GS 1 – Introduction to Global Studies Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Hofstra University,...

GS 1 – Introduction to Global StudiesProfessor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography

Topic 6 – Global Cities

A – An Urban WorldB – What are Global Cities?C – Technopoles and Slums

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue

A – AN URBAN WORLD

UrbanizationWhat is the nature and the causes or urbanization?

The Urban ExplosionWhat is the scale of contemporary urbanization?

Rural to Urban MigrationsWhy people are moving to urban areas?


Urbanization

Demographic Process• Growth of the proportion of the population living in

cities.• Urban population growth (natural increase or migration).

Infrastructure Process• Expansion of urban infrastructures and land use.

Socioeconomic Process• Creation of secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors.• Creates a society where values and lifestyles are urban.


Urbanization

■ Causes of urbanization• Historical:

• “Civis”.• Defense.• Trade routes.

• Social:• Increased social interactions.• Institutions representing a society (government, religion & education).

• Economic:• Linked with agricultural surpluses.• Increased economic opportunities (the most successful cities tended to be

the most open to entrepreneurship).• Access to labor.• Specialization.• Economies of scale and of agglomeration.


Cities through the Ages

Era

Antiquity (Rome) Cities as the nexus of civilizations (monuments).Development of urban infrastructure (pavement, aqueducts).

Middle Ages (Avignon)

High density fortified cities.Mostly city-states.Little specialization.Church (cathedral) as the core.

Industrial Revolution (Manchester)

Cities within nation-states.Industrialization.Migration from rural areas.Regional specialization.Transport terminal (rail, port) often the core.

Post-Modern (Hong Kong)

The global city.Functional specialization.The financial district often the core.


The Urban Explosion

■ Causes of contemporary urban population growth• Natural population increase:

• Births minus deaths.• Demographic transition provided momentum.

• Migration from rural areas:• Notably in countries with large rural populations.

• Immigration (international):• Notably in Europe and North America.• Concerns gateway cities.

• Reclassification of urban boundaries:• Encompass other cities and towns.• Encompass formerly rural areas.


The Urban Explosion: Stages of Urbanization

Time

Urb

an

Pop

ula

tion

0

20

40

60

80

100

Developed countries

Terminal StageTransition StageInitial Stage

Developingcountries

Least developedcountries

Rural to urban migration

Demographic transition

RuralSociety

UrbanSociety

Urbanization


The Urban Explosion

■ First Wave (1750-1950):• Began in Europe and North America in the early 18th century.• First demographic transition:

• Importance of natural population increase both in cities and rural areas.• First industrialization:

• Incited the first significant rural to urban migrations.• International migration:

• Important for gateway cities in North America.• Produced the new urban industrial societies.• Gradual process that involved a few hundred million people:

• Europe, North America, Australia and Japan; 75% to 80% urban.• By the end of the first wave, the beginning of a new process;

suburbanization.


First Wave Urbanization: World’s Largest Cities, 1900

LondonNew York

ParisBerlin

ChicagoViennaTokyo

St. PetersburgManchesterPhiladelphiaBirmingham

MoscowCalcutta (Kolkata)

BostonGlasgow

XianLiverpool

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Millions


The Urban Explosion

1800 1900 1950 20070

10

20

30

40

50

60

Share of Global Population Urbanized ■ Second Wave (1950-2050):• Concern less developed

regions of the world.• Rapid growth.• Demographic impacts much

greater.• Will account for 93% of the

2 billion increase in the global urban population between 2000 and 2030.

• Limited recourse to migration.


World Urban Population, 1950-2005 with Projections to 2020 (in billions)

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 20200

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

World Developed countries Developing countries


Rural to Urban Migrations

■ An enduring momentum• Current velocity:

• 50 million new urbanites each year.• 1 million new urbanites each week.• About 155,000 new urbanites each day.• About 75,000 rural poor migrate to cities each day.

• Migration:• Makes a significant contribution to the growth of urban areas.• Accounts for between 40% and 60% of annual urban population growth in

the developing world.• Huge rural-to-urban migration potential in areas having a large rural

population.



■ Push-Pull considerations• Both are affecting rural-urban migrations.• “Pull” of the cities may determine the destination.• Migrants are pulled toward cities:

• Prospect of jobs and higher incomes.• Most early urbanization was the result of pull considerations.

• Pushed out of rural areas:• “Push” factors predominate as the motivation to move.• Poverty, lack of land, declining agricultural work, war, and famine.• Play more importance today than push considerations.


