et edamx~i ast -~ W O I L Ooru mA t i y o ~ a mource. I5.StructuredContent.orthe Theunderlyingstructure of theSmtra*.twenty-twochapters cor~rspondm tothe three continua (~ul -)oftheground. path and result, which have been outlined abovm. While klong-Chen Rae-'byus-papresents a mliehtly different account in Pbrann-hcu - run (matbelow p.513) . the following ernera1 etructure 1s obmerved by most bkl'-rrcornentatore. Title and Introductory Words e) The Pmacvful Mandala: i .1?heIntroductory Scene ( - -*1p'y) Ch. 2Generationof Ultimate and Relative Enlightened UIndao Prletine Cognition ( - -b v m n -Ch.3TheL8tablishment ofA11 0ha-u(w -Pl'iIr'u) s a J u n u B p f - -Ch. kcyclical Arr-of the 0mr1-dof Syllables (Yi-nl 'Phr,nn- Qaa2mQrLh--1 a. 5Contamplationtbat Attrinmthe w i c a lMet( m u - *D~U Ch. 6banatLon of the Wdal r ( p k y i l - ' m-*U) . Cb. 7Ab8e~ptAon ofthe Mendrla andthe Secret Wurtru (m Ch.8Consecration of AllLirba a8 the Nmdala and tho Subsrquent . . Emmat ionof the Sea18 (XULUS-1IP t hrrr- erdi l- *Uuu rPu Ch.9SocretConitrentofthe IndeatructibloArrw(rQP* W - n a ' L - - b ~ * i -in-Uu) Ch.10Conferral of ErrpowermtntI - -& Ch.11Mmdalaof the Feaot-offering8 (t.hpna-kul u I l - ' -. . .yi la'u) Ch.5 2 Attainmentofthe Feast-offerings (trhpnr - - ~ r ' i-1 Ch.13NucleuuofMaatSecret Laoteric Instructions(u- C P n t i n u l r r ~ ~ R a r u l t :Ch. 1 4 The Lulow Which Pleaamo ( m - ~ a ' i U - n a ' i-1 b)The Wrathful nuleala: . . s onuubma + h. - :Ch.15Cloud-like LIanatian of the Natural Mandala ofWrathful Ch.16muration of tho ManOala of Buddha-apooch oftheOreat . . &.soablyof WP~thfulDoitior(h@a-haeLchrn-~o*i Ch.17Rmvrlation of tho Clrndala of Wrathful Doitie8 (hJhra-bo'i . . dlcvil-'LhPr&h) ch.18A Toachingon OcnuineOfforins m dLiborrlity(-r 4 u i n u - - --1 Ch.19C m i t m e n t aCh.20Conmacrotioncf Spontaneous Enlightened Activity(u pri.--hyina*= ----- h A 3-1 CantinuullpLwRaault: Ch.21U u l o w totheWrathful Deities(w- bo - la -r Conclusion: Ch.22Thatwhichia Pleasingm d Retained( ~ ~ ) v e s - DI- 9.pp --Mih h 1 .In the remaining partof this introduction this celebrated trntrr istobe examinedin t a m sof the controversyaurroundinsita orioins.the historical background derived from thebiusrrphies Of it6 Indian and Tibetan line-e-holders.and m ma1Yais of its Vhil080phi~~lcontent. 6. Origin of the - t t v a v p :Anydi8cu88ionof tho himtorical pomition ofthmauhulnrrahr- t r t t vr vi ni l r l ur r r h. t an* ~rusttakanoteofthocontrovor8v r*gardinait8origin which prevailed in Tibot in thocrnturiea iurdiatolvtollowingthelrtor propasationoftheBuddhimt trachinam.Wmhavea l n r b y notmd thatdismuinrtionoftho ancienttantras was reetrictcdin conaeqtaence oftheirsecrecy andthe danger of their misapplication.In the eleventh century, LhabLa-ma Ye-shes-'odand others sought to outlaw theteaching and practice of tuntra.accusing the adherents of this tradition ofengaginginpractices.TheGuhuanarbhetattva- -. oneof the main texts expounding these methods.was subjected to critic is^.Other such texts.includingthe-a- - . were paradoxically exempted from this attack. None- theless.asweshall see in our examination of the text itself. the expression of these techniques in the Guhvanarbhaappearsto