English Thesis Writing Standards for Academic Degrees of International Postgraduates at Harbin Institute of

Technology (HIT), China

Graduate School of Harbin Institute of Technology

June 2016

Contents

1 Contents Requirements................................................................................................32 Writing Rules.............................................................................................................63.Printing Requirements............................................................................................13Appendix 1 Legal Units of Measurement of the People's Republic of China.......19Appendix 2 Provisions concerning the Use of Numerals........................................22Appendix 3 National Standards for Figures, Symbols and Text Symbols in Electrical Diagrams....................................................................................................23Appendix 4 Rules for References..............................................................................23Appendix 5 Example of Thesis Cover I....................................................................26

Example of Thesis Cover II...................................................................26

English Thesis Writing Standards for Academic Degrees of International Postgraduate Students at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) China

A thesis for academic degree is a comprehensive summary of the research work of a postgraduate, an important academic document which describes the research results and represents the research level, and a fundamental basis of applying for and conferring a specific degree on a postgraduate. Thesis writing is one of the basic trainings in the process of postgraduate education and should be implemented in accordance with the established specifications. Postgraduates should write the thesis with a careful and serious attitude, and supervisors should strengthen their guidance and guarantee the quality assurance.

Thesis writing should seek truth from facts and avoid any misconduct such as fraud or plagiarism; meet the requirements in accordance with relevant standards established by the State and related professional departments, and conform to the norms of English grammar.

Master’s thesis and doctoral dissertation share the same writing standards irrespective of the difference in the total number of words, the theoretical depth, and original / creative achievements. For postgraduates in Humanities, Social Sciences and Management, more supplementary specifics may add to the academic norms on the basis of the present writing standards.

1 Contents Requirements

1.1 Title

The title in English and Chinese (The Chinese title is usually less than 25 Chinese characters) should be concise, reflecting the most important part of the thesis appropriately, accurately and scientifically. The title is usually composed of noun phrases with no punctuation; it should avoid abbreviations uncommonly used, acronyms, characters, symbols or formulae.

Given that the title is difficult to simplify due to its rich content levels, the title and subtitle could be used. In that case, the total number of Chinese characters of the title and subtitle should be less than 35. The Chinese title and subtitle are connected with a dash while the English ones are connected with a colon. The subtitle functions to supplement or illustrate the title. The title and subtitle should be consistent throughout the whole thesis.

1.2 Abstract and Key Words

1.2.1 Abstract

The abstract is a summary of the thesis, independent and self-contained. It means that through reading the abstract one can learn the necessary information of the thesis without reading the whole thesis. The abstract should contain the purpose of the thesis, theoretical and practical significance, the main research content and research methods with results and conclusions highlighted.

The content of the abstract should be complete, objective and accurate, without overstatement or misleading information. The abstract should be written in a clear logic, and should be different from a brief introduction of the contents. The first person can be used only when the values and experiential evaluation of the author are addressed. As a common practice, the third person is used for abstract writing, especially when describing the research content, research methods and main conclusions. The abstract should avoid subjective evaluation or too much description about the

background, purpose, significance, concepts and general theory (common sense).

Standard terminology should be used in the abstract (including the names of places, organizations and people). Formulae, chemical structure formulae, charts, uncommonly used abbreviations, symbols and terminology which are unknown to the public should be avoided. The serial number of reference should not be marked in the abstract.

The abstract of doctoral dissertation should include:

(1) The research background and purpose of the dissertation. The research background and significance of the dissertation, the current research situation in related fields, and the key scientific issue in the dissertation should be concisely expressed so that readers can understand the necessity and importance of the chosen topic. The description of this part should be brief, usually running no more than 800 English words.

(2) The main research content of the dissertation. This part introduces the key issue to be settled, the main research work to be conducted and the related method or approach to be implemented so that readers may understand the rationality and advancement of the research ideas, research schemes and research methodology.

(3) The main innovations of the dissertation. This part should concisely introduce main information: the fresh ideas, new perspectives, novel technologies, innovative methods, convincing conclusions, helping readers to understand the originality of the dissertation.

(4) Theoretical and practical significance of the research results. This part should objectively and briefly introduce the theoretical and practical value of the dissertation, leading readers to gasp the academic value quickly.

1.2.2 Key Words

Key words are the subject entries for retrieval. Key words should present the special characteristics of the thesis, and reflect the essence of the research results, meaningful and clear in the thesis. 3~6 key words derived from a given discipline should be listed, and displayed in the order of importance.

1.3 Contents

Chapters and sections are arranged in a clear order, including the titles of all the chapters, sections, and articles in the form of page number.

1.4 The Text of the Thesis

The text of the thesis includes the introduction, the main body of the thesis and the conclusion.

1.4.1 Introduction

The introduction as the first chapter of the thesis should include the source of the project, research background, theoretical and practical significance of the research; the progress and achievements in the related fields at home and abroad, the existing problems or problems to be further investigated. The introduction should summarize the theoretical analysis framework, research contents, research procedures and methodology.

The introduction should place an emphasis on accurate citations / references at home and abroad. Regarding the contents of the introduction, future tense should be used, and the contents

of the thesis should not be used directly as the research content.

