Growth of a New Nation

Mrs. TuckerUS History

Victor Valley High School

Main Points• Nullification/John Calhoun

• Transcontinental Railroad

• Bleeding Kansas

• Missouri Compromise

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Morman Movement

• Pap Singleton

• William Jennings Bryan – increasing silver

• Populist?

• Second Great Awakening

• Indian Removal/Reservations

• Grange

• Dawes Act

• Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Interstate Commerce Act

• Manifest Destiny

• Gold in California – 49ers

• Us Espansion

• Mexican American War/Gadsden Purchase

• Andrew Jackson

• Republic of Texas – Alamo

• Buffalo Soldiers

• Indian Removal Act

The Growth of a Young Nation

• Jeffersonian Era• Jeffersonian

Republicans• People should

control government

• Small Government• Eliminating

internal taxes• Reducing influence

of Bank of US

Marbury vs. Madison

• John Marshall – Supreme Court• John Adams tried to

influence future judicial decisions by filling federal judgeships with Federalists

• Signed documents authorizing appointment weren’t delivered;

• Jefferson argued that these appointments were invalid – ordered Madison, his Secretary of State not to deliver them

• Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall declared that part of Congress’s Judiciary Act of 1789 – that would foce Madison to hand over papers was unconstitutional.

• Established principle of Judicial Review

Marbury vs. Madison

Jefferson

• Louisiana Purchase• In 1803 Napoleon

Boneparte abandoned his ideas of an American empire and sold the Louisiana Territory to the US for $15 million.

• This purchase more than doubled the size of the United States

James Madison - War of 1812

• Causes of the War• Impressment (Drafting)

American soldiers to the British Navy;

• British officials in Canada were supplying arms to Native Americans in battle against American settlers;

• War Hawks – young congressmen from South and West demanded war;

• Americans – lack of funding and popular support – few volunteers and unprepared for war;

• Britain preoccupied with fighting Napoleon in Europe – However burned capital Washington, DC in 1814;

• Impressive American Victory at New Orleans – Andrew Jackson – hero;

• Peace treaty was already signed BEFORE the battle

James and Dolly Madison

Consequences of the War

• End of the Federalist Party who opposed the war;

• Encouraged growth of American industries to manufacture products not available from Britain because of the war;

• Confirmed stat of the US as a free and independent nation;

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

• James Monroe – elected 1816

• Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams – established foreign policy based on

• Nationalism – belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns such as slavery in the south or tariffs in the Northeast;

James Monroe and John Quincy

Adams

James Monroe and John Quincy

Adams

• Territory and Boundaries• EXPANSION – high on

John Quincy Adams priority;

• Convention of 1818 – fixed US border at 49th parallel from Michigan west to Rocky Mountains;

• Compromise with Britain to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years;

• Convinced Don Luis de Onis – Spanish minister to US to transfer Florida to the US;

• Adams-Onis Treaty – 1819 established a western boundary for US along Sabine River from Gulf of Mexico to Arkansas River and North to 42nd parallel and West to the Pacific Ocean;

Monroe Doctrine

• When Napoleon was defeated in 1815, Portugal and Spain wanted to reclaim their former colonies in Latin America;

• Russia, who had been in Alaska since 1784 were establishing trading posts in California and claimed Alaska’s southern boundary was 51st parallel – just North of Vancouver Island;

• With European nations trying to claim areas the US wanted, in 1823, in his message to Congress, Monroe warned all European power not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere.

Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine

• They should not attempt to create new colonies or try to overthrow the newly independent republics in the hemisphere. The United States would consider such action “dangerous to our peace and safety.”

• These principles beame known as the Monroe Doctrine.

• Foundation for future American policy and important step for the new nation;

List an event from each of the

following Presidents and its

Significance • Thomas Jefferson

• Event• Significance

• James Madison• Event• Significance

• James Monroe• Event• Significance

• John Quincy Adams• Event• Significance

• Read pages 110 117

• Answer Questions:

• 1 – Vocabulary

• 2 – Taking Notes – left;

• 3 - Evaluating Leadership

• 4 - Evaluate War of 1812

• 5 – Drawing Conclusion;

Age of Jackson

Regional Economies Create Differences

• Northeast – industrializes

• Industrial Revolution – takes off in Great Britain • Manufacturing• Mechanized

textile – mills;• Cotton Gin –

production from 1 pound to 50 pounds;