haveaparticularlysubtle intention when contrastedwiththe overtsexdalandmacabre descriptions found incertainother 103 tantran .Further study of theTantras gLrHYinn- ra-pa.particularlyof its Anuyoga and Atiyoga texts.would, it hasbeensuggested.reveal that the theancienttranslations appeartohave their own distinctterminologyandaliterary stylebettersuitedtorhe Tibetan languagethantherigid formalism present in manyof the later translations.giving some 105 weightto Rong-zom-pa'searly critique. Anincident from the life of Zur-chung-pa Shes-rab Grass alludes t v this controversy withaome humour.Whenfour students ofthe bKal-gdams-pateacherKhyung-po Grags-se were defeatedbyZur- chung-pain debate and asreed to becomehi8dieciples*having understoodtheprofundityofhieview.KhyunS-90Grags-se 105 announced: "AnyonewhokillsonelikeZur-chune-pa.whohartoura ververmr opinions and leadm everyone astrry.will certainiy rttrin b~ddhrhood!~Zur-chung-pa.on herring thim. remained silent without thought of rncer and wrmlater meen8miling. On leinu asked the rermon for hi8 mirth.he mmwered. "A8for doctrines.thim.mysecret mantra-trrdit ion of the greatervehicle.is it!For itimthe tradition of mecret mantrasthat maintrine that buddhahood mr y beattainedby "libaration";the dirlecticirnm do not think so.Now.even suchagreat dialectician asKhyuag-po Qraas-me hremaid thrtrnyonawho kills one like Zur-chuna-pawillrttrin buddhrhood.So. in his innernoet heart.he has turned to lay 106 doc trine. Therefore* I am delighted! " Anothereleventbcenturyfigure.*Go6Khug-paLhes-btsao. reputedlynursingagrudgebec8uaehehrdbeenrefused 107 instructionbyZur-po-che.inhi6--&la( - )Bought to refute the authentic orisin of the trntrr,imputing it to have "four faults** (&on- h u ,m dclaiminu thatit was not 108 knownin India.The trntro wrmgenerally considered by*GOB tolack the five excellencies (Phun-rum--1. 1.9. tho8e of teacher.retinue,locrtion.teaching andtime. He im- puteditto have r flawad introduction ( - 1. 1.e..that unlikeothertrntrrm ithad noaudienceofbodhimrttvrm;r flrcred time (-1. 1.8..thrt it opeaka of four time8 instead of three;r flrwed undrlr (&yil-'w-1.1.8..that Vrjra- . . rrttvr rpperrm at the centre of the undrlr lnsterd of Vrirocma; .. m d r fl-4text( - 1 bcrume it refern to other trntrr8 whenindicrtinstheru8viciouatime8m d Ow.forit8 109 vrrc t ice. Slirhtvariationeon there "four faults*' have been reportedin the later writlags of Sog-bzlog-pa bLo-grosrGyal-mtahan. PA*-bo gTsug-lag'Phreng-ba.and others.Sog-bzlog-pa.in hie &?is-- run-gpya.p.33,holde*Go6 Lha.8-bteas to haveimputed theto beflawed in word(-).flawedinmeaning(-). flawed bycontradiction(w WM) and flawed bydisconnection(ma-'brelba - 'i -1. speaks of *'fourerrors"-1.namely.the error of the- ' s introductory statement "Atthe timeofthis explanation"(' d i - w - ~ a ' i.