1.4.2 The Main Body of the Thesis

The main body is the central part of a thesis, which should be structured in a clear logic, with the research focused highlighted, language concise and fluent. Coherence between chapters and sections is emphasized, integrating each part into the whole thesis. The data presented in the thesis must be reliable, inference sound, and conclusions convincing, without any conceptual or scientific errors. Detailed specifics for the scientific experiment, the conditions of computer simulations, the experiment process, the simulation process, and so on are required. Any attempts to give results, curves, and conclusions directly should be avoided. Citing others’ achievements or quoting others’ sayings should indicate a clear source. Efforts are needed to distinguish between others’ theory / results and yours.

A section summary is required at the end of each main chapter, with the exception of the chapter describing the experimental methods and materials. The summary is the concise and accurate sum-up and generalization about the content, method and result of each chapter as well as the basis of the final conclusion of the thesis.

1.4.3 Conclusion

Conclusion as an important part of the thesis should be written separately, without serial number or references. Conclusion should be written in both Chinese and English languages. The Chinese version usually runs no more than 2000 Chinese characters.

Conclusion should be a summary of the innovative achievements made by the author in the research process of the thesis, and should not be confused with the abstract. The conclusion in the doctoral dissertation includes three parts: the main results, innovative points and prospects. In the conclusion, one should generalize the central points of the thesis, clearly and objectively point out the innovative achievements of the research (including new thoughts, fresh ideas, novel methods, technological innovation, theoretical advancement), coupled with the prospects and plans for further research work. Scientific and accurate evaluation about the innovative achievements from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives are emphasized, in the form (1), (2), (3)... More importantly, the following basic requirements must be observed while writing the conclusion:

(1) The conclusion is relatively independent, and is not a simple repetition of the summary of each chapter. The conclusion should be echoed with the introduction, reflecting the value of the thesis with its own organization, clarity and objectivity. Appropriate evaluation about the innovative parts is stressed.

(2) The words used in the conclusion should be accurate, rigorous and unambiguous, and words such as "probably", "maybe", "may be" should be avoided. The results should be given directly in the conclusion, with no explanatory words. The name of the unit instead of the symbol is usually used in the conclusion.

(3) The limitations and the remaining problems of the research work should be addressed in the conclusion such as the limitation of the condition, exceptions and problems difficult to explain or resolve.

(4) The results of common sense or results from others should not appear in the conclusion.

1.5 References

All the cited literature should be included in the references and ordered in a sequence. The same

article has only one serial number.

Citations from the original documents are strongly encouraged. If difficult to do so, the secondary citations should indicate original literature.

The total number of references in a doctoral dissertation is generally no less than 100, and the total number of the references in a master's thesis is no less than 40. References in the past five years should not be less than 1/3 of the total number and there should be references in the recent two years.

Textbooks, product brochures, national standard, unpublished research reports (well-known internal reports such as PB / AD reports and technical reports in famous big companies should be excluded) are usually not used as references.

With regard to the use of the online resources, precise website address must be indicated. The number of the online resources and varied standards should not be included in the references aforementioned. The papers published during the doctoral study should not be put into references.

1.6 Papers Published during the Study for an Academic Degree

Papers published during the study for an academic degree (including the accepted papers) which are related to the content of the thesis, should be listed at the end of the thesis. The scientific research achievement and patent obtained during the study for an academic degree should be separately listed as one item. The papers which are not related to the thesis or which are signed as the second or after the second author (excluding the papers in which the first author is the supervisor or the associate supervisor) should not be listed.

1.7 Statement of Originality and the Use of Authorization

Authors can directly download the electronic version of this part. The author and the supervisor should sign their names.

1.8 Acknowledgement

The author should express gratitude to the supervisor, institutions and individuals that give guidance or assistance in completing the thesis. Thanks also go to the people who provide funding to the project. The language in this part should be simple and implicit.

1.9 Author Biography

It includes the learning experience and working experience of the author.

2 Writing Rules

2.1 The Number of Words in the Text of the Thesis

Word count in a doctoral dissertation is generally 45 to 50 thousand English words (including tables and figures).

Word count in a Master’s thesis is generally 22 to 25 thousand English words (including tables and figures).

2.2 Thesis Writing

All theses should be input, edited and printed on the computer.

The page number should be centered at the bottom line; and the page number in the abstract,

contents, name of physical unit, symbols, and tables should be edited separately with the Roman numerals before the text. The page number of the text should be edited with the Arabic numerals.

The title page and abstract in the master’s thesis and the title page, abstract, contents, graphs and tables in the doctoral dissertation should be written in both Chinese and English language, with Chinese version coming before the English version.

The title page, abstract and contents in the theses of international students and that of foreign language major students should be written in both Chinese and English languages. The rest of the thesis should be written in English or the language related to their subjects. The title page, abstract and the contents in English should be separately written on another page.

2.3 Abstract

The abstract in the master’s thesis should be 300~500 English words, and the abstract in the doctoral dissertation should be 500~800 English words. The principle is to make the required contents clear, with expressions concise and paragraphs coherent. The title of the thesis should not appear on the abstract page.

The English versions of doctoral dissertation from international students should provide a “detailed Chinese abstract” with no less than 3000 Chinese characters.