• South – Agricultural• Cotton Gin increases

cotton production

• Expansion of slavery • Between 1790 –

1820 enslaved population increased from less than 700,000 to over 1.5 million;

National and Sectionalism

• Henry Clay’s American System

• North, South, and West developed differently

• President Madison introduced plan toward economic independence from Britain;

• In 1815 he presented his plan to Congress –• Establishing a

protective tariff;• Rechartering the

national bank;• Sponsoring the

development of transportation systems and other internal improvements in order to make travel throughout the nation easier;

• Madison and Clay supported tariffs on imports to protect U.S. Industry from British competition;

• Supported by Northeasterners;

• Not supported by people in South and West – did not depend on manufacturing – opposed taxing European imports;

• Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun from Kentucky, convinced congressmen from their region to approve the Tariff of 1816.

• 1816 – Congress voted to charter the Second Bank of the United States for 20-year period and to create a unified currency;

Missouri Compromise

• In 1818 Missouri requested admission to the Union;

• Northerners and Southerners disagreed whether Missouri should be admitted as a free or slave state;

• In 1820-1821 a series of agreements known as Missouri Compromised was passed through Congress by Clay.

• Main was admitted as a free state and Missouri was admitted as a slave state;

• The rest of the Louisiana Territory split into two parts;

• Dividing line set at 36°30° north latitude – South of the line – slavery was legal, North of the line – Slavery was banned, except in Missouri;

Election of Andrew Jackson - 1828

• Andrew Jackson embraced the spirit of expanding territory;

• Lost bid for presidency in 1824 to John Quincy Adams – Jackson and supporters claimed Adams had corrupt bargain with Henry Clay who he appointed Secretary of State – tore apart Democratic-Republican party;

• Clay and his faction – called National Republic Party;

• Jackson’s party – Jacksonians – Democratic Party;

• During John Quincy Adams’ presidency – most states eased property requirements for voting – enlarging voting population;

• More voters were “common people”

• Over 3 times the number who voted in 1824 voted in 1828;

• The support of new voting bloc gave Jackson victory in 1828 election;

Jacksonian Democracy

• Spoils System

• Jackson sought to give common people a chance to participate in government;

• New administration hired their own supporters to replace supporters of the previous administration.

• Using the spoils system, Jackson gave away huge numbers of jobs to friends and political allies;

Indian Removal Act

• In 1830 Congress – with support of Jackson, passed the Indian Removal Act.

• Government provided funds to negotiate treaties that forced Native Americans to move West;

• Many tribes signed removal treaties;

• Cherokee Nation refused and fought the government in courts;

• 1832, Worcester v. Georgia, supreme court ruling that the State of George could not regulate the Cherokee Nation by law or invade Cherokee lands.

• Jackson refused to abide by the Supreme Court decision.

• Said that John Marshall – Supreme Court Justice – should enforce it.

Trail of Tears

• U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee people and drove them into camps.

• Beginning in the fall of 1838, Cherokees were sent in groups of about 1,000 on an 800 mile journey – mostly on foot. More than a quarter of their people died on this Trail of Tears.

Trail of Tears

“The Cherokees are nearly all prisoners. They had been dragged from their houses and encamped at the forts and military places, all over the nation. In Georgia especially, multitudes were allowed no time to take anything with them except the clothes they had on. Well-furnished houses were left as prey to plunderers.” --Baptist Missionary Magazine, June 16, 1838

Plains Indian Culture

• Family Life

• Small extended family groups;

• The horse –• Brought by

Spanish – changed lifestyle of plains Indian;

• Guns – brought by French – changed warfare;

• Settlers push west

• Differences on “owning” land;

• Lures of silver and gold;

• Massacre at Sand Creek – 1864 – Cheyenne – in US Reserve, peaceful – US troops killed 200 warriors and 500 women and children in November;

• Sitting Bull; Treaty of Fort Laramie – Sioux agreed to live on Reservation;

Government and Indian Clashes

• Custer’s Last Stand – June 1876, Little Big Horn – Sioux and Cheyenne killed all men of Seventh Cavalry;

• Forced to surrender in 1861 to avoid his people’s starvation;

• Dawes Act – 1887 – “Americanize” Native Americans;

• Broke up the reservations and gave some of reservation land to individual Native Americans;

• Destruction ofBuffalo to over killing by trappers and tourists for sport;

Battle of Wounded Knee

• Wounded Knee – December 28, 1890 – Seventh Calvary rounded up about 350 starving and freezing Sioux , took them to camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota – shot and killed 300 in minutes;

Nullification Crisis

• Congress increases Tariff of 1816 in 1824 and 1828.