--).the error of its mandala whichis said to have an immeasurable ground . .110 (lUhitshpd-u--Da).the error of its explainingthe threetimesas four tlmes ( m - n s u m - a dua- b w U d - Dami- rine-sa) andthe error of Vajrasattvr being the central deityof the manaala instead of Vairocana(pbyil-*--& s o - b ~rdo- rje . . mas---a ) .The rNying-ma response to these four flaws.faults or errorsis disclosedin the course of the appended commentary bykLong-chen Rab-'byams-pa.Vigorouscounter-refutations have also been made. inparticularbybCom-ldan Rig-pa'iRal-gri,andtheafore- mentioned authors-- dPa*-bo gTsug-lag'Phreng-ba and Sog-bzlog-pa LO-groe rOyal-mtshan. bcom-ldanRig-pa'i' Ral-gri'scommentaryis entitled Erm:pL fbe m~f( - -lnvinnub -wa n - - ? w g ) . No longer extant u rdimtinct work, momtof itaurvivem OF is citod I in other texts.viz.rOyal-.ramThuga-mchog-rtsal.a a - ' h u w.11,f.357-61. Dalai L u aV.SULUA!A - chuEaYun,V01.4.0.397. theWritinnrpf S a s A u h ~ - p..Vol.1.pp.500-509 and 52&-526 ( =-'hrun -). and kLong-chen I11 bKra-mhimrNam-reyal.--PUUUX -, p.20. Reference8 to tala treatime are also found in 111 dPa'-bo eTmug-1-'Phrane-ba.--'-fa-.p.178. I I InSog-bzlog-pa'aversion.Rig-pa5iHal-sriiequotedr eI 112 I I sollow8: I I This trntra 1stgenuine for the follow in^ reasons: The master Vihvamitrainhla CtrartM XhaQloriPua aamkt ~(dnUsaumAa'du.-DI'nral- than .T.1804). in the couraeofhimcoamaenta on the vaaaage(fromthe- aamuA): %owfar does the Being of Pristine Co~nitionreach? ..." sitam the auhVrrrrbhr as follows: Inthe abode of Akanirtha without extremes orcentre. . . ontne radiant wheel of priatine cognition that is the limitlemaground.thereishi8celestialpalace blazingforthwithjewelmofpristinecognition. complatelyuninterrugtebthroughouttheten directions...(Ch.i.aection 3) And al8o: Ineveryinconceivable(world-syatrs).heappearn univermally a8 biver8r bubbha-body.speech.and mind. (Ch. 1.saction 6 )Then.in comaentine on the (QUhYaama) pamm-e: "The mtQva should be known to be Tha palatial abode of all buddha a..." he cite8 the -hhaa8 follows: Itsspire1s the pristine cognition centraltoall. inwhichallrmdalasOf thebuddha6oftheten .. direction6andfour time6 without exceptionarenot distinct from one mother.m dare of a single esmence. (Ch. 1.section 3)Then.commentins on the pasrage,"Substantial existence is basedon inrubmtantiality.. ." he sivee: Emaho!This wondrous marveloue reality IS the secret Of all the perfect b.ubdhae. All is created through the untreated. Atcreation iteel? there ie no creation. (Ch. 2.6) Then. while explaining the meaninu of "8ecretW he revs. "Th@ speaks of-."(Ch. 10) Moreover.he uuotss the passaee beeinnine: Their[body-colourr] artdarkblue.white.ell ow. scarlet.. . up to: ...[Pervrsive] without extreme6 or centre. [It i8 m unthinkable] apontaneoumly prorent[mandala]; andha8wa. 'wAccordinp tothethereare 113 three rmalitiem.a Inthrmr m dall other much inmtmcrm Vi4vrritra br8in.by mntionine thr titla Thefour perverse faults,etcetera.(criticised by'Gos Lhaa-btsas).are also to be rejected: 1.(Whentextsbeginwiththewords)1have 114 - * ittraditionallymeans thattheywere compiledbythe buddhasthemselves,for itisimpossible foreventhe tenth level bodhisattvas to compileallthe teachings of the buddhas.Asit nays inthe VcriiiEatiPn Qf a Sccrct (Srlnuhuasiddhi,T.2217).composed by marter 115 Saroruha as a commentary 0 1 the w: Most mastera claim That tbe mostradiant tantra, The plorious - .Had aa its cornviler Tne spiritual warrior called Lokedvara. Butbythe kindness of m y venerable guru I Itnow that the compiler of the glorious Could not have been any other, Andso the beine who propounded it Was that tantra' s outhof. The indestructible reality of mind. In accord with this explanation.there ie a tradition where- 116 bythe exponent himself is the compiler. 