Growth of Modern Europe

Creating Western Culture in the Middle Ages

Economic Changes• Increased Food Supply=Increased Population

• ___________________________• Grow wheat in winter, peas, beans, and lentils in spring

• ____________________________• Horse Collar

• Trade Increases in Towns (“A Trade Fair” pg 410) • Fairs become center of trade• ________________________________

• Unions based on trade or craft• _________ evolve banking and finance

Life in a Medieval Town• Trade increases growth of towns

• ___________________________________________• Serfs run away

• Towns poorly organized• __________________________________________________

____________• ________________________________________________• ________________________________________________

• Burghers (town dwellers) gain power• Lords originally ruled towns• __________________________________________________

______________________________________.

Development of the University

• Trade with Muslims brings ______________________________

• Muslims had preserved writings of Aristotle, Plato, Socrates

• ____________________ begin to develop in Europe• Centered around large towns• Most students were of middle classes

• ____________________ writers spur learning• ____________• ____________

Development of English Government

• Henry II increases lands in France and England• _______________________________

• Henry creates Royal Courts of Justice• Develops jury trials• Common Law

• Henry is succeeded by __________________________________• John is a poor king

• Raised taxes to an all time high• Loses all land in France to the French

• ________________________ ( pgs. 389, 396)• _____________________________________• _____________________________________

• Model Parliament• King Edward I-1295• Two Houses-House of Lords, House of Commons

Church Problems and Conflicts Weaken Progress

• Church problems• Marriage of Priests

• Simony - ______________________________________________________

• Lay Investiture - ________________________________________________• Kings vs. Popes• Scholars vs. Popes

• John Wycliffe• ________________________________________• ________________________________________

• John Hus• ________________________________________

• The __________________• _____________________________• Spread by fleas on rats

Development of Gothic Cathedrals

• Gothic Cathedrals Develop• 3 main architectural features

• __________________• __________________• __________________

• Aesthetic Features• Stained Glass Windows• Sculptures over the Doors

The Crusades• 1096 - 1204• Begins with call for help from Alexius Comnenus to Robert, Count of Flanders

• Pope Urban II reads letter and calls for crusade to _____________________________________________________________

• Ulterior Motives of Crusades• ______________________________________• ______________________________________• ______________________________________

• The First and Second Crusades (map, page 404)• ______________________• Kill any “un-believers”, including Jews• Crusaders are able to recapture ________, but lose it in less than 100 years• Established 4 Kingdoms ruled by Crusaders

• Edessa • Antioch• Tripoli• Jerusalem

Third and Fourth Crusades• Third Crusade (1189 - 1192)

• Lead by __________________________, Frederick the I (Barbarossa), and Philip Augustus

• Philip and Richard agree to go together out of fear• Barbarossa drowns crossing a river• Phillip Augustus goes home after fighting with Richard

• Richard fights ______ (Muslim leader), but is unable to conquer Jerusalem• Slaughter at Acre• Agreement in 1102 allows Jerusalem to remain in Muslim control, but

Christians pilgrims are allowed safe passage• Fourth Crusade

• Called for by Pope Innocent III• Never reached Holy Lands

• Instead they __________________________, thus splitting the Eastern (Constantinople) and Western Church (Rome); becomes a permanent split

• Read the Crusade accounts by Raymond d’Aguilers (pgs 405-6)

Other Crusades• 9 Crusades in total• North Africa

• Lead by Louis IX• ______________________

• Most end up being captured and sold into slavery, others stay in “strange lands”

• ______________________• Spain - ________________________________• Leads to Inquisition in the 1400s

• Questioned and tortured heretics; eventually dispel all practicing Muslims and Jews from Spain

Causes/Results of the Crusades

• Causes• _____________________

_____________________• Byzantine emperor calls

for help• Pope wants to reclaim

Palestine and reunite Christendom

• __________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________________

• Italian cities desire commercial power

•Effects•_________________________

•_________________________

•Power of feudal nobles weakens

•Kings become stronger

•__________________________

•__________________________

•Muslims distrust Christians

•Trade grows between Europe and Middle East

•__________________________

Joan of Arc

• Read on page 420, starting with “Hundred Years’ War” and ending at “War of Roses”

• Also read “Faces of History” on pg 421