Growth of the Young Nation

Northwest Territory

• First U.S. governmental territory outside the original states

• Created by the Northwest Ordinance

Northwest Ordinance of 1787• Provided for the admission of the Northwest

Territory as new states that would be equal members of the Union

• Proved that the national government wanted to encourage westward expansion

• Banned slavery in the new states making the Ohio River the boundary between free and slave regions between the 13 states and the Mississippi River

• Provided public schools in the state (by the Land Ordinance of 1785)

Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson received word while president that France was trying to acquire the Louisiana Territory and West Florida from Spain

• Jefferson (aware of our recent problems with France) did not want France to acquire complete control of the use of the Mississippi River

• Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Robert Livingston (our diplomat in France) to offer up to $10 million to purchase New Orleans to give us some control of the use of the Mississippi River.

• Napoleon (the French leader) decided to sell the U.S. the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million in 1803 because of recent problems with Spain and Haiti.

• Best real estate deal in history that almost doubled the size of the U.S.

• Jefferson did not originally think the deal was constitutional

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark• Selected by Jefferson to explore the

Louisiana Territory and the western lands to the Pacific Ocean

• In 16 months, they charted western trails, mapped rivers and mountain ranges, wrote detailed descriptions of the things they experienced, collected samples from unfamiliar plants and animals, and recorded facts about the Native Americans west of the Mississippi River and their customs

• Helped by Sacajawea

Lewis and Clark’s Expedition

War of 1812 (U.S. vs. Britain)Causes

•Violation of our neutral trading rights by Britain who prevented our trade with France•Impressment of U.S. sailors into service in the Royal Navy•British incitement of Native American attacks on the western frontier settlers•U.S. desire to conquer Canada to push Britain out of North America

Effects •Ended all U.S. military hostilities with Britain

– Never fought over diplomacy, trade, territory, or any other reason again

•Firmly established U.S. army and navy as worthy opponents of any European forces•Increased nationalism (devotion/pride in one’s country)

National Infrastructure• Settlers began to move west of the Appalachians

but travel was difficult• Private investors began to construct roads (often

turnpikes or toll roads), canals (used by barges), and railroads – the collected fees were used to fund upkeep

• Waterways were the primary form of transportation especially after the steamboat was invented by Robert Fulton which allowed travel both up and down stream (became primarily associated with the Mississippi River though used on many others)

Building the Lancaster Turnpike

Erie Canal• In 1817, the state of New York began construction

of this most famous canal of this era – took them 8 years and was 363 miles long

• Completed in 1825, the Erie Canal linked the Hudson River with Lake Erie and greatly increased trade in the area due to lower transportation costs

• New York City (at the mouth of the Hudson River) began to rise as the leading trade city and the most populous city in the nation; became the leading trade and banking city in North America

• New York City provided the link between European merchants and American agricultural markets

Erie Canal Then

Erie Canal Now

Monroe Doctrine• 1823 – A group of European countries planned to help

each other claim American colonies that had recently gained independence from Spain

• Britain planned to stop this imperialism and asked us to support them

• President Monroe decided to use this to strengthen the international position of the U.S. by sending the warning to European nations himself

• He warned European nations against creating new colonies and attempting to spread their governmental influence in the Americas (still in effect today)

• Battles in the Americas viewed as attacks on U.S.

• Monroe promised that existing colonies would be allowed and the U.S. would stay out of European affairs

Industrial Revolution

• Period in the 19th century when power-driven machines operated by semiskilled or unskilled workers replaced hand tools operated by skilled workers

Eli Whitney introduced . . .Cotton Gin

• 1793 machine that rapidly removes cotton plant seeds

• Increased daily production and reduced the cost of cotton production

• Raised cotton profits and led to increased use of slaves

Interchangeable Parts

• Practice of producing identical parts to allow replacement of only one part of broken machines

• Used for muskets• Made mass produc-

tion of products possible (assembly line)

Early Cotton Gin

Westward Growth and Manifest Destiny• 1800-1860- U.S. more than doubled in size

and grew from 16 states to 33

• Growth caused by:– Desire of most Americans to own their own land– Discovery of gold and other valuable resources– The popular political belief during the 19th century

called manifest destiny (name given to the idea that the U.S. would naturally occupy the territory between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans)

• Manifest = “obvious” and Destiny = “fate” (It was the “obvious fate” of the U.S. to spread from “sea to shining sea”

Reform MovementsMovement Issue

TemperancePeople should drink less

alcohol, or alcohol should beoutlawed altogether.

AbolitionistSlavery should be abolishedand it should not be allowed

in new states.

Public SchoolAll children should berequired to attend freeschools supported by

taxpayers and staffed bytrained teachers.

Women played an important role in these movements, which laid the foundation for the women’s movement.

Women’s Suffrage Movement• Most Americans (including most women)

believed it was acceptable for women to have very few rights in the U.S.

• Women were denied basic rights of citizens including voting rights and in some cases even the right to legal custody of their own children

• Reformers such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton began demanding changes to establish full citizenship rights for women including suffrage (voting) rights and parental and custody rights of their children

Seneca Falls Convention

• First women’s rights convention held in New York in 1848 that adopted a declaration of women’s independence, including women’s suffrage.

• Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other “suffragettes”

• marked the beginning of organized efforts by women in the United States to gain civil rights equal to those of men.Elizabeth Cady

Stanton

Andrew Jackson’s Elections• Caused an increase in public participation in politics

which led to ugly mudslinging campaigns with can-didate criticisms publicized in songs, pamphlets, posters, and buttons at campaign rallies and BBQ’s

• Jacksonian Democracy- ideals of Jackson/followers– Wanted a stronger executive branch and weaker

Congress– Increased participation in the government for the

common man by lifting property requirements for voting (universal white male suffrage)

– Also supported Manifest Destiny and the spoils system (granting government jobs to friends and supporters to limit the power of the elite)

Andrew Jackson

American Nationalism• Extreme devotion and

pride in one’s nation

• People of Jackson’s day believed the U.S. to be superior to other nations because of our shared English language, ancestry, and culture which should be spread across the continent through the manifest destiny movement