2.4 Contents

Contents should involve the titles of all the chapters, sections, and articles in the form of page number, both Chinese and English contents are required, including:

详细中文摘要（Detailed Chinese abstract）Abstract

Name of physical unit and the table of symbols (See Appendix I) (If international standard terminology is used, omit the table)

Titles of all the chapters, sections, and articles in the text

Conclusion

结论References

Appendix

Papers published during the study for an academic degree

Statement of originality

Authorization

Index (Optional)

Acknowledgement

Resume

2.5 The Text of the Thesis

2.5.1 Titles of All the Chapters, Sections, and Articles

The text of the thesis should be written in the form of chapters and sections. Each chapter should be separately written. The first letter of every notional word in the title should be capital letter.

The title of each chapter should be focused and concise without any punctuation. Try to avoid English abbreviations, and use them only if absolutely necessary, with common abbreviations in a given discipline used.

2.5.2 Level

It is desirable to have fewer levels, and they should be chosen according to the actual needs. It is suggested that level code use the format in Table 1 in 3.7 of this document.

The levels are required to be uniform. Given there is no need to list articles after sections, items can be listed directly. The levels listed should take into account the actual needs.

2.6 Reference Annotation

The reference annotation should be performed in accordance with GB/T7714-2005, using the sequence coding system. The marking of the quotation in the text should be put at the upper right corner of the last word. The number of the quotation should be put in the square bracket “[ ]” with the Arabic numerals, using the upper marking in No.12 font.

The requirements are:

(1) When a single reference is used, write as “secondary milling[1]” for instance.

(2) When several references are used in the same place, the serial number of each reference should be put in the square bracket using “,” to separate them. If the serial numbers appear continuously, they can be marked with the last number. For example, ... formed a range of mathematical models[7,9,11-13]…

(3) When the same reference is used for many times, the reference page number should be marked after“[ ]”. For instance, Leydig cell CAMP content determination[3]101-108.... or .... the method of content determination[3]92 regulates...

(4) When the reference is used to illustrate a point, small 4 font is used in parallel with the text, for example, “as can be seen from [8,10-13]”.

The reference annotations should not appear in titles at all levels.

2.7 Terminology

Terminology of science and technology, names of equipments and components should adopt those prescribed in the national / ministry standards. For the terminology not specified in the standard, the common terminology or name in the related field could be used. Uniform terminology is required throughout the whole thesis. For some special terminology or new terms, annotations are required in an appropriate place.

Concerning English abbreviations, when used for the first time in the thesis, they should be marked with the original English words in parenthesis, except for the one widely used in a given field.

2.8 The Annotation of Physical Quantity

2.8.1 The Names and Symbols of Physical Quantity

The names and symbols of physical quantity should be marked in accordance with the GB3100~3102-86 regulations. The names and symbols of physical quantity should be uniform in the thesis.

The symbols of physical quantity must be written in italics.

2.8.2 Units of Measurements of Physical Quantity

Units and symbols of physical quantity must be used according to the 《Legal Unit of

Measurement of the People's Republic of China》 issued by the State Council in 1984 (see Appendix 1) or GB3100~3102. Illegal units of measurements and symbols must be avoided. One can use Chinese language or symbols to represent units of measurements, uniform in the entire thesis. The units of measurements and symbols should be written in lowercase letters except the ones named by people in which the first letter should be capitalized.

Units of measurements and symbols should be in Roman letters.

2.9 Roman and Italic Usage of Foreign Letters.

According to the regulation of GB3100~3102-86 and GB7159-87, physical symbols, physical constants, variable symbols should be written in italics while units of measurement should be in Roman. Foreign letters should be written in Times New Roman.

2.10 Numerals

According to the 《Trial Provisions on the Numeral Usage in Publication》 issued by the State Language Work Committee and other six organizations in 1987, Arabic numerals are widely used (see Appendix 2) in Times New Roman except for conventional Chinese numerals.

2.11 Formula

The formula in the thesis should start in a new paragraph and it should be written in the middle with sufficient space to separate the surrounding text. The formulae should be marked with serial numbers in parentheses. The serial numbers of formulae should be arranged according to

chapters. For example, the first formula in chapter 1 should be marked “（1-1）” . The serial numbers should be right aligned.

If referring to the formula in the thesis, one should use the expressions such as “see formula (1-1)” or “by formula (1-1)”.

If there are words before the formula (such as "solution", "assumption" and so on), 4 half-width characters should be spaced before the words, and the formula should be put in the middle, without punctuation at the end of the formula.

When slashes are used to represent “division” in the formula, parentheses should be used to avoid ambiguity. For example, .Usually, the relation of “multiplication” appears in the front, for example, it should be instead of .

It is desirable to start a new line at the equal sign “=” in a long formula. If it is difficult to

achieve, it can be done at operational signs “＋,－, ×, ÷”. The operational signs should be written in the beginning of the new line without repetition.

Given that the symbols of physical quantity first appear in the formula, annotations should be provided. Annotations at the turning line should be aligned with the first word after the dash “—”. The dash occupies 4 half-width characters. If formula is used to annotate the physical quantity, the serial number such as (3-1) should not appear at the end of the formula. See the format below:

Formula —— The max fracture torque of sample ( )

—— The torsion angle in unit length when sample breaks,

——The dimensionless film thickness, , h is the film thickness, is the average film

thickness.

