Grup 1 - Air Pollution

7/23/2019 Grup 1 - Air Pollution

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Air PollutionGroup 1

Indah Denas T 076275630

Nandia Gresita T 0706275712

Nindi Sekarsari 0706275725

Pramesti Andiani 0706275744

Department of Civil EngineeringStudy Program Environmental

Engineering


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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION


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Definition of Air Pollution


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Definition

Air pollution is the presence of undesirablematerial in the air in !uantities lar"e enou"h to

produce harmful effects# $Sources% Ne&ers '((()

Air pollution is a mi*ture of solid particles and"ases in the air#

$ Sources% http%++,,,#nlm#nih#"o&+medlineplus+airpollution#htmlaccessed% Februar- .th '(//)


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Definition

0asu1n-a atau dimasu11ann-a 2at ener"idan+atau 1omponen lain 1e dalam udaraambien oleh 1e"iatan manusia sehin""amutu udara ambien turun sampai 1etin"1at tertentu -an" men-ebab1an udaraambien tida1 dapat memenuhi fun"sin-a

$PP No# 3/ Tahun /444)


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T-pe of air pollution


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T-pes of Air Pollution

5ased on location % indoor and outdoor

5ased on mo&ement % mo&in" and not mo&in"

5ased on ori"in % natural and antropo"enic

5ased on form of pollutants % "as and particulate5ased on time of formation %

Primar- Pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directl- from a source# Secondar- pollutant is not directl- emitted as such but forms ,hen

other pollutants $primar- pollutants) react in the atmosphere#

$sources% 6reen Facts%http%++,,,#"reenfacts#or"+"lossar-+p!rs+primar-7pollutant7secondar-7pollutant#htm)


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Source of Air Pollution


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Air Pollution Transportation


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0a8or Pollutants in the Air

Pollutant Sources9arbon mono*ide $9O) 0otor &ehicles burnin" of fossil

fuels

Sulfur dio*ide $SO') 9oal and oil burnin" po,erstations mineral ore processin"and chemical manufacture#

Nitro"en dio*ide $NO') Fuel combustion

:-drocarbon $:9) 0otor &ehicles fuel combustionsol&ent use#

Lead $Pb) E*haust "ases from motor &ehicles

that use leaded petrol smelters#Particulate 0atter $P0) 0otor &ehicles burnin" of plant

materials bushfires#

Sources% :olper and Noonan '(((


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Air Pollution Source and En&ironmentalImpact at 9onstruction Sta"e

No Stage/Location

Activity EnvironmentalAspect

Environmental Impact

Initial RiskControl

/ Preparator-,or1

0obilitation+demobilitation hea&-machiner-and material&ehicle

;ehicle "asemission

Air pollution Determinin"con&e-ances$trailer) ,hichhad tested the"as emissionsb- statin" in,ithsubcontractorcontract terms

Dust emission Disturbancerespirator- andcomfort forsurroundin"communitiespro8ect andair pollution

Speedrestriction&ehicles toreducedust e*posure


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No Stage/ Location

Activity EnvironmentalAspect


Initial RiskControl

Preparator-,or1

0aterialtransfer

0obilit- of&ehicle

Air pollution Ensurin"&ehiclesenter thepro8ect ha&e

e&idenceemission testre"ulate trafficturn off theen"ine if notoperated

' OfficeActi&it-

0aintanenanceA9

Usa"e of 9F9 and:anlon

O2on depletionAir pollution

Usin" 9F9 andhanlon ,hich isen&ironmentall- friendl-


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No Stage/Location

Activity Environmental Aspect


Initial RiskControl

< 9onstruction+ FIeld

Erectionpilefoundation

6as emmisionof the erectionpile tool

Air pollution Routinemaintenanceof the hea&-machiner-

Soilcompaction

E*haustemission of

compactione!uipment

Air pollution Emission testof dump truc1

and routinemaintenanceof hea&-machinar-

Steelerrection

"irder usin"crane

;ehicle "asemission

Air pollution Emission testof hea&-

machiner-&ehicle androutinemaintenanceof hea&-machiner-


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No Stage/Location



Initial RiskControl

< 9onstruction+ Field

Steelerrection

"irder usin"crane

Dust Emission Disturbancerespirator-

and comfortforsurroundin"communitiespro8ect and airpollution

Emission testand e&aluated

the result#0aintenacethe machineand use aproppermuffler

;ehicleacti&it-

Fumes Air pollution Emission testma1e anemissionre"ulation of&ehicle ,hichcan enter

