Industrial Training

at

ADA Cellworks Wireless Engineering

Pvt. Ltd.(Transmission Department)

Submitted by

Mahesh V. Tank (EC 8458)

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE PATAN

External Guide Internal Guide

Mr. Hardik Patel Prof. S.N. NAKUM

(Transmission Planner)

HEMCHANDRACHRYA NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY

PATAN – 384 265

Acknowledgement I am very thankful to Prof. S.N.Nakum (Head of the Department of

Electronics & communications) who gives me wonderful chance for taking

training in such a great company.

I am thankful to entire ADA staffs, who guide me in the different

working areas. I am thankful to Mr. Kalpesh Nakum (Gujarat circle Head) for

giving excellent opportunity in ADA cellworks. I would like to thank Mr.

Ritesh Suthar (Transmission Lead) for allotting training in Transmission

Planning department .I am very much thankful to Mr. Hardik Patel who

teaches me all the steps of Transmission planning one by one and share his

Knowledge with us, whenever required. Then I thanks to Ms. Dharati Patel

who provide me guidance in transmission. Next I am kindly thanks to Mr.

Snehal Patel who is also our guide. He taught us to work speedy, without error

and using creative method. He also guides me to prepare final training report

as per his vast experience.

I would like to thank Mr. Vishal Patel to give me practical knowledge

of survey & how to use the equipments.

Special thanks must go to everyone who gave me directly or indirectly

support to complete this industrial training successfully in technical as well as

professional side.

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SYNOPSISThe main task of Transmission side is to plan new sites in A-Bis

interface and provide point to point microwave link to all sites. It means any

site is connected to BSC using the path passing from so many sites. For that

LOS between sites (BTS) and BSC should be clear. This procedure to check

LOS between two sites called LOS survey. Microsoft Excel is used to Plan

Sites.

From 21 /01/ 2008 I started industrial training at ADA

CELLWORKS. After introduction we started to gather Knowledge about

GSM. After few days all trainees were distributed in different departments.

There are 4 working areas.1) Transmission 2) RF 3) IBS 4) Drive Test.

In starting days our guide teaches us how to check logs using macro. It

gave us overview about type of work. Traffic plan, in which no of TRx have

to allocate according to BSC planning. TRx signaling & BCF signaling also

covered. PCM plan to indicate root of a new site to wards BSC. It also

indicates which E1 of a particular site is used. There is some standard format

to use in that planning. Next we were thought about map info software.

In the last session we also went to do LOS Survey to different places

like Kheda, Anand, Khambhat, Baroda. In that using LOS kit we have to

check Line of sight between two places & then to suggest antenna length.

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INDEX1. Introduction

2. Company Profile

3. Concept of GSM

3.1 History

3.2 Point to Point MW Communication

3.3 Targets of P-P MW Network Planning

4 Transmission Hardware

4.1 Core Transmission Network

4.2 Microwave Links

4.3 Capacity required at individual site

4.4 FIU-19 Indoor Unit

5 Transmission Network Planning

5.1 Microwave Network Planning Process

5.2 Types of Transmission Network Planning

5.3 PCM Planning

5.4 Abis Time Slot Allocations

5.5 ET Allocation Abis

5.6 Steps for new site plan

5.7 Concept of Multidrop site plan

5.8 Map Info Professional Software

References

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Chapter 1

Introduction

The purpose of this industrial training is to understand basic concepts

of GSM, transmission planning. In this report all these things explained in

different chapters. First chapter is about introduction of company. It gives

company background, what the company does, at how many places the

company situated etc .Second chapter provides basic concept of GSM

including its features and architecture of GSM. Third chapter contains

hardware concept of transmission .Fourth chapter contains software section in

them transmission network planning method.

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Chapter 2

Company Profile

ADA Cellworks LLC ("ADA') was formed in August 2001 through the

merger of three established wireless engineering companies:

1) Aalishan, Inc., a Virginia (USA) corporation ("Aalishan"),

2) Dergo Sdn Bhd, a Malaysian corporation ("Dergo"),

3) Advanced Cellular Services Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysian corporation

("ACS").

ADA Cellworks conducts more than 90% of its business in Radio Network

Planning and Optimization and has earned the trust of Customers for its

quality work, dedication, reliability, and delivery on large-scale network

planning and optimization projects.

The company is recognized for its ability to undertake task based projects

requiring delivery of tangible results in the form either cell site production or

network quality improvement and has consistently met or exceeded Key

Performance Indicators (KPI).

ADA Cellworks has already gone through various stages of training and

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coordination with respect UMTS / 3G projects and has received vendor

certifications for its UMTS trainers.

Organizational Structure

The company is organized into geographical Regions and Services. The 4

main regions include North America, Asia Pacific, Greater China and India. A

new region Europe, Middle East and Africa will soon be added. The company

strategic decision making and global management is based out of USA. All

administrative and operational functions, including Global Accounting, HR,

Logistics, Contracts and Recruiting are handled from Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.

Each country operations are independent but under the administrative

guidance of the regional HQ in Malaysia.

In the Services area the company has distinct groups focusing on Radio

Planning & Optimization, In Building Solutions, Software Development, NSS

& Core, & Training. In addition, to geographic divisions, the company

maintains internal firewalls and separation between its various customers.

The company culture and structure remains fluid and entrepreneurial, with

focus on quick decisions and response time.

Services

To ensure high quality of service in fast developing networks, requires

periodic and continuous optimization. Network optimization enhances

network quality, which then enables it to achieve marketing advantage over

competitor and improve subscriber retention.

With ADA Cellworks you will discover a competent network optimization

company. When you rely on ADA Cellworks continuously evolving and

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proven optimization strategy, superior recruitment methods and timely

services, you will be convinced that these are the driving factors that our

customers have come to expect.

The Company's core service offerings include

Network planning (design, optimization, performance)

Network support services (e.g. benchmarking, drive tests, RFI, model

calibration)

Recruiting services & provisioning of manpower.

Technical training

Additional services include

In-building design and Implementation

Implementation and Integration (country dependent)

Site acquisition (country dependent, through partners)

Site physical design & layout

Wireless engineering software development

Market & Technology Assessment

Products

The company currently retains an inventory of major

wireless test and survey tools. These include Agilent

UMTS E6474A, TEMS 5.0, TEMS 4.1, TEMS 2.0,

TEMS Lite, Nemo TOM/SAM. Both TEMS and Nemo

tools are EDGE capable. ETSI UMTS Test transmitter

and a host of field survey tools. Current Inventory of

company owned tools exceeds USD 600,000.00

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Technology

Wireless networks involve both radio and

wireline links as well as switching hardware

and software and database operations. For the

most part, however, service quality will be

determined by the performance of the radio

network. Putting aside the issue of regional

coverage, there are three critical factors that

impact the performance of both voice and data

radio networks: RF signal level (in both uplink

and downlink); level of radio interference (also in both uplink and downlink);

and available radio channel capacity. For each of these factors, the effects are

somewhat different for voice and data networks.

We use different metrics that collectively provide a measurement of network

service quality from user’s perspective. These are four key performance

indicators, which we use to optimize the network performance.

System Coverage

Call Blockage

Voice Quality

Dropped Call rate

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Fig 2.1ADA Cellworks Past and Ongoing Projects

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CHAPTER 3

Overview of GSM

3.1 Concept of GSM

GSM is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular system. It is

established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard

which provides full duplex data traffic to any device fitted with GSM

capability, such as a phone, fax, or pager at a rate of 9600 bps using the

TDMA communications scheme.

Since GSM is purely digital, it can easily interface with other digital

communications systems, such as ISDN, and digital devices. Unlike any other

services, GSM products such as cellular phones require the use of a Subscriber

Identity Modules, or SIM card.

These small electronic devices are approximately the size of credit card

and record all of the user information. This includes data such as programmed

telephone numbers and network security features which identify the user.

Without this module, the device will not function. Some of the milestone for

communication through GSM is as shown.

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Table 3.1 GSM Generation

Year Milestone

1982 GSM formed

1986 Field test

1987 TDMA chosen as access method

1988 Memorandum of understanding signed

1989 Validation of GSM system

1990 Pre operation system

1991 Commercial system start-up

1992 Coverage of larger cities/airports

1993 Coverage of main roads

1995 Coverage of rural areas

Need of GSM

In the beginnings of cellular systems, each country developed its own

system, which was an undesirable situation for the following reasons:

The equipment was limited to operate only within the boundaries of

each country.

The market for each mobile equipment was limited.

In order to overcome these problems, CEPT formed GSM in 1982.

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Features

Good subjective speech quality.

Low terminal and service cost

Support for international roaming

Ability to support handheld terminals.

Support for range of new services and facilities.

Spectral efficiency.

ISDN compatibility.

3.1.1 Architecture of GSM

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities. Figure below shows the layout of a GSM network.

Fig 3.1 Architecture of GSM Network

General architecture of a GSM network

The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts:

The Mobile Station (MS) is carried by the subscriber.

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The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) controls the radio link with the Mobile Station.

The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS), the main part of which is the Mobile Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility management operations.

The Network Management Subsystem (NMS) is to monitor various functions & elements of the network. These tasks are carried out by the NMS/2000 which consists of work stations, servers and a router which connects to a Data Communications Network (DCN).

Mobile Station

The Mobile Station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.

The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number.

Mobile station provides user access to GSM network for voice and data.

All GSM mobiles comply to GSM standards.

Subscriber data is read from a SIM card that plugs into ME.

Each MS has a unique number called as IMEI number, which is stored in EIR for authentication purposes.

Mobile camps on to the GSM network through the BTS serving the cell.

Mobile also scans neighboring cells and reports signal strengths.

Mobile transmits and receives voice at 13 kb/s over the air interface.

Base Station Subsystem

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The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across the standardized Abis interface.

The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area, there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements for a BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.

The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers. The BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service Switching Center (MSC).

BTS - Base Transceiver Station

BTS has a set of Transceivers (TRXs) to communicate with mobiles in its area.

One BTS covers one or more than one cell.

The capacity of a cell depends on number of transceivers in the cell.

BTS is connected to the BSC through Abis Interface which is 2Mbps.

BTS transmits and receives voice at 13kbps over air interface to the mobiles.

BTS commands mobiles to set TX. Power, timing advance and Handovers.

BSC – Base Station Controller

Several BTSs are connected to the BSC.

BSC Manages channel allocation, handovers and release of channels at connected BTSs.

BSC connects to the BTS via the Abis interface and to the MSC on A interface.

BSC has the entire database of cell parameters associated with the BTSs.

No mobile data is stored in the BSC.

Less connections for MSC as intelligence is made common to all BTSs by the BSC.

Network Switching Subsystem

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The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and additionally provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber, such as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber. These services are provided in conjunction with several functional entities, which together form the Network Subsystem. The MSC provides the connection to the fixed networks (such as the PSTN or ISDN). Signaling between functional entities in the Network Subsystem uses Signaling System Number 7 (SS7), used for trunk signaling in ISDN and widely used in current public networks.

The Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), together with the MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile. The location of the mobile is typically in the form of the signaling address of the VLR associated with the mobile station. There is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it may be implemented as a distributed database.

The Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains selected administrative information from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services, for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR. Although each functional entity can be implemented as an independent unit, all manufacturers of switching equipment to date implement the VLR together with the MSC, so that the geographical area controlled by the MSC corresponds to that controlled by the VLR, thus simplifying the signaling required. Note that the MSC contains no information about particular mobile stations --- this information is stored in the location registers.

The other two registers are used for authentication and security purposes. The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network, where each mobile station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported stolen or is not type approved. The Authentication Center (AuC) is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and encryption over the radio channel.

Mobile Switching Center - MSC

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The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile

services Switching Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the

PSTN or ISDN, and additionally provides all the functionality needed to

handle a mobile subscriber, such as registration, authentication, location

updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber. These services

are provided in conjunction with several functional entities, which together

form the Network Subsystem. The MSC provides the connection to the fixed

networks (such as the PSTN or ISDN). Signaling between functional entities

in the Network Subsystem uses Signaling System Number 7 (SS7), used for

trunk signaling in ISDN and widely used in current public networks.

The Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register

(VLR), together with the MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming

capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains all the administrative information of

each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network, along with the

current location of the mobile. The location of the mobile is typically in the

form of the signaling address of the VLR associated with the mobile station.

There is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it may be

implemented as a distributed database.

.

HLR – Home Location Register

MSC has all subscriber database stored in HLR.

HLR has all permanent subscriber databases.

HLR has a database which describes the subscriber’s profile i.e. basic features and supplementary services.

MSC communicates with the HLR to get data for subscribers on call.

VLR-Visiting Location Register

A subscription when activated is registered in VLR

VLR has all the subscriber numbers which are active.

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VLR has a temporary database of all active subscribers (on/off, location information).

MSC communicates with HLR for subscribers coming from different MSCs. If the subscriber is found valid, then it registers the subscriber in the VLR.

AUC – Authentication Center

Authentication is a process by which a SIM is verified.

Secret data and the verification process algorithm are stored in AUC.

AUC is the element which carries out the verification of the SIM.

AUC is associated with the HLR.

EIR (Equipment Identity Register)

EIR is the Mobile Equipment Database which has a series of IMEIs.

MSC asks the Mobile to send its IMEI.

MSC then checks the validity of IMEI with the EIR.

Network Management Subsystem

OMC – Operations and Maintenance Centre

Also called the NOC (Network Operations centre).

It is the central monitoring and remote maintenance centre for all network elements.

OMC has links to BSCs and MSCs.

GSM Air Interface

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which manages the international allocation of radio spectrum (among many other functions), allocated the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink (mobile station to base station) and 935-960 MHz for the downlink (base station to mobile station) for mobile networks in Europe.

Multiple Accesses

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Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method must be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible. The method chosen by GSM is a combination of Time- and Frequency-Division Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more carrier frequencies are assigned to each base station. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. The fundamental unit of time in this TDMA scheme is called a burst period and it lasts 15/26 ms (or approx. 0.577 ms). Eight burst periods are grouped into a TDMA frame (120/26 ms, or approx. 4.615 ms), which forms the basic unit for the definition of logical channels. One physical channel is one burst period per TDMA frame.

3.1.2 Interfaces in GSM Network

Air Interface (Um)

The Air interface is between the Mobile Station (MS) and Base Transceiver Station (BTS). This interface is RF waves and is mainly concerned with providing the coverage to the customers. There are two frequency bands, one for uplink and one for downlink. The waves are transmitted from the RF antennas which are fixed on the towers of BTS and radiate the downlink frequency. The mobile station radiates at uplink frequency and the call is established on one of the frequency channel. The RF engineering team works on this interface. The antennas used in this interface are generally Omni directional antennas which radiate out energy to give coverage to customers.

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A-Bis INTERFACE:

The A-Bis interface is between a BTS to MSC (Main Switching Centre) or between BTS to BTS. This interface is a microwave interface and is mainly concerned with providing the channels i.e. E1 to the BTS. The BTSs carry all the traffic to the MSC via this A-Bis interface. It can also be said that this A-Bis interface is used to connect various BTS to form a network. The network can be in any topology like loop, spur or any irregular shape. Loop topology is generally preferred. The transmission engineering team works on this interface. The antennas used in this interface are special microwave antennas which are point to point in nature and radiate a small pencil beam which has beam width of about 2 degrees.

Most important part of designing the network is transmission part. This is because if there is any BTS created then only coverage in that area is provided using the Air interface. So the network of a cellular company depends on its transmission network.

A-Ter INTERFACE

Between BSC to Transcoder. Transcoder is the devise which converts 13Mbps data to 64 Mbps. This is necessary because our GSM network is works on 13Mbps, and MSC is connected with our older PSTN network i.e. basically on T1 carrier system and having data rate of 64Mbps. So we have to synchronies data flow. The Transcoder Function is to stuff some bits so that the incoming data rate matches with PSTN network.

A INTERFACE:

Between Transcoder to MSC. The connection between BSC to MSC is may be via copper wire or fiber optic lines.

How GSM Works?

The Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), together with the MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile. The location of the mobile is typically in the form of the signaling address of the VLR associated with the mobile station. There is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it may be implemented as a distributed database.

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The Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains selected administrative information from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR. Note that the MSC contains no information about particular mobile stations --- this information is stored in the location registers.

The other two registers are used for authentication and security purposes. The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network, where each mobile station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported stolen or is not type approved. The Authentication Center (AuC) is protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber’s SIM card, which is used for authentication and encryption over the radio channel.

Fig 3.2 “Hardware” view of a sample network

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Frequency allocation

As GSM has grown worldwide, it has expanded to operate at three frequency bands: 900, 1800 and 1900.

FIG 3.3 GSM frequency bands

GSM network presently operate in three different frequency ranges.

1) GSM 900 (also called GSM): operates in the 900 MHz frequency

range and is the most common in Europe and the world.

2) GSM 1800 (also called PCN and DCS 1800): operates in the 1800

MHz frequency range and is found in a rapidly-increasing number of

countries including France, Germany, Switzerland, UK and Russia.

3) GSM 1900 (also called PCS 1900 and DCS 1900): The only

frequency used in the United States and Canada for GSM.

In a mobile communications network, part of the transmission

connection uses a radio link and another part uses 2Mbit/s PCM links. Radio

transmission is used between the Mobile Station and the Base Transceiver

Station and the information must to be adapted to be carried over 2Mbit/s

PCM transmission through the remainder of the network. The radio link is the

most vulnerable part of the connection and a great deal of work is needed to

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ensure its high quality and reliable operation. The frequency ranges of GSM

900 and GSM 1800 are indicated below:

Table 3.2 GSM Frequency

Note that the uplink refers to a signal flow from Mobile Station (MS) to Base

Transceiver Station (BTS) and the downlink refers to a signal flow from Base

Transceiver Station (BTS) to Mobile Station (MS). The simultaneous use of

separate uplink and downlink frequencies enables communication in both the

transmit (TX) and the receive (RX) directions.

The radio carrier frequencies are arranged in pairs and the difference

between these two frequencies (uplink downlink) is called the Duplex

Frequency

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The frequency ranges are divided into carrier frequencies spaced at

200kHz. As an example, the following table shows the distribution of

frequencies in GSM 900:

Table 3.3 Uplink and Downlink frequencies

In GSM 900 the duplex frequency (the difference between uplink and

downlink frequencies) is 45 MHz. In GSM 1800 it is 95 MHz. The lowest and

highest channels are not used to avoid interference with services using

neighbouring frequencies, both in GSM 900 and GSM 1800.

The total number of carriers in GSM 900 is 124, whereas in GSM 1800 the

number of carriers

Channels in GSM Air interface

Channels are defined by the number and position of their corresponding burst periods. All these definitions are cyclic, and the entire pattern repeats approximately every 3 hours. Channels can be divided into dedicated channels, which are allocated to a mobile station, and common channels, which are used by mobile stations in idle mode.

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Fig 3.4 Traffic Channels

Traffic Channels

A traffic channel (TCH) is used to carry speech and data traffic. Traffic channels are defined using a 26-frame multi frame, or group of 26 TDMA frames. The length of a 26-frame multi frame is 120 ms, which is how the length of a burst period is defined (120 ms divided by 26 frames divided by 8 burst periods per frame). Out of the 26 frames, 24 are used for traffic, 1 is used for the Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) and 1 is currently unused (see Figure 2nd is THC’s for the uplink and downlink are separated in time by 3 burst periods, so that the mobile station does not have to transmit and receive simultaneously, thus simplifying the electronics.

Fig 3.5 Organization of bursts, TDMA frames, and multi frames for speech and data

COMMONCHANNELS

DEDICATEDCHANNELS

BROADCASTCHANNELS

FCCH SCH BCCH

COMMONCONTROL

CHANNELS

PCH RACH AGCH

SDCCH SACCH FACCH

DEDICATEDCONTROL

CHANNELS

TCH/F TCH/H

TRAFFICCHANNELS

TCH/EFR

LOGICALCHANNELS

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In addition to these full-rate THC’s, there are also half-rate THC’s defined, although they are not yet implemented. Half-rate THC’s will effectively double the capacity of a system once half-rate speech coders are specified (i.e., speech coding at around 7 kbps, instead of 13 kbps). Eighth-rate THC’s are also specified, and are used for signaling. In the recommendations, they are called Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH).

Traffic Channel carries the voice data.

Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data.

One TCH is allocated for every active call. While call is in progress if there is degradation in quality of current channel, BTS may shift the communication to another TCH on a different Carrier and/or Timeslot

A full rate TCH carries 13 kbps voice data, and Half rate TCH carries a 6.5 kbps voice data.

TCH Multiframe

A- SACCH

26 Frames – 120 ms

24 carry speech, 1 idle, 1 SACCH

Control Channels

Common channels can be accessed both by idle mode and dedicated mode mobiles. The common channels are used by idle mode mobiles to exchange the signaling information required to change to dedicated mode. Mobiles already in dedicated mode monitor the surrounding base stations for handover and other information. The common channels are defined within a 51-frame multiframe, so that dedicated mobiles using the 26-frame multiframe TCH structure can still monitor control channels.

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Fig 3.6 Control Channels

Broadcast Channels (BCH)

One ARFCN, On all the time, in every cell.

Uses Timeslot 0 on a channel, in Downlink.

FCCH – Frequency Correction Channel allows mobile to tune to BTS frequency. This channel carries a 142 bit zero sequence and repeats once in every 10 frames on BCH.

SCH – Synchronization Channel (carries the Frame number and BSIC). A midamble of 64 bit helps mobiles to synchronize. It also repeats once in 10 Frames.

BCCH – Broadcast Control Channel. It has information encoded on it which identifies the network (LAC). It also carries list of the channels in use in the cell (CA tables). Continually broadcasts, on the downlink, information including base station identity, frequency allocations, and frequency-hopping sequences.

Common Control Channels (CCCH)

CCCH shares Timeslot 0 with BCH on a Multiframe.

CCCH consists of PCH, RACH and AGCH.

Control Channels

BCH – Broadcast Control Channel

CCCH – Common Control Channels

DCCH – Dedicated Control Channels

FCH

BCCH

SCH

PCH

RACH

AGCH

SDCCH

FACCH

SACCH

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PCH – Paging channel is used to alert mobiles on incoming calls. PCH carries IMSI to page for Mobiles in the cell. PCH is Downlink channel.

RACH – Random Access Channel is a short burst sent by mobile to BTS, to initiate a call request. RACH uses timeslot 0 on reverse BCH channel on uplink. It is used by mobile to get attention from Base Station.

Several mobiles might originate RACH simultaneously.

Mobile doesn’t know path delay.

So, RACH has to be a special short burst.

Mobile sends normal burst after getting timing advance on downlink SACCH.

AGCH – Access Grant Channel is used to allocate an SDCCH to a mobile for signaling (in order to obtain a dedicated channel), following a request on the RACH.

Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)

SDCCH – Standalone Dedicated Common Control Channel. It is used as a interim channel before final assignment of TCH. SDCCH is used for signaling and Authentication message transfers.

It can be called the stepping stone between BSC and TCH.

The SDCCH, by using less of the cells resource of physical channels, improves efficiency, and provides a useful holding channel for the mobile until speech data needs to be exchanged.

FACCH – Fast Associated Control Channel

Interrupts TCH on uplink and downlink.

Rapid message exchange for handovers.

Control bits on either side of midamble – 0 indicates TCH and 1 indicates FACCH both ways – uplink and downlink.

SACCH – Slow associated Control Channel

Downlink (BTS – MS)

Mobile TX Power Commands

Mobile Timing Advance

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Cell’s Channel Configuration

Uplink (MS - BTS)

Received signal quality report (RXQual)

Received signal level report (RXLev)

Adjacent BCH power measurement.

3.2 What is Point-To-Point Microwave Transmission?

In today’s world of upcoming technologies, any information is sent on some kind of carriers which may be wired or wireless. In this modern era of communication wide data transfer takes place through wireless media. In GSM also the information is sent through microwaves from one BTS to the other.

First we look at the Electromagnetic Spectrum, which is shown in Figure below:

Fig 3.7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Radio Spectrum

Radio Spectrum is a limited resource, which is controlled internationally by ITU and in Europe by ETSI. The Radio Spectrum is divided for convenience into bands such as VHF, UHF and so on. The range of the spectrum used by GSM is in the range of UHF band.