In the formula, 、 —— Stator，rotor winding resistance（Ω）——The equivalent phase stator winding inductance (H)

One should pay attention to the length of the factional line (there is a strict distinction between the main and sub factional line) The long factional line should be aligned with the equal sign. For example:

One should not use words to express the formula. For example:

2.12 Tables

The table should be self-explanatory, without left and right lines. The internationally accepted three-line table is recommended. If the three-line table is not sufficient to clearly express the contents of the table, one should try to enlarge the space between columns as shown in the case of Table 3 (Appendix 1). The words in the table should be written in Times New Roman. The font size should be No.10.5 (when there are a number of words, No.9 can be used but the font size should be uniform).

Each table should have a table title (consisting of the serial number and the name of the table). The serial numbers of tables should be arranged according to chapters. For example, the first table in chapter 1 should be written as “Table 1-1”. There is one half-width character space between the serial number and the name of the table. There is no punctuation at the end of the table name. The table title should be placed in the middle above the table, font No.10.5 in English, in Times New Roman.

The design of the table should be simple and concise, avoiding the use of slash. Symbols, chemical or physical, can be used.

If the same unit is used in the table, it should be placed in the upper right corner of the table header in parenthesis.

The data in the table should be accurate and clear. The digital gap (2 half-width characters) should be marked with the line “-”. If the words or numbers in the table are the same in the up or

down, left or right, one should use the banner approach instead of using “〃” or “the same as above”.

The verbal explanation in the table starts with 2 half-width characters, and continues without any punctuation at the end of the sentence.

Before the inserted table, relevant prompt words such as “see Table 1-1” or “as shown in Table 1-1” are used. In general, the inserted table should not be separated. Do so only when the table cannot be placed in one page, and then arranged as the continued table on the next page. The serial number should be marked at the upper right corner of the table, with “(continued table)” added at the end of the serial number, and the table header should be repeated. One empty space between the upper or down part of the table and the text should be arranged.

When referring to the table, one should mark the serial number in references not only in the text but also in the upper right corner of the English header.

2.13 Figure

Figures should be self-explanatory, well-matched with the text and correct in terms of contents. The chosen figures should be refined, complete and clear.

Mechanical engineering figures: using the first angle projection method, strictly in accordance with the standards in the GB4457~GB131-83 Mechanical Drawing.

Data flow chart, program flow chart, system flow chart, and so on should be done in accordance with GB1526-89 standards.

Electrical drawings: graphical symbols, text symbols, and so on should comply with the provisions of the related standards in Appendix 3.

Flow chart: structured procedures and appropriate flow charts must be used.

Graphics without specific regulations on the symbols should be drawn in the light of the conventions in the related field.

Coordinate lines should be the thin ones, and the thickness should not exceed the curve in the figure. The coordinate graph with figure annotation should be marked with the units of coordinate.

The theme and the main parts of the photo should have clear outline, easy to plate. If an enlarged or reduced reproduction is used, it must be clear with moderate contrast, and the scale of the object size should be indicated.

When referring to the figure in the literature, one should mark the serial number in references not only in the text but also in the upper right corner of the English header.

2.13.1 Figure Title and Annotations

Each figure requires a figure title (consisting of the serial number and name of the figure). There is no punctuation in the title of the figure. The figure name should be placed after the serial number with 1 half-width character space. The serial numbers of figures are arranged according to chapters. For example, the first figure in chapter 1 is “Figure1-1”. The figure title is placed under

the figure and written in the middle with the font No.10.5 of Times New Roman in English. The annotation of the figure should be placed above the figure title. The figure referred to should be marked with the source, with the number of the literature at the upper right corner of the figure title added. Give a separate figure is used, the figure title can be put under the figure, with Chinese language used. The serial number of the separate figure may be represented as a) , b)...

The words in the figure should adopt Times New Roman. The font size should be No.10.5 (When there are a large number of words, No.9 can be used but the font size should be uniform in a table). The words in a figure should be uniform. Italics should be used for physical quantities and symbols in the figure.

2.13.2 Figure Choreography

Before a figure, there must be relevant prompt words, such as “see Figure 1-1” or “as shown in figure 1-1”. The figure and its title are taken as a whole, and cannot be separated on two pages. If the space is not sufficient for the whole figure, the subsequent words can be arranged before the figure, and then the figure is put on the next page. Give a range of separate figures are used, separate figures can be put on the continued pages. In that case, the overall figure title must be put on the last page.

There should be some space between the upper / down part of the figure and the text.

2.14 References

References should be written in the light of the sequential coding system. The formatting should observe the "Bibliographic References" (GB/T7714-2005). References, electronic documents codes, the related provisions and the formatting can be found in Appendix 4. The following are the four commonly used forms of reference annotations.

（1）Book Literature

[1] Robert D. Kaplan. The Revenge of Geography[M]. Springer，1989：32-35.

（2）Journal Articles

[1] Zou, H. The adaptive lasso and its oracle properties[J]. Journal of the American Statistical

Association，2006（101）：1418–1429.

（3）Academic Conferences

[1] Tong, S. and D. Koller. Restricted Bayes optimal classifiers[C]. Proceedings 17th National

Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI，2000：658–664.

（4）Thesis for an Academic Degree

[1] Seeger,M. Bayesian Gaussian Process Models: PAC-Bayesian Generalization Error Bounds

and Sparse Approximations[D]. Ph. D. thesis, University of Edinburg，2003：68-63.