Push - Pull Factors for Urbanization in the Third World

Rural PUSH UrbanPULL

InstabilityRural structuresLow employmentDemographic pressure

Employment marketBetter servicesLow barriersModernity



Factor Condition Issues

Instability / Disasters / Wars / Famines

Push Creation of refugees.Cities as safe heavens.

Expectation of jobs Pull Higher wages but higher living costs.Large labor markets.Economic survival Informal sector dominant.

Rural changes Push Demographic growth.Land tenure (landless peasants).Mechanization (surplus labor).

Transportation Intervening opportunities

Increased mobility and lower costs.Construction of roads and rails.Access to rural markets.

More and better services

Pull Better schools and health services.Access to water and electricity.Overcrowding and pollution.


B – WHAT ARE GLOBAL CITIES?

Megacities and Urban RegionsWhat forms large-scale urbanization takes?

Global CitiesWhat defines a global city?

Cultural InfluenceHow global cities express their cultural influence?


Megacities and Urban Regions

■ Concentration• An increasing share of the global population lives in megacities:

• Cities of over one million.• Uncommon in the past to have megacities.• Difficult to sustain internally and to supply (food, water, energy and

wastes).• First modern megacity, Beijing 1770.

• From metropolitan areas to urban regions:• Contiguity.• Connectiveness.• Interaction.

■ Technology and urban form• Important historical role of technology (particularly transportation)

shaping the shape and the dynamics of cities.


One Hour Commuting According to Different Urban Transportation Modes

Streetcar lineFreeway

Walking

Streetcar

CyclingAutomobile

Automobile with freeways

10 km

http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/Eng/ch6en/conc6en/onehourcommuting.html


Cities and Connectivity

Function Main Mode Nexus

Trade city Water transport (maritime and fluvial).

Waterfront. Heavy industries. Intermodal terminals.

Industrial city Railway Central stations. Rail terminals and railyards.

Mobile city Highways Shopping districts. Distribution clusters.

Network city Telecommunications Financial districts. High technology clusters.


Metropolitan Areas of More than 10 Million Inhabitants, 2010

TokyoDelhi

São PauloMumbai (Bombay)

Mexico CityNew YorkShanghai

Kolkata (Calcutta)Dhaka

KarachiBuenos AiresLos Angeles

BeijingRio de Janeiro

ManilaOsaka-Kobe

Al-Qahirah (Cairo)Lagos

Moskva (Moscow)Istanbul

Paris

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4036.67

22.1620.26

20.0419.4619.43

16.5815.55

14.6513.1213.07

12.7612.39

11.9511.63

11.3411.00

10.5810.5510.5210.49

195019752010

http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/Eng/ch6en/conc6en/15largestcities.html


World’s Largest Urban Regions

Tokaido Tokyo to Osaka corridor. 85 million.

BostWash Northeast corridor between Boston and Washington. 55 million.

ChiPitts Midwest corridor. 54 million.

Sao Paulo Region 29 million. Brazil.

Mexico City Region 21 million.

Beijing – Tianjin Corridor 23 million.

Jakarta – Bandung Corridor 28 million. Island of Java.

Bangkok Region 20 million.

Taipei – Kaohsiung Corridor 18 million. West Coast of the island of Taiwan.

Rhine – Ruhr Region 10 million (including Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund).


World at Night


World’s Largest Cities

http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/Eng/ch6en/conc6en/map_largestcities2000.html


Criteria to be a World City; Many Wannabees

Business activityThe economic weight of the city; headquarters of major multinational corporations, locations of top business services firms, the value of capital (stock) markets, the number of international conferences, and the flow of goods through ports and airports.

Human capitalCapacity to attract and train talent; size of foreign-born population, quality of universities, number of international schools, international student population, and number of residents with university degrees.

Information exchangeThe effectiveness of information flows; accessibility to major TV news channels, internet presence, number of international news bureaus, level of censorship and broadband subscriber rate.

Cultural influenceThe cultural weight of the city; number of major sporting events, number of museums, performing-arts venues, culinary establishments, number of international travelers and number of sister-city relationships.

Political engagementThe level of influence on global politics; number of embassies and consulates, major think tanks, international organizations and local institutions with international reach, and the number of political conferences.