Fig 3.8 Radio Spectrum

Fig 3.9 Radio Spectrum used in GSM

Two types of configuration of wireless transmission are possible, namely directional and omni directional. In general the higher the frequency of a signal the more it is possible to focus it into a directional beam.

There are 3 ranges of frequencies of wireless transmission:

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2 GHz to 40 GHz Microwave frequencies. At these frequencies highly directional beams are possible and microwave is quite suitable for point-to-point transmission. Microwave is also used for satellite communication.

30 MHz to 1 GHz Radio range and are suitable for omni directional applications.

3 × 1011 to 1 GHz Infrared useful in local point-to-point and multipoint applications within confined areas such as a single room.

The information exchange between two microwave radio equipments (BTSs In GSM) through Microwaves with Line Of Site condition is called “Point-To-Point Microwave Transmission”.

3.2.1 Why it is required in GSM Networks?

In GSM Network, whenever a subscriber wants to make a call, he/she sends request to the nearest serving BTS in the network. Now this interface between Mobile Handset and BTS is air interface and the information about the user must have to reach to the BSC. Now the question is that how to pass that particular information to the BSC? In GSM the answer to this question is to use Microwaves as CARRIERS between the BTS, which are connected in loop to the BSC.

Microwave Transmission

Above 100 MHz the electromagnetic waves (microwaves) travel in straight lines and can therefore be narrowly focused. Concentrating all the energy into a small beam using a parabolic antenna gives a much higher signal to noise ratio, but the transmitting and receiving antennas must be accurately aligned with each other. In addition this directionality allows multiple transmitters lined up in a row to communicate with multiple receivers in a row without interference. Before fiber optics, for decades these microwaves formed the heart of long distance telephone transmission system.

Since microwaves travel in a straight line if the towers are too far apart, the earth will get in the way, hence repeaters are needed periodically. The higher the towers are the further apart they can be. The distance between repeaters goes up very roughly with the square root of the tower height for 100m high towers, for instance, repeaters can be spaced 80 km apart.

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Unlike radio waves at lower frequencies, microwaves do not pass through buildings well. In addition, even though the beam may be well focused at the transmitter, there is still divergence in space. Some waves may be refracted off low- lying atmospheric layers and may take slightly longer to arrive than direct waves. The delayed waves may arrive out of phase with the direct wave and thus cancel the signal. This effect is called Multipath fading and is often a serious problem. It is weather and frequency dependent. Some operators keep 10% of their channels idle as spares to switch on when multipath-fading wipes put some frequency band temporarily.

Microwave Radio has certain advantages over the conventional carriers like Copper Cables, Optical Fibers used in communication field, which are listed bellow:

RAPID DEPLOYMENT: The Microwave setup is easy and fast to install as compared to the conventional carriers. No need to dig the roads or no need to put up number of poles to carry the transmission media from one place to other.

FLEXIBILITY: The Microwave setup is flexible in case of up-gradation, installation-deinstallation. Mostly you do not have to setup the whole configuration all over again in case of up-gradation, minor hardware or software changes can provide flexibility to your desired criteria.

LOWER OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE COST: The operational cost of a Microwave unit is lower as compared to the other caries unit. It also requires less or very rare maintenance cost also.

LOW MTTR (Mean Time To Repair): The microwave unit has very low MTTR that is Mean Time To Repair, which is the time taken by the system to come back from the off to on state in case of failure of the system.

3.2.3 How Point-To-Point Microwave Transmission takes place?

In Microwave Transmission two BTS of GSM Network forms a Hop. To communicate with each other they use Microwaves as Carriers of information. To have Proper exchange of information there should be CLEAR LOS (Line Of Sight). Because due to characteristics of Microwaves, Microwave Transmission always requires clear LOS.

What do you mean by Clear LOS? Now for LOS to be clear between to Microwave Radio Equipments, the FRESNEL ZONE must be without any obstacles

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Fresnel Zone

“The FRESNEL ZONE is the area of space between two antennas in which radio signal travels.”

It depends on Distance and Frequency in use.

Fig 3.9 FRESNEL ZONE CONCEPT-1

The formula for finding the 1st Fresnel Zone is given by:

1st Fresnel Zone = 17.3 (D1*D2) / F*(D1 + D2) ………………………. 3.1

Where D1 = Distance in Kilometers from antenna ‘A’ to mid point

D2 = Distance in Kilometers from antenna ‘B’ to mid point

F = Frequency in GHz

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Fig 3.10 FRESNEL ZONE CONCEPT-2

Fig 3.11 FRESNEL ZONE Example

D1

D2

Mid

Point

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No LOS Condition

In above figure there is no LOS condition due to the hill peak is in the way of observers. Visual line of sight

LOS Condition but Fresnel Zone is not clear

In other case which is shown in above figure, there is LOS condition but the Fresnel Zone is cut by the Peak of the hill which is not desirable condition for Point-To-Point Microwave Transmission.

Perfect LOS with Fresnel Zone Clear

In perfect LOS condition due to antenna height the Fresnel Zone is clear of obstacles, which is desirable condition for Microwave Transmission to take place.

3.3 Four targets of point to point transmission network planning are

1) To achieve required radio coverage

2) To maximize the network capacity (Erl/km2) with limited frequency band (MHz)

3) To reach good Quality of Service (QOS)

4) To minimize the number of network elements and costs.

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The transmission network planning process is divided also into three stages like the radio network planning.

1) Pre-Planning

2) Nominal Planning

3) Detailed Planning

These three stages of planning process are done in close co-operation by the transmission and radio network planning engineers. Also the role of the Implementation planning department is essential in these phases, but especially it must be done in the Detailed-planning phase by Implementation planners.

Furthermore, the transmission network planning has been divided into several modules:

Topology planning including BSC Location identification for all new BSC’s

Availability planning

Capacity planning

Time-slot planning

2 Mbit/s planning

Planning of the Auto configuration pools

Microwave radio link planning

Q1 transmission management planning

Synchronization planning

Cellular Planning Process

Inputs from operator's marketing and business planning departments are considered for the initial network design. Then follows the very iterative process of coverage planning and site selection. Aim of the transmission plan is to minimize the costs for transmission over the network's life cycle. This then decides the final network topology.

The target of frequency and interference planning is to minimize the interference at an acceptable capacity level, which has been agreed with the customer. This includes detailed inputs about traffic volumes and distributions expected in the network. Tighter re-use of own frequencies means more

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capacity in the network. On the other hand it also means more interference. Frequency planning should not take place before the site candidates for a complete area have been finalized.

Parameter planning and tuning increases the network performance. A default set of parameters for (at least) each network layer should be defined before the launch. The basic parameters that need to be defined separately for all sectors in addition to the default set of parameters are frequencies + BCCs for all TRXs, Lacks, neighbor lists and TX power.

marketing

business plan

traffic assumptions

initial NWdimensioning

freq. & inter-ference plan

transmission plan

final NW topology

parameter planning

coverage plan

Fig 3.12 Cellular Planning Principles

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Chapter 4

TRANSMISSION HARDWARE

4.1 Core Transmission Network

The connections between switches, extending also to base station controller connections, are of higher capacity than the base station access connections, and the distances to cover are longer. Not every mobile network operator has so far had the resources to build their own transmission for these long legs, so these may be rented from a country-wide transmission services provider as protected 2 Mbit/s connections. Fiber-optic networks have extended in many areas. This trend has been driven primarily by the global data services boom generating the need for higher transport capacities.

Fiber-optics is often the most feasible implementation of core transmission infrastructure in areas where basic telecommunications services have been scarce. BSC-to-switch and inter-switch traffic is already carried mostly over optical fiber, even if this may be invisible to a customer subscribing to a protected N x 2 Mbit/s leased line service. The existence of fiber-optic networks, and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) technology in particular, compared to N x 2 Mbit/s leased line service prices, has led many operators to reconsider their core transmission sourcing policies. Firstly, much of the existing N x 2 Mbit/s leased transmission has been converted into SDH VC-4 leased transmission, providing 63 x 2 Mbit/s capacity. The main reasons for this change are the savings achieved in operational expenses and the fast upgrades in capacity. The only changes involved for mobile network operators have been the purchase of an SDH multiplexer, located at their central transmission sites, to provide 2 Mbit/s electrical interfaces with the leased SDH stream. If the leasing alternative is chosen for backbone services, for greatest cost-efficiency, leasing should take place at the STM-1 (VC-4) level, not the N x 2 Mbit/s level. With current leasing prices, the SDH alternative may bring the annual operating cost of leased connections down by around 70–80 % for full SDH lines, easily justifying the modest investment needed in SDH terminal multiplexers. With partially-empty lines, the savings are naturally less than this.

The second step, already directly taken by a number of mobile network operators, has been to acquire their own SDH terminal equipment and lease dark fiber to carry the signal. In areas where leased dark fiber is a scarcity, the growth-path from this has been a roll-out of own or partially owned fiber-optic cable infrastructure between key locations in the network – including the central switching sites and a number of other strategically important hubsites,

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for further capacity distribution to meet the needs of the base station access system.

4.1.1 Transport & Transmission media

Transport is an entity that carries information between Network

Nodes

Information is sent over a carrier between Network Nodes.

Carrier is sent over a Transmission Media

Commonly used Transmission Media :

Copper Cables

Microwave Radio

Optical Fiber

Infra Red Radio

Copper Cables

The copper cables were used in the primitive days when the telecom

field had just started to grow. They are now not in use. This is because they

have many disadvantages like limited bandwidth, many losses compared to

other Transmission media, high maintenance cost, etc. In place of copper

cables now fiber optic cables are used. The error rate is also high in copper

cables.

Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cables are used every where in the backbone network in

present days. It is because it has many advantages compared to fiber optic

cables. The bandwidth is very high and a network made once can be used for

life time purpose. Even if the traffic increases and more channels are to be

supported then also the capacity of fiber will be very high to support it. So

ideally a fiber optic network once installed can run for a life time for that

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network. The data rate is very high and error rate is very low. The signals

travel in from of light and so there are very low propagation losses. The

interference is also very low. The only disadvantage of fiber optic cable is

that they are very costly and so whole network is not made from fiber optic

cables but only the back bone network is made using these optic cables.

Infra red radio

Infra red radio is not used now days. This is because they have very

high propagation loss and can cover up very low distance compared to micro

waves. Mostly every where only micro wave radio is used.

Here we are using microwave radio link to connect two nodes because, it is

having advantages listed below over other transmission media.

Microwave radio

The microwave radios are used in most of telecom networks. They

supply the carrier E1 channels to the BTS and also carry away the cellular

traffic from BTS to MSC. They are used at A-Bis interface to connect one

BTS to other or BTS to MSC.

The microwave antennas are special antennas which form point to point link

between two nodes. The microwave antennas are special drum antennas with

diameter ranging from around 0.3 meter to 6 meter. The beam width of these

antennas is range from about 2 to 5 degrees.

The band of microwaves is from 1 to 100 GHz but the frequency bands

allotted for telecommunication are 6, 7, 8,15,18,23 GHz. In Gujarat Bharti has

been assigned 4 frequency spots in 15GHz band. The microwave traffic is

measured in terms of E1. E1 is a carrier system which has data rate of around

2Mbps.

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Advantages of Microwave over Optical Fiber / Copper Cable

System

Rapid Deployment

Flexibility

Lower Startup and Operational Cost

No ROW Issues

Low MTTR

Microwave Radio – Modules

Microwave Radio Terminal has 3 Basic Modules

Digital Modem : To interface with customer equipment and to convert

customer traffic to a modulated signal

RF Unit : To Up and Down Convert signal in RF Range

Passive Parabolic Antenna : For Transmitting and Receiving RF Signal

Two Microwave Terminals Forms a Hop

Microwave Communication requires LOS

4.1.2 Digital Standards for Microwave transmission

The transmission System is traditionally seen as the link between main WAN

switching Centers. These Transmission Systems consist of large bandwidth

highways that from the backbone to the network. They typically serve many

customers each with their own requirements so the systems have to be reliable,

resilient and flexible.