2. A8for thenrpund:theAbhidhBmIB.too. explains that Akanlmtha is immeasurable. - .3. Concerning the LpUp m: vibvuaitra'sorart -trru (T.lab&)saws:"Thus.the fourth ti-mhould be known to muenemm. ..rnMoreover.the phrame.&a lPrdl a U, n&ad f mu i8 a180found in the new trmmlation8.Buddh~uhya explain8 that itrefer8tothe four aeon.. .Regarding Vajramattva'mappearance atthe centre (of the mnndrla):even the new trmmlationm explain that the fore- . . ~0.tfigure in the randale m wchangr po8itione. . . (Ch. 4. 15) : the Indim rurumcript of the Quhvanlrbhrread8 a wylti.("threadn) i8 the Su8krit word for!"aearurino1lnew).SOryrgrabhL.lrha'8cosaentarv ( p n - t l I s p , P.4719)expAain8 117 (&,A.a ambeing e~uivolent)to U.I&ir m .rchaici8m. hforthe reference to other tantram(which i8foundis theduhurllrbhr):Allthe tantrasexpoundedlateron, Such amthe( 7 , 117-8).almo refer to the PLtLUUaU( - . I.h79iwhichhadbeen 118 deliverad fir8t. R i g - ' a l - argumentthus8eek8toemtablimhthe authenticity o f the - , citing euotbtionm from it which occur in celebrated lndian text8 of theC Y C A ~ . While Certaintmtrr8I.Whavebean written downdirectlyinthe *onetheme. Furthercritlclrmrlevelled by'9ri-gun#dPa1-'dslnnttheAti- yogawyotemingeneraland atPaflmsoambhavalm -. a celebrated commentary on chapter t h l ~ t e e n a?aur teut. havebeen euamined bySog-trslog-pa and'Jjtr-modg1,jng-pa,qnfl 119 morerccently by W. Norbu and S.G. Warmay.Thel a t t a ~h*e notedpnssaaeafrom thlr commentary which occur in~Yuhs-ehen's early work,h4ra-ntrn -. andtranrlatee the qntirc ten* as reproduced by Rang-tom-pe.In addition,he ha* bralrghtt aour attentioncertojnpasmaserPromSOryoprabh%sfrha'sIndian commentary.the - t t v ~ n m a ~ ~ a k h y h n ~ t ~ . amanp 130 TheTunWuanq documents.The oarly 11 t c ~ a ~ y andh3 s t a ~ 3 c 6 3sourcesthusbrine urncYaaer to the tradltienal viewthetthe text warjntroducadIn the eiehth century. Thatmanyaftho rNylng-matantras wereunknownineleventh centuryIndialr notrurprlslng whenone considersthatfhejr translattontare attributed ta the bichth century andthrtthe majarltyofthemwere ehnrldered t ohavebeanimpertcdjnta eighthcenturyTibet.notfram the Mapadhe heartlandOPNnrbh India.butfram C%dQiyina and adjacent reglanmin the nerth-west. . . Atlba,ona virltto tho l l h ~ a r y ofPehar dKor-mdradg l * I n ~ a* bsm-yam,in known t ohave marvolleb atthe oxi8tmncm o ftantrrr 123 which no longep m u ~ v l v o d In CentralIndla. Theargurnontmralmad byYe-mhoa'adand' Oa r Lhrs-Eteasatrinat theloatt h c i ~impactandcontrovmroyhythe f~urtoonthcontury.Indmed,they bmcamm doad1rru.rPer Tlhmtan historiansmucha6*Gas LateBwa ~Zhon-nudPal(1392-lh81)who persenallyscqulred the Sanskrlt manuscriptoftheroot-tsntra 122 which hadbeenrediscovered atbRam-yaein the Interim. In consequence. Sop-bzlag-pa could crebibly present+he iollowlng siutecnthcentury account of Its introd-~ctionanflt~nngla+lnvIn his slob--I ~ ~ ~ - F P V U nrwl.