pro8ect areatrafficmana"ementturn off themachine,hen not

operated#


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No Stage/Location



Initial RiskControl


Fo""in" Fo""in" smo1e Air pollution 0i*ture offo""in"materialaccordin" tousa"e

re"ulationfo""in"periodicall-

9ompressoroperational

Operation sta"e Air pollution Emissionmonitorin"usafe of filterat e*haustchannel

9astin" ;ehicleemission

Air pollution Emission testof hea&-machiner-

periodicall-


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No Stage/Location



Initial RiskControl


9astin" Dust emission Disturbancerespirator-

and comfortforsurroundin"communitiespro8ect and airpollution

Spra-in" thearea of

constructionpro8ect ifneededcleanin"pro8ect areafrom debris

and dirtlimited the&ehicle speedto reduce duste*posure

3 End ofconstruction

Transfermaterial

0obilit- of&ehicle

Air pollution Emission testof the &ehicle,hich enter theconstructionarea trafficmana"ement

turn off themachine if not


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/# Impurities of fuelSO''# Fuel combustionNO NO' Pb Particulate 9O ;O9


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Emission Source

Sourcecategory

PM! S"# C" N"$ %C P&

Transportation (#. /#3 =.#( //#= .#. (#(((>'

Fuel 9ombustion /#/ /.#< 3#? /(#. (#4 (#(((>(

IndustrialProcesses

/#< /#. =#/ (#4 4#? (#(('4

0iscellaneous 7 (#( 4#= (#< (#? 7

Total


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' N" #

#' C"

(' PAR)IC*LA)E MA))ER

+' LEAD

,' S" #-' %C

.' ALDE%DE

Parameter of Air Pollution


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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)


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Impacts0

:ealth Effects Increased incidence of respirator- illness Increased air,a- resistance $due to inflammation) Dama"e to lun" tissue

9hronic obstructi&e pulmonar- disease or 9OPD $narro,in" of theair,a-s) Emph-sema $as part of 9OPD) Pulmonar- edema $accumulation of e*cessi&e fluid in the lun"s) Infant and cardio&ascular death

;isual 0ost "aseous air pollutants are totall- transparent# The onl- commone*ception is NO',hich is bro,n#

$sources%http%++,,,#tropical7rainforest7animals#com+air7pollution7effec

ts#html access% an .th '(//)
http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution-effects.htmlhttp://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution-effects.htmlhttp://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution-effects.htmlhttp://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution-effects.html


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Properties

Formed from the combustion process

Nitro"en mono*ide is a chemical compound ,ith chemicalformula NO ,ith the relati&e mass of > " + mol#

NO'in the "as form of bro,n and foul7smellin" and has a

densit- of


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Pollution Reaction in Air

Fuel 9ombustion in the:i"h Temperature

N' B O''NO

Reaction in Air

NO B :9 B O'Bu&NO'B O)

Tube Passi&e SamplerPassi&e samplers rel- on diffusion principles

$;arshne- '((


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E$posure to Animals

NO' le&els hi"her than /(( ppm can 1ill most of thee*perimental animals and 4(C of these deaths arecaused b- s-mptoms of s,ellin" of the lun"s $pulmonar-

edema)# NO' concentration of ?(( ppm ,ill result in /((C

mortalit- in animals that ,ere tested ,ithin '4 minutesor less#


E$posure to %umanNO' e*posure ,ith le&els of > ppm for /( minutes onhumans resultin" in difficult- in breathin"#


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E$posure to Plants


E*posure


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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Definition0

9arbon mono*ide is also created durin" theincomplete combustion of fossil fuels#The main source of 9O are "asoline en"ines#Diesel en"ines produce much smaller !uantities ofthese pollutants