PDH and SDH are the two widely accepted standards for digital transmission

PDH – Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

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Plesiochronous means “almost synchronous because bits are stuffed

into the frames as padding and the calls location varies slightly from frame to

frame.”

Synchronous means “bits from one Telephone call are always in the

same location inside a digital transmission frame.”

PDH:

Traditionally, digital transmission systems and hierarchies have been

based on multiplexing signals which are plesiochronous (running at almost the

same speed). Also, various parts of the world use different hierarchies which

lead to problems of international inter working; for example, between those

countries using 1.544 Mbit/s systems (U.S.A. and Japan) and those using the

2.048 Mbit/s system.

To recover a 64 Kbit/s channel from a 140 Mbit/s PDH signal, it’s

necessary to demultiplex the signal all the way down to the 2 Mbit/s level

before the location of the 64 Kbit/s channel can be identified.

The lowest hierarchy-level on PDH is 64kbps. These results from the

spectrum of the voice (~4 kHz Commercial Speech Band), the adequate

sampling rate (8 kHz) and how the samples are coded (8 bits per sample).

8 bits * 8000 Hz = 64 000 bits/s

So far we have considered the sampling of just one channel, but as

there are 125 µs between successive samples of the same channel, other

channels may be sampled during this period. Each 125 µs interval is divided

into 32 time periods known as Time Slots (TS); of these 30 are used for traffic

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and the other 2 (generally TS 0 and TS 16) are used for other purposes. The

technique of sampling each channel in turn is called Time Division

Multiplexing (TDM).

As bandwidth demand grew the technology PDH was developed,

whereby the basic primary multiplexer 2.048 Mbps trunks were joined

together by adding bits which synchronized the trunks at each level of the

PDH. The 2.048 Mbps is called E1 and the Hierarchy is based on multiples of

4 E1s.

Fig 4.1 PDH

E1, 32 x 64 kbps – 2 Mbps

E2, 4 x E1 – 8 Mbps

E3, 4 x E2 – 34 Mbps

E4, 4 x E13 – 140 Mbps

E5, 4 x E4 – 565 Mbps

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Limitations of PDH Network

The main limitations of PDH are:

• Inability to identify individual channels in a higher order bit stream.

• Insufficient capacity for network management;

• Most PDH network management is proprietary.

• There’s no standardized definition of PDH bit rates greater than 140 Mbit/s.

• There are different hierarchies in use around the world. Specialized interface equipment is required to interwork the two hierarchies.

SDH:

Synchronous transmission is achieved when all bit rates of the basic

signals are derived from the same clock source. The signals are operating at

the same nominal frequency, but their phase relationship may change due to

the characteristics of the transmission network (within specified tolerances).

SDH has been developed to overcome the problems with PDH and standards

have been developed to meet the following basic requirements:

Inter working between American and European systems

Standard interfaces between equipment, to allow vendor

interconnectivity

Add and drop directly from a high speed transmission signal

Comprehensive network management capability

The transmission rates are:

STM-1 155.52 Mbps

STM-4 622.08 Mbps

STM-16 2488.32 Mbps

STM-64 9953.28 Mbps

The transmission rate of each of the higher speed signals is an exact multiple

of the basic STM-1 rate. This is made possible by the use of a single Primary

Reference Clock.

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Difference in SDH & PDH

The primary reason for the creation of SDH was to provide a long-term

solution for an optical mid-span meet between operators; that is, to allow

equipment from different vendors to communicate with each other. This

ability is referred to as multi-vendor inter working and allows one SDH-

compatible network element to communicate with another, and to replace

several network elements, which may have previously existed solely for

interface purposes.

The second major advantage of SDH is the fact that it’s synchronous.

Currently, most fiber and multiplex systems are plesiochronous. This means

that the timing may vary from equipment to equipment because they are

synchronized from different network clocks. In order to multiplex this type of

signal, a process known as bit-stuffing is used. Bit-stuffing adds extra bits to

bring all input signals up to some common bit-rate, thereby requiring multi-

stage multiplexing and demultiplexing. Because SDH is synchronous, it

allows single- stage multiplexing and demultiplexing. This single stage

multiplexing eliminates hardware complexity, thus decreasing the cost of

equipment while improving signal quality.

Advantage of SDH

It’s based on overlaying a synchronous multiplexed signal onto a light stream

transmitted over fibre-optic cable. SDH is also defined for use on radio relay

links, satellite links, and at electrical interfaces between equipment.

The increased configuration flexibility and bandwidth availability of SDH

provides significant advantages over the older telecommunications system.

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These advantages include

• A reduction in the amount of equipment and an increase in network

reliability.

• The provision of overhead and payload bytes – the overhead bytes permitting

management of the payload bytes on an individual basis and facilitating

centralized fault sectionalisation.

• The definition of a synchronous multiplexing format for carrying lower-level

digital signals (such as 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s) which greatly

simplifies the interface to digital switches, digital cross-connects, and add

drop multiplexers.

• The availability of a set of generic standards, which enable multi-vendor

interoperability.

• The definition of a flexible architecture capable of accommodating future

applications, with a variety of transmission rates. In brief, SDH defines

synchronous transport modules (STMs) for the fibre-optic based

transmission hierarchy.

4.2 Microwave Links

Microwave links provide a viable high capacity alternative to fixed terrestrial

transmission lines. Operating frequencies are in the range from 2 ...57 GHz.

Main advantages are

Low operating costs

Easy to install

Flexible in capacity

Quick & reliable solution.

Main disadvantages are:

Needs a frequency license (not always available?)

Weather dependant link quality in higher bands (rainfall, fog, ...)

Not always applicable (needs line-of-sight between antennas)

Long distance hops are problematic in higher frequency bands.

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Achievable hop distances are approximately:

2 GHz band …80 km

7 GHz band …50 km

15 GHz band … 25 km

18 GHz band …20 km

23 GHz band …15 km

38 GHz band …7 km

58 GHz band …0,7 km.

Fig 4.2 Network topologies

In the GSM hierarchy, the logical network is tree-like in structure. The logical connections are based on TRxs connected from the BTS to the BSC, and then straight trunk connections from the BSC to the MSC. The practical implementation, however, has various forms.

Network topology is a critical issue for any operator. Topology and capacity should be planned together with the Q1 management network in a proper way from the very beginning. Thus, it is very important that transmission is flexible to cope with future expansion needs. The topologies which must be supported include star, chain/multidrop, and loop topologies. These typical topologies are usually combined in different ways, producing a vast array of topologies in actual networks.

The transmission units integrated in the Nokia BTSs allow a wide array of transmission topologies.

Star topology (hub-and-spoke)

In the simplest topology, BTSs are at the end of a point-to-point link. There is simply a straight connection from the BSC or a transmission hub to each BTS. This is known as star, or hub-and-spoke, topology. Only one transmission interface is needed at the BTS. If the BTS is less than 12 TRX in capacity, some transmission capacity remains unused. This does, however, allow room for future growth, either at the same BTS or as new BTSs are added nearby.

A star centre, or hub, requires as many transmission interfaces as there are spokes. This poses a challenge if the medium is microwave: radio hops must have sufficient frequency separation. Additionally, in a star topology, the only transmission protection possible is redundant links. This doubles the

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investment in transmission, and, depending on the protection used, doubles the number of microwave frequencies needed.

Fig 4.3 Star Topology

Chain/Multidrop topology and branching

Using two interfaces in a BTS allows the chaining of BTSs one after the other. A transmission link enters a BTS, where traffic from that BTS is added (this is one form of grooming), and exits from another transmission interface to continue to the next site. A chain topology is needed, for example, along highways. The chain length is typically five to ten BTSs. Chain topology is also known as multidrop, as the transmission node is considered an add-drop multiplexer. Once a BTS has more than two interfaces, many new topologies are enabled: at each BTS, the traffic can be branched. This is especially useful for combining the capacity of several BTSs into fewer transmission links. The BTS not only performs the function of squeezing its own required capacity into a bypassing transmission link, but it can also add that of remote BTSs.

The additional interface(s) can be used for other purposes as well, including multiservice sites, microcellular hub sites, and even for providing access for fixed services. This is a major benefit of branching capability, as it allows future growth, either in BTS density, or in business scope (service offering).

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Fig 4.4 Chain/Multidrop Topology

Loop topology

A loop is the most cost-effective investment in transmission protection, as only one "extra" link is required, compared to redundant links, where every single hop has duplicated equipment. When applied in microwave radio transmission, loops remarkably increase the reliability of connections. For example, the effects of outages due to rain are minimized. Alternatively, the availability increase can be converted into longer hop lengths. Additionally, connecting a set of BTSs in a loop, rather than as a star, dramatically reduces the number of microwave radio frequencies needed.

Fig 4.5 Loop Topology

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Fig 4.6 General Network Architecture

Above diagram shows the general network architecture. Diagram shows the connectivity between the networks. BSC is connected with MSC through transcoder and sub multiplexing unit via media. BSC is connected to various BTSs via different media as shown in the diagram. The nearby sites are directly connected through PCM cable. Sites are implemented in to loop using switching devices (metro hub, DN2). Media are selected accordingly distance.

4.3 Capacity requirement at an individual site

GSM operators possess about 5 MHz of bandwidth for their use and under this condition each cell can be allocated up to 3–4 TRX (Transceivers). As three-sector base station sites are very common, each base station site then has up to 9–12 TRX, requiring 1.5...2 Mbit/s of transmission capacity per site.

In rural areas the number of transceivers per cell can clearly be less, and the transmission capacity requirement is accordingly lower. When the operator has been allocated more carrier channels, either on the same band or as a dual-band solution, and these additional carriers are allocated to the sites described above, the maximum transmission capacity per site naturally increases in proportion to the number of carriers. The limited number of mobile network radio channels available limits capacity achievable with the macro cellular solution. After the macro cellular capacity ceiling has been reached, mobile network capacity expansion takes place through a transition to micro and pico cells. These, in addition to loading the transmission connections higher up in the network hierarchy in the same way as macrocell transceivers, require low-capacity transmission connections to be available at new base station sites.

The transmission network constantly expands, radially from the core network. This creates a need to use different capacity options, providing the same transmission products in various parts of the network. If a significant number

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of channels are allocated to a microcell layer complementing the capacity of the macrocell network, the transmission capacity requirement accumulated from within the service area of a macrocell may increase radically (e. g. by 5–10 Mbit/s). This is because frequency re-use in the microcell layer can be considerably tighter than in the macrocell layer and the microcell layer can thus accommodate many more transceivers per square kilometer than the macrocell network can ever do.

Both scenarios thus lead to an increased transmission capacity requirement in the parts of the network where transmission lines from various base stations start accumulating into wider streams. The evolution in this respect is first to expand the Core Transmission Network.

The next step is to expand Base Station Access Network with new hubsites at central locations close to major base station clusters and distribute capacity for base station access from these points. In a combined macrocell plus high-capacity-microcell implementation, transmission to microcells can be provided either through the macrocell acting as a hub point, or by-passing the macrocell, fed directly from the base station transmission backbone. Transmission for the traffic originating from indoor office picocells can be provided in the same way.

New high capacity EDGE air interfaces enable a totally new service portfolio for mobile end users. This introduces great opportunities for mobile network operators to create profitable growth from increasing mobile usage. EDGE, by increasing the GSM air-interface bit-transfer capacity three-fold, also increases the capacity required at the BTS-BSC connection for the EDGE-TRX. It may be that a GSM operator adopts EDGE for wide use fairly rapidly in urban areas, whereas in rural areas most of the transceivers may remain traditional GSM transceivers for a long time and EDGE is implemented as a thin macrocell data communication services layer. In dense urban areas, the transmission capacity requirement per site of such a network may quickly quadruple, having strong implications not only for the Base Station Access Network, but also for the core network. In the areas where EDGE is rolled out only as a thin layer, the overall increase in net capacity need may remain very modest.

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4.3.1 Microwave radio

Features:

Nokia FlexiHopper provides the operator with a flexible, innovative, and reliable way of building coverage and capacity where needed.

A Nokia Flexi Hopper network element consists of an indoor unit (IU) and an outdoor unit (OU). The units are connected together with a single coaxial cable, Flex bus. The Flex bus cable can be up to 300 m long.