2.15 Appendix

As a supplement to the main body, the appendix is optional.

The following contents can be used as an appendix after the thesis:

-- Supplementary information useful for understanding the main text, yet inappropriate if put into the main body of the text includes more detailed information, research methods and thick description about technology.

-- Materials which are inconvenient to integrate into the text due to its large space or drawing from a copy.

-- Rare and precious materials that are inappropriate to incorporate into the text.

-- Materials which are not necessary to read for ordinary readers but valuable for peers in a given field.

-- Some important original data, mathematical derivation, structure diagram, statistical table, self compiled computer program, computer print output, and so on.

2.16 Academic Papers Published during the Study for an Academic Degree

The formatting is the same as the reference, but the corresponding number of a given chapter or section must be marked after the page of the paper. If a published paper is accepted by EI or SCI, the acceptance number must be indicated. Moreover, the impact factor of the SCI paper in that year must be indicated; for accepted but unpublished EI or SCI papers, please indicate the source of the journal.

2.17 Index

In order to facilitate the retrieval of contents, index can be compiled and put at the end of the thesis (depending on the requirement). Technical terms in the thesis can be used as retrieval clue, indicating the related page. In the case of English words, alphabet order must be observed.

2.18 Personal resume

With the exception of full-time graduate students, all students need to write their resume. The personal resume involves university learning experience and working experience.

2.19 Spine

To facilitate the management of thesis, students are required to write the thesis title and the name of the degree conferring institution on the spine in bold, small 4 font size in Chinese language according to the Regulations of GB/T11668-1989.

2.20 Others

Before the year, the corresponding century must be indicated, for example, 20th century, 1917s.

3.Printing Requirements

3.1 Font

Numbers and English words in the thesis must be written in Times New Roman. Titles of all levels should be written in bold letters.

3.2 The Font Size and Other Regulations

Chapter title Font size: No.18 , 1 line before and 0.8 line after the paragraph.

Section title Font size: No.15, 0.5 line before and after the paragraph.

Article title Font size: No.14, 0.5 line before and after the paragraph.

Paragraph and item title Font size: No.12, 0 line before and after the paragraph.

The text Font size: No.12, 0 line before and after the paragraph.

3.3 Cover and Title Page

3.3.1 Cover

The content of cover is as follows: Song typeface, No.24 font size, bold

(Chinese, SimSun, □士学位论文No.24 font size, bold)

(Chinese, bold, SimHei & Times New Roman □□……□

No.22 font size）

(Times New Roman， □□……□No.22 font size, bold)

(Times New Roman □□□

No.18 font size, bold)

(KaiTi, No.18 font size 哈尔滨工业大学bold)

(SimSun& Times New Roman,

No.18 font size, bold) □□□□年□月

If there is a subtitle, the total number of the title and subtitle should be no more than 35 Chinese characters. The Chinese subtitle should start in a new line in No.18 font size, 4 half-width characters space compared to the title and linked with dash. The English subtitle should be linked with colon.

3.3.2 Title Page

The title page contains more detailed description about the thesis title, supervisor, institution, and so on. The format is presented as follows:

中图分类号：×××× 学校代码：×××(SimSun, Times New Roman, No.12)

UDC：××× 密级：公开 (SimSun, Times New Roman, No.12)

博硕

English thesis title with all capital letters. Using No.18 font size if it is too long.

Student name

Chinese thesis title within 25 Chinese Characters

Date (Year, month with Arabic numeral）

(Chinese, SimSun, □□ □士学位论文No.18 font size, bold)

(Chinese, SimHei, □□□………………□

Times New Roman, No.22 font size)

The words on the left side of the colon should be in SimHei, font size, No.14; the right side should be in SimSun, font size, No.14, row spacing 1.5.

□ 士 研究生：□□□ （name of master or doctoral student）导 师：□□□(副)教授 （supervisor’s name）副 导 师：□□□ (副 )教授 (except for master and doctor without visa

supervisor)

申 请 学 位：□□□士

学 科：□□…□ （按授予学位的学科名称填写）所 在 单 位：□□…□ （Fill in the name of the discipline）答 辩 日 期：□□□□年□月

授予学位单位：哈尔滨工业大学If there is a sub-title, its format is the same as that of the cover.

The format of English title page is the same as that of the Chinese. Words should be in Times New Roman, and words on left side of colon should be in bold.

Example:

Thesis title

Degree category

博硕

3.4 Page Header

Headers should be added onto each page with the exception of the cover and title page of the thesis: the upper line should be in bold and double line (thick line above the thin line, and the width is 0.8mm). The header should be type-printed above the double line at the center of the page, the font size is No.9 SimSun. For a doctoral dissertation, the page header on the odd number should be chapter title, and the page header on the even number should be the Chinese version of

“哈尔滨工业大学□学博士学位论文”. The odd number page should be on the right, and the even number page should be on the left. For a master thesis, one-side copy is used, and the page

header should be the Chinese version of “哈尔滨工业大学□学硕士学位论文”.

3.5 Abstract and Key Words

3.5.1 English Abstract

The title of the abstract should be in the middle of the line. The following is the example:

Abstract (No.18 font size, Times New Roman, bold)

The main body of the abstract is written in the next line. Key words are written at the beginning of the next line after the main body. English key words are written in lower case and linked with a comma. There is no punctuation at the end of the last key word. If needed to start a new line, it should be indented and aligned, as shown below.