-Pacashnarnam-Far w*p.128:Therein.perhapsiollowinp tha? the Sanskrit manuecriptr of the -2-ade-brnuadwere takenf ~ o mNalanda Vihara byPadmasambhava and thentrsnslated through ml racu?ous ebi li ty at PGye-dkar sGra-bsgyur gtinp.sou+h 123 ofbSam-yap.The tests were then keptattheKc-tshaneIn bSam-yas when no l o n g e ~ extentinIndia. P*+hea repeats 'Go-Lots&wa'saccount of the discoveryofthe San~krit manuscriptin bSam-yasbythe greatpanditajakyadrf (1127-22?5!.The latter entruetedIt to rTa-stongZl-brjid.from whomitpassedint@the handmof Shs-ge L o t ~ g w a sndthence+o bCom-ldanRig-pa.1Ral-grlwhocomposedtheeforemen+ioned commentaryindepenceofthetantra.Subseq~ientl y.Thar-pa Lotsawa reqranslated the Sanskrit varmion of the roat-tewtkn9w-t 88the rPyUd -I--.with two additional chapters(Chs. 3382 4 )for the first time, and thewe were m ~ v i e e d by'~os~ots&wagZhon- 1.2I nu dPa1In person. Later rlyjne-ma writmrr like *Jlgr-mod .Line-parmfraee todebate the specific point8 of 'QosLhea-btsas.conmidering that the past refutationsof bCOm-lean Rig-pa'iRal-gri and Sog-bzlos-pawere unanswerable.Thatthis view was also held byfollowers ofthe newtranslation schools is evidencedbythe follow in^ dismiesive response of the Sa-skya-pa scholar.Zi-lung-pa 38k-ya mChog-ldan 125 ( 1428- 1507) :Itis notnecessary to prove laboriously that The rNying-ma-pa doct-ines ware translated from Indian originals. It -1s enouprr that they are proven to be The teaching of the emanational master(Padmasembhava;. Although they do notconform with the mantraz and symbols 9f those translated from India later on. The proof of their validityis infallible accomplishment 126 Through their supreme and cormnor3 attainmerlt. They mey be compared with the doctrinc~taken Bysupreme. accomplished maeters frow various. great lands. And which were not translated in India From their respective volusres: For itis said that with Vajrasattva'sconsent The compilers of those transmitted precepts Were themselves pexmittedto teach them In the language of each differentcountry. The rNying-ma-pa doctrinal traditione that definitely w e r efrrnslrted from India require no proof. Brving formulrtrd argument8 one might prove The indefinite onre to be treatires. Butthe great one8 who c u ebefore in Tibet. Discovering thia to be an rrtificirl. concrpturl path. kioveavoi dedwrnbrring upon it, Aathey thesaelve8 have explained. 7.TheIndianhistorical tradition ofthep - :the present account of the Indian and Tibetan lineages arsociated *Jigs-bra1 Ye-.he6rDo-rje in WSTB..Book 2.Theme include:*Go6 klong-chen Rab- * byum-pa. Pnvinr-U-bu * A --- - ria r h r n d w PhPann-znr;andthe aforementionedcatalo@uem bindex of the m a by thel ef mdr r yhistorical appearance of the Mnh&ogetnntrw18 umocietebuithKinf 31of sahor.uho is considered to bethe 8ubdect of various prophetic declaration6.auch rsthefollowintz 128 t t ~ thes - - - :One hundred end twelve Yearn from now, Uhrn I have vmlahed from hef*. Renownedin the three di-~inerealms. Willbe revealed bythe Lord 5f Secrets To one who is namedKine Ja. Who will appear byvirtue of great merits AtJambudvlpa'seastern frontier. Andinthe bun-bzann ye-ehfansal-utan -oa8i mahs-kwi 129 IqyS-oa8i rnvud ( NGa . Vol.8): The Maheoga tantrae willfall onto the palace of King Ja. The Anuyoga tantras will emerge in the forests of Singhala. Whilethe identity of this figure is Obscure-- he hasbeenre- ferredtoas Indrabhiit1 the Great.his son.or evenalater IndrabhdticontemporaneouswithKukkurB ja.Kambalapada. 