Fig 4.7 Nokia FlexiHopper

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4.3.2 Types of Transmission Hardware

Nokia Metro Hopper

High-density radio (58 GHz)

Nokia Flexi Hopper

PDH microwave radio can support 7, 8,13,15,18,23,26,38 GHz of frequencies

Nokia Flexi Hopper Plus

PDH microwave radio with selectable 4/16-level modulation-7, 8, 13, 15,18,23,26,28,32,38 GHz of frequency

SDH Radio

7, 8,13,15,18, 23, 26, 38 GHz of frequency

Nokia Metro Hub

Outdoor cross-connects cabinet and power supply for Nokia Hopper Radios

One unit, all capacities; one platform, all frequencies

The Nokia Flexi Hopper Microwave Radio family includes models for the 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, and 38 GHz frequency bands. The radio transmission capacity of all Nokia Flexi Hopper models is 2 x 2, 4 x 2, 8 x 2, or 16 x 2 Mbit/s. This can be selected using the node manager or the network management system (NMS) without any hardware changes.

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Fig 4.8 Components of the Nokia Flexi Hopper network element

One indoor unit supports two outdoor units

Nokia supplies four different indoor units for Nokia FlexiHopper to provide optimal features for different environments. All frequency bands use the same indoor units. One indoor unit (excluding FC RRI) can support two outdoor units. Up to four outdoor units can be connected to one FIU 19 indoor unit. When four outdoor units are used, one of the transmission directions must be protected. The full radio capacity from 2 x 2 Mbit/s up to 16 x 2 Mbit/s is available with all indoor unit models. The add/drop capacity varies according to the indoor unit model. The same indoor units can also be used with Nokia Metro Hopper at 4 x 2 Mbit/s radio capacities.

Easy to use management system

Nokia Flexi Hopper can be fully controlled and managed locally by

• Nokia Hopper Manager (with FIU 19 and RRIC)

• Nokia Site Wizard (with FC RRI and FXC RRI)

or remotely with the Nokia NMS.

Flex bus: single cable interconnections.

The bidirectional Flex bus cable connects all system elements together. Flex bus carries 1 - 16 x 2Mbit/s signals and control data between the elements of the node, from the indoor unit to the outdoor unit, as well as from one indoor unit to another indoor unit.

Flex bus also feeds power to the outdoor unit.

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Fig 4.9 The basic Nokia Flexi Hopper node configuration, one indoor unit and one outdoor unit and Flex bus.

Reliable connections

Nokia Flexi Hopper provides reliable connections and high availability in all Environments. The reliability of the equipment is excellent due to the high Integration.

Protection methods:

In single use, the signal is not protected against equipment or propagation faults. In the event of a fault, the connection remains broken until the equipment fault has been repaired or the cause for the propagation fault goes away.

Note: ALCQ can provide some protection against propagation faults.

Three types of transmission protection are available with Nokia Flexi Hopper:

Equipment protection, propagation protection, and loop protection

Equipment protection

Equipment protection protects a single transmission link against faults in the equipment. In equipment protection a pair of Nokia Flexi Hopper outdoor units (and possibly also a pair of indoor units) are protecting each other.

Equipment protection can be implemented by any of the following methods (currently available with the FIU 19 and RRIC indoor units):

• Hot standby (HSB)

• Hot standby + space diversity (HSB+SD)

• Frequency diversity (FD): In frequency diversity, two transmitters are transmitting the same signal simultaneously on different frequencies.

• Polarization diversity (PD): Polarization diversity is otherwise identical to frequency diversity, but instead of two frequencies, the signal is transmitted on two polarizations simultaneously.

Propagation protection

Propagation protection is used to minimize the number of traffic interruptions due to interference in the transmission path. In propagation protection, a pair

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of Nokia Flexi Hopper outdoor units (and possibly also a pair of indoor units) are protecting each other.

The changeover caused by propagation interference is error-free (hitless).

Propagation protection can be implemented by any of the following methods (currently available with the FIU 19 and RRIC indoor units):

• Hot standby + space diversity (HSB+SD)

• Frequency diversity (FD)

• Polarization diversity (PD).

Loop protection

Loop protection is actually a type of network topology. It differs from the former methods in that it protects an entire transmission route and not a single link. If required, single links in a loop can be protected with equipment or propagation protection methods.Loop protection protects both against equipment faults and against interference in the transmission path. When a fault is detected, traffic is routed in the opposite direction around a ring of radio links.

With Nokia FlexiHopper the capacity of a loop can be up to 16 x 2 Mbit/s. The add/drop capacity at a loop site depends on the indoor unit used. The FXC RRI indoor unit has an integrated 8 kbit/s cross-connection section which enables loop protection.

With the RRIC indoor unit, loop protection is available together with the TRUx base station transmission unit. See the relevant TRUx manual for more information.

Loop protection can also be implemented with the FIU 19 indoor unit, if external cross-connection equipment is used (Nokia DN2 Dynamic Node Equipment, for example).

FXC RRI

The traffic routes via the network elements are defined by using the cross connection functions available in the network elements. Thus, traffic routing means managing the cross-connections in the network elements. FXC RRI transmission unit features the cross-connection function, allowing the traffic to be groomed so that transmission paths are fully utilized. This will help to reduce transmission costs.

Features

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The main features of FXC RRI transmission unit are:

• Two Flexbus interfaces, which give support for two radio outdoor units or any other network elements with Flexbus interfaces.

• Separate short circuit protection in both Flexbus interfaces. This ensures that a short circuit in either of the interfaces does not affect the other Flexbus interface.

• Capacity bypassing possibility at 2M level from one Flexbus interface to another.

• Up to 16 x 2 Mbit/s add/drop capacity.(platform interfaces)

• Cross-connections with the following granularities: 8k, 16k, 32k, 64k, n x 64k, and 2M.

• Support for several cross-connection types.

• Grooming, branching, and loop protection support.

• Ability to operate as a loop network master or slave.

Easy management of settings and transmission configurations both remotely and locally, using the Nokia Q1 management protocol. The management is carried out with Nokia NMS compatible node manager software.

Site configuration examples

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Fig 4.10 Unprotected station configurations with the FIU 19 indoor unit

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Fig4.11 Protected station configurations with the FIU 19 indoor unit

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Fig 4.12 Site configurations using the RRIC indoor unit

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CERAGON Radio

CERAGON Radio System offers a compact, easy-to-deploy and cost-

effective broadband wireless solution supporting high capacity data, video and

voice communications in Wide Area Networks (WANs), Metropolitan Area

Networks (MANs) and Corporate/Campus applications. The system utilizes

advanced technologies to efficiently transport high capacity payloads with

fiber-like quality. Forward Error Correction (FEC) and powerful Digital

Signal Processor (DSP) are implemented in the design to ensure a low residual

BER (<10-13) and high system performance in all weather conditions.

1. Introduction

Ceragon radio operates in the 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 31, 32

and 38 GHz frequency bands. Designed as a full SONET/SDH regenerator,

the system provides one OC-3/STM-1 or three DS3/E3 interfaces over 155

Mbps utilizing 28/30 MHz of spectrum. In a protected (1+1) configuration,

two radio links are connected to provide redundancy while using the same

frequency channel.

2. Capacity

The capacity is in terms of E1. 2 x 2 (2E1), 4 x 2 (4E1), 8 x 2 (8E1), 16

x 2 (16E1), STM1 etc. According the capacity, appropriate hardware (ODU &

IDU) are required. Nokia FlexiHopper supports upto 16E1 and needs not be

upgraded till 16E1 but for higher capacity Ceragon Radios are used.

3. TX power

The transmitted power is one of the main factor in Link budgeting.

This power should be optimum. It should not be too high so that it is wasted.

Also transmitting high power may damage receiver at the other end. TX

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power should also not be low that the receiver side cannot receive signal at all.

The TX power is kept optimum.

The TX power range of SRAL ODU is 0-20 dBm where as that of Nokia is

between -6 to 20 dBm.

4. Antenna size

This is also an important factor. The larger the antenna the more is its

gain. So if large size antenna are used TX power can be reduced. But large

antenna costs more. So according to the requirement antenna size are chosen.

Generally large size antenna are used for long hop distance mainly on

highway.

1 Frequency

The frequency used for Transmission is an important factor. The

frequency is in range of GHz. But at high frequency there are more losses.

Formula

2 High & Low frequency end

The Nokia radios come in pair of High end frequency and Low end

frequency. So if transmitter is at high frequency then receiver is at low

frequency. This will reduce the interference with the adjacent link.

3 Polarization

The polarization of a hop can be kept horizontal or vertical. If there is

high low violation of frequencies and in no case change of frequency is

possible then polarization can be changed to reduce the interference. But it

should be noted that horizontal polarization has high propagation losses

compared to vertical polarization.

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4 Rain rate

The geographical location in which the site is located is also an

important factor. The climate has effect on the losses of microwave hop.

India is placed in rain zone N. According to standards the average rainfall in N

zone is 95 mm/hr. There are softwares which used this rain zone as one of the

factors to calculate the losses. Nokia Net Act planner is one of them.

5. BER (Bit Error Rate)

The Bit Error Rate indicates how many bits contain error during transmission.

Nokia hardware provides BER up to 10-3 and 10-6. BER is fixed for each

Nokia instrument.

Link budgeting

HOP MODEL

Outdoor Unit

Indoor Unit

Traffic

Outdoor Unit

Indoor Unit

Traffic

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Link Power Budget

Received Signal Level = Rxl

RxlB = TxA – LA + GA – Fl + GB – LB ………………………………………………..4.1

Where

TXA = Trans Power Station A

LA = Losses at Station A (Misc.)

GA = Antenna Gain at Station A

Fl = Free Space Losses

GB = Antenna Gain at Station B

LB = Losses at Station B

RxlB = Rx. Level at Station B

RXL must be > Receiver Sensitivity + Fade margin

Receiver Sensitivity

Lowest Possible Signal which can be detected by Receiver is called

Receiver Sensitivity or Threshold.

Threshold Value is Manufacturer Specific

Depends on Radio Design

Higher (-ve) Value Indicates better Radio Design

Fading

• Phenomenon of Attenuation of Signal Due to Atmospheric and

Propagation Conditions is called Fading

• Fading can occur due to

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• Refractions

• Reflections

• Atmospheric Anomalies

• Types of Fading

• Multi path Fading

• Frequency Selective Fading

• Rain Fading

• Multi path fading is caused due to reflected / refracted signals arriving

at receiver

Reflected Signals arrive with

Delay

Phase Shift

• Result in degradation of intended Signal

• Space Diversity Radio Configuration is used to Counter Multipath

Fading.

Frequency Selective Fading

• Frequency Selective Fading

• Due to Atmospheric anomalies different frequencies undergo

different attenuation levels

• Frequency Diversity Radio Configuration is used to Counter

Frequency Selective Fading

Rain Fading

• Frequency Band > 10 GHz are affected due to Rain as Droplet size is

comparable to Wavelengths

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• Rain Fading Occur over and above Multipath and Frequency Selective

Fading

• Horizontal Polarization is more prone to Rain Fades

• Path Diversity / Route Diversity is the only counter measure for Rain

Fade

As raindrops increase in size, they get more

extended in the Horizontal direction, and therefore

will attenuate horizontal polarization more than

vertical polarization

Fade Margin

• Margin required accounting for Fading – Fade Margin.

• Higher Fade Margin provides better Link Reliability.

• Fade Margin of 35 – 40 dB is normally provided.

Mechanical structure

Nokia Flexi Hopper outdoor unit

Fig 4.14 Nokia Flexi Hopper 15 GHz outdoor unit with integrated 30 cm antenna and alignment unit

1mm

2mm

1.5mm

2.5mm

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The antenna used with Nokia Flexi Hopper may be integrated or separate. Antennas are available in five sizes: 20, 30, 60, 120, and 180 cm. The sizes available depend on the frequency band of the unit. The polarization of the antenna can be easily changed by rotating the outdoor unit and the antenna feeder through 90 deg.

Basic Hardware Configurations

I. Non Protected or 1+0 Configuration

In this configuration the Microwave Radio equipments are connected in Spur Architecture, so there is no protection for each Radio equipment in case of any type of failure in the network. The information during failure of the network cannot be reached at the BSC.