• Jackson’s vice president, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina called it – a Tariff of Abominations – blamed it on economic problems in the South;

• South’s economy depended on cotton exports;

• The high tariff on manufactured goods reduced British exports to the US and because of this, Britain bought less cotton;

• The decline of British goods, the South was forced to buy more expensive Northern manufactured goods;

• South felt the North was getting rich at expense of South

Nullification Crisis

• To try to free South Carolinians from the tariff – Calhoun’s developed a theory of Nullification.

• Theory held that the U.S. Constitution based on compact among sovereign states. If the Constitution had been established by 13 sovereign states, than states must still be sovereign and each would have the right to determine whether acts of Congress were constitutional.

• If a state found an act unconstitutional, than the state could declare the offending law NULLIFIED, or inoperative within its borders.

Nullification

• Senate debated the tariff question and the underlying states’ rights issue.

• In 1832 Congress raised tariffs again – South Carolinians declared tariffs of 1828 and 1832 “null, void, and no law.”

• They threatened to secede or withdraw from union if custom officials tried to collect duties;

• Jackson urged Congress to pass Force Bill to allow federal government to use military if state authorities resisted paying proper duties.

• Bloody confrontation seemed likely until Henry Clay’s compromise.

• In 1833, Clay proposed tariff bill that would gradually lower duties over a ten-year period. It included passage of the Force Bill.

• Tensions between states’ rights and federal authority subsided – temporarily.

Jackson’s Bank War

• Federal Power – Nullification --- Decreased federal power – Second Bank of US

• Jackson believed National Bank of agent of the wealthy – agents didn’t care about common people;

• In 1832 Jackson won reelection;

• After election of 1832, he tried to kill bank by withdrawing all government deposits from the bank’s branches and placing them in state banks called “pet banks” because of their loyalty to Democratic Party.

• Bank of the US became just another bank.

• Jackson won bank war, by his tactics and policies angered many. Many accused him of acting more like a king than president.

• His opponents formed a new political party – The Whig Party.

Jackson’s Legacy

• Jackson announced he would not run for third term in 1836;

• Democrats chose Vice-President Martin Van Buren;

• Whig Party opposed him with three regional candidates;

• Van Buren won with Jackson’s support;

• Panic of 1837

• Van Buren inherited consequences of bank war – Many Pet banks that accepted federal deposits were wildcat banks that printed bank notes wildly in excess of the gold and silver on deposit;

• Wildcat banks were doomed to fail when people tried to redeem their currency for gold or silver;

• By May, 1837, many banks stopped accepting paper currency – panic of 1837 – banks closed and collapse of credit system cost many their savings, bankrupted hundreds of businesses and put more than a third of people out of work;

Harrison and Tyler

• In 1840 Van Buren ran for reelection against Whig Party candidate, William Henry Harrison, “Tippecanoe” (nickname in a battle against Native Americans in 1811).

• Whigs blamed Van Buren for weak economy, and as an aristocrat;

• Portrayed Harrison – old war hero – man of the people;

• Harrison won but died a month later. His VP, John Tyler became president;

• Tyler – strong-minded Virginian, former Democrat – opposed many parts of Whig program – halted hopes for significant Whig reforms;

• Whigs and Democrats would dominate national politics until 1850s.

• Style of politics changed with political speech as form of entertainment and involving more Americans in political process;

• The West is playing an increasing role in national politics;

Assessment – on a sheet of paper, please turn in

• In what ways do you think the Missouri Compromise and nullification crisis of 1832 might be considered important milestones in American history? Think about• The expansion of

slavery into the West• Calhoun’s nullification

theory• Jackson’s reaction to

South Carolina’s action

• What factors set the state for the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Trail of Tears? Think about:• U.S. expansion to

the west• Removal treaties• Jackson’s response

to Worcester v. Georgia

Manifest Destiny – Define Terms

• Manifest Destiny –said by John O’Sullivan Belief US was ordained to expand to Pacific Ocean and into Mexican and Native American territory; Obvious and Inevitable;

• Santa Fe Trail – Oldest and busiest trail, 780 miles from Independence Missouri to Santa Fe in Mexican province of New Mexico;

• Oregon Trail - from Independence, Brigam Young;Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon;