130 Saroruha.and J&landharip&- -the tradition clearly recounts 131 that: Whilethekingwassittingabsorbedinthemeditative cultivationof the yoga of the lower fantras,a volume con- taining the Mah&ogatantras.including the Buddhasamrivona!T. 366-3671 andan image of their compiler GuhyapatiVajrapbi. reportedly fell upon the royal palace.just as in his dream. Then. having performedprayers.he intuitively understoodthe chapterentitled the "Vieion of Vajrasattvaw andpractised meditationfor seven months. relying on that and on the image of Vajraphi.As o resulthe hada vision of Vojrasattva and receivedfromhim the empowermentofpristinecognition. Thus.hecameto underntandthe 8ymbolicconventionsand meanings of that volume in their entirety. KingJ a first taughtthese tantras to Uparhja.thecelebrated scholar Of Sahor.butwithoutacscess.He then taughtthe master Kukkurhja.who intuitively understcod the chapter On the "vision of vajrasattva"( w a d - h c u - ~ a . Ch.70) . fromthe- eema (NGB.vol.10) . and received apredictionthat GuhyapatiVajrap&niwouldsubsequentlyreveal themeaningsof this tantra.Accordingly Kukkuraja is said to have been empowered 132 byG u h r a ~ a t i and verballyinstructed byLicchaviVimalakfrti. Hethen dividedthe Mah&ogatexts into eighteen greattantra- pitakasandtaught them to King Ja.The latter wrote manyfamous commectarieso nthe tantras including the ~ p y y - 'Phrul LaAmam- kkQd( P.4737)and the- a- w~&kh{ P . 11771) which are connected with thecycle.H ehimself saysin r 33 the a p y u - l n h r u -( p . 0737): In the eastern domain of IndrahhGti. AtVajrakata.in India. I.the noble Indrabhcti. Practisedthe M c a 1Net. Having been taught bythe Lord o fSecrets.himself. Iactually realised Vajrapiini. Withhis retinue o ffifty thousand. Being empoweredin wholesome action. Brthe practice o fdieciplinedconduct. I was free from sin.and reached(an exalted) level. KukkurCja,knownaethe "kingof dogs"becaueehereputedly taughtthedoctrine by day in the guise o fa dog t oathousand warriorsanC yoginZs.andbynight we n t to the charnelgrounds withthemtoperfOmDfeast-offeringsandothersacramental practices.wentto Oddiysna where he gave a detailed explanation . ofthefiveinner tantra-pitakas ofMahbyoga.includingthe ~ ~ o n a . (T.366-367)onwhich hehadcomposedmany treatises.e.g..the Sndm&x&- (T.1660-1669). and them n p (T.1670).He transmittedthe . . eighteentantrapitakas of Mohboga to jakraputra,or IndrabhGti theyounger.who was the king*& son:he toSj-mhar&ja;heto Sakrabhati. or UparBJa;and finally to the daughter Gomadevl.As 13a 18 said in the H,&&L&l-(P. P736): Then.to the eastof Jambudvipu. Which rests on the Indeatructible Seat. In a holy palace of precious gems. In an auspicious and sacred room. Kukkurdja and IndrabhQti. Tosether with SimharEija. Upa~Bja. Daughter Gomadev~.and others. Received the empowermentof the They actually attainedthe mandala as an assembly; . . And manifeetly reached the level of Vajradhara. 