Impacts09O is hi"hl- to*ic for people because it boundsto the blood hemo"lobin lo,erin" its capacit-

to carr- o*-"en#It also has ne"ati&e impacts on heartcirculation and ner&ous s-stem#


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Properties 0

9olourlessodourless neutral

"aseous o*ide ,hichis hi"hl- poisonous

Sparin"l- soluble in,ater but is soluble

in ethanol and inben2ene#

The chemicalproperties of carbonmono*ide are that itis a flammable and

hi"hl- to*ic "as

Neutral o*ide ,hichburns in air to "i&e

carbon dio*ide

6ood reducin" a"entand is used for that

purpose in industr-Cu" 1 C" 223 Cu 1 C"#

An importantindustrial "as ,hich

is ,idel- used as afuel#


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Measurement0

NDIR or infra7red Solid State Electrochemical


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Particulate 0atter $P0)

Definition0

Particulate are cate"ori2ed as air pollutants aerosols#Particulates are fine particles of solids and li!uids suspendedin ambient air# Particulate diameter si2e ran"e from ((/microns to /(( microns


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9ate"or- of P0

SP0 % Suspended Particulate 0atter consists ofP0 /( and P0 '>

TSP % Total Suspended Particulate

consist of P0 /(B P0 '>

P0/(

P0'>

TSP


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Properties

is that the- all contain a carbon nucleus and &ariousother components $h-drocarbons inor"anic sulfatesand nitrates as ,ell as metals and pol-c-clicaromatic h-drocarbons) adsorbed on it#

The commoncharacteristic

The nature of particulate that tends to al,a-ssettle b- "ra&it- forcesSettle

The nature of the surface of the particulate,ill tend to al,a-s be ,et coated b- a &er-thin la-er of ,ater# This propert- is importantin controllin" particulate in the ,or1place#

et Surface and9lottin" Properties

Particulate has the properties of static electricit-that can attract other particles in the opposite#Thus dust particles in solution to accelerate theclottin" process#

Static electricit-

particle ,et + humid others can emit &isible li"ht in a

dar1 room#Optics


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Impact

a#:ealth.Disrupt the respirator- s-stem

Effects on the lun"s dependin" on the si2e + diameter shape densit- and chemical and ph-sics of

particulate

.Another effect of other diseases such as infection cancer e-e irritation nose and s1in s-stemic

to*icit- fe&er and so forth# Particulates can also cause serious &isibilit- problems#

.Silicosis is deri&ed from chal1 dust asbestosis from asbestos fibers#

b#En&ironment

Disturb the process of photos-nthesis and respiration for the formation of crust on the surface of

plants that ,ill inhibit the entr- of sunli"ht#

c#Effect tehadap other materials

Accelerate corrosion $especiall- in materials that contain sulfur)#Dama"e the buildin" materials made from soil paint and te*tiles#

d#Reduced &isibilit-

e#Aesthetic dama"e

Particle pollution can stain and dama"e stone and other materials includin" culturall- important

ob8ects such as statues and monuments#


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Measurement%:;AS

$:i"h ;olumetric Air Sampler)6ra&imetr- method

SNI /47.//4#


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Lea4 5P&6


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)7e P7ysicalProperties of Lea4

9olor% li"ht "ra- to asli"ht bluish "re-color :ardness% /#> Strea1% li"ht "ra-

and has a shin-strea1 Transparenc-%

opa!ue Specific "ra&it-% //#< Luster% metallic 9lea&a"e% no

clea&a"e Fracture% hac1l- Densit-% //#3 !m cm H9)(#..( "+mL $li!uid at >= atm and'( H9)/#4.. "+L $"as at / atm and ( H9)

0eltin" point 7.? H9 /43#. 7/(4 HF $subl#)

5oilin" point 7>. H9 '/=#= 7.( HF $at >#/?> bar)

Solubilit- in ,ater /#3> "+L at '> H9 /(( 1Pa

Acidit- $pa) =# /(#


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0easurement

0ethod no#% ID7/.'