II. Protected or 1+1 Configuration, also known as MHSB (Hot

Stand By)

In this Configuration the Microwave Radio Equipments are connected in Ring Architecture, so there exists a secondary path for data to reach at BSC even if there is any kind of failure in the network. It is also called “MHSB – Hot Stand By”.

4.4 FIU 19E indoor unit

FIU 19 has a modular construction, with optional plug-in units and an expansion unit. These allow different site configurations to be implemented flexibly and economically.

The FIU 19 indoor unit is only 2/3 U (29 mm) high. The maximum interface capacity of the main unit is 12 x 2 Mbit/s. Interface capacities over 12 x 2 Mbit/s can be implemented by install ling the 16 x 2 Mbit/s expansion unit underneath the main unit. The expansion unit has the same external dimensions as the main unit.

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Fig 4.15 FIU 19E Indoor Unit

FXC E1/T1

In mobile networks, many different ways are needed for routing the traffic. The traffic routes via the network elements are defined by using the cross-connection functions available in the network elements, and the traffic routing is basically the management of the cross-connections in the network elements. FXC E1 and FXC E1/T1 transmission units provide the transmission functionality, including cross-connections, for various Nokia transmission solutions. The units can be applied as single-unit transmission equipment or a multi-unit cross-connect node.

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Features

The main features of the FXC E1 and FXC E1/T1 transmission units are

• Four 2 Mbit/s (E1) Abis interfaces to the multi drop 2 Mbit/s transmission line.

• Four 1.5 Mbit/s (T1) Abis interfaces to the multi drop 1.5 Mbit/s transmission line. (Only in FXCE1/T1)

• In FXC E1/T1, each interface can be independently configured to E1 or T1mode.

• Cross-connections with the following granularities: 8k, 16k, 32k, 64k, n x 64k and 2M.

• Support for several cross-connection types.

• Grooming, branching and loop protection support.

• Ability to operate as a loop network master or slave.

• Handling of timeslot 0 at 2 Mbit/s interfaces. The 2 Mbit/s E1 frame/ multiframe structure transmitting and receiving functions at the 2 Mbit/s interfaces (HDB3 line coding, clock recovery, AIS detection etc.)

• The Rx-connector of line interface 4 can be used as a synchronization interface for externally provided 2048 kHz or 1544 kHz clock signals.

• Easy management of settings and transmission configurations both remotely and locally, using the Nokia Q1 management protocol. The management is carried out using Nokia NMS-compatible node manager software.

• Multiple Q1 management connections can be active simultaneously.

• Advanced testing features: the transmission unit’s internal tests can be started through the node manager.

• Applies the Nokia Q1 End-to-End traffic routing model which allows easy transmission network planning. Nokia Auto configuration is also supported for this purpose.

• Support for Nokia Auto configuration which eases and speeds up the setup and commissioning of the BTS and the whole base station system (BSS) network

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Flex bus interfaces

The Flex bus interfaces handle the communication between the FXC RRI and the radio or another indoor unit.

• Radio power feed (55 VDC)

• Separate short circuit protection for both radios

• Over voltage protection

2M cross-connect

• Cross-connection of data signals at 2 Mbit/s granularity.

• Data rate adoption between 2M line interfaces and Flex bus interfaces.

• Capacity bypassing from one Flex bus interface to another.

• Alarm indication signal (AIS) detection.

• Elastic buffers for signal justification/degasifications.

• Clock regeneration.

E1 framer / deframer

• 16 x 2M framer/deframer

• 2M line termination

Interface description

FXC RRI has two Flex bus interfaces on the front panel and a cross-connection

bus interface on the backplane. Through the Flex bus interfaces, FXC RRI can be connected to:

• Nokia Metro Hopper radio with 4 x 2 Mbit/s capacity

• Nokia Flexi Hopper radio with 2, 4, 8 or 16 x 2 Mbit/s capacity

• Another radio indoor unit with a Flex bus interface

In case Flex bus interface is connected to an outdoor unit, also power (55 VDC) can be fed through it to the outdoor unit. If the total Flex bus interface traffic in one FXC RRI is more than 16 x 2 Mbit/s, the extra traffic can be

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bypassed from one Flex bus interface to another in a separate 2 Mbit/s cross-connection field.

FXC RRI does not have a separate management connector, as it is managed via the Local Management Port (LMP) of the base station or the transmission node, or via Nokia Q1 bus.

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Chapter 5

Transmission Planning

5.1 Microwave Network Planning Process

Planning process:

Fig 5.1 Microwave Link Planning Process

N

N

Y

Y

RF Nominal Planning (NP)/ Application for Frequency

License

Define BSC Borders

Estimate BSC

Locations

Preliminary Transmission Planning and LOS Checking for

possible BSCs

Finalize BSC

Locations

Microwave Link Planning and LOS Checking for

BTSs

Update LOS Reports, Frequency Plan, Planning

Database, Equipment Summary

Customer to apply SACFA based on Nokia Technical

Inputs

Change BTS

Prime Candidate

?

Change BTS

Prime Candidate

?

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Design Basis

For Proper Transmission planning there are some Pre-requisite issues, which

must be considered before one start planning these are:

•Choice of Radio Equipment

Depending upon the surrounding clutter and Hop distance between two BTS site the planner chooses the best suitable Radio Equipment.

•

Fresnel Zone Clearance Objectives

While planning one must be aware of the Fresnel Zone between the two BTS

sites. The objective of obstacle free Fresnel zone is the key to perfect MW

Transmission planning.

•

Availability / Reliability Objectives

Whenever any one plans the new transmission link between any two BTS sites, one must take care of the future up gradation and reliability in terms of performance in any condition.

•

Interference Degradation Objectives

After the clear Fresnel Zone criteria the next thing in planning comes that is the new planned site provides minimum interference to the existing network.

•

Tower Height & Loading Restrictions

Care must be taken that two antennas should be approximately on the same heights so according to that criteria one must select the proper tower heights. Another thing is that the planned site should not overload the exiting sites in the network.

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5.2 The Transmission Network Planning (TNP) follows listed

3 STEPS:

LOS Survey (Line Of Sight Survey)

PCM Planning

Map Info

5.2.1 LINE –OF-SIGHT SURVEY (LOS)

The Line-of-Sight surveys should be done if radio links are going to be used as a transmission media. LOS field surveys must be done for all sites with radio links. Preliminary LOS checks can be done by planning tools to select possible LoS's. Line–Of–Sight surveys may be done during the pre visit or TSS or separately by external LOS contractor preferably before the TSS. Each implemented hop shall be LOS surveyed.

Panoramic photos and LOS verification to other defined sites needs to be verified. Information to/from LOS sites is recorded in the LOS report form. Repeaters and leased lines should be avoided as far as possible. If the site is important and no other option is possible this solution may have to be accepted.

Equipment Required

GPS Receiver- for measuring the latitudes and longitudes of new sites and n feeding the latitude and longitude of far end site to track the path for going to far end site.

Camera-for taking snaps of all four directions of the new site and the far end sites.

Magnetic Compass – for know the location in terms of directions for new site surveyed

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Binocular / Telescope- for measuring the bearing or angle to give the electrical or mechanical tilt.

Flashing Mirror- in flashing method

Flags-used in flag method

Balloon Set –used in balloon method

Measuring Tapes- to measure the height from which the LOS is clear

5.2.2 Methods for LOS Survey

The main aim of LOS survey is to check whether the Line Of Sight (LOS) between two sites is clear or not. If it is not clear then Microwave signal cannot reach to the receiver side.

There are several methods of LOS survey and few of them are described briefly as under.

Mirror method

Optical method

Flash light method

Balloon method

Mirror method

Two engineers required.

One stays on the transmitter site, second one on the receiver site/new planned site.

Both carry mirrors.

One uses the mirror to flash the suns light on the other one. This is dependent on suns direction

When the other one sees the flash he can easily judge that LOS is cleared.

But the disadvantages of this method are

Two engineers are needed. (In other methods one engineer will do)

LOS cannot be checked at night.

This method is not applicable for long distance hops.

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Optical Method

One of the best method used in today's telecom world for performing LOS Surveys.

Binoculars are used at particular Azimuth to locate the transmitter site.

Azimuth of the transmitter side is obtained by getting Latitude and Longitude of the transmitter site from the database.

The engineer can get the clear picture of LOS by this method

If there is any obstruction take necessary steps.

Increase the height of tower or pole if obstruction is small

Change the receiver site location.

Flash Light Method

Two engineers are required.

It can only be done at night.

Each one flashes light in the direction of other.

If flash of light is seen clearly then LOS is clear.

This method is also used for hop alignment, which is normally done at night when some of the sites have to be shut down.

Balloon Method

Used when LOS is not clear, and there is some obstacle in LOS.

Two engineers are required.

Engineer at Transmitter site holds up a balloon in hand and gradually releases the thread so balloon rises sufficiently to overcome height of obstacle.

Engineer at receiver site can see it clearly. Then the length of thread is measured and the tower should at least be set up of height equal to the length of thread to get clear LOS.

5.2.3 Microwave Links and Frequency

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Microwave links provide a viable high capacity alternative to fixed terrestrial transmission lines. Operating frequencies are 15, 18 and 23 GHz.

Main advantages are:

low operating costs

easy to install

flexible in capacity

Quick & reliable solution.

Main disadvantages are:

Needs a frequency license (not always available?)

weather dependant link quality in higher bands (rainfall, fog, ...)

not always applicable (needs line-of-sight between antennas)

Long distance hops are problematic in higher frequency bands.

Table 5.1 Achievable hop distances are approximately

NO. Type of Microwave Antenna Capacity

1 0.3M 0 to 2km

2 0.6M 2 to 5km

3 1.2M 6 to 12km

4 1.8M 12 to 18km

5 2.0m Above 18km

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5.2.4 LOS Survey Report

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5.3 PCM Planning

Capacity & Network Topology planning

The detailed transmission capacities are calculated. It is a basis for subsequent detailed transmission planning modules.

The following information is needed as inputs for the planning:

Allowed blocking probabilities at different interfaces

Equipment located at the site, their configurations

Estimated traffic load

Information of the Line of Sights between the sites

Predefined availability criteria and performed calculations during the network capacity & topology planning are used in defining possible connections between transmission equipment. These results are important in securing that the planned topology satisfies the pre-defined design criteria.

The network topology may consist of loop, chain, star, point to point configurations or any combination of them. The selected media (fiber, copper, and microwave radio), technology (PDH, SDH) and the utilization of possible existing network or leased lines are important in this phase. Capacity planning produces the transport capacities needed at transmission links.

The result of this module is the network layout diagram of the cellular transmission network including the possible micro cellular network layer and core networks. The required connections between network element and the capacities of the connections are calculated.

Result of the capacity & network topology planning:

a transmission network diagram for base station access and core networks showing capacity requirements, media selection, transmission network topology and protection which fulfils the pre-5.3.1 Microwave link planning

The detailed microwave link plan is prepared. Microwave link planning consists of performance calculation, path profile analysis and frequency planning.

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The inputs for these planning activities are mainly the exact co-ordinates of the sites, available frequency bands, radio equipment data and geographical data.

Performance calculation ensures that the availability requirements are fulfilled. Hop calculations and route availability calculations are carried out. Frequency planning allocates frequencies to each hop and checks star-points interference.

Preliminary path profile analysis by Net Act Planner can be done to check that Line-of-Sight (LoS) between two sites is possible. To ensure that there is an existing LoS between microwave link terminals and no potential interfering reflections exist Line-of-Sight Survey must be performed in the field.

The results of the module include defined power levels, antenna sizes, performance calculations, antenna heights, antenna directions and hop length for link hops. Also other possible parameters needed for the equipment are defined. The required repeater stations will be identified. Frequencies are allocated to hops with minimum interference, especially at star-points. The planned links will satisfy the pre-defined availability requirements.

Result of the microwave link planning:

Power levels (TX/Rx)

Antenna sizes

Performance calculations

Antenna heights

Antenna directions

Hop lengths

5.3.2 Detail 2MB Transmission Plan

After the Capacity &Topology module the routing of the traffic through the selected equipment has to be done. 2 Mbit/s planning defines the routes of the 2Mbit/s connections through the base station access network including the information of used interfaces of the selected transmission equipment.