135 The lineage then descendedtc LIlPvajra and Buddhapuhya. ThemaetcrLXlPvaJra,a native ofSaarrrara.waacrrdainedin ... Oddiyanawhere he studied the Tripitaka and becameparticularly . . learnedinthephilooophicaltenezs of~ar naa. theordinarv sciences.m d a11 the tantrrpi takas.the MInicrlW inpart- iculrr.On m island in Oddiyha called Madhima he practised and . . becue accorvlirhed in the P(1.360) . During himtenyears at Ukilanda,he composed many treatimesandex- pounded them in detail. Those concerning the -- inclubo; dm.T.2533)accordinr to the intrrpret- ation8 of the Unsurpassed(Yoga)-tmtra; the w - k h m h r n - mP ~ S IAssarrat#uclcuri - t - . P.1718); the fnaarr msuLPaint(-. P.4723);the Siriold ((Krrrl- 8atbs.P.8761):thepi( m i t r a -. . e,P.4748);md theLpr (p,P.6745).Among the students of Llllvajra. therootprominent wereBuddh-uhyaandBuddhaJfi~nap&a.who 136 atudied the maclsalmL (HOB.Volr.14-16). The Mster Buddhapuhya,a native of Centpal India,was ordained at Ullurba.where ht m dmaster Buddhrhhti were bothdisciple8 of BuddhrjiiPnapPdr during the early pact of the latter'slife. On attalninoaccorplishmentthroughHaiilulrS.hetravelledto Oddiuba,m e r e he me t the urter Llllvajra,and 8tubirdthe ., Yosatmtru.theFive Inner Unsurpm8Bed Tmtrspitaku,andShe inprrticulrr.Hecomposed agreatunyworks. including:thet~ ~ ~ ~ ' I l a t c l ~ ~- r y r r L C p L " r , P.4720);the-erafthaw . . ( - d m , 7. 3705) ; thr P.4735)ithe rrr.rl. ( s O k . W*P.4734) and the - A t (Arvr-rU.P.4733; tthe Smamu8 01&Lh( - , P. 4736)urd the Laagm~ SIaurncr ai ( mu - ' Ph r u lIra-cvi SunaAe.Dz.Vol. 1); amwe1.1 a8treatime8 on other tmtraa. Pabu8ubhava : Anotherlineye of the HahQuopa tantram a180 puetd from Kina Ja mdKukkurija through Sukhuidhi (-dOa*-rrb rDo-rje)toYajra- hCmyam d thenceto PrabhChamti of Sahor.Thelatterwaaa principle teacher of Paama8unbhava. who .la0received the U crcie directly from Buddhaguhya.Pabauunbhava compo8ed the Grrrtm ( - - --1onthe-ttvr- y h l A ~ ~ ~ a m d A t m k t r m . and in Tibet he a180 tausht hi8celebrated treat180 on Ch.13 of %hi8 tmtra, entitled theOL -pLtrptrrlcfn.tructipnr(-J A L a m u u -.P. 0726) to King Khri-8rong lde-btaan a dhiefortunate 8ubjacte. v i u l w i tra: Anative of H u t i v m ain wemtern India. Yimal8mitra ma8teredthe 8cience8m d theirbrmchem.the miitramofthele88erand Srertervehicle8.and the tmtram under many mamter8including Buddhaeuhya.Hewe8particularlylearnedintherruicrlIrt BOB.Vol8.l k- 16) ; -0hecorgo8edmany treati8m8,o rin8turce:the c r n t a r yOn tho antitled&(rtuu- 3uuu-- 3 . - a P.4739);the A C r W M f P . U ( mu- ' Phcul-*I--11the-m Q n 3m ~ U u l e t U .P.6756) : theM . .. USuY~~u (Wbfiu ---*Aw-* tcllL);Qpanint orrvrlacr*6~uordebnbma,P.6725) : the --( -an-rr*rlaartsrYr,P.8782) : nrdit.tivs Ahuustian ip Zh.8HUrAa . . . SalainllE!~ht(m):andthe( -Theextant Indian colwentariea on the cycle of the MInicllW. includine the above,are praservmdin the Peking edition oft h eh.rur-'tuu,volm.82-83. Accordingto Lo-chen DharmaPrf, gaum-- M A & a h L h m~ -.PP-107if..they are divided between gcnecal axegeticaltracts(uOM -1suchasLflCvajra*6 andVimmlrai tra'8LrhPn-mumtarl-mn~an,and cammentariea1 - The latterincluderoot-comraentaciss ( Wr - * mmA ) and exagetical commentaries ( u t l - *- 1. The f iret SFoupcomprlamm the great Indian trea