0atri*% Air

OS:A Permissible E*posureLimits Final Rule Limits%

Transitional Limit%

/(((( ppm Time ei"hted A&era"e $TA)((( ppm TA

9ollection Procedure% Each sample is collected b- dra,in" a 1no,n &olume of air into a fi&e7la-er "as samplin" ba"#

Recommended Air ;olume% ' to > liters

Recommended Samplin"Rates TA Determinations% STEL Determinations%

(#(/ to (#(> L+min $3 to ? h sample)(#< L+min $/>7min sample)

Anal-tical Procedure% A portion of the "as sample is introduced into a "as samplin" loopin8ected into a "as chromato"raph and anal-2ed usin" a thermalconducti&it- detector#

Detection Limits @ualitati&e% @uantitati&e%

'(( ppm>(( ppm

Precision and Accurac- ;alidation Ran"e% 9;T%

5ias%

O&erall Error%

'((( to /(((( ppm(#('=7(#((>

>#.C


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!lde"des

DefinitionAn aldeh-de is an or"anic compound containin" a form-l "roup# This functional "roup ,ith thestructure R79:O consists of a carbon-l centre bonded to h-dro"en and an R "roup# The "roup

,ithout R is called the aldeh-de "roup or form-l "roup#

Aldeh-des are o*idation products of alcohols phenols contain an alcohol functionalit- attachedto an aromatic rin"#

Properties

Aldeh-des ha&e properties that are di&erse and that depend on the remainder of the molecule#Smaller aldeh-des are more soluble in ,ater formaldeh-de and acetaldeh-de completel- so# The

&olatile aldeh-des ha&e pun"ent odors# Aldeh-des de"rade in air &ia the process of auto*idation#

The t,o aldeh-des of "reatest importance in industr- formaldeh-de and acetaldeh-de ha&ecomplicated beha&ior because of their tendenc- to oli"omeri2eor pol-meri2e# The- also tend toh-drate formin" the "eminal diol# The oli"omers+pol-mers and the h-drates e*ist ine!uilibrium ,ith the parent aldeh-de#

Sources

The aldeh-des are mainl- produced b- the combustion of alcohols and diesel fuel#

6asoline combustion emits small amounts of these substances#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoxidation


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Aldeh-des


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Aldeh-desImpacts0

Acute Effects in %umans 0


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Aldeh-des

Measurements 0 Usin" passi&e sampler $TubeSampler)


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)RES%"LD

Treshold

NationalPP No'+ )a7un

888

International

NationalAm&ient Air

9ualityStan4ar4s

Threshold


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Threshold

No. Parameter Waktu

Pengukuran

Baku Mutu

1 SO2 1 Jam 900 ug/Nm3

(Sulfur Dioksida) 24 Jam 365 ug/Nm3

1 T! 60 ug/Nm3

2 "O 1 Jam 30#000 ug/Nm3

($ar%o! &o!oksida) 24 Jam 10#000 ug/Nm3

1 T! '

3 NO2 1 Jam 400 ug/Nm3

(Nirog! Dioksida) 24 Jam 150 ug/Nm3

1 T! 100 ug/Nm3

5 *" 3 Jam 160 ug/Nm3

(*idro $ar%o!)

6 +&10 24 Jam 150 ug/Nm3

(+arikl , 10 um ) +&2-5(.) 24 Jam 65 ug/Nm

3

(+arikl , 2-5 um ) 1 T! 15 ug/Nm3

TS+ 24 Jam 230 ug/Nm3

(D%u) 1 T! 90 ug/Nm3

+% 24 Jam 2 ug/Nm3

(Tima *iam) 1 T! 1 ug/Nm3

PP No#3/ Tahun /444 about Pre&ention of Air Pollution

Th h ld


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Threshold

Substance Permitted ambient concentrations$NAA@S)a

Sulfur dio*ide

Nitro"en dio*ide $NO')

9arbon mono*ide

Particulate 0atter $P0/()

?( M"+m< $((< ppm)b annuala&era"e M"+m< $(/3 ppm)'37h a&era"e c

((>< ppm $/(( M"+m

Grup 1 - Air Pollution

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Transcript of Grup 1 - Air Pollution