Result of the 2Mbit/s planning is a transmission network diagram where the connections between the network elements are described in 2 Mbit/s level.

Result of the 2 Mbit/s planning:

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Transmission network diagram is where the base station access network connections between the network elements are described in 2 Mbit/s level.

A detailed 2 MB plan for the Airtel transmission network has been prepared by as. The following are the main objectives of this detailed transmission plan:

To identify the physical ports used in connecting adjacent network elements.

To document the 2M connections between network elements.

To identify and document the ET ports being used at the BSC.

To identify and document the DN2 port allocation for different 2Mb tributaries.

To identify and document the timeslot allocation for different BTS’s.

To document the Q1 transmission management plan.

The detailed transmission plan is based on the loop network topology chosen for the airtel network. Following are the main guidelines that have been followed for the 2MB design for Airtel network: -

All the sites in the network have been assumed to be having a TRX configuration of 1+1+1 at the time of launch.

One standard radio (FIU) has been used per loop.

For BTS sites collocated with the BSC, FXC E1 card has been used.

Each 20 port DN2 in the network is capable of handling 6 x 2MB tributaries coming from the two different directions of the loops.

Consecutive BTS sites have been allocated to different 2Mb tributaries. This has been done to reduce the effect of a 2MB failure on the RF coverage.

One 2M has been kept over the same radio frame over the entire connection.

Possibility of TRX capacity expansion has been kept in mind while allocating the BTS’s to the 2MB tributaries.

5.3.3 Timeslot and cross-connect planning

In this module the time-slot usage is defined at transport link and needed branching are defined in related nodes.

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The inputs required are the detailed transmission plan in 2Mbit/s level in BTS access network, the exact configurations of the equipment and the required capacity at each site.

The results of this module include time-slot allocation information of transmission links in BSS access network. Needed branching and cross-connections for the equipment, which have cross-connection functionality, has been planne.Time-slot allocations of transmission links in BSS access network.

Branching and cross-connection tables for the equipment, which have cross-connection functionality

5.4 ABIS Timeslot Allocation:

The timeslot allocation strategy followed for Airtel network is depicted in the following table;, each E1 has 2.048 MB and configuration time slot of one E1 is shown below table.

Table 5.2 Time Slot of E1 Configuration

Time slot

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 40 Link management1 X:X:X X:X:X X:X:X X:X:X2 X:X:X X:X:X X:X:X X:X:X34567 BTS No TRX no Time slot No810111213141516171819

64 Kbps16 Kbps

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20212223

Reserved for EDAP pool ( For EDGE)

2425262728

Signaling Purpose ( management alarm signal)293031

As shown above one sub time slot is 16 Kbps and one time slot has four sub times slot so total capacity is 64 Kbps. One E1 contain 32 time slot so final capacity is 2.048 MB.

5.4.1 Time Slot Allocation in Traffic Plan

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Fig 5.2 Time Slot Allocation in Traffic Plan

Traffic channel remains 16 kbps on Abis interface along with the addition of some signaling channel required for transceivers and base station signaling

Each TRX needs 2 timeslots of 64 kbps and one signaling channel of 16 kbps.

One signaling channel required for each Base Station known as Base Station Control or BCF signaling.

Timeslot allocation planning involves allocation of traffic channels and timeslots for traffic and signaling apart from timing pilot bits for synchronization and loop control bits.

Transmission planning engineer should remember to reserve some port for 2Mbps connection between BSC and MSC which is called here as ATER.

For loop protection, MCB and LCB bits in time slot 31 are used.

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MCB is Master Control Bit used to indicate whether or not the clock timing is based on master or not. If synchronization is based on master slave technic then MCB=1 also indicates that there is sync fault with the flow of timing signal and the equipment is not receiving timing from the master.

LCB is the Loop Control Bit when it is 0 indicates the possibility of timing loop and there exist a loop topology in the network.

MCB=0 indicates Signal based on Master Clock.

MCB=1 indicates Signal based on some other Clock.

LCB=0 Synchronies slave from master i.e. no possibility of timing loop

LCB=1 do not synchronies slave from master i.e. may be possibility of timing loop.

Q1 is the master slave management protocol used to manage applicants PDH network elements. Mobile equipment to be managed are coupled on common management bus. Management work station WS1 or WS2 is connected either directly to local management interface of managed network element through management interface of another network element and a management bus of telecom network.

Management work station serves as master that sends commands to network element. Mobile Equipment (slave) does not send anything on its own but replies only to the queries sent by the management workstation.

Exchange of information between management work station and network element takes place asynchronously in 11 bit frames.Longer messages comprises of 1 to 26 frames. Each sent by master contain address of network element for which it is intended and each message sent by network element again starts with address frame containing address of network element.

5.4.2 Traffic Plan for Different Configuration of Trx

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Fig 5.3 Traffic Plan for 222 configuration of TRx

TRAFFIC PLAN FOR 333 CONFIGURATION OF TRX

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Fig 5.4 Traffic Plan for 333 configuration of TRx

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Fig 5.5 Traffic Plan for 444 configuration of TRx

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Fig 5.5.1 Traffic Plan for 444 with EDGE configuration of TRx

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. Fig 5.5.2 Traffic Plan for 444 with EDGE configuration of TRx

5.4.3 DN2 Port Allocation

BSC DN2 Network Ports (IU)

Exchange Terminals (ET)

Fig 5.6 DN2 Port Allocation

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There are no strict guidelines for port allocation in a DN2 between the BSC and the BTS loop. The BSC ET and one of the directions of the loop have been assigned to the same IU (Interface Unit) on the DN2. This implies that the two directions of the loop have been terminated on different IU’s on the DN2 to protect the loop from complete failure in case one IU card of the DN2 goes faulty.

Also as a general rule, Nokia has followed the normal technique of allocating odd numbered ports to the BSC ports and the even numbered ports plus the remaining odd numbered ports for the network ports. This is depicted in the figure shown below:

5.5 ET Allocation A-Bis

ET allocations for the Airtel Transmission network have been done so as to allow TRX expansion with in a single ET. Single et port is required for spur site while two port required for protected site and three port required for EDGE site, here in this project we conceder EDGE will be proposed very soon so capacity expansion is considered. While allocating ET port to BTS we have to conceder some port is reserved for sharing with other operator so this port can not be used by us. This all information regarding capacity and ET port allocation is shown in the PCM plan at the end of this section. now a day 26 port DN2 also available and alternative for this DN2 is metro hub noe a days metro hub is not widely used in net work. All new BTS planning is done with help of DN2 only.

Also, ET allocations on the ABIS have been done so as to reduce the effect of a failure of a port on the ET card. It is important to distribute the outages throughout the system so that no one area loses services from adjacent sites. Although calls on the failed sites will drop, the adjacent sites in many Cases should provide enough overlapping coverage for the missing sites. For this reason, adjacent sites have not been allocated to the same ET in the BSC. An example of this is shown in the figure below

Fig 5.7 ET in BSC

BTS4

ET33BSC DN2

2

BTS7

BTS6

BTS5

BTS3

BTS2BTS1

BTS8

ET32 ET33

ET34

ET32

ET34

ET35

ET35

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5.5.1 Standard Microwave Radio FIU 19 Tributary Allocation for Loop Protection

It was standardized by Airtel Mumbai to use one FIU (1+0) radio per loop. However, if both the directions of the BTS loop are catered by a single FIU, then the failure of FIU results in the total failure of the loop. Therefore a mechanism of providing protection was agreed upon.

For loops that originate from the BSC directly, one direction of the loop is terminated into the FIU, which is designated for that loop. However the other direction of the loop has now been terminated on the FIU that has been designated for the second loop from the BSC. With this kind of an arrangement, the failure of an FIU does not cause the failure of the loop since the traffic of the BTS sites in the loop can still be brought to the BSC via other FIU.

This arrangement is depicted in the figure below: In case of more than 2 loops at the BSC, the secondary direction of loop 1 is terminated at FIU for loop 2, secondary direction of loop 2 at FIU of loop 3 and so on.

Since all the loops in the Airtel network are at present 4E1,8E1, 16E1 it implies that 4E1 traffic flows in both directions of the loop. Therefore eight 2MB ports are needed at the FIU per loop.

Fig 5.8 FIU in Loop

With the configuration described above, same will be applied for 16E1 loop we required 32 2 MB port. For Loop 1 in the above figure, the 4E1 traffic from the primary direction of the loop has been extracted from FIU1 from the 2M-port nos. 1,2 3 and 4 on FIU1. For the secondary direction of the loop that is connected to FIU 2 the traffic has been extracted from 2M-port nos. 9, 10, 11 and 12 of FIU2.

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5.6 Steps for New Site to be planned for Transmission

1) Collect required information from the given GSM tracker.

2) GSM tracker contains all the details like far end, no. of trx to be used for this site, type of the site, whether it located at in the city zone or in village etc.

3) Plan the new site in the BSC for which it is needed.

4) Find the far end in the given BSC. Far end means the site which already exists and from that the new site will be given path towards BSC.

5) Give the shortest available path towards BSC from the PDH and SDH hops.

6) In GSM check the remark for micro wave link is clear or to use lease line.

7) Now do the same plan in other excel sheet showing only the sites through which the E1 is going towards BSC and the E1 used which is called PCM planning.

8) After that give the time slot mapping in the traffic plan for the required number of TRX.

9) See whether the site is to be planned with EDGE or not. This information will be available from GSM tracker depending on the site to be planned is located in the city pr village.

10) Make a folder and place the PCM plan and Traffic plan in that.

5.6.1 Now according to the steps new site planned in transmission is shown below

Fig 5.9 Information for the new site plan

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From this given sheet we can know

The BSC in which the site is to be planned which is BSC47GOD.

The far end of the given site i.e. 3949 Vandeli and also that the path towards BSC is clear.

No leased line is required.

Also the site name i.e. Radhikpur and site id i.e. 3840

5.6.2 GSM Tracker for the new site

Fig 5.10 GSM Tracker

From this GSM tracker we can get the information that…

This site needs 6 TRX each sector in 2 2 2 configuration.

The cluster is Baroda zone and the city name is Radhikpur.

The New Town indicates it is the site of village so no GPRS or EDGE required.

Type of the site GBT i.e. Ground Base Tower.

The equipment used is Flexi indoor.

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5.6.3 New site plan in BSC

Fig 5.11 New site Plan in BSC

From the above BSC we can see the new site to be planned is shown in pink color till it is unlocked and practically implemented at the site.

The E1 path towards BSC is also shown that through which sites the E1 is passing and reaching to the BSC.

Other sites shown in brown color are the existing sites and working at present.

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5.6.4 Allocating ET Port from the ET details

Fig 5.12 ET Allocation in BSC

From the ET details we can see that ET port allocated to site Radhikpur is 297 which is available and indicated by blue color till it is practically implemented at the site. Other is the site id and names which already exists in the BSC.

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5.6.5 PCM Plan of site

Fig 5.13 PCM plan for site

From this PCM plan we can know how the new site is given an E1 path and through which sites the path goes towards BSC.

First block is the BSC and it shows the site Id, number of TRX in each sector and the ET port allocated to the site from the BSC.

5.6.6 Traffic Plan for the site

Fig 5.14 Traffic Plan format

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From the traffic plan we can show how the time slot mapping of E1 channel is done.

Here the traffic channel is allocated in time slot 2 and time slot 1 is given for link management.

Number of TRX used here are 6 in 222 configuration in 3 sectors(directions) so the numbers given are 1,2,5,6,9 and 10 in all the sectors.

Time slot 27 and half of 28 is used for signaling of TRX.

Time slot 31 used for BCF signaling through which the information goes.

P1 indicates the priority for the site.

MCB/LCB is used for loop protection. MCB is the Master Control Bit indicates whether or not the clock timing is based on master or not. LCB is the Loop Control Bit indicates the possibility of loop topology in the network

5.6.7 TRx Signaling

ET_ID SIG TRAFFIC BIT RATECOMBINE SIG

297 27,0 1 16 N

297 27,2 3 16 N

297 27,4 5 16 N

297 27,6 7 16 N

297 28,0 9 16 N

297 28,2 11 16 N

297 31,2 16 N

Fig 5.15 TRx Signaling

From here we can see that signaling to the TRX are provided at which time slot of E1 channel also the traffic channel runs on which timeslot and the bit rate i.e. 16Kbps.

Also it shows that the signaling is in compressed mode or not i.e when there is a need of more than 13 TRX it is given as compressed mode and as here only 6 TRX are used it is not used in compressed mode.

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Thus by following these steps we can plan any new site which is required. There are many different configurations for planning the site. The site which is planned here is for single chain configuration.

Site Planning in Multidrop Topology

Another method is to plan the site in Multi Drop Chain. This method is used when the path towards BSC is not available because of no capacity in the Hop and thus we have to share the path with another E1 and also share the ET port with the existing site.

Example of a multidrop chain site to be planned is given in the next section.

5.7 PCM Plan in BSC of Multidrop site plan

Fig 5.16 Multi drop site Plan

From this plan we can see that one site is planned in multidrop configuration with another which is reflected as shown in red colored connector.

Thus by this method we can plan the site in multidrop configuration.

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5.7.1 PCM Plan for the Site plan in Multidrop

Fig 5.17 Multidrop PCM plan

From this PCM plan separately we can see that how the new site is connected in multidrop with the existing site due to unavaiblity of the path

Thus we can see that 2681 Sutarpada town is the new site and it is planned in multidrop in the path of other existing site i.e. 2438.

5.7.2 Traffic plan for the site plan in Multidrop

From this traffic plan we can see how the E1 time slot is allocated to the new site with the existing site.

No. of TRx are double because of New site and existing site.

Red colour for old existing site and green colour for the new site indicate TRx signaling..

Since both the sites are in multidrop and have same 222 configuration of TRx so both will use same number of TRX i.e. 1,2,5,6,9,10.

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Fig 5.18 Multidrop Traffic plan

TRX Signaling for the site planned in multidrop

ET_ID SIG TRAFFIC BIT RATECOMBINE

SIG

326 28,4 13 16 N

326 28,6 15 16 N

326 29,0 17 16 N

326 29,2 19 16 N

326 29,4 21 16 N

326 29,6 23 16 N

326 30,0 16 N

Fig 5.19 Multidrop TRx Signaling

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From this TRX signaling we can see that signaling to the new site in multidrop is provided in the time slot 28 and 29 as the timeslot 27 is given to the site with which the new site is in multidrop chain configuration.

5.8 MAP Info Professional

5.8.1 Introduction to Map Info Professional

With MapInfo, the power of desktop mapping is at your complete disposal. You can display your data as points, as thematically shaded regions, as pie or bar charts, as districts, etc. You can perform geographic operations such as redistricting, combining and splitting objects, and buffering. You can also make queries against your data and access your remote data directly from MapInfo.

For example, MapInfo can show which branch store is the closest to your biggest customers. It can calculate the distances between customers and stores; it can show you the customers who spent the most last year; it can color-code the store symbols by sales volume. What makes it all come together is a visual display of your data on the map.

Microsoft Windows 98, Windows 95 and Office Compatible

MapInfo is Microsoft Windows 98 and Windows 95 and Office compatible, so you will feel right at home with its windowing environment. MapInfo is designed to fit smoothly into your work environment, so it only changes the results you get, not the way you work.

Maps and Data

To begin with, you can use the data you already have, in the form it's already in spreadsheets such as Lotus 1_2_3 and Excel, databases such as dBase/FoxBASE, popular CAD packages, and other GIS applications, to name just a few. If your data is on a remote database, you can access it directly from MapInfo. If you have data that is not already online, you can create database files right inside MapInfo, or use data supplied by MapInfo such as census data. Similarly, you can use any of thousands of maps available from MapInfo, everything from street and highway maps to world maps. You can also create your own maps, either in MapInfo or with a drawing package. Anything that can be diagrammed floor plans, flow charts, even brain anatomy can be treated as a map and entered into MapInfo. After you've organized your

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data visually, you'll save the results to files, or send them to any of the dozens of printers and plotters MapInfo recognizes.

Feature Rundown

MapInfo gives you the processing power of databases (including powerful SQL queries) and the visual power of maps, plus charts and graphs. It's an essential business tool for data analysis, sales, and presentations.

Here is a look at some of the things MapInfo offers

Direct opening of files created with dBase or FoxBASE, delimited ASCII, Lotus 1_2_3,and Microsoft Excel; importing of graphics files in a variety of formats; function for creating database files from within MapInfo.

Multiple views of your data in three formats: Map, Browser, and Graph windows.

Hot Views technology allows you to open multiple views of the same data simultaneously and update all views automatically when you make a change to any one view. Live ODBC access to remote database data such as Oracle and Sybase.

Seamless map layers that allow you to handle several map layers as if they were one layer. Cartographic legends, enabling you to create and customize legends for any map layer.

Thematic maps to create analyses of your data with high visual impact, including the new grid surface theme.

Use raster underlay capabilities to enhance your work session.

Querying capabilities ranging from simple selections of data from a single file to complex SQL queries from one or more files.

Workspaces that save all your settings and views so you can start where you left off at the end of your last work session.

OLE embedding of Map windows into other applications

A comprehensive array of drawing and editing tools and other functions for customizing your maps.

Thousands of ready-made maps and functions for creating your own maps.

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Seagate Crystal Reports, the industry standard report writing program, allows you to create reports of your tabular data directly in MapInfo.

A layout window for preparing output.

The ability to change the projection of your map for display or digitizing.

When it's time to run MapInfo, you'll feel right at home with its windowing environment.

After you've organized your data visually, you'll save the results to files, or send them to a postscript or HPGL printer or plotter.

MapInfo has exhaustively tested MapInfo Professional under the following Microsoft Windows Desktop Operating Systems:

Windows 2000 Professional

Window XP Home Edition

Windows XP Professional

MapInfo has exhaustively tested MapInfo Professional under the following Microsoft Windows Server Operating Systems:

Windows 2003 Server

Windows 2003 with Terminal Services with Citrix Meta Frame technology.

MapInfo has performed Installation and validation testing on the following 64Bit Windows Operating System:

Microsoft's 64-bit Windows XP Professional with 32 Bit compatibility mode.

Note: There are no special installation instructions for installing MapInfo Professional on a 64Bit Windows Operating System.

Output Options

Work you do in MapInfo Professional should be accessible to everyone. These Publishing features make it easy to put your analysis into colleagues' and executives' hands.

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MapInfo Discovery Connectivity allows you to send MapInfo Professional map workspaces to a MapInfo Discovery enabled server where anyone with a Browser can view maps you publish.

MapInfo MapX Mobile Tool provides a quick and easy way to export MapInfo Professional map windows to Pocket PC devices running MapInfo MapX Mobile applications.

Crystal Reports version 8.5 provides powerful, user-friendly controls for creating complex reports, including the ability to embed maps via OLE and add charts; new wizards and templates for report layouts extensive export options to formats such as PDF, HTML or XML. The reporting engine comes with a powerful yet user-friendly interface for creating complex reports.  Some of the feature highlights are: Back end Microsoft Access engine (MDB Files) ability to embed MapInfo maps, add charts, wizards and templates for report layout.  Extensive export options such as PDF, XML, HTML and Excel formats are also available.  

Export Window allows you to choose a resolution that meets your needs.

Workspace Packager, a workspace sharing tool provides an interface that can copy all open files to a single directory and recreate the workspace referencing the new directory.  The utility facilitates the successful sharing of complex workspaces that often access many network locations and data types.

Save map window with coordinates

There are two use examples/benefits to this feature.

1) Ability to save a base map as a raster to simplify the map and speed up display

2) Trim large raster images and produce smaller sections w/geo-data

Export to Google Earth is yet another option for MapInfo Professional users to share results of their work with others in their organization. The Google Earth Utility allows users to overlay MapInfo Professional data and maps over Google Earth imagery. This ability can aid in enhancing the presentation of analysis maps when communicating MapInfo Professional analysis results with the rest of the organization.

Print to PDF

 MapInfo has bundled a PDF viewer with MapInfo Professional. This is a commonly used tool for creating and viewing maps in PDF format. PDF format is a very common and interoperable format for sharing documents

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which simplifies the ability to share analysis results with the rest of the organization.

Create Points

MapInfo Professional also allows you to create points quickly and easily.  If your data already contains coordinates - longitude and latitude or others, you can map it directly by creating point objects from the coordinates. If not, you can still get your data on the map either by geocoding or by joining your data with an existing map layer to analyze your data.

Raster Display Option

One of the most powerful aspects of MapInfo Professional is its ability to combine data from widely different sources, even with different formats and projections, in the same map window. Once combined in the map window, relationships that only exist geographically are revealed. You can also overlay vector and raster data together. In the map window, you can control the order of layers, their display characteristics, and labeling. You can also control the translucency of raster images. Now, instead of simple backdrops, raster images can be made semi-transparent and mixed with vector and other raster images.

Data Access

MapInfo Professional has been enhanced to offer even more powerful

enterprise data access with support for the following applications:

Oracle Spatial 10G including 10G Locator, 9iR2

Microsoft Access XP

Microsoft SQL Server version 2000 & 2005

MapInfo SpatialWare 4.8.1

Informix 9.4

Many private and public organizations use Oracle as the back office standard

for their data.  MapInfo Professional supports Oracle as well as Oracle Spatial

directly, thus enabling these organizations to analyze the data from its original

source without additional IT effort on middleware.< SPAN>

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In addition to offering enhanced enterprise data access, MapInfo

Professional enables you to access local data in a wide variety of formats

including:

vector data in MapInfo TAB and WMF files

raster data in BMP, JPG, TIFF, BIL, SID, PNG, PSD and ECW files

grid data in MapInfo MIG, VMGrid, DEM, DTED levels 0-2, ESRI

Grid, and GTOPO30 files

tabular data in Delimited ASCII text, XLS, WKS, DBF and MDB files

Microsoft Excel and CSV data

Direct reading of ESRI Shape File format

Support for GML V2 (Geography Markup Language). Allows the

importing of individual files for OS Master map Independent polygon

format, which is supplied by the UK Ordnance Survey

Extensive support for imagery (Raster) formats including built-in

MrSid and ECW support, ERDAS IMG, Air Photo USA, GIF,

JPEG2000 Import and Export support, built-in support for ADRG,

CADRG, CIB, ASRP and NTIF (Government Raster Formats), PDF

and XML support for exporting reports (through Crystal Reports 8.5)

MapInfo Documentation Set

In addition to the User's Guide, MapInfo's documentation set includes the online Reference, online Help; Web enabled online Tutorial, and the Status Bar.

MapInfo Reference

MapInfo's online Reference is a complete guide to all MapInfo menu commands, tools, and functionality. Alphabetically organized, each entry provides step by step instructions for completing dialogs and carrying out the various operations.

Installing the Online Reference

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Access the online MapInfo Professional Reference or the Crystal Reports User's Guide directly from the MapInfo CD, or install the Adobe_ Acrobat Reader to access the files locally.

Choose to access either of the online manuals directly from the CD.

To install the documentation locally:

1. Install the Acrobat_ Reader.

2. Copy the files from the [CD_ROM]:\PDF_DOCS folder to a local directory. Mi_ref.pdf is the MapInfo Professional Reference Guide and requires 3 MB of disk space. Crw_ref.pdf is the Crystal Reports User's Guide and requires 13 MB of disk space.

3. From Windows Explorer, double_click on either file to automatically launch the Acrobat_ Reader and the online books.

References

Paper / Articles

1. General description of a GSM Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) ”Vol.19, No. 2, PP, 105-111; March 1991

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Book

2. Millman, J. and Halkias, C.C., Integrated Electronics-Analog and Digital Circuits, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

Data Manuals

3. Nokia Systra manual, Nokia Telecommunications , Finland ,1998

4. Nokia Metro site GSM user base station manual, Nokia

Telecommunications , Finland ,1998

5. Nokia Ultrasite EDGE product description, Nokia

Telecommunications , Finland ,2001

6. Nokia telecommunication customer training, Nokia

Telecommunications , Finland ,2003

Web Sites

7 www.mobile3G.com/electronics

8 www.nokia.com

9 www.gsmworld.com/technology/gsm.shtml

10 www.openmobilealliance

11 www.adacellworks.com

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