gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤...
-
Upload
trinhtuong -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤...
![Page 1: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
POLITICAL PARTIES AND DEMOCRACY IN THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVES
POLITICAL FINANCE POLICY, PARTIES,AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT
MICHAEL JOHNSTON
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
![Page 2: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
POLITICAL PARTIES AND DEMOCRACY IN THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVES
POLITICAL FINANCE POLICY, PARTIES, AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT
MICHAEL JOHNSTON
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
![Page 3: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
)NDI(
www.ndi.org
DGC-A-00-01-00004-00
USAIDFROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
2030 M STREET, NWFIFTH FLOOR
WASHINGTON, DC 20036TELEPHONE: 202-728-5500FAX: 202-728-5520WEBSITE: WWW.NDI.ORG
28/08.2006
![Page 4: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
![Page 5: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
http://www.ndi.org/globalp/polparties/polparties.asp
![Page 6: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PREFACE
![Page 7: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
)Corruption and Reform(
Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts
Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy
![Page 8: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
POLITICAL FINANCE POLICY, PARTIES,
AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT
PUTTING POLITICS FIRST
![Page 9: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PARTIES, CONTENTION, AND DEMOCRACY
![Page 11: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Resources and Tradeoffs
]
[
![Page 12: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
PARTIES, POLITICAL CONTENTION,AND SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY
![Page 13: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tools and targets
POLICY TOOLS:PUTTING IDEAS TO WORK
![Page 15: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Regulatory Policy Tools
![Page 16: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Distributive Policy Tools
![Page 20: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
)Kirchensteuer(
)Politiksteuer(
![Page 22: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Grundgesetz
)(Land)Stiftungen(
![Page 23: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TARGETS AND AGENTS:BRINGING POLITICS TO LIFE
![Page 25: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
)Leadership PAC's(
Toward a Strategic View
![Page 26: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Related Issues
![Page 28: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
MENUS FOR POLICY CHOICE:MATCHING TOOLS TO SITUATIONS
![Page 30: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Enabling Participation, Building Parties
![Page 31: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS AND A NOTE OF CAUTION
![Page 36: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ENDNOTES
R.B. Jain, “Money and Democratic Politics: Emerging Critical Issues in Select Asian Countries”
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965).Ingrid Van Biezen, “Political Parties as Public Utilities,” Party Politics 10 (November 2004): 701-22; Janis Ikstens, Daniel Smilov, andMarcin Walecki, Campaign Finance in Central and Eastern Europe: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead (Washington, D.C.: IFES/USAID,2002).Janis Ikstens, Daniel Smilov, and Marcin Walecki, Campaign Finance in Central and Eastern Europe.R.B. Jain, “Money and Democratic Politics.”
Reginald Austin and Maja Tjernström, Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2003).Janis Ikstens, Daniel Smilov, and Marcin Walecki, Campaign Finance in Central and Eastern Europe; and Andrew Leigh, "Blind trusts for polit-ical gifts are a surer bet than trusting blindly,” Sydney Morning Herald, October 7, 2004. http://smh.com.au/arti-cles/2004/10/06/1096949586382.html?from=storylhs (accessed November 9, 2005).Michael Johnston, Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,2005), ch. 4.E.E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960).Donatella della Porta, “Parties and Corruption,” Crime, Law, and Social Change 66 (August 2004): 35-60; Ingrid Van Biezen, “Political Partiesas Public Utilities.”
Bertram J. Levine, “Unrecorded Legislative Activities: A Study of How Members of the U.S. House of Representatives Work ‘Behind-the-Scenes’ to Accomplish Policy and Career Objectives,” Ph.D. thesis, Department of Political Science, Rutgers University, 2004.Janis Ikstens, Daniel Smilov, and Marcin Walecki, Campaign Finance in Central and Eastern Europe.Bertram J. Levine, “Campaign Finance Reform Legislation in the United States Congress: A Critique,” Crime, Law, and Social Change 28(January 1997): 1-25.Andrew Leigh, “Blind trusts for political gifts are a surer bet than trusting blindly.”
Janis Ikstens, Daniel Smilov, and Marcin Walecki, Campaign Finance in Central and Eastern Europe.
Frank J. Sorauf, Inside Campaign Finance: Myths and Realities, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), ch. 3.
Reginald Austin and Maja Tjernstrom, Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns, ch. 10.
MatrixTheodore J. Lowi, “American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies, and Political Theory,” World Politics 16 (July 1964): 677-715.
Reginald Austin and Maja Tjernstrom, Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns, p.180-223.
Janis Ikstens, Daniel Smilov, and Marcin Walecki, Campaign Finance in Central and Eastern Europe.
Public Campaign, “Clean Money, Clean Elections.”www.publiccampaign.comIngrid Van Biezen, “Political Parties as Public Utilities.”
Janis Ikstens, Daniel Smilov, and Marcin Walecki, Campaign Finance in Central and Eastern Europe
Eduardo Posada-Carbó, “Democracy, Parties and Political Finance in Latin America”Leon Epstein, Political Parties in the American Mold (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 157;
Ingrid Van Biezen, “Political Parties as Public Utilities.”Ingrid Van Biezen, “Political Parties as Public Utilities”; Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, “Changing Models of Party Organization andParty Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party,” Party Politics 1 (January 1995): 5-28.
Office of Democracy and Governance, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Money in Politics Handbook: A guide to Increasing Transparency in Emerging Democracies (Washington, D.C.: USAID, 2003).
![Page 38: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ingrid Van Biezen, “Political Parties as Public Utilities”; Diego Gambetta, “Corruption: An Analytical Map,” in Stephen Kotkin andAndrás Sajó, eds., Political Corruption in Transition: A Sceptic's Handbook (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2002), 33-56.Janis Ikstens, Daniel Smilov, and Marcin Walecki, Campaign Finance in Central and Eastern Europe.Minnesota Compact on Campaign Standards, “A Citizen Initiative to Improve Elections.”www.lwvmn.org/MNCompact
Masaru Kohno, “Political Financing in Japan: Regulations, Reality, and Prospect for Future Reform,” paper prepared for a conferencecosponsored by the Sejong Institute, Sungnam, Korea, and the National Endowment for Democracy, Washington, D.C., on PoliticalFinance and Democracy in East Asia, Seoul, Korea, June 2001.Michael Johnston, Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy, ch. 5.E.E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People.Dankwart A. Rustow, “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model,” Comparative Politics 2 (April 1970): 337-63.
![Page 39: gT¤:*y Ã^G*K g T¤ 6c¤ {G* f*z0 &±* gT¤ G*K gTMy G* Îh¤0c G* H · gt¤:*y Ã^g*k g t¤ 6c¤ {g* f*z0 &±* gt¤ g*k gtmy g* Îh¤0c g* h political parties and democracy in theoretical](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022717/5c31445509d3f2a4528c0df0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
www.ndi.org
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS2030 M STREET, NW
FIFTH FLOORWASHINGTON, DC 20036
TELEPHONE: 202-728-5500FAX: 202-728-5520
WEBSITE: WWW.NDI.ORG