Early

ChildhoodPre-School age

3-5 years

Growth and Development

Prepared By

Dr. Nahed Said El- nagger

Assistant Professor of Nursing

1430 – 1431 H

Learning Objectives

Identify the general characteristics (biological development) of preschool.

Discuss the developmental theories according to Erickson, Piaget and Freud for preschool.

Mention needs of preschool child. Identify problems related to preschoolchild. Discuss the common health promotion of

preschool child.

Introduction

The combined biological, psychosocial, cognitive, spiritual, and

social achievements during the preschool period (3 -5years of age) prepare preschoolers for their most significant change in lifestyle and entrance into school.

Biological Development

The rate of physical growth slows and stabilizes during the preschool years.

A healthy pre-school is slender (thin), attractive and has good posture.

Biological Development

By the end of preschool period, the child appear to be thin and tall.

Children gain muscular coordination, which enables them to explore the physical environment.

Height and Weight

Weight:The average weight gain during

preschool age is 2.3kg/year.

Average weight at 5 years 18.7kg. or double the weight of one year of age.

Height and Weight

Height: Growth in height averages (6.25 to 7.5cm)per year. Average height at 5 years 110cm,

or double the birth length.

Head Circumference

Head circumference is not routinely measured at physical assessments on children over 2 years of age.

Teeth

Children generally have all 20 of their deciduous teeth by 2.5 - 3 years of age. Rarely do new teeth erupt during the preschool period.

Pediatric Fundamentals - Growth and Development

Physiological Growth

Temperature……….36.5 – 37C. Pulse Rate………… 90 -110b/min. Respiratory Rate……20c/m. Blood Pressure……... 100/60 mm Hg.

Motor Development of Preschool child

At 3 Years:• Can wash hands.

• Can feed himself well.

• Build a tower of 9-10 blocks.

• Can go to toilet.

• Begins to use a scissor.

• Can ride a tricycle.

• Go up stairs.

• Stand on one foot for a few seconds.

Motor Development of Preschool child (cont.)

At 4 Years:Can jump well, goes up and down

stairs. Can brush his teeth, lace his shoes.Can copy a square.

Motor Development of Preschool child (cont.)

At 5 Years: Can use scissor well. Drew a recognizable picture of a man. Can dress himself without assistance. Can wash himself without wetting his

clothes. Can balance on one foot for about 8

seconds.

Mental or cognitive Development “Piaget”

Preoperational development(2-7 years).

Child can use language and has a memory.

Child can understand the meaning of the past, present and the future.

continue

At 3 Years

Less negativism.Few temper tantrums.Understand words better.

At 4 YearsMore noisy. Emotionally fluctuated.Stormy age.

continue

At 5 Years

Comfortable age.Take more responsibility for his

actions.Still needs guidance from adults.Develop personality.

Psychosocial Development (Freud)

The phallic stage extend from 3-7 years and child’s pleasure center on the genitalia &masturbation.

continue

Psychosocial Development (Freud)

During the phallic stage, the child experienced what the Freud termed “the Oedipal conflict" marked by jealousy toward the same sex parent and love the opposite sex parent and resolved in the late of preschool period with a strong identification with the same sex parent.

continue

Sexual Identify develops. Before answering a child question about

sex, clarify:

- What the child is really asking?

- What the child already thinks about the specific subject?

Answer questions about sex simply and honestly, providing only information that the child requests, additional details can come later.

Emotional Development (Erikson)

Initiative vs. guilt. The central problem of the child’s to

learn about the world and other people, if he has the ability to solve this problem, he will develop a sense of initiative, if he fails to solve this problem, he will acquire a sense of guilt.

Social Development

At 3 Years The average 3 years old says 900 words. Know whether he or she is a boy or a girl. Begins to be interest in colors. Know his family names. Speaks 3-4 words sentences. continue

At 4 YearsThe average 4 years old says 1500

words.Tends to be selfish and impatient and

aggressive. Can name three objectives.Can repeat 4 numbers.Know how old he is.Can name one or more colors well. continue

At 5 Years

The average 5 years old says 2100 words.

Can name 4 or more colors. Know names of days of the week and

months.Ask the meaning of words. The child needs regular interaction with

age mates to help develop social skills.

Effect of birth of a siblingAny environmental changes may have

traumatic effect on the child, the birth of sibling is a change and deprives the older child of some parent’s attention.

The child feels loss of affection.He feels also rejected and may become

jealous. continue

He usually shows his hostility to the new baby openly and directly.

He shown his hostility toward his mother in different ways

The mother should accept such temporary behavior and must discuss with him the difference between his needs and those of the infant.

Effect of birth of a sibling

Problems of pre-school child Thumb sucking Enuresis. Encopresis. Selfishness. Bad language. Hurting others. Masturbation. Destructiveness.

Anxiety of pre-school child

The child commonly experiences more fear & anxiety during the preschool period than any other time.

Anxiety of pre-school child

Common causes of anxiety & fears may arise from the environment.

Fear of dark, being left alone especially at bedtime, animals, fear of physical injury, separation from his parents, loss of one parents or both, fear of pain.

Needs of pre-school child

Love and security. Independence. Guidance. Sex information. Learning language. Religious information/education. Play (associative play). Preschool years are the play years.

Care of pre-school child

Physical care.Sleeping.Safety measures.Health supervision.Preparation for nursery school.

Red flags: preschool

Inability to perform self-care tasks, hand washing, simple dressing, and daytime toileting.

Lack of socialization. Unable to play with other children.

Red flags: preschool

Unable to follow directions during exam.

Poor performance evaluation of pre-school teacher for kindergarten readiness.

Pool Safety