Keywords：×××，×××，…，×××，…

3.5.2 Detailed Chinese Abstract

The title of the abstract should be in the middle of the line. The following is the example:

详细中文摘要 (No.18 font size, SimHei)

The main body of the abstract is written in the next line, with no less than 3000 Chinese characters. Key words are written at the beginning of the next line after the main body. Semicolon is used between key words. If needed to start a new line, it should be indented and aligned. There is no punctuation at the end of the last key word, as shown below.

关键词：（词）；（词）；…；（词）；…

3.6 Contents

The serial number and title of each chapter in English contents should be bold in Times New Roman, No.12 font size. The rest should be in Times New Roman, No.12 font size. If needed to start a new line, it should be indented and aligned with the first letter of the above line.

The first letter of every notional word in the title should be capital letter.

3.7 Text level

The format in Table 1 is recommended for the arrangement of text levels.

Table 1 Level code and description

Level name

Example Description

Chapter Chapter 1 □□……□The serial number and name of chapters

should be arranged in the middle. The serial number should be in Arabic number.

Section 1.1 □□……□ The serial number of the title should be written at the beginning of the line with 1 half-

width character space. A new paragraph is used for the description part.

Article 1.1.1 □□……□

Paragraph 1.1.1.1 □□……□

item

（1）□□…□ □□…□□…□□□□……

There should be 4 half-width characters before the serial number, and the content continued

after 4 half-with characters.

↑　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　↑left line of type area　　　　　　　 　　right line of type area

The serial numbers and names of titles should not be placed in the last line of the page. (Orphan)

3.8 Dissertation/Thesis Printing and Binding

3~6 key words (SimSun, Times New Roman, No.12 font size)

SimHei, No.12 font size

A4 standard paper (210mm*297mm) is required for printing a dissertation / thesis. There should be blank edge on the paper and the type area is 150mm × 240mm ± 2mm (including header and page number). There are about 33 lines per page. The size is 205mm * 285mm + 2mm after cutting. The upper and lower row spacing of chapter title is 10mm. The upper and lower row spacing of section is 7~8mm. The upper and lower row spacing of article is 6~7mm. The upper and lower row spacing of paragraph and item is 3~4mm. The row space of the text is 3~4mm. (See 3.2 for more specifics about editing)

Doctoral dissertation requires two-side copy or offset print; Master’s thesis requires one-side

copy or offset print. The page header in one-side copy should be “哈尔滨工业大学□学硕士学位论文”regardless of odd or even pages.

Thesis title and “哈尔滨工业大学□士学位论文”（□为“博”或“硕”）should be printed on the spine in Chinese SimHei No.12 font size.

The dissertation / thesis cover should adopt the blank cover printed at HIT. The example of dissertation / thesis cover is shown in Appendix 5. Please see relevant requirements in "The Notice about the Use of New Doctoral, Master's Degree Thesis of Harbin Institute of Technology " (issued by HIT Graduate School [2004] No.39).

Appendix 1 Legal Units of Measurement of the People's Republic of China

(Issued by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Feb. 27, 1984)

Legal units of measurement of the People's Republic of China (Hereinbelow legal units) include

（1） Technical units of international measurement (see Table 1);

（2） Basic units of international measurement (see Table 2);

（3） Auxiliary units of international measurement (see Table 3);

（4） Non- international units chosen by China (see Table 4);

（5） Combined units based on the above units;

（6） Multiple and fraction units based on prefix and the units above (for prefix, see Table 5);

The related definition and utilization of legal units are based on the regulations of the State Measurement Bureau of China.