• Mormon Migration – Religious community that plays important role in development of West – Joseph Smith in upstate New York, 1827, moves to Ohio than Ilinois and to Salt Lake City Utah with Brigham Young;

• John Calhoun believed that the theory of Nullification did NOT apply did not apply to the Mormon’s for freedom of religion

Vocabulary

• Texas Revolution – Differences between cultural issues intensified between Anglos and Mexican government – English vs. Spanish; Protestant vs. Catholic, Southernerns with slaves – Mexico abolished slavery in 1829; President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna imprisioned Austin for inciting revolution; suspended power in Texas and other Mexican states – rebellions broke out including Texas Reolution; 1835;

• The Alamo – Lt. Colonel William Travis moved men into the Alamo, a Spanish mission and fort in San Antonio, Santa Anna’s troops attacked on March 2, 1836 for 13 days killing all 187 defenders;

• Stephan F. Austin – American settler in Texas, established colony between Brazos and Colorado Rivers; 300 land grants issued; more than 20,000 Americans in Texas by 1830;

Vocabulary

• Sam Houston – Commander that defeated Santa Ana six weeks after Alamo,

• “Remember the Alamo” killed 630 soldiers in 18 minutes – captured Santa Anna

• signed treaty of Velasco – granted independence to Texas – September 1936 –

• president of new Republic of Texas;

• James K. Polk – • Elected 1844 –

campaigned on Westward Expansion

• Slaveholder – favored of annexation of Texas;

• War with Mexico (wanted Texas and California)

Vocabulary

• Republic of California –American Settlers in Sonoma in June 1846 declared independence from Mexico;

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – ends War with Mexico – 1848;

• The US victory in the Mexican War and the Gadsden Purchase Gave the United States California, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada,

• “Go West Young Man,” Horace Greeley, editor of New York Tribune before Gold Rush

• California Gold Rush – 1849 “Forty-Niners” Gold found in Sutter’s Mill – 1848 - California became the most valuable territory to US; Statehood in 1850; Population exceeds 100,000 -- People from the Eastern US, Mexico, African Americans and freed slaves, Asia come to California;

The Great Exodus

• Benjamin “Pap” Singleton led Southern African Americans out West;

• Known as “The Great Exodus”

• Followers known as “Exodusters”

• The drive for African Americans to head west was not just from Singleton;

• Klu Klux Klan and other terrorist groups fueled many African Americans’ desire to leave the South and head West;

• “Buffalo Soldiers” name Native Americans gave African Americans;

Market Revolution

• In first half of 19th century – vast economic changes in US

• Market Revolution – people increasingly bought and sold goods – Industrialization;

• Erie Canal – 1939 – linked Great Lakes with Northeast;

• US Markets expand – • Free Enterprise• Entrepreneurs

Inventions and Innovations

• Communications – Samuel Morse – telegraph – send messages in code;

• Telephone, 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell;

• Marconi Radio, 1895 – using telegraphic code through air as electro-magnetic waves – “wireless” voice communication – Radio

• Robert Fulton – 1807, Steamship – water transportation vital for shipping goods and river travel;

• Railroads – developed in England in early 1800s – steam-powered locomotives by 1850 over 9,000 miles of track laid in US;

• Interstate Commerce Act – purpose to regulate railroads;

• Transcontinental Railroad linked two coasts of US;

Changing Workplaces

• Changed what peple bought and sold;

• Changed ways Americans worked;

• Production from home to factory • Split families• Created new

communities• Transformed

employer-employee relationships;

• New machines allowed unskilled workers that were performed by trained artisans;

• Factories;• Lowell Textile Mills

• 1820s – entrepreneurs built several large textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts

• Lowell textile mills – became booming enterprises;

Lowell Textile Mills

• Lowell Entrepreneurs sought Female employees;• Abundant source

of labor• Paid lower wages;

• Offered better pay than teaching, sewing or domestic work;

• Long 12 hour workdays;

• Poor working conditions – dark, hot, cramped;

• Employers had low regard for employees;

Lowell Textile Mills

• Workers Seek Better Conditions;

• 1834 – Lowell mills announced a 15% wage cut, 800 women organized strike;

• Criticized by Lowell press and clergy;

• Most strikers agreed to return to work at reduced wages;

• Mill owners fired strike leader;

• In 1836 workers struck again – employers won – strikers returned to their jobs;

• Only 1 or 2% of workers in the US were organized in the 1830s and 1840s;