World Cities, 2012

http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/Eng/ch2en/conc2en/map_worldcities.html


Cities and Cultural Influence

■ Cultural Nexus• Foci of human and material resources of civilizations.• Cities are where culture is created, filtered and diffused:

• Source of capital accumulation.• Change in scale:

• Cultures used to be bound to regions or nations.• Global communication networks propelled cultural centers.• Exchange of ideas.

• Pool of talents:• Artists, architects, philosophers, scientists and writers.• Attractiveness of some cities.• Patrons, community of artists, universities, clients, and a skilled workforce.

• Shifts in centers of culture:• Linked with the economic and political fate of the nation.• E.g. Moscow.


Phallic Fallacy? Unnecessary Heights and the Search of a Landmark

Burj Dubai (818m)

Al Burj (1,200 m)

Taipei 101 (450 m)

Empire State (381 m)

Eiffel Tower (324 m)

The Gherkin (180 m)


C – TECHNOPOLES AND SLUMS

TechnopolesHow the high technology sector is shaping cities?

The Other City: ShantytownsAre shantytowns an economic or demographic failure?

Global Cities in the 21st CenturyWhat will shape world city development in the coming years?


Technopoles

■ Global cities are innovation nexuses• Wealth and capital accumulation linked with innovation

capabilities; favors urban growth.• Innovations come in waves.• Changes in economic fundamentals:

• Linked with innovations (e.g. labor, resources).• The fate of several global cities changed.

• Some cities are growing without much capital accumulation:• Favors the creation of shantytowns.


Technopoles

■ Valuation and debasement• The technopole model (valuation):

• High technology service and manufacturing cluster.• R&D facilities to carry out research.• Vicinity to university institutions. • Pool of corporations, entrepreneurs and capital.• Available land.• Ex: “Silicon Valley”.

• The off-shoring model (debasement):• Technology also debase some process.• Some activities have been relocated to low costs areas.• Back-office operations (payroll).• Call centers.• Data processing.• Ex: Omaha, NE (taxes advantages) and Bangalore, India.


Shantytowns

■ Context• Urban poverty.• Difficulty to access housing:

• Economic costs.• Availability.• 100 million people are homeless.• 928 million live in precarious housing conditions (slums).

• Shantytowns; informal habitat or squatter housing:• Favelas (Brazil).• Pueblos jovenes (Young towns).• Asentamiento irregulares (Irregular settlements).• Villas miserias (Miserable villages, Argentina).• Jughi Jopri (India).


Shantytowns

■ Definition• Dwellings are built by the current or original occupant:

• Rudimentary construction materials.• Did not receive a construction permit.• Do not follow norms in terms of housing and sanitation.• Located in marginal (sometimes unsafe) sites.

• Inhabitants have no legal title to the land:• Most are located in areas being declared inhabitable.• Own by the municipality.• Abandoned private land.• Exploiting a legal vacuum of land ownership.

• Lack of urban services:• Generally not well serviced by public utilities. • Water supply, sanitation, roads, drainage, solid waste management, street

lighting, public transportation and sewage.


Shantytowns

■ Habitat• Informal settlements:

• Perhaps the most visible sign of widespread poverty.• About 25% of the surface of cities in developing countries is covered by

shantytowns.• 30-60% of the urban population.

• Emerged in all Third World cities:• Following the demographic explosion.• Now the norm more than the exception.

• Incapacity of the private and public sector:• Provide low price housing for the majority of the population.• The private sector seeks to maximize revenue.• The State more concerned about providing housing for its public servants

and its middle class.


Shantytowns as Share of the Total Population

New Delhi, India

Rio de Janeiro, Bazil

Jakarta, Indonesia

Tunis, Tunisia

Manilla, Philippines

Karachi, Pakistan

Mexico City

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Caracas, Venezuela

Bogota, Colombia

Ankara, Turkey

Cairo, Egypt

Calcutta, India

Casablanca, Morocco

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80


Global Cities in the 21st Century

■ The “learning city”• Local identities (landmarks).• Regional resources (labor).• Global reach (transport and telecommunications).• Suitable urban environment, employment, food, housing and

transportation:• Welfare of the future urban population.• Welfare of its surrounding areas.

• Mitigation:• Limited environmental impacts.• Conservation of resources such as water, land and energy and the

capability of handling change.• Should provide a place of opportunity and not be an agent of segregation.


Towards Sustainable Cities?

Water, materials and waste

Energy and air quality

Transportation and telecommunications

Livability

Land, green spaces and biodiversity

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