Table 1 Technical units of international measurement

量的名称Physical quantity

单位名称Unit name

单位符号Unit symbol

其它表示实例Other example

频率 Frequency 赫[兹]Hertz Hz s-1

力；重力 Force，Gravity 牛[顿]Newton N kg·m/s2

压力；压强；应力Force, Pressure , Stress 帕[斯卡]Pascal Pa N/m2

能量；功；热量 Energy, Work, Heat quantity 焦[尔]Joule J N·m

功率；辐射通量 Power, Radiation flux 瓦[特]Watt W J/s

电荷量 Charge amount 库[仑]Kulun C A·s

电位；电压；电动势 Potential, Voltage, Electromotive force 伏[特]Volt V W/A

电容 Capacity 法[拉]Farad F C/V

电阻 Resistance 欧[姆]Ohm Ω V/A

电导 Conductance [西门子]Siemens S A/V

磁通量Magnetic flux 韦[伯]Weber Wb V·s

磁通量密度；磁感应强度 Magnetic flux density, Magnetic induction 特[斯拉]Tesla T Wb/m2

电感 Inductance 享[利]Henry H Wb/A

摄氏温度Centigrade temperature 摄氏度 Centigrade ℃

光通量 Luminous flux 流[明]Lumen lm cd·sr

光照度 Illuminance 勒[克斯]Lux lx lm/m2

放射性活度 Radioactivity 贝可[勒尔] Becquerel

Bq s-1

吸收剂量Absorbed dose 戈[瑞] Grey Gy J/kg

剂量当量Dose equivalent 希[沃特] Sievert Sv J/kg

Table 2 Basic units of international measurement

量的名称Physical quantity

单位名称Unit Name

单位符号Unit symbol

长度 Length 米Meter m

质量Mass 千克(公斤)Kilogram kg

时间 Time 秒 Second s

电流 Current 安[培]Ampere A

热力学温度Thermodynamic

temperature开[尔文]Kelvin K

物质的量Amount of substance 摩[尔]Mole mol

发光强度Light intensity 坎[德拉]Candela cd

Table 3 Auxiliary units of international measurement

量的名称Physical quantity

单位名称Unit name

单位符号Unit symbol

平面角Horizontal angle 弧度 Radian rad

立体角Solid angle 球面度 Steradian sr

Table 4 Non-international units chosen by China

量的名称Physical quantity

单位名称Unit name

单位符号Unit

symbol

换算关系和说明Conversion and note

时间Time

分Minute[小]时Hour天(日)Day

minhd

1min＝60s1h＝60min＝3 600s1d＝24h＝86 400s

平面角Plane angle

[角]秒 Second[角]分Minute度Degree

（″）（′）（°）

1″＝(π/648 000)rad(π为圆周率)（π is Circumference Ratio）1′＝60"＝(π/10 800)rad1°＝60'＝(π/180)rad

旋转速度Rotation

speed

转每分Rotations per minute

r/min 1r/min＝(1/60)s-1

长度Length

海里Sea mile

n mile 1n mile＝1 852m(只用于航程)（for voyage）

速度Velocity

节Knot

kn1kn＝1n mile/h＝(1 852/3 600)m/s(只用于航程)（for voyage）

质量Mass

吨 Ton原子质量单位

Atomic mass unit

tu

1t＝103kg1u≈1.660 565 5×10-27kg

体积Volume

升Liter L,（l） 1L＝1dm3＝10-3m3

能Energy

电子伏Electron volt

eV 1eV≈1.602 189 2×10-19J

级差Differential

分贝Decibel

dB

线密度Linear density

特[克斯]Tex

tex 1tex＝1g/km

Table 5 Prefix of multiple and fraction units

所表示的因数Representing factor

词头名称Prefix

词头符号Prefix sign

1018 艾[可萨]Exa E

1015 拍[它]Peta P

1012 太[拉]Tera T

109 吉[咖]Giga G

106 兆Mega M

103 千Kilo k

102 百Hecta h

101 十Deca da

10-1 分Deci d

10-2 厘 Centi c

10-3 毫Milli m

10-6 微Micro μ

10-9 纳[诺]Nano n

10-12 皮[可]Pico p

10-15 飞[母托]Femto f

10-18 阿[托]Atto a

Note: 1. Week, month, year (a is a symbol for year) time unit commonly used. 2. The word in [ ] can be omitted if needed. 3. The word in ( ) is the synonym of the former word. 4. Brackets are used for the units of angle, minute, second if not after numerals.

5. For rising symbols, small letter 1 represents spare symbol.6. r is the symbol of “rotation”.7. In terms of people’s life and trade, quality is termed as weight.

8. km represents Kilometer.9. 104 is termed as “万”，108 “亿”，1012“万亿”. Those terms are used without any

influence of prefix., and should not be confused with prefix. Remark: For more details to use legal units, please read the document 《Legal Units of

Measurement of the People's Republic of China》 announced by the State Measurement Bureau of China (1984).

Appendix 2 Provisions concerning the Use of Numerals

According to the 《Proposed Regulations on the Use of Numerals in Publications》issued by the 7 State Units including the State Language Work Committee of China (Jan. 1, 1987), Arabic numerals should be used with the exception of some Chinese numerals.

（1） Arabic numerals should be used for the Gregorian calendar, era, year, month, day, and time, for example, the 20th century, 1980s, 4: 45, and so on. For the year, four numerals must be used, e.g. 1989, instead of 89.

（2） Recording and calculating numerals (including positive and negative number, whole number, fractions, decimals, percentage and divisors, Arabic numerals must be used as in the case of 3/4，4.5%，10 months, and more than 500.

（3） Context must be taken into account while representing a numerical value. Chinese numerals can be used in the context where no scientific or statistical data are highlighted, for example, a person, and 6 points. In terms of week, Chinese language should be used, for instance, Saturday. Numerals such as adjacent numerals and round number should be represented in Chinese language without a slight pause mark, for instance, three five days, seventy eighty types, forty five six years, one thousand seven eight hundreds.

（4） Given that numbers are used as morphemes in a fixed word, phrase, customary expression or abbreviation, Chinese language should be used, for example, Third World, “Seven Five Scheme”, 二倍体，三叶虫，相差十万八千里.

（5） Given that more than five numbers or the numbers end with many zeros, the unit number may be marked with ten thousand, or hundred million. In general, the unit number should not be marked with ten, hundred, thousand, hundred thousand, million, ten million, hundred million, thousand million. For example, 345 000 000 kiometers can be represented as 3.45 亿公里 or 34 500 万公里，but could not be written as 3亿 4 500万公里 or 3亿 4千 5百万公里。

（6） When numbers are written, it is unnecessary for each number to occupy a check. In other words, two numbers occupy a check, without a semicolon between them. If four or more than four numbers are represented, three numbers are taken as a unit, say “3 000 000”， instead of “3,000,000”. In the case of a number after a decimal, three numbers are taken as a unit from the right of the decimal. If a multiple number in the form of Arabic numeral is represented, the number should not be separated in the middle.