• Lots of strikes for higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions;

• Immigrants from Europe were desperate for jobs and would work for lower wages helped defeat these strikes;

Immigration Increases

• European Immigration rose dramatically in US between 1830 and 1860;

• Many immigrants (1845 – 1854 - - 3 million) came from Ireland – Potato Famine;

• Irish immigrants faced prejudice • Catholic• Poor• Allegations of

Catholic conspiracy to take over country

• Cheap labor

National Trades’ Union

• Trade Unions

• Commonwealth v Hunt – Massachusetts Supreme Court supported workers’ right to strike

Reforming American Society

• Spiritual Awakening Inspires Reforms

• Great Awakening• Emphasized individual

responsibility for seeking salvation;

• People need to improve themselves and society;

• Attitudes linked to Jacksonian Democracy – importance and power in common people;

• Second Great Awakening• Widespread Christian

movement to awaken religious sentiments that lasted from 1790s – 1830s;

• Revival Meetings;• Revived religious faith

through impassioned preaching;

• Meetings for days;• Bible Study; emotional

sermons;• Strong impact on American

public;• By 1850, 1-6 belonged to a

church;

Slavery and Abolition

• 1820s abolition movement to free African Americans for slavery;

• More than 100 antislavery societies

• Resettlement in African movement – American Colonization Society;

• William Lloyd Garrison – most radical white abolitionist, Massachusetts;

• Editor - The Liberator, anti slavery paper 1828;

• Immediate emancipation

Slavery and Abolition

• Frederick Douglass –• Escaped bondage

– • Became eloquent

and outspoken critic of slavery;

• Founded The North Star, 1847 ant slavery paper;

• Underground Railroad;

• Life Under Slavery;

• In 18th Century – most slaves were male, recently arrived from Caribbean or Africa;

• Spoke a language other than English;

• By 1830, almost equal number of male and female slaes;

• Majority born in American

• Spoke English;

Slavery and Abolition

• Slavery – hard work and oppression;

• Number of slaves owned varied across South;

• House servants, skilled tradesmen, agricultural;

• Some Masters allowed slaves to purchase freedom;

• Nat Turner’s Rebellion

• Virginia slave, in August, 1831;

• Turner and over 30 followers attacked four plantations and killed about 60 whites;

• Turner captured and he and many of his members were executed;

• Rebellion terrified slaveholders and tightened restrictions on all African Americans to prevent further insurrections;

• Proslavery advocates argued slavery was benevolent and used biblical passages to defend it;

Women and Reform

• Women in 19th century had limited options;• After marriage

women were wives and mothers;

• Second Great Awakening inspired women to try to change/reform society;

• Women participated in abolition;

• Women involved in Temperance movement;• Prohibition of

drinking alcohol• Dorothea Dix –

fought to improve treatment for mentally disabled;

• Tried to reform harsh and often inhumane prison system;

Education for Women and Women’s Rights

• There were few educational opportunities for women;

• 1833 – Ohio, Oberlin College had four women; Lucy Stone – first women to receive a Bachelor Degree;

• Elizabeth Blackwell, 1849 first woman to graduate from medical college;

• Women’s Rights movement

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott – ardent abolitionists;

• Discriminated by Male abolitionists at World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840;

• Held a women’s rights convention in 1848 – Seneca Falls, New York;

• Called for right for women to vote;

Women’s Rights

• Sojourner Truth – former slave, women’s rights convention in 1851, refuted arguments that because she was a woman she was weak and because she was black she was not feminine.

• “Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed, and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head men! And ain’t I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man—when I could get it – a bear the lash as well! And ain’t I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother’s grief, none but Jesus heard men! And ain’t I a woman?” --Narrative of Sojourner Truth

Populist Party

• Populist Party• William

Jennings Bryant – ran for president;

• Committed to silver coinage;

• Farmers• Progressive

Tax

• Grange• Farmers’ Alliances• Patrons of Husbandry –

farmers organization popularly known as the Grange.• Provide a social outlet • Educational forum for

isolated farm families• By 1870 fought

railroads;• Taught members to

organize and set up farmers’ cooperatives and sponsor legislation against railroad;

Kansas

• Kansas Nebraska Act• allowed people

in a territory to decide if they wanted slavery or not and led to Bleeding Kansas.

• Bleeding Kansas• Took place

when people who wanted slavery killed anti-slavery people to get more votes for the state