（7） Caution must be excised when expressing addition or reduction: 1) when expressing two times, the past is represented as 1, and the present is represented as 2; 2) when expressing “increased two times”, the past is represented as 1, and the present is represented as 3; 3) when expressing 80% “above quota”, the given quota is 100, the present is 180. 4) when expressing “reduced to 80%”, the past is represented as 100, the present is 80. 4) when expressing “80% reduced”, the past is represented as 100, the present is 20. 6) If 1/4 is expressed, the original is 4， and the present is 1. Similarly, if the original is 1，and the present is 0.25.

Special attention is needed when expressing number reduction. Fractions should be used instead of multiple, for example, with 1/2 or 1/3 reduced of the original.

Appendix 3 National Standards for Figures, Symbols and Text Symbols in Electrical Diagrams

GB4728.1～13-84.85：《Figures and Symbols of Electrical Diagrams》GB5465.1～2-85：《Figures and Symbols of Electrical Equipment》GB7159-87：《General Rule of Electrical Measurement Symbols》GB6988-86：《Electrical Charting》

Appendix 4 Rules for References

I. References and the Codes of Electronic Literature

Table 1 Literature Type and Code

Literature Type Code

General book M

Conference proceedings C

Collection of Documents G

Newspaper N

Journals J

Dissertations/Thesis D

Reports R

Standards S

Patent P

Databank DB

Computer Program CP

Electronic Bulletin EB

Table 1 Electronic Literature Type and Code

Electronic Literature Type Code

Magnetic tape MT

Disk DK

CD-ROM CD

Online OL

II. Provisions of References

1. References in principle should be written in the language of the related documents. With respect to English reference, the first letter and the notional word should be capitalized, and the form word in the lower case.

2. Regarding monograph, full family name should be put before the given name, with the first letter of the given name abbreviated without dot. With respect to the translated names of Europeans or Americans, the family name in Chinese version is required; in the case of same family name but different given name, the full name of

the author should be given in the Chinese version. For example, 1：韦杰 原名：伏尔特·韦杰）示例 2：昂温 P S （原名：P. S. 昂温） 示例3：Einstein A（原名：Albert Einstein）.

3. Given three authors or fewer than three are listed, full names should be provided; if more than three, only the first three are listed with “et al.” added. Examples are stated as follows: Yelland R L, Jones S C, Easton K S, et al.

4. Concerning numbers, keep the original form, but mark it with journal number, page, year of publication, edition number in Arabic numerals.

III. Main References

1. Monograph (including books, dissertation/thesis, technical reports, conference proceedings, collections of documents)

[Number] Main author, title[Literature Type]. Other authors, edition number, place of publication: publisher, year of publication: page of citation [date of citation]. Retrieval and visit paths. (in the case of the first edition, omit edition number) The following are examples:

[1] Robert D. Kaplan. The Revenge of Geography[M]. Springer，1989：32-35.

[2] Tong, S. and D. Koller. Restricted Bayes optimal classifiers[C]. Proceedings 17th National

Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI，2000：658–664.

[3] Seeger,M. Bayesian Gaussian Process Models: PAC-Bayesian Generalization Error Bounds

and Sparse Approximations[D]. Ph. D. thesis, University of Edinburg，2003：68-63.

2. Literature from the monograph

[Number] Main author, the title of the paper [Literature Type]. Main author. Monograph title. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication: page of citation [date of citation]. Retrieval and visit paths. The example is given below:

[2] Tong, S. and D. Koller. Restricted Bayes optimal classifiers[C]. Proceedings 17th National

Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI，2000：658–664.

3. Literature from the journal

[Number] Main author, the title of the paper [Literature Type]. Name of the journal, year, volume: page. The example is given below:

[1] Helfat C E, Raubitschek R S. Product Sequencing: Co Evolution of Knowledge, Capabilities

and Products[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2000（21）：961-979.

[1] Zou, H. The adaptive lasso and its oracle properties[J]. Journal of the American Statistical

Association，2006，2（101）：1418–1429.

4. Electronic Literature

Three forms of electronic literature：（1）Main author, title [Literature Type]

Main author, the title of the paper [Literature Type] and [Document Mark]. (Date of publication) Retrieval and visit paths. The example is given below:

[1] 萧玉 . 出版业信息化驶入快车道 [EB/OL]. （ 2001-12-19） [2002-04-15]. http:// www.creader.com/news/200112-19/200112-190019.html.

（2）Main author, the title of the paper [Literature Type/Document Mark]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication (Date of citation). Retrieval and visit paths. The example is given below:

[1] Turcotte D L. Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics[M/OL]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992[1998-09-23]. http://seg.org/reviews/mccorm30.html.

（3）Main author, the title of the paper [Literature Type/Document Mark]. The title of the continued publication, year of publication, volume, page (Date of citation). Retrieval and visit paths. The example is given below:

[1] Christine M. Plant Physiology: Plant Biology in the Genome Era [J/OL]. Science, 1998, 281: 331-332 [1998-09-23]. http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/collection /anatmorp.

Appendix 5 Example of Thesis Cover I

Doctoral Thesis /Dissertation:

Example of Thesis Cover II

Master Thesis: